WEBVTT 00:00.367 --> 00:01.534 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ON THIS EDITION OF 00:01.534 --> 00:02.235 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "SCITECH NOW," THE TRADITIONAL 00:02.235 --> 00:04.037 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAY TO HEAL A BROKEN BONE WAS A 00:04.037 --> 00:05.939 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAST ON THE OUTSIDE. 00:05.939 --> 00:07.040 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MEET THESE CENTRAL NEW YORK 00:07.040 --> 00:08.641 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTISTS WORKING ON A SOLUTION 00:08.641 --> 00:09.242 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON THE INSIDE. 00:09.242 --> 00:11.945 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT MAKES THESE HORSES 00:11.945 --> 00:12.445 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENT? 00:12.445 --> 00:13.346 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S ABOUT MORE THAN 00:13.346 --> 00:14.347 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR SHAPE. 00:14.347 --> 00:15.849 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMEBODY HAS TO STUDY IT. 00:15.849 --> 00:17.550 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE GO DEEP UNDERGROUND TO LEARN 00:17.550 --> 00:18.752 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF THE RAT. 00:18.752 --> 00:20.353 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WE'LL GIVE YOU A LOOK AT THE 00:20.353 --> 00:22.355 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOST REALISTIC SPACE MOVIES 00:22.355 --> 00:23.556 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU'LL EVER SEE NEXT ON 00:23.556 --> 00:50.984 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "SCITECH NOW." 00:50.984 --> 00:51.384 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 00:51.384 --> 01:04.097 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 01:04.097 --> 01:05.799 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HELLO, I'M SIMON PEREZ. 01:05.799 --> 01:07.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELCOME TO "SCITECH NOW" OUR 01:07.400 --> 01:08.902 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WEEKLY PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE 01:08.902 --> 01:11.905 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE, 01:11.905 --> 01:16.009 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION. 01:16.009 --> 01:17.911 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BREAK A BONE BAD ENOUGH AND YOU 01:17.911 --> 01:20.914 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MIGHT NEED METAL PLATES AND 01:20.914 --> 01:22.415 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCREWS TO HEAL. 01:22.415 --> 01:24.617 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOME CENTRAL NEW YORK SCIENTISTS 01:24.617 --> 01:27.921 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE FIXING THEIR OWN BONES 01:27.921 --> 01:37.730 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STARTING WITH A 3D PRINTER. 01:37.730 --> 01:39.332 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE ARE USING TECHNOLOGY TO 01:39.332 --> 01:42.235 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ESSENTIALLY CREATE A PATIENT 01:42.235 --> 01:43.536 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIFIC BONE REPLACEMENT. 01:43.536 --> 01:45.538 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE ARE MAKING PATIENT 01:45.538 --> 01:47.140 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIFIC BONE WHICH CAN SLOWLY 01:47.140 --> 01:51.644 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTEGRATE AND BECOME PATIENT'S 01:51.644 --> 01:58.051 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OWN. 01:58.051 --> 01:59.052 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SOMETHING EXTERNAL PUT INTO 01:59.052 --> 02:00.954 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE BODY BUT EVENTUALLY, UNLIKE 02:00.954 --> 02:03.056 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A PIECE OF METAL, IT BECOMES THE 02:03.056 --> 02:03.556 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PERSON. 02:03.556 --> 02:04.958 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> YES, EXACTLY. 02:04.958 --> 02:05.959 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND THIS MATERIAL THAT WE ARE 02:05.959 --> 02:07.961 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% USING TO BUILD THIS IS MADE OUT 02:07.961 --> 02:09.162 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF MATERIAL THAT IS USED 02:09.162 --> 02:11.564 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMMONLY IF YOU EVER HAD 02:11.564 --> 02:12.765 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABSORBABLE STITCHES. 02:12.765 --> 02:14.367 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SAME MATERIAL IS USED THERE 02:14.367 --> 02:15.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% APPROVED BY THE FDA IN THAT 02:15.969 --> 02:17.370 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% APPLICATION, USING THE SAME 02:17.370 --> 02:19.072 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MATERIAL WHICH, AGAIN, DEGRADES 02:19.072 --> 02:23.977 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OVER TIME AND AT THE RATE OF 02:23.977 --> 02:25.378 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEGRADATION TO THE RATE OF 02:25.378 --> 02:26.880 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REPLACEMENT OF THE BONE THAT WE 02:26.880 --> 02:27.780 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE TRYING TO GROW. 02:27.780 --> 02:29.682 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO AS WE ARE BUILDING NEW BONE, 02:29.682 --> 02:31.384 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE ARE WEARING AWAY THE SUPPORT 02:31.384 --> 02:36.389 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STRUCTURE THAT USED TO BE THERE. 02:36.389 --> 02:41.694 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND WE CAN USE 3D PRINTING TO 02:41.694 --> 02:43.897 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REPAIR THE BONE OF AN ATHLETE 02:43.897 --> 02:45.899 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND BONE OF A SMALL KID, BASED 02:45.899 --> 02:49.903 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON THE SCANNER IMAGES FROM THAT 02:49.903 --> 02:52.805 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATIENT WHICH IS, WHICH CAN BE 02:52.805 --> 02:55.308 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DONE WITH TECHNOLOGY. 02:55.308 --> 02:57.911 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S AN IMPORTANT PART ON 02:57.911 --> 03:00.013 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE REHABILITATION PART BECAUSE 03:00.013 --> 03:01.714 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE STRUCTURE YOU PUT IN THERE 03:01.714 --> 03:03.917 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART SO FROM 03:03.917 --> 03:05.818 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE ASPECT OF REHABILITATION, 03:05.818 --> 03:08.021 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NOT HAVING TO RETRAIN YOUR 03:08.021 --> 03:10.423 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NERVES, THE MUSCLES OPERATE THAT 03:10.423 --> 03:12.125 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PART OF THE ANATOMY WILL GET YOU 03:12.125 --> 03:18.231 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BACK UP AND MOVING EVEN FASTER. 03:18.231 --> 03:20.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> A NEW HEART OR A NEW KIDNEY 03:20.233 --> 03:22.035 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS ONE THING BUT TO HAVE TO HAVE 03:22.035 --> 03:23.937 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE STRUCTURAL STRENGTH IN 03:23.937 --> 03:26.239 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ADDITION TO KEEPING IT LIVING IS 03:26.239 --> 03:27.540 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMETHING... 03:27.540 --> 03:29.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> A BONE IS AS THEY SAY, A BONE 03:29.442 --> 03:35.448 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS HARD HEART. 03:35.448 --> 03:37.250 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% METAPHORICALLY, WE ARE ABLE TO 03:37.250 --> 03:38.851 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PUT THEM TOGETHER IN A WAY THAT 03:38.851 --> 03:42.455 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUPPORTS A MECHANICAL LOAD THAT 03:42.455 --> 03:44.324 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS ABLE TO SUPPORT BUT ALSO MAKE 03:44.324 --> 03:50.029 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT A BIOLOGICALLY LIVING 03:50.029 --> 03:50.730 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TISSUES. 03:50.730 --> 03:52.532 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE TWO PIECES HAVE BEEN OUT IN 03:52.532 --> 03:54.534 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE HARD TO PUT THE TWO ASPECTS 03:54.534 --> 03:55.835 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOGETHER SO WE ARE REALLY LUCKY 03:55.835 --> 03:57.637 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THIS COLLABORATION TO HAVE 03:57.637 --> 03:59.038 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BOTH THE PEOPLE AND THE SKILLS 03:59.038 --> 04:06.446 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO DO SO. 04:06.446 --> 04:07.647 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> USE IT IN COMBINATION WITH 04:07.647 --> 04:12.552 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE NON-INORGANIC STUFF. 04:12.552 --> 04:16.356 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT IS ORGANIC AND INORGANIC. 04:16.356 --> 04:23.263 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I INTEGRATE IT. 04:23.263 --> 04:25.465 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MY PART IS TO BRING THE CELLS 04:25.465 --> 04:27.567 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTO IT SO WE ARE ABLE TO 04:27.567 --> 04:30.870 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ISOLATE THESE SKELETAL STEM 04:30.870 --> 04:34.173 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CELLS FROM A PATIENT'S OWN BONE 04:34.173 --> 04:35.074 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MARROW. 04:35.074 --> 04:36.776 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WEEK CAUSE THEM TO PRODUCE NEW 04:36.776 --> 04:38.378 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BONE AND THAT NEW BONE THEN 04:38.378 --> 04:41.180 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BECOMES INTEGRATED AND MAKES FOR 04:41.180 --> 04:43.082 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE REPLACEMENT TISSUE THAT WE 04:43.082 --> 04:44.884 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE TRYING TO REPLACE THE 04:44.884 --> 04:47.186 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INJURED TISSUE. 04:47.186 --> 04:50.023 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS AREA RIGHT HERE IS THE 04:50.023 --> 04:52.125 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FACILITY WHERE WE ACTUALLY TAKE 04:52.125 --> 04:54.827 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE 3D PRINTED CONSTRUCTS FROM 04:54.827 --> 04:57.130 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE LAB AND PUT THE CELLS FROM 04:57.130 --> 05:02.535 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DR. MORE DR. HORTON'S LAB. 05:02.535 --> 05:04.337 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE HAVE THE PIPE AND OUR 05:04.337 --> 05:05.538 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FRAME. 05:05.538 --> 05:07.540 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO BASICALLY WHAT HAPPENS IS WE 05:07.540 --> 05:09.842 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PUT THE PIPE IN OUR FRAME AND WE 05:09.842 --> 05:14.247 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAST OUR CELLS AROUND THEM AND 05:14.247 --> 05:15.348 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVENTUALLY THE PIPE WILL 05:15.348 --> 05:19.652 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DISSOLVE OUT GIVING US THE 05:19.652 --> 05:21.054 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONSTRUCT. 05:21.054 --> 05:22.955 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> 3D PRINTED HARD CONSTRUCT, 05:22.955 --> 05:24.657 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND IN THE CENTER OF OUR 3D 05:24.657 --> 05:26.259 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRINTED HARD CONSTRUCT, WE HAVE 05:26.259 --> 05:28.461 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OUR GEL CONTAINING OUR CELLS. 05:28.461 --> 05:29.762 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT ONE PIPE IN THE CENTER, 05:29.762 --> 05:32.365 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT IS ACTUALLY BONE THAT HAS 05:32.365 --> 05:34.267 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BEEN FORMED IN THE CENTER OF OUR 05:34.267 --> 05:36.269 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONSTRUCT. 05:36.269 --> 05:48.981 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE PROFUSION OF NUTRIENTS. 05:48.981 --> 05:50.983 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WORRIED ABOUT SOME KIND OF 05:50.983 --> 05:52.385 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FRANKENSTEIN ELEMENT? 05:52.385 --> 05:53.786 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE YOU MAKING STUFF THAT IS 05:53.786 --> 05:56.889 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GOING TO MAKE ME DIFFERENT? 05:56.889 --> 05:58.591 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> DR. FRANKENSTEIN, WHEN HE 05:58.591 --> 06:01.594 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRIED TO PUT SOMEONE TOGETHER, 06:01.594 --> 06:03.296 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HE COLLECTED PARTS OF THE 06:03.296 --> 06:04.797 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VARIOUS PEOPLE AND STITCHED THEM 06:04.797 --> 06:05.098 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOGETHER. 06:05.098 --> 06:06.599 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT WE ARE DOING IS NOT THAT. 06:06.599 --> 06:07.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE ARE TRYING TO TAKE YOUR OWN 06:07.900 --> 06:11.204 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CELLS AND YOUR OWN GEOMETRY AND 06:11.204 --> 06:18.311 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CREATE A NEWER YOU FOR YOU. 06:18.311 --> 06:19.612 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THIS IS THE MOST FUN I'VE 06:19.612 --> 06:21.414 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVER HAD IN FOUR OR FIVE YEARS. 06:21.414 --> 06:24.417 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT SORT OF HOUSES EXPERTISE IN 06:24.417 --> 06:25.718 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ONE PLACE. 06:25.718 --> 06:33.926 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S AN OPEN LAB MY GROUP AND IT 06:33.926 --> 06:37.230 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHARES THE SAME SORT OF MEDIUM 06:37.230 --> 06:37.830 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND SPACE. 06:37.830 --> 06:39.832 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT HAS THE INGREDIENTS I WILL 06:39.832 --> 06:41.334 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEED TO PUT IN A PROJECT LIKE 06:41.334 --> 06:46.839 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS. 06:46.839 --> 06:48.241 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IS IT FAIR WE CAN SAY 06:48.241 --> 06:49.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABSOLUTELY NOBODY ELSE IS DOING 06:49.442 --> 06:51.144 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT BESIDE YOU GUYS? 06:51.144 --> 06:52.245 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE ARE THE ONLY ONES DOING 06:52.245 --> 06:55.648 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS COMBINED ADDED AND 06:55.648 --> 06:58.651 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUBTRACTIVE APPROACHES AND USING 06:58.651 --> 07:01.053 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SKELETAL STEM CELLS TO 07:01.053 --> 07:06.159 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REALLY CREATE A UNIT THAT CAN BE 07:06.159 --> 07:08.161 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONTAIN BLOOD FLOW AND SUPPORT 07:08.161 --> 07:11.164 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MECHANICAL LOAD THAT ACTIVITY OF 07:11.164 --> 07:16.369 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DAILY LIVING REQUIRES. 07:16.369 --> 07:18.871 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AFTER YEARS I IMAGINE IF A 07:18.871 --> 07:22.074 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATIENT WALKS IN AND HE HAS ANY 07:22.074 --> 07:23.676 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% KIND OF BONE DEFECT ANYWHERE IN 07:23.676 --> 07:25.778 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE BODY, LIKE DEFECT IN YOUR 07:25.778 --> 07:27.380 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SKULL, IN YOUR ARM, IN YOUR 07:27.380 --> 07:29.582 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HIPS, ANYWHERE, ALL WE HAVE TO 07:29.582 --> 07:32.084 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DO IS TAKE A SCAN OF THAT 07:32.084 --> 07:34.487 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATIENT AND ASK ENGINEERS TO 07:34.487 --> 07:36.489 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAKE A NEW PART FOR THAT 07:36.489 --> 07:37.890 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIFIC PATIENT AND THAT WILL 07:37.890 --> 07:41.494 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BE MADE AND REPLACED AND HE WILL 07:41.494 --> 07:44.897 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BE ON HIS WAY IN A FEW MONTHS' 07:44.897 --> 07:45.298 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TIME. 07:45.298 --> 07:48.401 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS NO MORE AND HE CAN 07:48.401 --> 07:49.702 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESTORE THE FUNCTION OF THAT 07:49.702 --> 07:51.304 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIFIC PART FULLY SO THAT'S 07:51.304 --> 07:53.606 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT I WOULD IMAGINE AFTER 10, 07:53.606 --> 07:54.307 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 15 YEARS. 07:54.307 --> 07:55.208 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT 07:55.208 --> 07:56.709 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ASPECT OF THINGS THAT WE ALSO 07:56.709 --> 07:58.311 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE THE PEOPLE AND THE ABILITY 07:58.311 --> 08:00.012 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO DO THAT HERE LOCALLY WITH THE 08:00.012 --> 08:02.815 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SVI AND 08:02.815 --> 08:05.618 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUNY WHERE WE CAN DESIGN AND RUN 08:05.618 --> 08:06.919 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE CLINICAL TRIALS. 08:06.919 --> 08:09.121 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE HAVE A GREAT ORTHOPAEDICS 08:09.121 --> 08:10.323 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEPARTMENT AND REHABILITATION 08:10.323 --> 08:11.424 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEPARTMENT AND AGAIN A GREAT 08:11.424 --> 08:12.625 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT HERE. 08:12.625 --> 08:14.026 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL THE PIECES ARE FALLING INTO 08:14.026 --> 08:16.229 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLACE RIGHT HERE IN SYRACUSE TO 08:16.229 --> 08:31.444 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DO THIS WORK. 08:31.444 --> 08:33.145 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE TECHNOLOGY ISN'T JUST 08:33.145 --> 08:34.146 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIMITED TO BONES. 08:34.146 --> 08:35.948 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE COMPANY IN KENTUCKY HAS 08:35.948 --> 08:37.250 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVELOPED WHAT IS CALLED THE 08:37.250 --> 08:38.951 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORLD'S FIRST HUMAN TISSUE 08:38.951 --> 08:39.552 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRINTER. 08:39.552 --> 08:43.356 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOWN THE ROAD NEW HUMAN HEARTS. 08:43.356 --> 08:44.957 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THE VERTEBRATE WORLD, THE 08:44.957 --> 08:46.559 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FEMALES ARE THE ONES WHO GET 08:46.559 --> 08:47.960 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PREGNANT WITH ONE EXCEPTION. 08:47.960 --> 08:48.861 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEA HORSES. 08:48.861 --> 08:50.263 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOME NEW YORK SCIENTISTS ARE 08:50.263 --> 08:55.067 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHY. 08:55.067 --> 08:56.669 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ANYBODY WHO HAS EVER SEEN A 08:56.669 --> 08:58.771 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEA HORSE KNOWS THEY LOOK VERY 08:58.771 --> 09:00.473 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENT. 09:00.473 --> 09:02.074 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY HAVE BONY PLATES ACROSS 09:02.074 --> 09:02.775 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR BODY. 09:02.775 --> 09:05.678 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY'VE LOST PELVIC FINS AND 09:05.678 --> 09:06.679 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOST THEIR TEETH. 09:06.679 --> 09:07.780 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MOST NOTABLY. 09:07.780 --> 09:08.881 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ALL OF THE MEMBERS OF THIS 09:08.881 --> 09:10.783 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUP HAVE ONE ANOTHER OR FORM 09:10.783 --> 09:11.684 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF MALE PREGNANCY. 09:11.684 --> 09:13.886 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE ARE NO OTHER VERTEBRATES 09:13.886 --> 09:16.589 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT DO MALE PREGNANCY. 09:16.589 --> 09:17.490 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> NONE, NOT ONE. 09:17.490 --> 09:19.191 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS MAKES THEM A FERTILE 09:19.191 --> 09:19.992 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCH SUBJECT. 09:19.992 --> 09:21.394 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ANY TYPE OF QUESTION YOU WANT 09:21.394 --> 09:24.797 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO ASK IN REVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, 09:24.797 --> 09:25.798 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS SOMETHING THEY DO THAT 09:25.798 --> 09:31.203 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER FISHES. 09:31.203 --> 09:32.905 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> DR. TONY WILSON IS AN 09:32.905 --> 09:34.206 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT BROOKLYN 09:34.206 --> 09:35.908 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COLLEGE WHERE HE RESEARCHES SEA 09:35.908 --> 09:37.510 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORSES AND PIPE FISH. 09:37.510 --> 09:39.612 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A GROUP OF 300 SPECIES WITH 09:39.612 --> 09:41.714 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLVED MALE PREGNANCY IN SOME 09:41.714 --> 09:42.715 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORM OR ANOTHER. 09:42.715 --> 09:44.417 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE ARE INVOLVED IN A WHOLE 09:44.417 --> 09:45.918 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VARIETY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF 09:45.918 --> 09:46.619 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROJECTS. 09:46.619 --> 09:49.221 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I'M WORKING ON THE GEE GNOME 09:49.221 --> 09:51.223 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEQUENCE, DOING STUDIES ON 09:51.223 --> 09:54.026 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORMONAL RELATED TO PREGNANCIES 09:54.026 --> 09:55.728 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND THE INTERACTION OF MALES AND 09:55.728 --> 09:56.329 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FEMALES. 09:56.329 --> 09:58.030 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ALL IN THE HOPES OF 09:58.030 --> 09:59.532 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DISCOVERING HOW MALE PREGNANCY 09:59.532 --> 09:59.932 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORKS. 09:59.932 --> 10:01.634 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE MALES SWIM AGAINST THE 10:01.634 --> 10:03.035 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLUTIONARY TIDE. 10:03.035 --> 10:04.937 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY CARRY THEIR OWN YOUNG AND 10:04.937 --> 10:07.640 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT REQUIRES A HUGE SACRIFICE OF 10:07.640 --> 10:09.942 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TIME AND ENERGY FOR THEIR BROOD. 10:09.942 --> 10:11.544 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT COULD BE USED FOR OTHER 10:11.544 --> 10:12.845 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PURPOSES, INCLUDING MATING WITH 10:12.845 --> 10:13.546 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OTHER INDIVIDUALS. 10:13.546 --> 10:16.048 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THERE ARE CLEAR ECOLOGICAL 10:16.048 --> 10:17.049 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ADVANTAGES AS WELL. 10:17.049 --> 10:19.051 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HE HAS COMPLETE CONFIDENCE IN 10:19.051 --> 10:20.052 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATERNITY. 10:20.052 --> 10:22.054 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL OF THE EGGS IN THE POUCH ARE 10:22.054 --> 10:24.857 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENETIC OFFSPRING OF THAT MALE. 10:24.857 --> 10:26.659 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HE CAN BENEFIT FROM CHANGING 10:26.659 --> 10:28.861 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORSES IN MID STREAM. 10:28.861 --> 10:30.062 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IN THEORY THEY CAN ACTUALLY 10:30.062 --> 10:32.965 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NOT FEATHER FERTILIZE THE EGG OF 10:32.965 --> 10:34.467 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE FEMALE AND WAIT FOR ANOTHER 10:34.467 --> 10:35.668 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MORE ATTRACTIVE FEMALE. 10:35.668 --> 10:37.870 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE MALES HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL. 10:37.870 --> 10:40.072 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE MATING RITUALS OF SEA 10:40.072 --> 10:41.874 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORSES HAS BEEN AS NUANCED AS 10:41.874 --> 10:43.175 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR PREGNANCIES. 10:43.175 --> 10:44.477 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WHEN A MALE AND FEMALE 10:44.477 --> 10:46.379 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENCOUNTER ONE ANOTHER, THERE IS 10:46.379 --> 10:48.681 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A MATING DANCE THAT TAKES THREE 10:48.681 --> 10:50.082 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO FOUR DAYS. 10:50.082 --> 10:52.485 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE TWO LOCK TAILS AND SWIM 10:52.485 --> 10:54.687 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SIDE BY SIDE EYEING ONE ANOTHER 10:54.687 --> 10:55.388 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNTIL... 10:55.388 --> 10:56.789 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE MALE'S HEAD IS UPWARDS. 10:56.789 --> 10:59.091 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S AN INDICATION THAT HE IS 10:59.091 --> 11:02.094 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GOING TO SWIM UPWARDS, A TANDEM 11:02.094 --> 11:02.895 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SWIM VERTICAL. 11:02.895 --> 11:04.296 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND WHEN THEY REACH PERFECT 11:04.296 --> 11:06.198 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALIGNMENT, THE FEMALE WILL BE 11:06.198 --> 11:08.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOVE THE MALE AND TRANSFER THE 11:08.200 --> 11:09.802 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EGGS INTO THE MALE'S POUCH. 11:09.802 --> 11:12.805 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AS THE EGGS ARE TRANSFERRED, THE 11:12.805 --> 11:14.707 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MALE FEATHER FERTILIZE THEM. 11:14.707 --> 11:17.710 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE EGGS ARE STUCK TO THE 11:17.710 --> 11:21.113 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OUTSIDE OF THE BODY OR INSIDE 11:21.113 --> 11:22.014 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE POUCH. 11:22.014 --> 11:23.716 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> UNLIKE FATHERS OF OTHER 11:23.716 --> 11:25.117 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIES WHO CARRY OR PROTECT 11:25.117 --> 11:26.919 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR YOUNG, A MALE SEA HORSE 11:26.919 --> 11:28.921 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROVIDES SPECIAL CARE FOR HIS 11:28.921 --> 11:29.121 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BROOD. 11:29.121 --> 11:31.424 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE EMBRYOS IMPLANT SO THERE 11:31.424 --> 11:33.125 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN 11:33.125 --> 11:35.327 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE MALE'S BLOOD SUPPLY AND THE 11:35.327 --> 11:37.930 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% POUCH AND THE MALE REGULATES THE 11:37.930 --> 11:39.231 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. 11:39.231 --> 11:40.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE EMBRYO. 11:40.833 --> 11:42.234 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SUGGESTION THAT HE PROVIDES 11:42.234 --> 11:44.937 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENERGY, REGULATES SALINITY SO 11:44.937 --> 11:47.940 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN THE OFFSPRING ARE RELEASED, 11:47.940 --> 11:51.143 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SALINITY INSIDE AND OUTSIDE 11:51.143 --> 11:52.745 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE POUCH IS IDENTICAL. 11:52.745 --> 11:54.447 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> FINALLY HE LABORS THE 11:54.447 --> 11:55.548 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OFFSPRING INTO THE WORLD. 11:55.548 --> 11:58.551 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HE HAS CONTRACTIONS LIKE WE 11:58.551 --> 12:01.253 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE SEEN IN HUMANS AND WHEN THE 12:01.253 --> 12:02.855 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONTRACTIONS RELEASE, YOU HAVE 12:02.855 --> 12:04.857 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BABY SEA HORSES WHICH ARE 12:04.857 --> 12:06.358 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMPLETELY LIVING. 12:06.358 --> 12:08.060 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MALE SEA HORSE REPRODUCTIVE 12:08.060 --> 12:12.064 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROLES HAVE BEEN FLIPPED, THE 12:12.064 --> 12:13.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEIR 12:13.566 --> 12:15.968 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PREGNANCY AND THE MALE PREGNANCY 12:15.968 --> 12:16.869 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAY RUN DEEP. 12:16.869 --> 12:18.170 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE WANTED TO SAMPLE MALES 12:18.170 --> 12:19.972 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THROUGHOUT VARIOUS STAGES OF 12:19.972 --> 12:21.173 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PREGNANCY AND WE LOOK AT THE 12:21.173 --> 12:23.075 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENES THAT WERE ACTIVE AT THESE 12:23.075 --> 12:24.977 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VARIOUS STAGES OF PREGNANCY. 12:24.977 --> 12:27.079 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> BY SEQUENCING THE RNA WITHIN 12:27.079 --> 12:29.982 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE HORSE'S POUCH... 12:29.982 --> 12:31.684 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE DISCOVERED A GOOD PORTION 12:31.684 --> 12:32.985 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE GENES WHICH ARE INVOLVED 12:32.985 --> 12:34.687 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN MALE PREGNANCY IN THE SEA 12:34.687 --> 12:36.288 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORSE ARE ACTUALLY ALSO INVOLVED 12:36.288 --> 12:40.392 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN MALE PREGNANCIES WHICH 12:40.392 --> 12:41.894 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SURPRISED ALL OF US. 12:41.894 --> 12:43.896 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ONE IMPORTANT GROUP OF GENES 12:43.896 --> 12:46.499 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY IDENTIFIED ARE BELIEVED TO 12:46.499 --> 12:47.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REGULATE A HORMONE CALLED 12:47.900 --> 12:52.104 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROLACTIN. 12:52.104 --> 12:54.607 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AS THE NAME IMPLIES, IT HELPS 12:54.607 --> 12:56.308 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAMMAL MOTHERS PRODUCE MILK 12:56.308 --> 12:56.909 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AFTER BIRTH. 12:56.909 --> 13:00.312 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT DO MALE SEA HORSES USE IT 13:00.312 --> 13:01.013 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOR? 13:01.013 --> 13:01.914 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> JURY IS STILL OUT. 13:01.914 --> 13:03.916 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THEY'RE WORKING TO SOLVE THE 13:03.916 --> 13:05.217 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUESTION AND THEY HAVE SOME 13:05.217 --> 13:05.818 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEORIES. 13:05.818 --> 13:08.320 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WORKING HYPOTHESIS IS THAT IT 13:08.320 --> 13:10.322 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS REGULATING THE SALINITY 13:10.322 --> 13:11.423 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WITHIN THE MALE'S POUCH. 13:11.423 --> 13:13.425 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND FOR DR. WILSON, THE 13:13.425 --> 13:16.328 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INNOVATIVE USAGE OF A PREGNANCY 13:16.328 --> 13:19.431 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORMONE BY A MALE SEE MORE HORSE 13:19.431 --> 13:21.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS NOT HARD TO CONCEIVE. 13:21.333 --> 13:22.835 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ANIMALS LOOK DIFFERENT FROM 13:22.835 --> 13:25.337 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EACH OTHER BUT IT MAKES SENSE 13:25.337 --> 13:26.238 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 13:26.238 --> 13:28.340 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT DOESN'T MAKE SENSE TO INVENT 13:28.340 --> 13:29.642 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMETHING COMPLETELY 13:29.642 --> 13:30.543 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INDEPENDENTLY IF YOU HAVE 13:30.543 --> 13:32.444 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MECHANISMS THAT CAN DO IT IN A 13:32.444 --> 13:34.046 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WAY. 13:34.046 --> 13:35.881 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SEA HORSE PREGNANCY MAY TURN 13:35.881 --> 13:37.683 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OUT TO BE UNORIGINAL AND EXACTLY 13:37.683 --> 13:39.084 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT YOU WERE EXPECTING. 13:39.084 --> 13:41.487 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN OTHER WORDS, JUST LIKE A DAD 13:41.487 --> 14:16.222 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% JOKE. 14:16.222 --> 14:16.722 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 14:16.722 --> 14:28.334 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 14:28.334 --> 14:30.135 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SEEING A RAT SCURRY OUT OF A 14:30.135 --> 14:32.638 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GARBAGE CAN ACROSS THE SIDEWALK 14:32.638 --> 14:34.240 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS USUALLY CAUSE FOR TURNING 14:34.240 --> 14:35.941 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AROUND AND WALKING THE OTHER WAY 14:35.941 --> 14:37.743 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT NOT FOR ONE NEW YORK 14:37.743 --> 14:38.944 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTIST. 14:38.944 --> 14:40.746 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HARI SREENIVASAN STAT DOWN WITH 14:40.746 --> 14:42.848 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A RESEARCHER WHO SEES A RAT AND 14:42.848 --> 14:44.950 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ONLY WANTS TO FIND OUT MORE. 14:44.950 --> 14:47.353 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> RATS ARE THE CREATURES THAT 14:47.353 --> 14:49.755 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCURRY THROUGH TUNNELS, ALLEYS 14:49.755 --> 14:53.659 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND GASH AN CANS BUT FOR THIS 14:53.659 --> 14:55.861 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCHER, THESE CREATURES ARE 14:55.861 --> 14:58.464 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A SOURCE OF EVOLUTIONARY WONDER. 14:58.464 --> 15:00.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRAPPING 15:00.866 --> 15:02.468 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS AND EXTRACTING THEIR DNA TO 15:02.468 --> 15:03.469 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LEARN MORE ABOUT THEIR 15:03.469 --> 15:05.371 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS AND 15:05.371 --> 15:06.972 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTERACTIONS WITH URBAN 15:06.972 --> 15:07.573 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENVIRONMENTS. 15:07.573 --> 15:08.874 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HE JOINS ME NOW. 15:08.874 --> 15:10.376 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WITH WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE 15:10.376 --> 15:11.877 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLUTION OF RATS, DOES A CITY 15:11.877 --> 15:14.580 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OR LOCATION CHANGE A RAT? 15:14.580 --> 15:15.481 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IT CAN. 15:15.481 --> 15:19.685 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE RAT ORIGINAL ORIGINATED IN 15:19.685 --> 15:21.086 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ASIA BUT SPREAD ALL OVER THE 15:21.086 --> 15:21.487 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORLD. 15:21.487 --> 15:24.089 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVERY CITY IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 15:24.089 --> 15:24.890 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN TERMS OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE 15:24.890 --> 15:26.292 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT IS IN PLACE. 15:26.292 --> 15:28.394 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE HUMAN POPULATION DENSITY, 15:28.394 --> 15:30.095 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE TYPES OF FOODS AVAILABLE. 15:30.095 --> 15:31.196 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE RATS HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 15:31.196 --> 15:33.098 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ADAPT TO LOCAL CONDITIONS IN 15:33.098 --> 15:33.799 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENT CITIES. 15:33.799 --> 15:34.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> DOES THAT MEAN THEY'RE 15:34.500 --> 15:36.602 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ESSENTIALLY EVOLVING OVER TIME? 15:36.602 --> 15:38.404 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO CAN WE SEE A DIFFERENCE IN 15:38.404 --> 15:40.105 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS LET'S SAY YOU STUDY 15:40.105 --> 15:41.607 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEW YORK, SO FROM THE BRONX TO 15:41.607 --> 15:43.208 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUEENS TO MANHATTAN? 15:43.208 --> 15:44.810 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WITHIN THE CITY, YOU SEE VERY 15:44.810 --> 15:46.111 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUBTLE DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE 15:46.111 --> 15:47.613 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% URBAN LANDSCAPE BUT BETWEEN 15:47.613 --> 15:49.214 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CITIES YOU MAY SEE MORE 15:49.214 --> 15:51.317 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUBSTANTIAL DIFFERENCES AS THEY 15:51.317 --> 15:53.218 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLVE TO FACE DIFFERENT 15:53.218 --> 15:53.919 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRESSURES. 15:53.919 --> 15:55.421 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> CITIES TRY TO TACKLE THIS 15:55.421 --> 15:56.622 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROBLEM ALL THE TIME, ESPECIALLY 15:56.622 --> 15:58.023 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLACES WITH SUBWAYS AND SO 15:58.023 --> 15:59.925 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORTH, NICE MOIST DARK 15:59.925 --> 16:00.926 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENVIRONMENTS WHERE THESE GUYS 16:00.926 --> 16:02.227 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN RUN AROUND. 16:02.227 --> 16:03.729 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHY HAVEN'T WE BEEN MORE 16:03.729 --> 16:05.531 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUCCESSFUL AT ERADICATING RAT 16:05.531 --> 16:06.632 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% POPULATIONS? 16:06.632 --> 16:07.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THERE ARE A COUPLE DIFFERENT 16:07.833 --> 16:08.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REASONS. 16:08.233 --> 16:10.035 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ONE IS THAT THE RAT IS 16:10.035 --> 16:13.038 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EXQUISITELY ADAPTED TO REPRODUCE 16:13.038 --> 16:13.839 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VERY QUICKLY. 16:13.839 --> 16:15.741 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVEN IF WE CAN REDUCE THE RAT 16:15.741 --> 16:17.443 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% POPULATION BY 90%, THEY CAN 16:17.443 --> 16:18.544 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REBOUND VERY QUICKLY. 16:18.544 --> 16:19.945 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU CAN HAVE MIGRANTS COMING 16:19.945 --> 16:21.947 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM NEARBY AREAS AND THE RATS 16:21.947 --> 16:23.649 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT ARE THERE CAN BREED EVEN 16:23.649 --> 16:24.850 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FASTER BECAUSE THEY HAVE MORE 16:24.850 --> 16:26.251 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ACCESS TO RESOURCES. 16:26.251 --> 16:27.653 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE OTHER ISSUE IS THAT WE DON'T 16:27.653 --> 16:29.054 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REALLY UNDERSTAND THE RATS 16:29.054 --> 16:31.156 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BIOLOGY VERY WELL IN CITIES. 16:31.156 --> 16:33.258 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE PUT A LOT OF EFFORT INTO 16:33.258 --> 16:34.560 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRYING TO KILL THEM BUT WE 16:34.560 --> 16:35.661 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVEN'T PUT THAT MUCH EFFORT 16:35.661 --> 16:37.162 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTO UNDERSTANDING THEM AS A 16:37.162 --> 16:39.565 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIES AND UNDERSTANDING THEIR 16:39.565 --> 16:40.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BASIC BIOLOGY. 16:40.866 --> 16:42.067 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEN THERE IS ALSO A LOT OF 16:42.067 --> 16:43.469 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ISSUES THAT ARE NOT PARTICULARLY 16:43.469 --> 16:44.970 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTIFIC BUT MORE 16:44.970 --> 16:46.772 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOCIOLOGICAL. 16:46.772 --> 16:48.474 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW DOES THE CITY MANAGE ITS 16:48.474 --> 16:49.074 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GARBAGE. 16:49.074 --> 16:51.577 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW DID INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTS 16:51.577 --> 16:53.078 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MANAGE THEIR GARBAGE. 16:53.078 --> 16:54.980 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW ARE BUILDINGS MAINTAINED, 16:54.980 --> 16:56.982 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL THOSE ISSUES CAN CONTRIBUTE 16:56.982 --> 16:58.684 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO RAT POPULATION BY PROVIDING 16:58.684 --> 17:01.387 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEM FOOD AND PLACES FOR THEM TO 17:01.387 --> 17:03.689 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEST AND BURROW. 17:03.689 --> 17:05.491 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> DO THEY CLUSTER, ARE THEY 17:05.491 --> 17:07.693 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMMUNAL BEING WHERE IF WE ARE 17:07.693 --> 17:08.894 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABLE TO ISOLATE WHERE THE 17:08.894 --> 17:10.095 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMMUNITIES ARE WE WOULD HAVE A 17:10.095 --> 17:12.297 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BETTER CHANCE AT ERADICATING 17:12.297 --> 17:12.998 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEM? 17:12.998 --> 17:13.899 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S TRUE. 17:13.899 --> 17:15.701 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY'RE COLONIAL SPECIES. 17:15.701 --> 17:18.604 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU MAY HAVE A MALE-FEMALE PAIR 17:18.604 --> 17:20.005 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AT FIRST BUT THEY BUILD UP 17:20.005 --> 17:22.908 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RELATIVES OVER TIME AND BUILD A 17:22.908 --> 17:24.410 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEST NEXT TO THEIR PARENTS SO 17:24.410 --> 17:26.011 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU'LL BUILD UP A LOCAL COLONY 17:26.011 --> 17:27.413 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OVER TIME AND ONE OF THE THINGS 17:27.413 --> 17:28.914 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE ARE DOING IN NEW YORK CITY IS 17:28.914 --> 17:30.015 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW RATS 17:30.015 --> 17:31.417 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE RELATED IN DIFFERENT PARTS 17:31.417 --> 17:32.418 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE CITY. 17:32.418 --> 17:34.219 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT THE IDEA BEING THAT YOU CAN 17:34.219 --> 17:36.321 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IDENTIFY THAT COLONIAL STRUCTURE 17:36.321 --> 17:38.123 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW BIG IT IS AND WE FOUND THAT 17:38.123 --> 17:41.627 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN GENERAL, IT SPANS A FEW CITY 17:41.627 --> 17:43.028 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BLOCKS MAYBE UP TO FOUR OR FIVE 17:43.028 --> 17:43.729 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CITY BLOCKS. 17:43.729 --> 17:45.030 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO IF YOU CAN ADDRESS RAT 17:45.030 --> 17:46.432 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONTROL ON THAT SCALE, YOU WOULD 17:46.432 --> 17:47.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE A MUCH BETTER CHANCE OF 17:47.933 --> 17:49.735 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REDUCING THE POPULATION 17:49.735 --> 17:50.035 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LONG-TERM. 17:50.035 --> 17:52.137 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO THERE ARE UPTOWN RATS VERSUS 17:52.137 --> 17:52.938 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOWNTOWN RATS? 17:52.938 --> 17:54.940 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT WAS ONE OF THE THINGS WE 17:54.940 --> 17:55.941 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOUND SURPRISING. 17:55.941 --> 17:57.543 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS IN GENERAL, YOU SEE NORTH 17:57.543 --> 17:59.745 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO SOUTH KIND OF A GRADIENT OF 17:59.745 --> 18:01.246 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RELATEDNESS WHERE THE CLOSER 18:01.246 --> 18:02.448 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY ARE, THE MORE RELATED THEY 18:02.448 --> 18:03.849 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE BUT THERE SEEMS TO BE A 18:03.849 --> 18:05.250 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPLIT IN MID TOWN WHERE YOU HAVE 18:05.250 --> 18:06.652 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UPTOWN RATS THAT ARE MORE 18:06.652 --> 18:07.553 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RELATED TO EACH OTHER THAN THEY 18:07.553 --> 18:09.254 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE TO DOWNTOWN RATS. 18:09.254 --> 18:10.656 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WE THINK IT'S BECAUSE MID 18:10.656 --> 18:12.558 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOWN IS KIND OF A BARRIER FOR 18:12.558 --> 18:14.159 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEM, NOT A PHYSICAL BARRIER 18:14.159 --> 18:15.961 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKE A MOUNTAIN RANGE BUT MORE 18:15.961 --> 18:17.963 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF A HABITAT BARRIER. 18:17.963 --> 18:19.865 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE BUILDINGS HERE ARE BETTER 18:19.865 --> 18:20.365 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAINTAINED. 18:20.365 --> 18:21.967 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS LESS GARBAGE. 18:21.967 --> 18:22.868 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE ARE FEWER APARTMENT 18:22.868 --> 18:24.269 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUILDINGS AND RESTAURANTS AND 18:24.269 --> 18:25.771 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MORE OFFICE BUILDINGS. 18:25.771 --> 18:27.873 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO IT'S KIND OF A NO GO ZONE FOR 18:27.873 --> 18:28.273 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS. 18:28.273 --> 18:29.975 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO EVEN THAT MINOR BARRIER IS 18:29.975 --> 18:31.977 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAUSING THE UPTOWN AND DOWNTOWN 18:31.977 --> 18:33.979 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS OF MANHATTAN TO DIVERGE 18:33.979 --> 18:34.780 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM ONE ANOTHER. 18:34.780 --> 18:35.981 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HOW DO THEY GET HERE IN THE 18:35.981 --> 18:36.782 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIRST PLACE? 18:36.782 --> 18:38.784 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE DID A STUDY WHERE WE ASKED 18:38.784 --> 18:39.885 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCHERS FROM ALL OVER THE 18:39.885 --> 18:41.587 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORLD TO SEND US RAT SAMPLES. 18:41.587 --> 18:44.289 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE RECEIVED TAILS, LIVERS, EARS 18:44.289 --> 18:46.091 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM RATS ALL OVER, KIND OF 18:46.091 --> 18:47.593 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORST MAIL YOU COULD RECEIVE. 18:47.593 --> 18:49.695 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT WE WERE ABLE TO EXTRACT DNA 18:49.695 --> 18:51.196 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM THE SAMPLES AND TRACE THE 18:51.196 --> 18:53.298 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATTERNS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS 18:53.298 --> 18:55.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BETWEEN ALL OF THESE RAT 18:55.300 --> 18:57.402 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% POPULATIONS AND NEW YORK CITY IS 18:57.402 --> 19:01.106 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIRMLY RELATED TO RATS FROM 19:01.106 --> 19:03.308 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GREAT BRITAIN AND POSSIBLY A FEW 19:03.308 --> 19:05.010 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OTHER WESTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS 19:05.010 --> 19:06.111 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKE FRANCE. 19:06.111 --> 19:07.913 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S NOT SURPRISING GIVEN THE 19:07.913 --> 19:09.715 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FACT THAT HISTORIC RECORDS 19:09.715 --> 19:13.619 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUGGEST THEY ARRIVED DURING THE 19:13.619 --> 19:14.620 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REVOLUTIONARY WAR OR A LITTLE 19:14.620 --> 19:15.220 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BEFORE. 19:15.220 --> 19:16.522 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SINCE THIS CITY WAS CONTROLLED 19:16.522 --> 19:18.524 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BY THE BRITISH, IT IS NOT 19:18.524 --> 19:19.825 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SURPRISING THAT THEY BROUGHT THE 19:19.825 --> 19:20.926 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS OVER. 19:20.926 --> 19:22.127 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT THE 19:22.127 --> 19:24.129 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENETIC BACKGROUNDS OF RATS? 19:24.129 --> 19:25.631 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU AND YOUR TEAM ARE WORKING SO 19:25.631 --> 19:26.431 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HARD ABOUT THIS. 19:26.431 --> 19:27.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN YOU DISCOVER WHATEVER IT IS 19:27.733 --> 19:29.134 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU ARE LOOKING FOR, HOW DOES 19:29.134 --> 19:30.335 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT HELP US ALL? 19:30.335 --> 19:31.937 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WELL, FOR US, YOU KNOW, THERE 19:31.937 --> 19:34.540 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS DEFINITELY A BASIC SCIENTIFIC 19:34.540 --> 19:34.940 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTEREST. 19:34.940 --> 19:36.341 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A GREAT SYSTEM FOR UNDERSTANDING 19:36.341 --> 19:37.943 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVOLUTION BECAUSE YOU HAVE A 19:37.943 --> 19:39.845 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIES, THE SAME SPECIES 19:39.845 --> 19:40.946 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTRODUCED TO SO MANY DIFFERENT 19:40.946 --> 19:42.748 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLACES IT ALLOWS YOU, LIKE A 19:42.748 --> 19:43.949 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NATURAL EXPERIMENT WHERE YOU CAN 19:43.949 --> 19:46.251 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEE EVOLUTION PLAY OUT MULTIPLE 19:46.251 --> 19:49.054 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TIMES IN DIFFERENT CITIES BUT 19:49.054 --> 19:51.456 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS ALSO AN APPLIED ANGLE. 19:51.456 --> 19:53.058 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATS ARE ONE OF THE WORST 19:53.058 --> 19:54.860 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INVASIVE SPECIES, ONE OF THE 19:54.860 --> 19:56.361 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORST PESTS AROUND THE WORLD. 19:56.361 --> 19:59.164 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY DESTROY FOOD SUPPLIES, THEY 19:59.164 --> 20:00.165 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DESTROY INFRASTRUCTURE. 20:00.165 --> 20:01.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY SPREAD DISEASE. 20:01.466 --> 20:02.668 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND THEIR 20:02.668 --> 20:03.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BIOLOGY BETTER AND WHERE THEY 20:03.969 --> 20:04.870 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAME FROM AND HOW THEIR 20:04.870 --> 20:06.271 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% POPULATIONS ARE STRUCTURED, WE 20:06.271 --> 20:08.173 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN DESIGN BETTER STRATEGIES FOR 20:08.173 --> 20:09.775 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REDUCING THEIR POPULATION. 20:09.775 --> 20:12.778 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ALL RIGHT DR. JASON OF 20:12.778 --> 20:13.879 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORDHAM UNIVERSITY. 20:13.879 --> 20:14.580 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 20:14.580 --> 20:23.388 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MY PLEASURE. 20:23.388 --> 20:23.789 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 20:23.789 --> 20:53.118 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 20:53.118 --> 20:54.720 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THERE ARE LOTS OF MOVIES 20:54.720 --> 20:57.022 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT SPACE EXPLORATION BUT THIS 20:57.022 --> 20:58.924 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEXT STORY SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS 20:58.924 --> 21:15.240 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN THE VIDEO COMES FROM NASA. 21:15.240 --> 21:19.444 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THERE IS NO REAL SCI-FI THAN 21:19.444 --> 21:21.446 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NASA. 21:21.446 --> 21:24.349 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AS A KID I LOVED SCIENCE FICTION 21:24.349 --> 21:26.251 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOVIES, ANYTHING TO DO WITH 21:26.251 --> 21:28.654 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROBOTS AND DIFFERENT PLANETS AND 21:28.654 --> 21:29.755 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENT WORLDS I WAS 21:29.755 --> 21:35.961 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FASCINATED WITH. 21:35.961 --> 21:37.863 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AN ADULT AND TO BE ABLE TO 21:37.863 --> 21:40.065 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DABBLE IN THAT GENRE AND DEVELOP 21:40.065 --> 21:46.872 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE WHAT IF CONCEPTS. 21:46.872 --> 21:48.173 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> YOU HAVE EXACTLY 10 MINUTES 21:48.173 --> 21:51.176 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO FINAL MARKER. 21:51.176 --> 21:53.679 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ABOUT 10 YEARS AGO DIGITAL 21:53.679 --> 21:55.981 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FILM MAKING WAS A HUGE GAME 21:55.981 --> 21:56.882 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CHANGER. 21:56.882 --> 21:58.283 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WENT FROM FILM TO DIGITAL MADE 21:58.283 --> 21:59.384 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT I THOUGHT YEARS AGO WOULD 21:59.384 --> 22:01.186 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BE KIND OF IMPOSSIBLE TO DO MUCH 22:01.186 --> 22:01.887 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MORE AFFORDABLE. 22:01.887 --> 22:09.594 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO WHEN THE SPACE FILM FESTIVAL 22:09.594 --> 22:11.196 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAME UP, I THOUGHT IT WAS A 22:11.196 --> 22:12.898 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO TRY TO DO 22:12.898 --> 22:14.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMETHING NASA RELATED. 22:14.800 --> 22:21.340 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE WHOLE COOL THING WAS TO BE 22:21.340 --> 22:24.142 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABLE TO INCORPORATE NASA AND 22:24.142 --> 22:26.345 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARCHIVES INTO A PROJECT AND 22:26.345 --> 22:27.346 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVELOP A STORY. 22:27.346 --> 22:28.246 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKE BEING A KID. 22:28.246 --> 22:31.149 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU GOAT PLAY WITH, PLAY LIKE 22:31.149 --> 22:31.950 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU ARE IN SPACE. 22:31.950 --> 22:34.052 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF YOU CAN'T GO UP THERE, IT'S 22:34.052 --> 22:35.354 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE NEXT BEST THING. 22:35.354 --> 22:40.559 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 12-MINUTE FILM. 22:40.559 --> 22:41.960 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE ENTIRE PROJECT WAS FIVE 22:41.960 --> 22:42.260 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MONTHS. 22:42.260 --> 22:43.562 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE STARTED INITIALLY WITH 22:43.562 --> 22:45.163 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCH AND DEVELOPING A STORY 22:45.163 --> 22:45.864 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LINE. 22:45.864 --> 22:48.967 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> TODAY WOULD HAVE BEEN MY 22:48.967 --> 22:52.771 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOTHER'S 50TH BIRTHDAY. 22:52.771 --> 22:54.973 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> I WANTED AN INTERNATIONAL 22:54.973 --> 23:01.580 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLAIR AND INTERNATIONAL FEEL SHE 23:01.580 --> 23:02.681 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS FROM NIGERIA. 23:02.681 --> 23:04.182 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO I GOT THAT CONNECTION GOING. 23:04.182 --> 23:05.584 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE WANTED TO DO SOMETHING BASED 23:05.584 --> 23:06.385 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON WATER. 23:06.385 --> 23:07.686 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER IS LIFE AND A NICE 23:07.686 --> 23:09.087 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONTINUING THEME THROUGHOUT. 23:09.087 --> 23:11.390 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> EVEN OUT HERE SO FAR FROM 23:11.390 --> 23:13.091 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EARTH, I STILL CARRY A PIECE OF 23:13.091 --> 23:15.293 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOME WITH ME. 23:15.293 --> 23:18.697 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE PROPOSED-- THE POST 23:18.697 --> 23:19.898 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRODUCTION TOOK A LONG TIME. 23:19.898 --> 23:22.501 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THREE MONTHS OF POST PRODUCTION. 23:22.501 --> 23:25.003 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE ARE TAKING THIS NASA IMAGERY 23:25.003 --> 23:26.505 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND INTEGRATING IT INTO THE 23:26.505 --> 23:26.905 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STORY. 23:26.905 --> 23:28.507 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ONE OF THE THINGS WE HAD A 23:28.507 --> 23:30.609 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CHALLENGE WAS FINDING 4K 23:30.609 --> 23:32.511 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESOLUTION FOOTAGE TO USE. 23:32.511 --> 23:33.812 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE COULDN'T FIND A LOT OF THAT 23:33.812 --> 23:38.617 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO WE USED A LOT OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 23:38.617 --> 23:39.918 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE ARE ABOUT 50 SHOTS IN THE 23:39.918 --> 23:41.820 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FILM THAT ARE VISUAL EFFECT 23:41.820 --> 23:44.723 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHOTS BASED ON SOME TYPE OF NASA 23:44.723 --> 23:45.524 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMAGERY. 23:45.524 --> 23:46.925 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT 30 OF THOSE SHOTS ARE 23:46.925 --> 23:49.127 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BASED ON PHOTOGRAPHY AND 20 ARE 23:49.127 --> 23:51.029 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BASED ON VIDEO FOOTAGE. 23:51.029 --> 23:53.231 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE TOOK SPACE STATION IMAGERY 23:53.231 --> 23:54.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND BUILT AROUND INTERNATIONAL 23:54.633 --> 23:57.135 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPACE STATION MARS OFF OF THAT 23:57.135 --> 23:59.538 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BECAUSE WE FIGURED IT DIDN'T 23:59.538 --> 24:01.740 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE TO BE THE SAME SPACE 24:01.740 --> 24:03.241 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STATION NECESSARILY. 24:03.241 --> 24:06.144 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE NON-LINEAR EDITING 24:06.144 --> 24:07.846 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOFTWARE IS GREAT BECAUSE YOU 24:07.846 --> 24:11.049 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN CREATE BIG SCALE LOOKING 24:11.049 --> 24:12.451 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FILMS FOR VERY LITTLE MONEY. 24:12.451 --> 24:13.852 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I DIDN'T THINK THERE WOULD BE A 24:13.852 --> 24:15.153 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHOLE LOT OF MUSIC IN THIS 24:15.153 --> 24:17.456 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INITIALLY BUT IT WAS THE ELEMENT 24:17.456 --> 24:19.057 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT TIED IT TOGETHER. 24:19.057 --> 24:24.362 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. 24:24.362 --> 24:33.171 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 0. 24:33.171 --> 24:34.673 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS THAT SENSE OF WONDER 24:34.673 --> 24:36.475 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND EXCITEMENT THAT COMES WITH 24:36.475 --> 24:40.679 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPACE EXPLORATION. 24:40.679 --> 24:42.981 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE DISCOVERY THE WATER ON MARS. 24:42.981 --> 24:44.783 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT WAS IN OUR FILM BEFORE IT 24:44.783 --> 24:46.184 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAS EVER ANNOUNCED WHICH IS KIND 24:46.184 --> 24:47.986 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF NEAT AND THE EXPLORATION OF 24:47.986 --> 24:50.388 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MARS BY MAN KIND HAS JUST BEEN 24:50.388 --> 24:53.291 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANNOUNCED THIS SEPTEMBER. 24:53.291 --> 24:54.993 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SO MUCH RESEARCH. 24:54.993 --> 24:56.795 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO MUCH STUFF THAT WENT INTO THE 24:56.795 --> 24:58.497 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STORY. 24:58.497 --> 25:01.099 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT ENLIGHTENED ME AND GOT ME 25:01.099 --> 25:41.139 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MORE EXCITED ABOUT NASA AGAIN. 25:41.139 --> 25:42.641 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MEET THE SCIENTISTS WHO KNOCK 25:42.641 --> 25:44.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON WOOD, POT FOR GOOD LUCK BUT 25:44.442 --> 25:45.143 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOR RESEARCH. 25:45.143 --> 25:46.845 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND GRAB YOUR PLATE BECAUSE 25:46.845 --> 25:49.147 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TONIGHT ON THE MENU, 3D PRINTED 25:49.147 --> 25:50.849 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LASAGNA ON THE NEXT "SCITECH 25:50.849 --> 25:51.016 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NOW."