1 00:00:00,367 --> 00:00:01,534 >> ON THIS EDITION OF 2 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:02,235 "SCITECH NOW," THE TRADITIONAL 3 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:04,037 WAY TO HEAL A BROKEN BONE WAS A 4 00:00:04,037 --> 00:00:05,939 CAST ON THE OUTSIDE. 5 00:00:05,939 --> 00:00:07,040 MEET THESE CENTRAL NEW YORK 6 00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:08,641 SCIENTISTS WORKING ON A SOLUTION 7 00:00:08,641 --> 00:00:09,242 ON THE INSIDE. 8 00:00:09,242 --> 00:00:11,945 WHAT MAKES THESE HORSES 9 00:00:11,945 --> 00:00:12,445 DIFFERENT? 10 00:00:12,445 --> 00:00:13,346 IT'S ABOUT MORE THAN 11 00:00:13,346 --> 00:00:14,347 THEIR SHAPE. 12 00:00:14,347 --> 00:00:15,849 SOMEBODY HAS TO STUDY IT. 13 00:00:15,849 --> 00:00:17,550 WE GO DEEP UNDERGROUND TO LEARN 14 00:00:17,550 --> 00:00:18,752 ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF THE RAT. 15 00:00:18,752 --> 00:00:20,353 AND WE'LL GIVE YOU A LOOK AT THE 16 00:00:20,353 --> 00:00:22,355 MOST REALISTIC SPACE MOVIES 17 00:00:22,355 --> 00:00:23,556 YOU'LL EVER SEE NEXT ON 18 00:00:23,556 --> 00:00:50,984 "SCITECH NOW." 19 00:00:50,984 --> 00:00:51,384 ♪7 20 00:00:51,384 --> 00:01:04,097 ♪7 21 00:01:04,097 --> 00:01:05,799 >> HELLO, I'M SIMON PEREZ. 22 00:01:05,799 --> 00:01:07,400 WELCOME TO "SCITECH NOW" OUR 23 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:08,902 WEEKLY PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE 24 00:01:08,902 --> 00:01:11,905 LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE, 25 00:01:11,905 --> 00:01:16,009 TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION. 26 00:01:16,009 --> 00:01:17,911 BREAK A BONE BAD ENOUGH AND YOU 27 00:01:17,911 --> 00:01:20,914 MIGHT NEED METAL PLATES AND 28 00:01:20,914 --> 00:01:22,415 SCREWS TO HEAL. 29 00:01:22,415 --> 00:01:24,617 SOME CENTRAL NEW YORK SCIENTISTS 30 00:01:24,617 --> 00:01:27,921 ARE FIXING THEIR OWN BONES 31 00:01:27,921 --> 00:01:37,730 STARTING WITH A 3D PRINTER. 32 00:01:37,730 --> 00:01:39,332 >> WE ARE USING TECHNOLOGY TO 33 00:01:39,332 --> 00:01:42,235 ESSENTIALLY CREATE A PATIENT 34 00:01:42,235 --> 00:01:43,536 SPECIFIC BONE REPLACEMENT. 35 00:01:43,536 --> 00:01:45,538 >> WE ARE MAKING PATIENT 36 00:01:45,538 --> 00:01:47,140 SPECIFIC BONE WHICH CAN SLOWLY 37 00:01:47,140 --> 00:01:51,644 INTEGRATE AND BECOME PATIENT'S 38 00:01:51,644 --> 00:01:58,051 OWN. 39 00:01:58,051 --> 00:01:59,052 >> SOMETHING EXTERNAL PUT INTO 40 00:01:59,052 --> 00:02:00,954 THE BODY BUT EVENTUALLY, UNLIKE 41 00:02:00,954 --> 00:02:03,056 A PIECE OF METAL, IT BECOMES THE 42 00:02:03,056 --> 00:02:03,556 PERSON. 43 00:02:03,556 --> 00:02:04,958 >> YES, EXACTLY. 44 00:02:04,958 --> 00:02:05,959 >> AND THIS MATERIAL THAT WE ARE 45 00:02:05,959 --> 00:02:07,961 USING TO BUILD THIS IS MADE OUT 46 00:02:07,961 --> 00:02:09,162 OF MATERIAL THAT IS USED 47 00:02:09,162 --> 00:02:11,564 COMMONLY IF YOU EVER HAD 48 00:02:11,564 --> 00:02:12,765 ABSORBABLE STITCHES. 49 00:02:12,765 --> 00:02:14,367 THE SAME MATERIAL IS USED THERE 50 00:02:14,367 --> 00:02:15,969 APPROVED BY THE FDA IN THAT 51 00:02:15,969 --> 00:02:17,370 APPLICATION, USING THE SAME 52 00:02:17,370 --> 00:02:19,072 MATERIAL WHICH, AGAIN, DEGRADES 53 00:02:19,072 --> 00:02:23,977 OVER TIME AND AT THE RATE OF 54 00:02:23,977 --> 00:02:25,378 DEGRADATION TO THE RATE OF 55 00:02:25,378 --> 00:02:26,880 REPLACEMENT OF THE BONE THAT WE 56 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:27,780 ARE TRYING TO GROW. 57 00:02:27,780 --> 00:02:29,682 SO AS WE ARE BUILDING NEW BONE, 58 00:02:29,682 --> 00:02:31,384 WE ARE WEARING AWAY THE SUPPORT 59 00:02:31,384 --> 00:02:36,389 STRUCTURE THAT USED TO BE THERE. 60 00:02:36,389 --> 00:02:41,694 >> AND WE CAN USE 3D PRINTING TO 61 00:02:41,694 --> 00:02:43,897 REPAIR THE BONE OF AN ATHLETE 62 00:02:43,897 --> 00:02:45,899 AND BONE OF A SMALL KID, BASED 63 00:02:45,899 --> 00:02:49,903 ON THE SCANNER IMAGES FROM THAT 64 00:02:49,903 --> 00:02:52,805 PATIENT WHICH IS, WHICH CAN BE 65 00:02:52,805 --> 00:02:55,308 DONE WITH TECHNOLOGY. 66 00:02:55,308 --> 00:02:57,911 >> THAT'S AN IMPORTANT PART ON 67 00:02:57,911 --> 00:03:00,013 THE REHABILITATION PART BECAUSE 68 00:03:00,013 --> 00:03:01,714 THE STRUCTURE YOU PUT IN THERE 69 00:03:01,714 --> 00:03:03,917 PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART SO FROM 70 00:03:03,917 --> 00:03:05,818 THE ASPECT OF REHABILITATION, 71 00:03:05,818 --> 00:03:08,021 NOT HAVING TO RETRAIN YOUR 72 00:03:08,021 --> 00:03:10,423 NERVES, THE MUSCLES OPERATE THAT 73 00:03:10,423 --> 00:03:12,125 PART OF THE ANATOMY WILL GET YOU 74 00:03:12,125 --> 00:03:18,231 BACK UP AND MOVING EVEN FASTER. 75 00:03:18,231 --> 00:03:20,233 >> A NEW HEART OR A NEW KIDNEY 76 00:03:20,233 --> 00:03:22,035 IS ONE THING BUT TO HAVE TO HAVE 77 00:03:22,035 --> 00:03:23,937 THE STRUCTURAL STRENGTH IN 78 00:03:23,937 --> 00:03:26,239 ADDITION TO KEEPING IT LIVING IS 79 00:03:26,239 --> 00:03:27,540 SOMETHING... 80 00:03:27,540 --> 00:03:29,442 >> A BONE IS AS THEY SAY, A BONE 81 00:03:29,442 --> 00:03:35,448 IS HARD HEART. 82 00:03:35,448 --> 00:03:37,250 METAPHORICALLY, WE ARE ABLE TO 83 00:03:37,250 --> 00:03:38,851 PUT THEM TOGETHER IN A WAY THAT 84 00:03:38,851 --> 00:03:42,455 SUPPORTS A MECHANICAL LOAD THAT 85 00:03:42,455 --> 00:03:44,324 IS ABLE TO SUPPORT BUT ALSO MAKE 86 00:03:44,324 --> 00:03:50,029 IT A BIOLOGICALLY LIVING 87 00:03:50,029 --> 00:03:50,730 TISSUES. 88 00:03:50,730 --> 00:03:52,532 THE TWO PIECES HAVE BEEN OUT IN 89 00:03:52,532 --> 00:03:54,534 THE HARD TO PUT THE TWO ASPECTS 90 00:03:54,534 --> 00:03:55,835 TOGETHER SO WE ARE REALLY LUCKY 91 00:03:55,835 --> 00:03:57,637 IN THIS COLLABORATION TO HAVE 92 00:03:57,637 --> 00:03:59,038 BOTH THE PEOPLE AND THE SKILLS 93 00:03:59,038 --> 00:04:06,446 TO DO SO. 94 00:04:06,446 --> 00:04:07,647 >> USE IT IN COMBINATION WITH 95 00:04:07,647 --> 00:04:12,552 THE NON-INORGANIC STUFF. 96 00:04:12,552 --> 00:04:16,356 IT IS ORGANIC AND INORGANIC. 97 00:04:16,356 --> 00:04:23,263 I INTEGRATE IT. 98 00:04:23,263 --> 00:04:25,465 >> MY PART IS TO BRING THE CELLS 99 00:04:25,465 --> 00:04:27,567 INTO IT SO WE ARE ABLE TO 100 00:04:27,567 --> 00:04:30,870 ISOLATE THESE SKELETAL STEM 101 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:34,173 CELLS FROM A PATIENT'S OWN BONE 102 00:04:34,173 --> 00:04:35,074 MARROW. 103 00:04:35,074 --> 00:04:36,776 WEEK CAUSE THEM TO PRODUCE NEW 104 00:04:36,776 --> 00:04:38,378 BONE AND THAT NEW BONE THEN 105 00:04:38,378 --> 00:04:41,180 BECOMES INTEGRATED AND MAKES FOR 106 00:04:41,180 --> 00:04:43,082 THE REPLACEMENT TISSUE THAT WE 107 00:04:43,082 --> 00:04:44,884 ARE TRYING TO REPLACE THE 108 00:04:44,884 --> 00:04:47,186 INJURED TISSUE. 109 00:04:47,186 --> 00:04:50,023 THIS AREA RIGHT HERE IS THE 110 00:04:50,023 --> 00:04:52,125 FACILITY WHERE WE ACTUALLY TAKE 111 00:04:52,125 --> 00:04:54,827 THE 3D PRINTED CONSTRUCTS FROM 112 00:04:54,827 --> 00:04:57,130 THE LAB AND PUT THE CELLS FROM 113 00:04:57,130 --> 00:05:02,535 DR. MORE DR. HORTON'S LAB. 114 00:05:02,535 --> 00:05:04,337 >> WE HAVE THE PIPE AND OUR 115 00:05:04,337 --> 00:05:05,538 FRAME. 116 00:05:05,538 --> 00:05:07,540 SO BASICALLY WHAT HAPPENS IS WE 117 00:05:07,540 --> 00:05:09,842 PUT THE PIPE IN OUR FRAME AND WE 118 00:05:09,842 --> 00:05:14,247 CAST OUR CELLS AROUND THEM AND 119 00:05:14,247 --> 00:05:15,348 EVENTUALLY THE PIPE WILL 120 00:05:15,348 --> 00:05:19,652 DISSOLVE OUT GIVING US THE 121 00:05:19,652 --> 00:05:21,054 CONSTRUCT. 122 00:05:21,054 --> 00:05:22,955 >> 3D PRINTED HARD CONSTRUCT, 123 00:05:22,955 --> 00:05:24,657 AND IN THE CENTER OF OUR 3D 124 00:05:24,657 --> 00:05:26,259 PRINTED HARD CONSTRUCT, WE HAVE 125 00:05:26,259 --> 00:05:28,461 OUR GEL CONTAINING OUR CELLS. 126 00:05:28,461 --> 00:05:29,762 THAT ONE PIPE IN THE CENTER, 127 00:05:29,762 --> 00:05:32,365 THAT IS ACTUALLY BONE THAT HAS 128 00:05:32,365 --> 00:05:34,267 BEEN FORMED IN THE CENTER OF OUR 129 00:05:34,267 --> 00:05:36,269 CONSTRUCT. 130 00:05:36,269 --> 00:05:48,981 THE PROFUSION OF NUTRIENTS. 131 00:05:48,981 --> 00:05:50,983 >> WORRIED ABOUT SOME KIND OF 132 00:05:50,983 --> 00:05:52,385 FRANKENSTEIN ELEMENT? 133 00:05:52,385 --> 00:05:53,786 ARE YOU MAKING STUFF THAT IS 134 00:05:53,786 --> 00:05:56,889 GOING TO MAKE ME DIFFERENT? 135 00:05:56,889 --> 00:05:58,591 >> DR. FRANKENSTEIN, WHEN HE 136 00:05:58,591 --> 00:06:01,594 TRIED TO PUT SOMEONE TOGETHER, 137 00:06:01,594 --> 00:06:03,296 HE COLLECTED PARTS OF THE 138 00:06:03,296 --> 00:06:04,797 VARIOUS PEOPLE AND STITCHED THEM 139 00:06:04,797 --> 00:06:05,098 TOGETHER. 140 00:06:05,098 --> 00:06:06,599 WHAT WE ARE DOING IS NOT THAT. 141 00:06:06,599 --> 00:06:07,900 WE ARE TRYING TO TAKE YOUR OWN 142 00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:11,204 CELLS AND YOUR OWN GEOMETRY AND 143 00:06:11,204 --> 00:06:18,311 CREATE A NEWER YOU FOR YOU. 144 00:06:18,311 --> 00:06:19,612 >> THIS IS THE MOST FUN I'VE 145 00:06:19,612 --> 00:06:21,414 EVER HAD IN FOUR OR FIVE YEARS. 146 00:06:21,414 --> 00:06:24,417 IT SORT OF HOUSES EXPERTISE IN 147 00:06:24,417 --> 00:06:25,718 ONE PLACE. 148 00:06:25,718 --> 00:06:33,926 IT'S AN OPEN LAB MY GROUP AND IT 149 00:06:33,926 --> 00:06:37,230 SHARES THE SAME SORT OF MEDIUM 150 00:06:37,230 --> 00:06:37,830 AND SPACE. 151 00:06:37,830 --> 00:06:39,832 IT HAS THE INGREDIENTS I WILL 152 00:06:39,832 --> 00:06:41,334 NEED TO PUT IN A PROJECT LIKE 153 00:06:41,334 --> 00:06:46,839 THIS. 154 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:48,241 >> IS IT FAIR WE CAN SAY 155 00:06:48,241 --> 00:06:49,442 ABSOLUTELY NOBODY ELSE IS DOING 156 00:06:49,442 --> 00:06:51,144 IT BESIDE YOU GUYS? 157 00:06:51,144 --> 00:06:52,245 >> WE ARE THE ONLY ONES DOING 158 00:06:52,245 --> 00:06:55,648 THIS COMBINED ADDED AND 159 00:06:55,648 --> 00:06:58,651 SUBTRACTIVE APPROACHES AND USING 160 00:06:58,651 --> 00:07:01,053 THE SKELETAL STEM CELLS TO 161 00:07:01,053 --> 00:07:06,159 REALLY CREATE A UNIT THAT CAN BE 162 00:07:06,159 --> 00:07:08,161 CONTAIN BLOOD FLOW AND SUPPORT 163 00:07:08,161 --> 00:07:11,164 MECHANICAL LOAD THAT ACTIVITY OF 164 00:07:11,164 --> 00:07:16,369 DAILY LIVING REQUIRES. 165 00:07:16,369 --> 00:07:18,871 >> AFTER YEARS I IMAGINE IF A 166 00:07:18,871 --> 00:07:22,074 PATIENT WALKS IN AND HE HAS ANY 167 00:07:22,074 --> 00:07:23,676 KIND OF BONE DEFECT ANYWHERE IN 168 00:07:23,676 --> 00:07:25,778 THE BODY, LIKE DEFECT IN YOUR 169 00:07:25,778 --> 00:07:27,380 SKULL, IN YOUR ARM, IN YOUR 170 00:07:27,380 --> 00:07:29,582 HIPS, ANYWHERE, ALL WE HAVE TO 171 00:07:29,582 --> 00:07:32,084 DO IS TAKE A SCAN OF THAT 172 00:07:32,084 --> 00:07:34,487 PATIENT AND ASK ENGINEERS TO 173 00:07:34,487 --> 00:07:36,489 MAKE A NEW PART FOR THAT 174 00:07:36,489 --> 00:07:37,890 SPECIFIC PATIENT AND THAT WILL 175 00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:41,494 BE MADE AND REPLACED AND HE WILL 176 00:07:41,494 --> 00:07:44,897 BE ON HIS WAY IN A FEW MONTHS' 177 00:07:44,897 --> 00:07:45,298 TIME. 178 00:07:45,298 --> 00:07:48,401 THERE IS NO MORE AND HE CAN 179 00:07:48,401 --> 00:07:49,702 RESTORE THE FUNCTION OF THAT 180 00:07:49,702 --> 00:07:51,304 SPECIFIC PART FULLY SO THAT'S 181 00:07:51,304 --> 00:07:53,606 WHAT I WOULD IMAGINE AFTER 10, 182 00:07:53,606 --> 00:07:54,307 15 YEARS. 183 00:07:54,307 --> 00:07:55,208 >> THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT 184 00:07:55,208 --> 00:07:56,709 ASPECT OF THINGS THAT WE ALSO 185 00:07:56,709 --> 00:07:58,311 HAVE THE PEOPLE AND THE ABILITY 186 00:07:58,311 --> 00:08:00,012 TO DO THAT HERE LOCALLY WITH THE 187 00:08:00,012 --> 00:08:02,815 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SVI AND 188 00:08:02,815 --> 00:08:05,618 SUNY WHERE WE CAN DESIGN AND RUN 189 00:08:05,618 --> 00:08:06,919 THESE CLINICAL TRIALS. 190 00:08:06,919 --> 00:08:09,121 WE HAVE A GREAT ORTHOPAEDICS 191 00:08:09,121 --> 00:08:10,323 DEPARTMENT AND REHABILITATION 192 00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:11,424 DEPARTMENT AND AGAIN A GREAT 193 00:08:11,424 --> 00:08:12,625 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT HERE. 194 00:08:12,625 --> 00:08:14,026 ALL THE PIECES ARE FALLING INTO 195 00:08:14,026 --> 00:08:16,229 PLACE RIGHT HERE IN SYRACUSE TO 196 00:08:16,229 --> 00:08:31,444 DO THIS WORK. 197 00:08:31,444 --> 00:08:33,145 >> THE TECHNOLOGY ISN'T JUST 198 00:08:33,145 --> 00:08:34,146 LIMITED TO BONES. 199 00:08:34,146 --> 00:08:35,948 THE COMPANY IN KENTUCKY HAS 200 00:08:35,948 --> 00:08:37,250 DEVELOPED WHAT IS CALLED THE 201 00:08:37,250 --> 00:08:38,951 WORLD'S FIRST HUMAN TISSUE 202 00:08:38,951 --> 00:08:39,552 PRINTER. 203 00:08:39,552 --> 00:08:43,356 DOWN THE ROAD NEW HUMAN HEARTS. 204 00:08:43,356 --> 00:08:44,957 IN THE VERTEBRATE WORLD, THE 205 00:08:44,957 --> 00:08:46,559 FEMALES ARE THE ONES WHO GET 206 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:47,960 PREGNANT WITH ONE EXCEPTION. 207 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:48,861 SEA HORSES. 208 00:08:48,861 --> 00:08:50,263 SOME NEW YORK SCIENTISTS ARE 209 00:08:50,263 --> 00:08:55,067 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHY. 210 00:08:55,067 --> 00:08:56,669 >> ANYBODY WHO HAS EVER SEEN A 211 00:08:56,669 --> 00:08:58,771 SEA HORSE KNOWS THEY LOOK VERY 212 00:08:58,771 --> 00:09:00,473 DIFFERENT. 213 00:09:00,473 --> 00:09:02,074 THEY HAVE BONY PLATES ACROSS 214 00:09:02,074 --> 00:09:02,775 THEIR BODY. 215 00:09:02,775 --> 00:09:05,678 THEY'VE LOST PELVIC FINS AND 216 00:09:05,678 --> 00:09:06,679 LOST THEIR TEETH. 217 00:09:06,679 --> 00:09:07,780 >> MOST NOTABLY. 218 00:09:07,780 --> 00:09:08,881 >> ALL OF THE MEMBERS OF THIS 219 00:09:08,881 --> 00:09:10,783 GROUP HAVE ONE ANOTHER OR FORM 220 00:09:10,783 --> 00:09:11,684 OF MALE PREGNANCY. 221 00:09:11,684 --> 00:09:13,886 THERE ARE NO OTHER VERTEBRATES 222 00:09:13,886 --> 00:09:16,589 THAT DO MALE PREGNANCY. 223 00:09:16,589 --> 00:09:17,490 >> NONE, NOT ONE. 224 00:09:17,490 --> 00:09:19,191 THIS MAKES THEM A FERTILE 225 00:09:19,191 --> 00:09:19,992 RESEARCH SUBJECT. 226 00:09:19,992 --> 00:09:21,394 >> ANY TYPE OF QUESTION YOU WANT 227 00:09:21,394 --> 00:09:24,797 TO ASK IN REVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, 228 00:09:24,797 --> 00:09:25,798 THERE IS SOMETHING THEY DO THAT 229 00:09:25,798 --> 00:09:31,203 IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER FISHES. 230 00:09:31,203 --> 00:09:32,905 >> DR. TONY WILSON IS AN 231 00:09:32,905 --> 00:09:34,206 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT BROOKLYN 232 00:09:34,206 --> 00:09:35,908 COLLEGE WHERE HE RESEARCHES SEA 233 00:09:35,908 --> 00:09:37,510 HORSES AND PIPE FISH. 234 00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:39,612 A GROUP OF 300 SPECIES WITH 235 00:09:39,612 --> 00:09:41,714 EVOLVED MALE PREGNANCY IN SOME 236 00:09:41,714 --> 00:09:42,715 FORM OR ANOTHER. 237 00:09:42,715 --> 00:09:44,417 >> WE ARE INVOLVED IN A WHOLE 238 00:09:44,417 --> 00:09:45,918 VARIETY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF 239 00:09:45,918 --> 00:09:46,619 PROJECTS. 240 00:09:46,619 --> 00:09:49,221 I'M WORKING ON THE GEE GNOME 241 00:09:49,221 --> 00:09:51,223 SEQUENCE, DOING STUDIES ON 242 00:09:51,223 --> 00:09:54,026 HORMONAL RELATED TO PREGNANCIES 243 00:09:54,026 --> 00:09:55,728 AND THE INTERACTION OF MALES AND 244 00:09:55,728 --> 00:09:56,329 FEMALES. 245 00:09:56,329 --> 00:09:58,030 >> ALL IN THE HOPES OF 246 00:09:58,030 --> 00:09:59,532 DISCOVERING HOW MALE PREGNANCY 247 00:09:59,532 --> 00:09:59,932 WORKS. 248 00:09:59,932 --> 00:10:01,634 THESE MALES SWIM AGAINST THE 249 00:10:01,634 --> 00:10:03,035 EVOLUTIONARY TIDE. 250 00:10:03,035 --> 00:10:04,937 THEY CARRY THEIR OWN YOUNG AND 251 00:10:04,937 --> 00:10:07,640 IT REQUIRES A HUGE SACRIFICE OF 252 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:09,942 TIME AND ENERGY FOR THEIR BROOD. 253 00:10:09,942 --> 00:10:11,544 >> THAT COULD BE USED FOR OTHER 254 00:10:11,544 --> 00:10:12,845 PURPOSES, INCLUDING MATING WITH 255 00:10:12,845 --> 00:10:13,546 OTHER INDIVIDUALS. 256 00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:16,048 >> THERE ARE CLEAR ECOLOGICAL 257 00:10:16,048 --> 00:10:17,049 ADVANTAGES AS WELL. 258 00:10:17,049 --> 00:10:19,051 >> HE HAS COMPLETE CONFIDENCE IN 259 00:10:19,051 --> 00:10:20,052 PATERNITY. 260 00:10:20,052 --> 00:10:22,054 ALL OF THE EGGS IN THE POUCH ARE 261 00:10:22,054 --> 00:10:24,857 GENETIC OFFSPRING OF THAT MALE. 262 00:10:24,857 --> 00:10:26,659 >> HE CAN BENEFIT FROM CHANGING 263 00:10:26,659 --> 00:10:28,861 HORSES IN MID STREAM. 264 00:10:28,861 --> 00:10:30,062 >> IN THEORY THEY CAN ACTUALLY 265 00:10:30,062 --> 00:10:32,965 NOT FEATHER FERTILIZE THE EGG OF 266 00:10:32,965 --> 00:10:34,467 THE FEMALE AND WAIT FOR ANOTHER 267 00:10:34,467 --> 00:10:35,668 MORE ATTRACTIVE FEMALE. 268 00:10:35,668 --> 00:10:37,870 THE MALES HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL. 269 00:10:37,870 --> 00:10:40,072 >> THE MATING RITUALS OF SEA 270 00:10:40,072 --> 00:10:41,874 HORSES HAS BEEN AS NUANCED AS 271 00:10:41,874 --> 00:10:43,175 THEIR PREGNANCIES. 272 00:10:43,175 --> 00:10:44,477 >> WHEN A MALE AND FEMALE 273 00:10:44,477 --> 00:10:46,379 ENCOUNTER ONE ANOTHER, THERE IS 274 00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:48,681 A MATING DANCE THAT TAKES THREE 275 00:10:48,681 --> 00:10:50,082 TO FOUR DAYS. 276 00:10:50,082 --> 00:10:52,485 >> THE TWO LOCK TAILS AND SWIM 277 00:10:52,485 --> 00:10:54,687 SIDE BY SIDE EYEING ONE ANOTHER 278 00:10:54,687 --> 00:10:55,388 UNTIL... 279 00:10:55,388 --> 00:10:56,789 >> THE MALE'S HEAD IS UPWARDS. 280 00:10:56,789 --> 00:10:59,091 THAT'S AN INDICATION THAT HE IS 281 00:10:59,091 --> 00:11:02,094 GOING TO SWIM UPWARDS, A TANDEM 282 00:11:02,094 --> 00:11:02,895 SWIM VERTICAL. 283 00:11:02,895 --> 00:11:04,296 >> AND WHEN THEY REACH PERFECT 284 00:11:04,296 --> 00:11:06,198 ALIGNMENT, THE FEMALE WILL BE 285 00:11:06,198 --> 00:11:08,200 ABOVE THE MALE AND TRANSFER THE 286 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:09,802 EGGS INTO THE MALE'S POUCH. 287 00:11:09,802 --> 00:11:12,805 AS THE EGGS ARE TRANSFERRED, THE 288 00:11:12,805 --> 00:11:14,707 MALE FEATHER FERTILIZE THEM. 289 00:11:14,707 --> 00:11:17,710 THE EGGS ARE STUCK TO THE 290 00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:21,113 OUTSIDE OF THE BODY OR INSIDE 291 00:11:21,113 --> 00:11:22,014 THE POUCH. 292 00:11:22,014 --> 00:11:23,716 >> UNLIKE FATHERS OF OTHER 293 00:11:23,716 --> 00:11:25,117 SPECIES WHO CARRY OR PROTECT 294 00:11:25,117 --> 00:11:26,919 THEIR YOUNG, A MALE SEA HORSE 295 00:11:26,919 --> 00:11:28,921 PROVIDES SPECIAL CARE FOR HIS 296 00:11:28,921 --> 00:11:29,121 BROOD. 297 00:11:29,121 --> 00:11:31,424 >> THE EMBRYOS IMPLANT SO THERE 298 00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:33,125 IS A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN 299 00:11:33,125 --> 00:11:35,327 THE MALE'S BLOOD SUPPLY AND THE 300 00:11:35,327 --> 00:11:37,930 POUCH AND THE MALE REGULATES THE 301 00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:39,231 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. 302 00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:40,833 PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE EMBRYO. 303 00:11:40,833 --> 00:11:42,234 THE SUGGESTION THAT HE PROVIDES 304 00:11:42,234 --> 00:11:44,937 ENERGY, REGULATES SALINITY SO 305 00:11:44,937 --> 00:11:47,940 WHEN THE OFFSPRING ARE RELEASED, 306 00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:51,143 THE SALINITY INSIDE AND OUTSIDE 307 00:11:51,143 --> 00:11:52,745 THE POUCH IS IDENTICAL. 308 00:11:52,745 --> 00:11:54,447 >> FINALLY HE LABORS THE 309 00:11:54,447 --> 00:11:55,548 OFFSPRING INTO THE WORLD. 310 00:11:55,548 --> 00:11:58,551 >> HE HAS CONTRACTIONS LIKE WE 311 00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:01,253 HAVE SEEN IN HUMANS AND WHEN THE 312 00:12:01,253 --> 00:12:02,855 CONTRACTIONS RELEASE, YOU HAVE 313 00:12:02,855 --> 00:12:04,857 BABY SEA HORSES WHICH ARE 314 00:12:04,857 --> 00:12:06,358 COMPLETELY LIVING. 315 00:12:06,358 --> 00:12:08,060 >> MALE SEA HORSE REPRODUCTIVE 316 00:12:08,060 --> 00:12:12,064 ROLES HAVE BEEN FLIPPED, THE 317 00:12:12,064 --> 00:12:13,566 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEIR 318 00:12:13,566 --> 00:12:15,968 PREGNANCY AND THE MALE PREGNANCY 319 00:12:15,968 --> 00:12:16,869 MAY RUN DEEP. 320 00:12:16,869 --> 00:12:18,170 >> WE WANTED TO SAMPLE MALES 321 00:12:18,170 --> 00:12:19,972 THROUGHOUT VARIOUS STAGES OF 322 00:12:19,972 --> 00:12:21,173 PREGNANCY AND WE LOOK AT THE 323 00:12:21,173 --> 00:12:23,075 GENES THAT WERE ACTIVE AT THESE 324 00:12:23,075 --> 00:12:24,977 VARIOUS STAGES OF PREGNANCY. 325 00:12:24,977 --> 00:12:27,079 >> BY SEQUENCING THE RNA WITHIN 326 00:12:27,079 --> 00:12:29,982 THE HORSE'S POUCH... 327 00:12:29,982 --> 00:12:31,684 >> WE DISCOVERED A GOOD PORTION 328 00:12:31,684 --> 00:12:32,985 OF THE GENES WHICH ARE INVOLVED 329 00:12:32,985 --> 00:12:34,687 IN MALE PREGNANCY IN THE SEA 330 00:12:34,687 --> 00:12:36,288 HORSE ARE ACTUALLY ALSO INVOLVED 331 00:12:36,288 --> 00:12:40,392 IN MALE PREGNANCIES WHICH 332 00:12:40,392 --> 00:12:41,894 SURPRISED ALL OF US. 333 00:12:41,894 --> 00:12:43,896 >> ONE IMPORTANT GROUP OF GENES 334 00:12:43,896 --> 00:12:46,499 THEY IDENTIFIED ARE BELIEVED TO 335 00:12:46,499 --> 00:12:47,900 REGULATE A HORMONE CALLED 336 00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:52,104 PROLACTIN. 337 00:12:52,104 --> 00:12:54,607 AS THE NAME IMPLIES, IT HELPS 338 00:12:54,607 --> 00:12:56,308 MAMMAL MOTHERS PRODUCE MILK 339 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:56,909 AFTER BIRTH. 340 00:12:56,909 --> 00:13:00,312 WHAT DO MALE SEA HORSES USE IT 341 00:13:00,312 --> 00:13:01,013 FOR? 342 00:13:01,013 --> 00:13:01,914 >> JURY IS STILL OUT. 343 00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:03,916 >> THEY'RE WORKING TO SOLVE THE 344 00:13:03,916 --> 00:13:05,217 QUESTION AND THEY HAVE SOME 345 00:13:05,217 --> 00:13:05,818 THEORIES. 346 00:13:05,818 --> 00:13:08,320 >> WORKING HYPOTHESIS IS THAT IT 347 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,322 IS REGULATING THE SALINITY 348 00:13:10,322 --> 00:13:11,423 WITHIN THE MALE'S POUCH. 349 00:13:11,423 --> 00:13:13,425 >> AND FOR DR. WILSON, THE 350 00:13:13,425 --> 00:13:16,328 INNOVATIVE USAGE OF A PREGNANCY 351 00:13:16,328 --> 00:13:19,431 HORMONE BY A MALE SEE MORE HORSE 352 00:13:19,431 --> 00:13:21,333 IS NOT HARD TO CONCEIVE. 353 00:13:21,333 --> 00:13:22,835 >> ANIMALS LOOK DIFFERENT FROM 354 00:13:22,835 --> 00:13:25,337 EACH OTHER BUT IT MAKES SENSE 355 00:13:25,337 --> 00:13:26,238 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 356 00:13:26,238 --> 00:13:28,340 IT DOESN'T MAKE SENSE TO INVENT 357 00:13:28,340 --> 00:13:29,642 SOMETHING COMPLETELY 358 00:13:29,642 --> 00:13:30,543 INDEPENDENTLY IF YOU HAVE 359 00:13:30,543 --> 00:13:32,444 MECHANISMS THAT CAN DO IT IN A 360 00:13:32,444 --> 00:13:34,046 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WAY. 361 00:13:34,046 --> 00:13:35,881 >> SEA HORSE PREGNANCY MAY TURN 362 00:13:35,881 --> 00:13:37,683 OUT TO BE UNORIGINAL AND EXACTLY 363 00:13:37,683 --> 00:13:39,084 WHAT YOU WERE EXPECTING. 364 00:13:39,084 --> 00:13:41,487 IN OTHER WORDS, JUST LIKE A DAD 365 00:13:41,487 --> 00:14:16,222 JOKE. 366 00:14:16,222 --> 00:14:16,722 ♪7 367 00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:28,334 ♪7 368 00:14:28,334 --> 00:14:30,135 >> SEEING A RAT SCURRY OUT OF A 369 00:14:30,135 --> 00:14:32,638 GARBAGE CAN ACROSS THE SIDEWALK 370 00:14:32,638 --> 00:14:34,240 IS USUALLY CAUSE FOR TURNING 371 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:35,941 AROUND AND WALKING THE OTHER WAY 372 00:14:35,941 --> 00:14:37,743 BUT NOT FOR ONE NEW YORK 373 00:14:37,743 --> 00:14:38,944 SCIENTIST. 374 00:14:38,944 --> 00:14:40,746 HARI SREENIVASAN STAT DOWN WITH 375 00:14:40,746 --> 00:14:42,848 A RESEARCHER WHO SEES A RAT AND 376 00:14:42,848 --> 00:14:44,950 ONLY WANTS TO FIND OUT MORE. 377 00:14:44,950 --> 00:14:47,353 >> RATS ARE THE CREATURES THAT 378 00:14:47,353 --> 00:14:49,755 SCURRY THROUGH TUNNELS, ALLEYS 379 00:14:49,755 --> 00:14:53,659 AND GASH AN CANS BUT FOR THIS 380 00:14:53,659 --> 00:14:55,861 RESEARCHER, THESE CREATURES ARE 381 00:14:55,861 --> 00:14:58,464 A SOURCE OF EVOLUTIONARY WONDER. 382 00:14:58,464 --> 00:15:00,866 RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRAPPING 383 00:15:00,866 --> 00:15:02,468 RATS AND EXTRACTING THEIR DNA TO 384 00:15:02,468 --> 00:15:03,469 LEARN MORE ABOUT THEIR 385 00:15:03,469 --> 00:15:05,371 EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS AND 386 00:15:05,371 --> 00:15:06,972 INTERACTIONS WITH URBAN 387 00:15:06,972 --> 00:15:07,573 ENVIRONMENTS. 388 00:15:07,573 --> 00:15:08,874 HE JOINS ME NOW. 389 00:15:08,874 --> 00:15:10,376 WITH WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE 390 00:15:10,376 --> 00:15:11,877 EVOLUTION OF RATS, DOES A CITY 391 00:15:11,877 --> 00:15:14,580 OR LOCATION CHANGE A RAT? 392 00:15:14,580 --> 00:15:15,481 >> IT CAN. 393 00:15:15,481 --> 00:15:19,685 THE RAT ORIGINAL ORIGINATED IN 394 00:15:19,685 --> 00:15:21,086 ASIA BUT SPREAD ALL OVER THE 395 00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:21,487 WORLD. 396 00:15:21,487 --> 00:15:24,089 EVERY CITY IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 397 00:15:24,089 --> 00:15:24,890 IN TERMS OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE 398 00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:26,292 THAT IS IN PLACE. 399 00:15:26,292 --> 00:15:28,394 THE HUMAN POPULATION DENSITY, 400 00:15:28,394 --> 00:15:30,095 THE TYPES OF FOODS AVAILABLE. 401 00:15:30,095 --> 00:15:31,196 THE RATS HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 402 00:15:31,196 --> 00:15:33,098 ADAPT TO LOCAL CONDITIONS IN 403 00:15:33,098 --> 00:15:33,799 DIFFERENT CITIES. 404 00:15:33,799 --> 00:15:34,500 >> DOES THAT MEAN THEY'RE 405 00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:36,602 ESSENTIALLY EVOLVING OVER TIME? 406 00:15:36,602 --> 00:15:38,404 SO CAN WE SEE A DIFFERENCE IN 407 00:15:38,404 --> 00:15:40,105 RATS LET'S SAY YOU STUDY 408 00:15:40,105 --> 00:15:41,607 NEW YORK, SO FROM THE BRONX TO 409 00:15:41,607 --> 00:15:43,208 QUEENS TO MANHATTAN? 410 00:15:43,208 --> 00:15:44,810 >> WITHIN THE CITY, YOU SEE VERY 411 00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:46,111 SUBTLE DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE 412 00:15:46,111 --> 00:15:47,613 URBAN LANDSCAPE BUT BETWEEN 413 00:15:47,613 --> 00:15:49,214 CITIES YOU MAY SEE MORE 414 00:15:49,214 --> 00:15:51,317 SUBSTANTIAL DIFFERENCES AS THEY 415 00:15:51,317 --> 00:15:53,218 EVOLVE TO FACE DIFFERENT 416 00:15:53,218 --> 00:15:53,919 PRESSURES. 417 00:15:53,919 --> 00:15:55,421 >> CITIES TRY TO TACKLE THIS 418 00:15:55,421 --> 00:15:56,622 PROBLEM ALL THE TIME, ESPECIALLY 419 00:15:56,622 --> 00:15:58,023 PLACES WITH SUBWAYS AND SO 420 00:15:58,023 --> 00:15:59,925 FORTH, NICE MOIST DARK 421 00:15:59,925 --> 00:16:00,926 ENVIRONMENTS WHERE THESE GUYS 422 00:16:00,926 --> 00:16:02,227 CAN RUN AROUND. 423 00:16:02,227 --> 00:16:03,729 WHY HAVEN'T WE BEEN MORE 424 00:16:03,729 --> 00:16:05,531 SUCCESSFUL AT ERADICATING RAT 425 00:16:05,531 --> 00:16:06,632 POPULATIONS? 426 00:16:06,632 --> 00:16:07,833 >> THERE ARE A COUPLE DIFFERENT 427 00:16:07,833 --> 00:16:08,233 REASONS. 428 00:16:08,233 --> 00:16:10,035 ONE IS THAT THE RAT IS 429 00:16:10,035 --> 00:16:13,038 EXQUISITELY ADAPTED TO REPRODUCE 430 00:16:13,038 --> 00:16:13,839 VERY QUICKLY. 431 00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:15,741 EVEN IF WE CAN REDUCE THE RAT 432 00:16:15,741 --> 00:16:17,443 POPULATION BY 90%, THEY CAN 433 00:16:17,443 --> 00:16:18,544 REBOUND VERY QUICKLY. 434 00:16:18,544 --> 00:16:19,945 YOU CAN HAVE MIGRANTS COMING 435 00:16:19,945 --> 00:16:21,947 FROM NEARBY AREAS AND THE RATS 436 00:16:21,947 --> 00:16:23,649 THAT ARE THERE CAN BREED EVEN 437 00:16:23,649 --> 00:16:24,850 FASTER BECAUSE THEY HAVE MORE 438 00:16:24,850 --> 00:16:26,251 ACCESS TO RESOURCES. 439 00:16:26,251 --> 00:16:27,653 THE OTHER ISSUE IS THAT WE DON'T 440 00:16:27,653 --> 00:16:29,054 REALLY UNDERSTAND THE RATS 441 00:16:29,054 --> 00:16:31,156 BIOLOGY VERY WELL IN CITIES. 442 00:16:31,156 --> 00:16:33,258 WE PUT A LOT OF EFFORT INTO 443 00:16:33,258 --> 00:16:34,560 TRYING TO KILL THEM BUT WE 444 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:35,661 HAVEN'T PUT THAT MUCH EFFORT 445 00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:37,162 INTO UNDERSTANDING THEM AS A 446 00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,565 SPECIES AND UNDERSTANDING THEIR 447 00:16:39,565 --> 00:16:40,866 BASIC BIOLOGY. 448 00:16:40,866 --> 00:16:42,067 THEN THERE IS ALSO A LOT OF 449 00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:43,469 ISSUES THAT ARE NOT PARTICULARLY 450 00:16:43,469 --> 00:16:44,970 SCIENTIFIC BUT MORE 451 00:16:44,970 --> 00:16:46,772 SOCIOLOGICAL. 452 00:16:46,772 --> 00:16:48,474 HOW DOES THE CITY MANAGE ITS 453 00:16:48,474 --> 00:16:49,074 GARBAGE. 454 00:16:49,074 --> 00:16:51,577 HOW DID INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTS 455 00:16:51,577 --> 00:16:53,078 MANAGE THEIR GARBAGE. 456 00:16:53,078 --> 00:16:54,980 HOW ARE BUILDINGS MAINTAINED, 457 00:16:54,980 --> 00:16:56,982 ALL THOSE ISSUES CAN CONTRIBUTE 458 00:16:56,982 --> 00:16:58,684 TO RAT POPULATION BY PROVIDING 459 00:16:58,684 --> 00:17:01,387 THEM FOOD AND PLACES FOR THEM TO 460 00:17:01,387 --> 00:17:03,689 NEST AND BURROW. 461 00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:05,491 >> DO THEY CLUSTER, ARE THEY 462 00:17:05,491 --> 00:17:07,693 COMMUNAL BEING WHERE IF WE ARE 463 00:17:07,693 --> 00:17:08,894 ABLE TO ISOLATE WHERE THE 464 00:17:08,894 --> 00:17:10,095 COMMUNITIES ARE WE WOULD HAVE A 465 00:17:10,095 --> 00:17:12,297 BETTER CHANCE AT ERADICATING 466 00:17:12,297 --> 00:17:12,998 THEM? 467 00:17:12,998 --> 00:17:13,899 >> THAT'S TRUE. 468 00:17:13,899 --> 00:17:15,701 THEY'RE COLONIAL SPECIES. 469 00:17:15,701 --> 00:17:18,604 YOU MAY HAVE A MALE-FEMALE PAIR 470 00:17:18,604 --> 00:17:20,005 AT FIRST BUT THEY BUILD UP 471 00:17:20,005 --> 00:17:22,908 RELATIVES OVER TIME AND BUILD A 472 00:17:22,908 --> 00:17:24,410 NEST NEXT TO THEIR PARENTS SO 473 00:17:24,410 --> 00:17:26,011 YOU'LL BUILD UP A LOCAL COLONY 474 00:17:26,011 --> 00:17:27,413 OVER TIME AND ONE OF THE THINGS 475 00:17:27,413 --> 00:17:28,914 WE ARE DOING IN NEW YORK CITY IS 476 00:17:28,914 --> 00:17:30,015 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW RATS 477 00:17:30,015 --> 00:17:31,417 ARE RELATED IN DIFFERENT PARTS 478 00:17:31,417 --> 00:17:32,418 OF THE CITY. 479 00:17:32,418 --> 00:17:34,219 BUT THE IDEA BEING THAT YOU CAN 480 00:17:34,219 --> 00:17:36,321 IDENTIFY THAT COLONIAL STRUCTURE 481 00:17:36,321 --> 00:17:38,123 HOW BIG IT IS AND WE FOUND THAT 482 00:17:38,123 --> 00:17:41,627 IN GENERAL, IT SPANS A FEW CITY 483 00:17:41,627 --> 00:17:43,028 BLOCKS MAYBE UP TO FOUR OR FIVE 484 00:17:43,028 --> 00:17:43,729 CITY BLOCKS. 485 00:17:43,729 --> 00:17:45,030 SO IF YOU CAN ADDRESS RAT 486 00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:46,432 CONTROL ON THAT SCALE, YOU WOULD 487 00:17:46,432 --> 00:17:47,933 HAVE A MUCH BETTER CHANCE OF 488 00:17:47,933 --> 00:17:49,735 REDUCING THE POPULATION 489 00:17:49,735 --> 00:17:50,035 LONG-TERM. 490 00:17:50,035 --> 00:17:52,137 SO THERE ARE UPTOWN RATS VERSUS 491 00:17:52,137 --> 00:17:52,938 DOWNTOWN RATS? 492 00:17:52,938 --> 00:17:54,940 >> THAT WAS ONE OF THE THINGS WE 493 00:17:54,940 --> 00:17:55,941 FOUND SURPRISING. 494 00:17:55,941 --> 00:17:57,543 RATS IN GENERAL, YOU SEE NORTH 495 00:17:57,543 --> 00:17:59,745 TO SOUTH KIND OF A GRADIENT OF 496 00:17:59,745 --> 00:18:01,246 RELATEDNESS WHERE THE CLOSER 497 00:18:01,246 --> 00:18:02,448 THEY ARE, THE MORE RELATED THEY 498 00:18:02,448 --> 00:18:03,849 ARE BUT THERE SEEMS TO BE A 499 00:18:03,849 --> 00:18:05,250 SPLIT IN MID TOWN WHERE YOU HAVE 500 00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:06,652 UPTOWN RATS THAT ARE MORE 501 00:18:06,652 --> 00:18:07,553 RELATED TO EACH OTHER THAN THEY 502 00:18:07,553 --> 00:18:09,254 ARE TO DOWNTOWN RATS. 503 00:18:09,254 --> 00:18:10,656 AND WE THINK IT'S BECAUSE MID 504 00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:12,558 TOWN IS KIND OF A BARRIER FOR 505 00:18:12,558 --> 00:18:14,159 THEM, NOT A PHYSICAL BARRIER 506 00:18:14,159 --> 00:18:15,961 LIKE A MOUNTAIN RANGE BUT MORE 507 00:18:15,961 --> 00:18:17,963 OF A HABITAT BARRIER. 508 00:18:17,963 --> 00:18:19,865 THE BUILDINGS HERE ARE BETTER 509 00:18:19,865 --> 00:18:20,365 MAINTAINED. 510 00:18:20,365 --> 00:18:21,967 THERE IS LESS GARBAGE. 511 00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:22,868 THERE ARE FEWER APARTMENT 512 00:18:22,868 --> 00:18:24,269 BUILDINGS AND RESTAURANTS AND 513 00:18:24,269 --> 00:18:25,771 MORE OFFICE BUILDINGS. 514 00:18:25,771 --> 00:18:27,873 SO IT'S KIND OF A NO GO ZONE FOR 515 00:18:27,873 --> 00:18:28,273 RATS. 516 00:18:28,273 --> 00:18:29,975 SO EVEN THAT MINOR BARRIER IS 517 00:18:29,975 --> 00:18:31,977 CAUSING THE UPTOWN AND DOWNTOWN 518 00:18:31,977 --> 00:18:33,979 RATS OF MANHATTAN TO DIVERGE 519 00:18:33,979 --> 00:18:34,780 FROM ONE ANOTHER. 520 00:18:34,780 --> 00:18:35,981 >> HOW DO THEY GET HERE IN THE 521 00:18:35,981 --> 00:18:36,782 FIRST PLACE? 522 00:18:36,782 --> 00:18:38,784 >> WE DID A STUDY WHERE WE ASKED 523 00:18:38,784 --> 00:18:39,885 RESEARCHERS FROM ALL OVER THE 524 00:18:39,885 --> 00:18:41,587 WORLD TO SEND US RAT SAMPLES. 525 00:18:41,587 --> 00:18:44,289 WE RECEIVED TAILS, LIVERS, EARS 526 00:18:44,289 --> 00:18:46,091 FROM RATS ALL OVER, KIND OF 527 00:18:46,091 --> 00:18:47,593 WORST MAIL YOU COULD RECEIVE. 528 00:18:47,593 --> 00:18:49,695 BUT WE WERE ABLE TO EXTRACT DNA 529 00:18:49,695 --> 00:18:51,196 FROM THE SAMPLES AND TRACE THE 530 00:18:51,196 --> 00:18:53,298 PATTERNS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS 531 00:18:53,298 --> 00:18:55,300 BETWEEN ALL OF THESE RAT 532 00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:57,402 POPULATIONS AND NEW YORK CITY IS 533 00:18:57,402 --> 00:19:01,106 FIRMLY RELATED TO RATS FROM 534 00:19:01,106 --> 00:19:03,308 GREAT BRITAIN AND POSSIBLY A FEW 535 00:19:03,308 --> 00:19:05,010 OTHER WESTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS 536 00:19:05,010 --> 00:19:06,111 LIKE FRANCE. 537 00:19:06,111 --> 00:19:07,913 THAT'S NOT SURPRISING GIVEN THE 538 00:19:07,913 --> 00:19:09,715 FACT THAT HISTORIC RECORDS 539 00:19:09,715 --> 00:19:13,619 SUGGEST THEY ARRIVED DURING THE 540 00:19:13,619 --> 00:19:14,620 REVOLUTIONARY WAR OR A LITTLE 541 00:19:14,620 --> 00:19:15,220 BEFORE. 542 00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:16,522 SINCE THIS CITY WAS CONTROLLED 543 00:19:16,522 --> 00:19:18,524 BY THE BRITISH, IT IS NOT 544 00:19:18,524 --> 00:19:19,825 SURPRISING THAT THEY BROUGHT THE 545 00:19:19,825 --> 00:19:20,926 RATS OVER. 546 00:19:20,926 --> 00:19:22,127 >> WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT THE 547 00:19:22,127 --> 00:19:24,129 GENETIC BACKGROUNDS OF RATS? 548 00:19:24,129 --> 00:19:25,631 YOU AND YOUR TEAM ARE WORKING SO 549 00:19:25,631 --> 00:19:26,431 HARD ABOUT THIS. 550 00:19:26,431 --> 00:19:27,733 WHEN YOU DISCOVER WHATEVER IT IS 551 00:19:27,733 --> 00:19:29,134 YOU ARE LOOKING FOR, HOW DOES 552 00:19:29,134 --> 00:19:30,335 THAT HELP US ALL? 553 00:19:30,335 --> 00:19:31,937 >> WELL, FOR US, YOU KNOW, THERE 554 00:19:31,937 --> 00:19:34,540 IS DEFINITELY A BASIC SCIENTIFIC 555 00:19:34,540 --> 00:19:34,940 INTEREST. 556 00:19:34,940 --> 00:19:36,341 A GREAT SYSTEM FOR UNDERSTANDING 557 00:19:36,341 --> 00:19:37,943 EVOLUTION BECAUSE YOU HAVE A 558 00:19:37,943 --> 00:19:39,845 SPECIES, THE SAME SPECIES 559 00:19:39,845 --> 00:19:40,946 INTRODUCED TO SO MANY DIFFERENT 560 00:19:40,946 --> 00:19:42,748 PLACES IT ALLOWS YOU, LIKE A 561 00:19:42,748 --> 00:19:43,949 NATURAL EXPERIMENT WHERE YOU CAN 562 00:19:43,949 --> 00:19:46,251 SEE EVOLUTION PLAY OUT MULTIPLE 563 00:19:46,251 --> 00:19:49,054 TIMES IN DIFFERENT CITIES BUT 564 00:19:49,054 --> 00:19:51,456 THERE IS ALSO AN APPLIED ANGLE. 565 00:19:51,456 --> 00:19:53,058 RATS ARE ONE OF THE WORST 566 00:19:53,058 --> 00:19:54,860 INVASIVE SPECIES, ONE OF THE 567 00:19:54,860 --> 00:19:56,361 WORST PESTS AROUND THE WORLD. 568 00:19:56,361 --> 00:19:59,164 THEY DESTROY FOOD SUPPLIES, THEY 569 00:19:59,164 --> 00:20:00,165 DESTROY INFRASTRUCTURE. 570 00:20:00,165 --> 00:20:01,466 THEY SPREAD DISEASE. 571 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:02,668 IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND THEIR 572 00:20:02,668 --> 00:20:03,969 BIOLOGY BETTER AND WHERE THEY 573 00:20:03,969 --> 00:20:04,870 CAME FROM AND HOW THEIR 574 00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:06,271 POPULATIONS ARE STRUCTURED, WE 575 00:20:06,271 --> 00:20:08,173 CAN DESIGN BETTER STRATEGIES FOR 576 00:20:08,173 --> 00:20:09,775 REDUCING THEIR POPULATION. 577 00:20:09,775 --> 00:20:12,778 >> ALL RIGHT DR. JASON OF 578 00:20:12,778 --> 00:20:13,879 FORDHAM UNIVERSITY. 579 00:20:13,879 --> 00:20:14,580 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 580 00:20:14,580 --> 00:20:23,388 >> MY PLEASURE. 581 00:20:23,388 --> 00:20:23,789 ♪7 582 00:20:23,789 --> 00:20:53,118 ♪7 583 00:20:53,118 --> 00:20:54,720 >> THERE ARE LOTS OF MOVIES 584 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,022 ABOUT SPACE EXPLORATION BUT THIS 585 00:20:57,022 --> 00:20:58,924 NEXT STORY SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS 586 00:20:58,924 --> 00:21:15,240 WHEN THE VIDEO COMES FROM NASA. 587 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:19,444 >> THERE IS NO REAL SCI-FI THAN 588 00:21:19,444 --> 00:21:21,446 NASA. 589 00:21:21,446 --> 00:21:24,349 AS A KID I LOVED SCIENCE FICTION 590 00:21:24,349 --> 00:21:26,251 MOVIES, ANYTHING TO DO WITH 591 00:21:26,251 --> 00:21:28,654 ROBOTS AND DIFFERENT PLANETS AND 592 00:21:28,654 --> 00:21:29,755 DIFFERENT WORLDS I WAS 593 00:21:29,755 --> 00:21:35,961 FASCINATED WITH. 594 00:21:35,961 --> 00:21:37,863 >> AN ADULT AND TO BE ABLE TO 595 00:21:37,863 --> 00:21:40,065 DABBLE IN THAT GENRE AND DEVELOP 596 00:21:40,065 --> 00:21:46,872 THESE WHAT IF CONCEPTS. 597 00:21:46,872 --> 00:21:48,173 >> YOU HAVE EXACTLY 10 MINUTES 598 00:21:48,173 --> 00:21:51,176 TO FINAL MARKER. 599 00:21:51,176 --> 00:21:53,679 >> ABOUT 10 YEARS AGO DIGITAL 600 00:21:53,679 --> 00:21:55,981 FILM MAKING WAS A HUGE GAME 601 00:21:55,981 --> 00:21:56,882 CHANGER. 602 00:21:56,882 --> 00:21:58,283 WENT FROM FILM TO DIGITAL MADE 603 00:21:58,283 --> 00:21:59,384 WHAT I THOUGHT YEARS AGO WOULD 604 00:21:59,384 --> 00:22:01,186 BE KIND OF IMPOSSIBLE TO DO MUCH 605 00:22:01,186 --> 00:22:01,887 MORE AFFORDABLE. 606 00:22:01,887 --> 00:22:09,594 SO WHEN THE SPACE FILM FESTIVAL 607 00:22:09,594 --> 00:22:11,196 CAME UP, I THOUGHT IT WAS A 608 00:22:11,196 --> 00:22:12,898 GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO TRY TO DO 609 00:22:12,898 --> 00:22:14,800 SOMETHING NASA RELATED. 610 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:21,340 THE WHOLE COOL THING WAS TO BE 611 00:22:21,340 --> 00:22:24,142 ABLE TO INCORPORATE NASA AND 612 00:22:24,142 --> 00:22:26,345 ARCHIVES INTO A PROJECT AND 613 00:22:26,345 --> 00:22:27,346 DEVELOP A STORY. 614 00:22:27,346 --> 00:22:28,246 LIKE BEING A KID. 615 00:22:28,246 --> 00:22:31,149 YOU GOAT PLAY WITH, PLAY LIKE 616 00:22:31,149 --> 00:22:31,950 YOU ARE IN SPACE. 617 00:22:31,950 --> 00:22:34,052 IF YOU CAN'T GO UP THERE, IT'S 618 00:22:34,052 --> 00:22:35,354 THE NEXT BEST THING. 619 00:22:35,354 --> 00:22:40,559 12-MINUTE FILM. 620 00:22:40,559 --> 00:22:41,960 THE ENTIRE PROJECT WAS FIVE 621 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:42,260 MONTHS. 622 00:22:42,260 --> 00:22:43,562 WE STARTED INITIALLY WITH 623 00:22:43,562 --> 00:22:45,163 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPING A STORY 624 00:22:45,163 --> 00:22:45,864 LINE. 625 00:22:45,864 --> 00:22:48,967 >> TODAY WOULD HAVE BEEN MY 626 00:22:48,967 --> 00:22:52,771 MOTHER'S 50TH BIRTHDAY. 627 00:22:52,771 --> 00:22:54,973 >> I WANTED AN INTERNATIONAL 628 00:22:54,973 --> 00:23:01,580 FLAIR AND INTERNATIONAL FEEL SHE 629 00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:02,681 IS FROM NIGERIA. 630 00:23:02,681 --> 00:23:04,182 SO I GOT THAT CONNECTION GOING. 631 00:23:04,182 --> 00:23:05,584 WE WANTED TO DO SOMETHING BASED 632 00:23:05,584 --> 00:23:06,385 ON WATER. 633 00:23:06,385 --> 00:23:07,686 WATER IS LIFE AND A NICE 634 00:23:07,686 --> 00:23:09,087 CONTINUING THEME THROUGHOUT. 635 00:23:09,087 --> 00:23:11,390 >> EVEN OUT HERE SO FAR FROM 636 00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:13,091 EARTH, I STILL CARRY A PIECE OF 637 00:23:13,091 --> 00:23:15,293 HOME WITH ME. 638 00:23:15,293 --> 00:23:18,697 >> THE PROPOSED-- THE POST 639 00:23:18,697 --> 00:23:19,898 PRODUCTION TOOK A LONG TIME. 640 00:23:19,898 --> 00:23:22,501 THREE MONTHS OF POST PRODUCTION. 641 00:23:22,501 --> 00:23:25,003 WE ARE TAKING THIS NASA IMAGERY 642 00:23:25,003 --> 00:23:26,505 AND INTEGRATING IT INTO THE 643 00:23:26,505 --> 00:23:26,905 STORY. 644 00:23:26,905 --> 00:23:28,507 ONE OF THE THINGS WE HAD A 645 00:23:28,507 --> 00:23:30,609 CHALLENGE WAS FINDING 4K 646 00:23:30,609 --> 00:23:32,511 RESOLUTION FOOTAGE TO USE. 647 00:23:32,511 --> 00:23:33,812 WE COULDN'T FIND A LOT OF THAT 648 00:23:33,812 --> 00:23:38,617 SO WE USED A LOT OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 649 00:23:38,617 --> 00:23:39,918 THERE ARE ABOUT 50 SHOTS IN THE 650 00:23:39,918 --> 00:23:41,820 FILM THAT ARE VISUAL EFFECT 651 00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:44,723 SHOTS BASED ON SOME TYPE OF NASA 652 00:23:44,723 --> 00:23:45,524 IMAGERY. 653 00:23:45,524 --> 00:23:46,925 ABOUT 30 OF THOSE SHOTS ARE 654 00:23:46,925 --> 00:23:49,127 BASED ON PHOTOGRAPHY AND 20 ARE 655 00:23:49,127 --> 00:23:51,029 BASED ON VIDEO FOOTAGE. 656 00:23:51,029 --> 00:23:53,231 WE TOOK SPACE STATION IMAGERY 657 00:23:53,231 --> 00:23:54,633 AND BUILT AROUND INTERNATIONAL 658 00:23:54,633 --> 00:23:57,135 SPACE STATION MARS OFF OF THAT 659 00:23:57,135 --> 00:23:59,538 BECAUSE WE FIGURED IT DIDN'T 660 00:23:59,538 --> 00:24:01,740 HAVE TO BE THE SAME SPACE 661 00:24:01,740 --> 00:24:03,241 STATION NECESSARILY. 662 00:24:03,241 --> 00:24:06,144 >> THE NON-LINEAR EDITING 663 00:24:06,144 --> 00:24:07,846 SOFTWARE IS GREAT BECAUSE YOU 664 00:24:07,846 --> 00:24:11,049 CAN CREATE BIG SCALE LOOKING 665 00:24:11,049 --> 00:24:12,451 FILMS FOR VERY LITTLE MONEY. 666 00:24:12,451 --> 00:24:13,852 I DIDN'T THINK THERE WOULD BE A 667 00:24:13,852 --> 00:24:15,153 WHOLE LOT OF MUSIC IN THIS 668 00:24:15,153 --> 00:24:17,456 INITIALLY BUT IT WAS THE ELEMENT 669 00:24:17,456 --> 00:24:19,057 THAT TIED IT TOGETHER. 670 00:24:19,057 --> 00:24:24,362 >> 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. 671 00:24:24,362 --> 00:24:33,171 0. 672 00:24:33,171 --> 00:24:34,673 THERE IS THAT SENSE OF WONDER 673 00:24:34,673 --> 00:24:36,475 AND EXCITEMENT THAT COMES WITH 674 00:24:36,475 --> 00:24:40,679 SPACE EXPLORATION. 675 00:24:40,679 --> 00:24:42,981 THE DISCOVERY THE WATER ON MARS. 676 00:24:42,981 --> 00:24:44,783 THAT WAS IN OUR FILM BEFORE IT 677 00:24:44,783 --> 00:24:46,184 WAS EVER ANNOUNCED WHICH IS KIND 678 00:24:46,184 --> 00:24:47,986 OF NEAT AND THE EXPLORATION OF 679 00:24:47,986 --> 00:24:50,388 MARS BY MAN KIND HAS JUST BEEN 680 00:24:50,388 --> 00:24:53,291 ANNOUNCED THIS SEPTEMBER. 681 00:24:53,291 --> 00:24:54,993 >> SO MUCH RESEARCH. 682 00:24:54,993 --> 00:24:56,795 SO MUCH STUFF THAT WENT INTO THE 683 00:24:56,795 --> 00:24:58,497 STORY. 684 00:24:58,497 --> 00:25:01,099 IT ENLIGHTENED ME AND GOT ME 685 00:25:01,099 --> 00:25:41,139 MORE EXCITED ABOUT NASA AGAIN. 686 00:25:41,139 --> 00:25:42,641 >> MEET THE SCIENTISTS WHO KNOCK 687 00:25:42,641 --> 00:25:44,442 ON WOOD, POT FOR GOOD LUCK BUT 688 00:25:44,442 --> 00:25:45,143 FOR RESEARCH. 689 00:25:45,143 --> 00:25:46,845 AND GRAB YOUR PLATE BECAUSE 690 00:25:46,845 --> 00:25:49,147 TONIGHT ON THE MENU, 3D PRINTED 691 00:25:49,147 --> 00:25:50,849 LASAGNA ON THE NEXT "SCITECH 692 00:25:50,849 --> 00:25:51,016 NOW."