1 00:00:00,367 --> 00:00:01,234 >> RIGHT NOW ON THE SEASON 2 00:00:01,234 --> 00:00:02,936 PREMIER OF "SCITECH NOW..." 3 00:00:02,936 --> 00:00:03,937 SCIENTISTS AT SYRACUSE 4 00:00:03,937 --> 00:00:04,838 UNIVERSITY ARE DEVELOPING A NEW 5 00:00:04,838 --> 00:00:06,539 BAND AID, ONE THAT ADAPTS TO 6 00:00:06,539 --> 00:00:09,342 YOUR INJURY AS YOU HEAL. 7 00:00:09,342 --> 00:00:11,244 >> PART OF IT IS THE LOVE OF 8 00:00:11,244 --> 00:00:12,645 SCIENCE AND SOMETHING TO HELP 9 00:00:12,645 --> 00:00:13,546 PEOPLE LATER. 10 00:00:13,546 --> 00:00:15,749 >> DIVING DEEP TO HELP CORAL 11 00:00:15,749 --> 00:00:16,249 REPRODUCE. 12 00:00:16,249 --> 00:00:18,451 >> WE ARE WORKING WITH 13 00:00:18,451 --> 00:00:19,853 PROFLIGATING AND RESTORATION 14 00:00:19,853 --> 00:00:21,154 WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF 15 00:00:21,154 --> 00:00:23,757 HELPING CORAL IN THE WILD TO BE 16 00:00:23,757 --> 00:00:24,657 SELF SUSTAINING. 17 00:00:24,657 --> 00:00:26,459 >> THEN MAKE A FASHION STATEMENT 18 00:00:26,459 --> 00:00:27,060 WEARING PLANTS. 19 00:00:27,060 --> 00:00:35,068 >> IT'S TRYING TO SUNLIGHT AND 20 00:00:35,068 --> 00:00:35,268 WATER. 21 00:00:35,268 --> 00:00:37,270 >> AND CRAZY AS IT SOUNDS, WE'LL 22 00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:37,871 INTRODUCE YOU TO THE 23 00:00:37,871 --> 00:00:39,572 ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP THAT IS 24 00:00:39,572 --> 00:00:40,774 BURNING A FOREST TO SAVE IT. 25 00:00:40,774 --> 00:01:06,499 COMING UP NEXT ON "SCITECH NOW." 26 00:01:06,499 --> 00:01:07,600 >> I'M SIMON PEREZ. 27 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:10,403 WELCOME TO "SCITECH," OUR LATEST 28 00:01:10,403 --> 00:01:11,905 PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE LATEST 29 00:01:11,905 --> 00:01:14,007 BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE, 30 00:01:14,007 --> 00:01:15,508 TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION ACROSS 31 00:01:15,508 --> 00:01:17,010 NEW YORK AND ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 32 00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:17,710 RESEARCHERS AT SYRACUSE 33 00:01:17,710 --> 00:01:18,711 UNIVERSITY HAVE DEVELOPED A 34 00:01:18,711 --> 00:01:19,913 SUBSTANCE THAT COULD HAVE MAJOR 35 00:01:19,913 --> 00:01:21,214 IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE. 36 00:01:21,214 --> 00:01:24,517 IMAGINE A BAND-AID THAT CHANGES 37 00:01:24,517 --> 00:01:25,919 AS YOUR WOUND HEELS. 38 00:01:25,919 --> 00:01:28,421 LET'S HEAD OVER TO THE S.U. HILL 39 00:01:28,421 --> 00:01:29,722 TO SEE HOW THIS NEW MATERIAL IS 40 00:01:29,722 --> 00:01:33,326 BEING MADE. 41 00:01:33,326 --> 00:01:35,228 >> YOU HAVE THESE SMART SYSTEMS 42 00:01:35,228 --> 00:01:37,030 AND THIS MATERIAL THAT IS SMART 43 00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:38,531 ENOUGH TO RESPOND TO THE LIVING 44 00:01:38,531 --> 00:01:45,438 SYSTEM. 45 00:01:45,438 --> 00:01:46,239 WE WORK WITHIN THE COLLEGE OF 46 00:01:46,239 --> 00:01:48,241 ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE 47 00:01:48,241 --> 00:01:49,242 AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY AND ALSO 48 00:01:49,242 --> 00:01:51,344 WITHIN THE SYRACUSE BIOMATERIALS 49 00:01:51,344 --> 00:01:52,946 INSTITUTE AND THE BIOMATERIALS 50 00:01:52,946 --> 00:01:54,247 INSTITUTE IS AN 51 00:01:54,247 --> 00:01:56,749 INTERDISCIPLINARY INSTITUTE AND 52 00:01:56,749 --> 00:01:58,551 IT HAS A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON 53 00:01:58,551 --> 00:02:04,357 BIOMATERIALS. 54 00:02:04,357 --> 00:02:06,159 SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS ARE 55 00:02:06,159 --> 00:02:07,660 POLYMER PLASTICS THAT HAVE THE 56 00:02:07,660 --> 00:02:10,763 ABILITY TO MEMORIZE ONE'S SHAPE 57 00:02:10,763 --> 00:02:12,265 AND THAT'S USUALLY THE SHAPE YOU 58 00:02:12,265 --> 00:02:15,869 PREPARE THEM IN AND THEN YOU CAN 59 00:02:15,869 --> 00:02:17,971 ACTUALLY DEFORM THEM INTO A 60 00:02:17,971 --> 00:02:20,273 SECOND SHAPE AND LATER TRIGGER 61 00:02:20,273 --> 00:02:21,474 THEM TO RETURN BACK TO THE 62 00:02:21,474 --> 00:02:22,375 ORIGINAL SHAPE. 63 00:02:22,375 --> 00:02:25,178 SO THERE IS A SHAPE CHANGING 64 00:02:25,178 --> 00:02:25,578 FUNCTIONALITY. 65 00:02:25,578 --> 00:02:28,381 WE ARE INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING 66 00:02:28,381 --> 00:02:30,383 THIS FOR BASIC EYE SENSE STUDY 67 00:02:30,383 --> 00:02:32,685 BUT ALSO FOR THINGS LIKE TISSUE 68 00:02:32,685 --> 00:02:34,287 ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE 69 00:02:34,287 --> 00:02:34,387 MEDICINE. 70 00:02:34,387 --> 00:02:35,588 THE MATERIALS CAN ALSO BE 71 00:02:35,588 --> 00:02:37,290 DESIGNED TO DELIVER DRUGS OR 72 00:02:37,290 --> 00:02:38,191 ANTIBIOTICS. 73 00:02:38,191 --> 00:02:40,093 SO THAT WHEN YOU HAVE A 74 00:02:40,093 --> 00:02:41,895 BIOMEDICAL DEVICE THAT'S BEING 75 00:02:41,895 --> 00:02:43,596 IMPLANTED FOR WHATEVER REASON, 76 00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:45,598 YOU CAN PREVENT INFECTION AND 77 00:02:45,598 --> 00:02:47,000 YOU CAN MAYBE STIMULATE THE 78 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,903 LOCAL CELLS OR TISSUES TO HELP 79 00:02:49,903 --> 00:02:51,504 HEAL OR HELP ACHIEVE WHATEVER 80 00:02:51,504 --> 00:02:55,909 THE GOAL IS. 81 00:02:55,909 --> 00:02:59,112 >> THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 82 00:02:59,112 --> 00:03:02,515 OVER MANY REPEATABLE CYCLES, YOU 83 00:03:02,515 --> 00:03:03,917 SEE ITS RECOVERY. 84 00:03:03,917 --> 00:03:06,519 THE MARKET OF THE S & Ps, IN 85 00:03:06,519 --> 00:03:08,121 FACT ALL OF THEM, THAT HAVE BEEN 86 00:03:08,121 --> 00:03:11,224 IMPROVED FOR BIOMEDICAL 87 00:03:11,224 --> 00:03:13,226 APPLICATIONS IN TERMS OF BEING 88 00:03:13,226 --> 00:03:14,661 IMPLANTED IN THE BODY ARE 89 00:03:14,661 --> 00:03:16,262 THERMALLY RESPONSIVE OR 90 00:03:16,262 --> 00:03:17,163 TRIGGERED BY LIGHT. 91 00:03:17,163 --> 00:03:19,966 BOTH OF WHICH ARE NON-NATURAL 92 00:03:19,966 --> 00:03:22,769 STIMULIZING THE BODY BECAUSE IF 93 00:03:22,769 --> 00:03:24,571 YOU ARE A HEALTHY PERSON, YOUR 94 00:03:24,571 --> 00:03:25,572 BODY TEMPERATURE STAYS 95 00:03:25,572 --> 00:03:28,775 CONSISTENT AT 37° CELSIUS AND 96 00:03:28,775 --> 00:03:30,176 INSIDE OUR BODIES, THE 97 00:03:30,176 --> 00:03:31,578 ENVIRONMENTS ACTUALLY ARE QUITE 98 00:03:31,578 --> 00:03:31,778 DARK. 99 00:03:31,778 --> 00:03:34,080 SO ONE THAT I'VE MAINLY FOCUSED 100 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:39,686 ON IS A COMPOSITE OF TWO 101 00:03:39,686 --> 00:03:41,087 MATERIALS WHICH ARE BOTH 102 00:03:41,087 --> 00:03:42,789 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 103 00:03:42,789 --> 00:03:44,891 BIOMEDICALS AND WILL ELECTROSPIN 104 00:03:44,891 --> 00:03:47,994 THEM TO FORM THIS FIBER MAT THAT 105 00:03:47,994 --> 00:03:51,598 IS NOT DISSIMILAR TO THE CLOTH 106 00:03:51,598 --> 00:03:52,599 YOU WOULD SEE IN CLOTHING. 107 00:03:52,599 --> 00:03:54,701 THE FIBERS ARE SO SMALL THAT YOU 108 00:03:54,701 --> 00:03:56,202 CAN'T SEE THEM BY THE NAKED EYE 109 00:03:56,202 --> 00:03:57,804 AND THE SYSTEM THAT I'M WORKING 110 00:03:57,804 --> 00:03:59,005 WITH RIGHT NOW WILL ACTUALLY 111 00:03:59,005 --> 00:04:01,407 CHANGE ITS FIBER CONFIRMATION, 112 00:04:01,407 --> 00:04:05,912 DEPENDING ON HOW I PROGRAM IT. 113 00:04:05,912 --> 00:04:07,213 SO THIS IS OUR IMAGING SUITE. 114 00:04:07,213 --> 00:04:10,416 HERE WE LOOK AT EITHER MICRON OR 115 00:04:10,416 --> 00:04:11,918 NANOFEATURES ON THE MATERIALS 116 00:04:11,918 --> 00:04:17,023 USING THE MICROSCOPE OR SCM. 117 00:04:17,023 --> 00:04:18,725 HERE I'M GOING TO LOOK AT THE 118 00:04:18,725 --> 00:04:21,227 MICRON FEATURES OF THE FIBER MAT 119 00:04:21,227 --> 00:04:23,029 WHICH LOOK LIKE A SOLID MATERIAL 120 00:04:23,029 --> 00:04:24,430 TO THE VISUAL EYE BUT IF YOU 121 00:04:24,430 --> 00:04:26,532 LOOK AT IT ON THE MICRON SCALE, 122 00:04:26,532 --> 00:04:29,535 IT'S ACTUALLY QUITE... WHAT I'M 123 00:04:29,535 --> 00:04:31,738 LOOKING AT WHEN I'M LOOKING AT 124 00:04:31,738 --> 00:04:33,740 THESE MATERIALS ON THE MICRON 125 00:04:33,740 --> 00:04:35,141 SCALE IS I WANT TO SEE CLEAN 126 00:04:35,141 --> 00:04:35,541 FIBERS. 127 00:04:35,541 --> 00:04:36,743 YOU CAN SEE RIGHT HERE THIS IS A 128 00:04:36,743 --> 00:04:38,645 LITTLE BIT OF A FUSION. 129 00:04:38,645 --> 00:04:40,546 AND IF I SEE TOO MUCH OF THAT, 130 00:04:40,546 --> 00:04:41,948 USUALLY I'LL TOSS THE MATERIAL 131 00:04:41,948 --> 00:04:43,249 BECAUSE THAT WILL DIRECTLY 132 00:04:43,249 --> 00:04:47,353 IMPACT THE MECHANICAL 133 00:04:47,353 --> 00:04:47,553 PROPERTIES. 134 00:04:47,553 --> 00:04:48,655 PARTICULARLY WITH THESE 135 00:04:48,655 --> 00:04:49,756 MATERIALS I'M LOOKING FOR 136 00:04:49,756 --> 00:04:51,758 SOMETHING HIGHLY ORIENTED AND 137 00:04:51,758 --> 00:04:52,659 CONSISTENT ACROSS THE CIRCLE. 138 00:04:52,659 --> 00:04:55,161 >> AND WE'VE DEVELOPED 139 00:04:55,161 --> 00:04:57,864 SUBSTRAIGHTS AND VERY THREE 140 00:04:57,864 --> 00:04:59,966 DIMENSIONAL SCAFFOLD USING SHAPE 141 00:04:59,966 --> 00:05:01,668 MEMORY POLYMERS AND BECAUSE OF 142 00:05:01,668 --> 00:05:03,569 OUR INTEREST IN USING SHAPE 143 00:05:03,569 --> 00:05:05,972 MEMORY POLYMERS WITH CELLS AND 144 00:05:05,972 --> 00:05:07,874 TISSUES, THE SUBSTRAIGHTS WE ARE 145 00:05:07,874 --> 00:05:09,575 USING TO CULTURE CELLS ON SO WE 146 00:05:09,575 --> 00:05:11,377 ACTUALLY GROW CELLS LIKE CELLS 147 00:05:11,377 --> 00:05:14,280 FROM OUR BODY ON THE SUBSTRAIGHT 148 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:16,382 AND THAT SURFACE OF THE CELLS 149 00:05:16,382 --> 00:05:18,785 CAN CHANGE SHAPE WHILE THE CELLS 150 00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:20,286 ARE ON IT AND WE CAN STUDY HOW 151 00:05:20,286 --> 00:05:21,587 THE CELLS RESPOND TO THAT AND WE 152 00:05:21,587 --> 00:05:23,690 CAN DO THE SAME THING IN THREE 153 00:05:23,690 --> 00:05:24,190 DIMENSION. 154 00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:28,194 WE CAN HAVE THREE DIMENSIONAL 155 00:05:28,194 --> 00:05:30,096 SCAFFOLDS MADE OF FIBERS AND 156 00:05:30,096 --> 00:05:34,300 AGAIN WE CAN CULTURE CELLS IN OR 157 00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:35,001 ON THE MATERIALS. 158 00:05:35,001 --> 00:05:39,405 AND WITH THESE IN PARTICULAR, 159 00:05:39,405 --> 00:05:40,707 BECAUSE THERE IS A TRIGGERING, 160 00:05:40,707 --> 00:05:42,508 YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO TRIGGER 161 00:05:42,508 --> 00:05:44,610 THE MATERIAL IN A SAFE WAY, 162 00:05:44,610 --> 00:05:44,711 RIGHT? 163 00:05:44,711 --> 00:05:48,815 SO THAT'S ONE REASON WE DEVELOP 164 00:05:48,815 --> 00:05:50,917 RESPONSIVE SO THAT WE CAN HAVE 165 00:05:50,917 --> 00:05:52,518 NATURALLY OCCURRING TRIGGERS IN 166 00:05:52,518 --> 00:05:52,919 THE BODY. 167 00:05:52,919 --> 00:05:54,620 THERE ARE SOME INTERESTING 168 00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:56,122 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH 169 00:05:56,122 --> 00:05:59,559 ACTIVATING WITH THEM WHEN 170 00:05:59,559 --> 00:06:00,560 WORKING WITH THESE PARTICULAR 171 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:03,062 MATERIALS. 172 00:06:03,062 --> 00:06:04,464 SO ONCE THE MATERIALS ARE MADE 173 00:06:04,464 --> 00:06:06,966 AND THEN THEE CULTURED WITH 174 00:06:06,966 --> 00:06:08,568 CELLS, OVER WE END UP IMAGING 175 00:06:08,568 --> 00:06:13,873 THEM USING OTHER FORMS OF MY 176 00:06:13,873 --> 00:06:15,975 MICROSCOPY AND THAT ALLOWS US TO 177 00:06:15,975 --> 00:06:18,077 SEE THE CELLS INTERACTING WITH 178 00:06:18,077 --> 00:06:25,585 THE MATERIALS. 179 00:06:25,585 --> 00:06:26,886 >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 180 00:06:26,886 --> 00:06:28,988 FREQUENTLY ARE INTERESTED IN IS 181 00:06:28,988 --> 00:06:31,090 THE MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR OF THE 182 00:06:31,090 --> 00:06:31,290 CELLS. 183 00:06:31,290 --> 00:06:33,393 SO WE OFTEN TRACK CELLS, 184 00:06:33,393 --> 00:06:35,495 HUNDREDS OF CELLS OVER THESE 185 00:06:35,495 --> 00:06:37,897 PERIODS OF HOURS OR DAYS TO 186 00:06:37,897 --> 00:06:39,999 DETERMINE HOW THE MATERIAL IS 187 00:06:39,999 --> 00:06:44,604 AFFECTING THE CELL MOTILITY. 188 00:06:44,604 --> 00:06:47,707 WITH LIVE CELL IMAGING, WE END 189 00:06:47,707 --> 00:06:51,010 UP WITH WATCHING THE CELLS MOVE 190 00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:54,213 OVER TIME AND EACH DOT IS A ONE 191 00:06:54,213 --> 00:06:54,914 CELL NUCLEUS. 192 00:06:54,914 --> 00:06:57,216 SO WE CAN SEE WHERE THE CELLS GO 193 00:06:57,216 --> 00:06:58,718 OVER TIME AND WE'VE DEVELOPED 194 00:06:58,718 --> 00:07:00,420 SOFTWARE IN THE LAB THAT ALLOWS 195 00:07:00,420 --> 00:07:02,622 US TO ANALYZE THE TRACKS, THE 196 00:07:02,622 --> 00:07:03,823 PATTERNS WITH WHICH THE CELLS 197 00:07:03,823 --> 00:07:05,124 ARE MOVING SO THAT WE CAN TAKE 198 00:07:05,124 --> 00:07:08,227 HUNDREDS OF CELLS LIKE THIS AND 199 00:07:08,227 --> 00:07:10,530 ENCAPSULATE FROM THE HUNDREDS OF 200 00:07:10,530 --> 00:07:12,532 CELLS, PARTICULAR MOTILITY 201 00:07:12,532 --> 00:07:15,134 PATTERNS AND THAT'S WHAT YOU SEE 202 00:07:15,134 --> 00:07:16,736 HERE IS THE RAW DATA THAT LETS 203 00:07:16,736 --> 00:07:17,236 US DO THAT. 204 00:07:17,236 --> 00:07:19,639 IT'S A LONG PROCESS TO GET FROM 205 00:07:19,639 --> 00:07:20,740 BENCH TO BED SIDE. 206 00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:23,643 A MATERIAL LIKE THIS, SOME DAY 207 00:07:23,643 --> 00:07:25,945 WE HOPE IT MIGHT BE IN CLINICAL 208 00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:26,345 USE. 209 00:07:26,345 --> 00:07:27,647 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT YEARS OR 210 00:07:27,647 --> 00:07:29,849 POTENTIALLY DECADES FOR THE 211 00:07:29,849 --> 00:07:31,250 NECESSARY TESTING TO BE DONE TO 212 00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:33,853 ENSURE SAFETY AND THEN FOR 213 00:07:33,853 --> 00:07:35,655 PRE-CLINICAL MODELS IN ANIMALS 214 00:07:35,655 --> 00:07:40,460 AND ULTIMATELY FOR CLINICAL 215 00:07:40,460 --> 00:07:42,361 TRIALS TO BE SAFELY USED IN 216 00:07:42,361 --> 00:07:43,563 HUMANS. 217 00:07:43,563 --> 00:07:45,665 >> I CAME TO S.U. BECAUSE I WAS 218 00:07:45,665 --> 00:07:46,966 REALLY INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT 219 00:07:46,966 --> 00:07:48,868 HOW CELLS AND MATERIALS 220 00:07:48,868 --> 00:07:49,469 INTERACT. 221 00:07:49,469 --> 00:07:51,871 SO KIND OF WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO 222 00:07:51,871 --> 00:07:53,473 SEE THE FIELD SORT OF MOVE 223 00:07:53,473 --> 00:07:56,976 TOWARDS IS FORMING MATERIALS 224 00:07:56,976 --> 00:07:58,678 THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE 225 00:07:58,678 --> 00:08:02,582 BODY THAT ARE INSTRUCTIVE THAT 226 00:08:02,582 --> 00:08:04,884 TELL CELLS AND THE TISSUES HOW 227 00:08:04,884 --> 00:08:06,185 THEY SHOULD BEHAVE, HOW THEY 228 00:08:06,185 --> 00:08:11,791 SHOULD REORGANIZE TO TRY AND 229 00:08:11,791 --> 00:08:15,194 BOTH HEAL IN A WAY THAT HEALTHY 230 00:08:15,194 --> 00:08:17,196 AND MOVES FORWARD IN TERMS OF 231 00:08:17,196 --> 00:08:18,698 TREATING A LOT OF THESE DISEASES 232 00:08:18,698 --> 00:08:20,099 THAT WE'VE HAD A LOT OF PROBLEMS 233 00:08:20,099 --> 00:08:20,299 WITH. 234 00:08:20,299 --> 00:08:22,702 >> THERE IS STILL A LOT OF 235 00:08:22,702 --> 00:08:24,003 INJURIES AND DISEASES THAT WE 236 00:08:24,003 --> 00:08:25,805 DON'T HAVE GOOD TREATMENTS FOR. 237 00:08:25,805 --> 00:08:28,307 AND SMART POLYMERS AND SMART 238 00:08:28,307 --> 00:08:30,009 MATERIALS IN GENERAL GIVE US 239 00:08:30,009 --> 00:08:33,012 SOME OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE 240 00:08:33,012 --> 00:08:34,614 PEOPLE'S LIVES, YOU KNOW, REDUCE 241 00:08:34,614 --> 00:08:35,815 THE AMOUNT OF TIME IT TAKES FOR 242 00:08:35,815 --> 00:08:37,416 THEM TO GET BETTER OR TREAT 243 00:08:37,416 --> 00:08:39,018 DISEASES THAT CURRENTLY WE JUST 244 00:08:39,018 --> 00:08:41,320 DON'T HAVE TREATMENTS FOR. 245 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:43,222 SO I THINK, YOU KNOW, PART OF IT 246 00:08:43,222 --> 00:08:46,025 IS JUST THE LOVE OF SCIENCE AND 247 00:08:46,025 --> 00:08:49,128 PART OF IT IS HELPING PEOPLE 248 00:08:49,128 --> 00:08:58,137 SOONER RATHER THAN LATER. 249 00:08:58,137 --> 00:08:58,538 ♪7 250 00:08:58,538 --> 00:09:28,267 ♪7 251 00:09:28,267 --> 00:09:29,569 CORAL REEFS ARE MADE UP OF 252 00:09:29,569 --> 00:09:30,369 THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF 253 00:09:30,369 --> 00:09:32,071 INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS LIKE A BIG 254 00:09:32,071 --> 00:09:32,772 UNDERWATER CITY. 255 00:09:32,772 --> 00:09:34,373 BIOLOGISTS AT THE GEORGIA 256 00:09:34,373 --> 00:09:36,275 AQUARIUM IN ATLANTA ARE GROWING 257 00:09:36,275 --> 00:09:37,677 CORAL IN THEIR LABS TO BETTER 258 00:09:37,677 --> 00:09:39,879 UNDERSTAND HOW THEY REPRODUCE IN 259 00:09:39,879 --> 00:09:41,280 THE HOPES OF TAKING THAT 260 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:43,382 KNOWLEDGE TO THE SEA TO SAVE THE 261 00:09:43,382 --> 00:09:43,583 REEFS. 262 00:09:43,583 --> 00:09:46,085 OUR PARTNER, SCIENCE FRIDAY, HAS 263 00:09:46,085 --> 00:09:52,992 THE STORY. 264 00:09:52,992 --> 00:09:54,193 >> I LOVE WORKING WITH CORAL 265 00:09:54,193 --> 00:09:55,194 BECAUSE OF THE DIVERSITY OF 266 00:09:55,194 --> 00:09:56,596 THEM, THE BRILLIANT COLORS THAT 267 00:09:56,596 --> 00:09:57,496 THEY HAVE, THE DIFFERENT 268 00:09:57,496 --> 00:09:58,598 TEXTURES THEY CAN CREATE. 269 00:09:58,598 --> 00:10:02,001 CORAL IS A COLONY AND EACH POLYP 270 00:10:02,001 --> 00:10:04,503 IS ACTUALLY AN INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL 271 00:10:04,503 --> 00:10:04,604 ITSELF. 272 00:10:04,604 --> 00:10:05,905 AND WHEN YOU START TO SEE THE 273 00:10:05,905 --> 00:10:07,707 ANIMALS DO WHAT THEY NATURALLY 274 00:10:07,707 --> 00:10:10,209 DO WHEN IT COMES TO 275 00:10:10,209 --> 00:10:13,012 REPRODUCTION, YOU FEEL PRETTY 276 00:10:13,012 --> 00:10:14,714 PRIVILEGED TO WITNESS SUCH A 277 00:10:14,714 --> 00:10:17,316 BEAUTIFUL PROCESS AND JUST HOPE 278 00:10:17,316 --> 00:10:26,025 YOU CAN HELP. 279 00:10:26,025 --> 00:10:28,527 WE DO A LOT OF WORK HERE AT THE 280 00:10:28,527 --> 00:10:30,229 GEORGIA AQUARIUM WITH CORAL. 281 00:10:30,229 --> 00:10:31,931 PART OF MY ROLE HERE IS TO HELP 282 00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:33,733 CREATE HABITATS. 283 00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,335 SO BEHIND ME YOU SEE ONE OF OUR 284 00:10:36,335 --> 00:10:38,838 CREATIONS, WHICH IS THE 285 00:10:38,838 --> 00:10:40,339 INDO-PACIFIC REEF TANK. 286 00:10:40,339 --> 00:10:43,442 ABOUT 16 FEET DEEP, 164,000 287 00:10:43,442 --> 00:10:44,944 GALLONS. 288 00:10:44,944 --> 00:10:46,746 PRETTY COOL. 289 00:10:46,746 --> 00:10:49,348 I WORK WITH A TEAM OF BIOLOGISTS 290 00:10:49,348 --> 00:10:51,450 TO TAKE WHAT WE'VE LEARNED WITH 291 00:10:51,450 --> 00:10:53,152 CARING FOR CORALS IN THIS 292 00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:54,654 SETTING AND BE ABLE TO BRING IT 293 00:10:54,654 --> 00:10:55,855 OUT INTO THE FIELD AND BE ABLE 294 00:10:55,855 --> 00:10:58,557 TO HELP THE WILD POPULATION. 295 00:10:58,557 --> 00:11:04,163 WE ARE WORKING WITH PROFLIGATING 296 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:06,365 WITH HELPING CORALS IN THE WILD 297 00:11:06,365 --> 00:11:08,067 TO BE SELF SUSTAINING. 298 00:11:08,067 --> 00:11:10,069 CORALS ARE ACTUALLY ANIMALS. 299 00:11:10,069 --> 00:11:12,371 THEY'RE IN A GROUP CALLED 300 00:11:12,371 --> 00:11:14,874 LIDERIANS BUT WITHIN THEIR 301 00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:18,577 TISSUE, THEY HAVE ALGAE CELLS 302 00:11:18,577 --> 00:11:19,979 THAT ARE PHOTO SYNTHETIC. 303 00:11:19,979 --> 00:11:23,282 BUT IT IS A SYMBIOTIC 304 00:11:23,282 --> 00:11:23,382 RELATIONSHIP. 305 00:11:23,382 --> 00:11:25,184 THE CORAL ITSELF PROVIDES A HOME 306 00:11:25,184 --> 00:11:27,286 FOR THE CELLS TO LIVE IN AND THE 307 00:11:27,286 --> 00:11:30,790 BYPRODUCT OF THOSE CELLS GIVE 308 00:11:30,790 --> 00:11:34,093 NUTRIENTS TO THE CORAL, TOO. 309 00:11:34,093 --> 00:11:35,194 IT'S A WIN-WIN. 310 00:11:35,194 --> 00:11:37,296 YOU HEAR THE TERM BLEACHING. 311 00:11:37,296 --> 00:11:41,801 CORALS ARE BLEACHING, BLEACHING 312 00:11:41,801 --> 00:11:43,202 IS THE PROCESS OF LEAVING THE 313 00:11:43,202 --> 00:11:44,003 TISSUE OF THE CORAL. 314 00:11:44,003 --> 00:11:46,605 IF IT DOESN'T REABSORB QUICKLY 315 00:11:46,605 --> 00:11:47,606 THEN UNFORTUNATELY THE CORAL 316 00:11:47,606 --> 00:11:48,507 WILL ACTUALLY DIE. 317 00:11:48,507 --> 00:11:50,009 BECAUSE IT DOES NEED THE 318 00:11:50,009 --> 00:11:53,512 NUTRIENTS AND THE BYPRODUCT TO 319 00:11:53,512 --> 00:11:54,914 CONTINUE TO BE HEALTHY AND TO 320 00:11:54,914 --> 00:12:00,319 SURVIVE. 321 00:12:00,319 --> 00:12:01,620 WE HAVE WORKED WITH THE CORAL 322 00:12:01,620 --> 00:12:04,323 RESTORATION FOUNDATION IN THE 323 00:12:04,323 --> 00:12:06,225 FLORIDA KEYS AND WHAT THEY HAVE 324 00:12:06,225 --> 00:12:08,127 OUT THERE IS AN UNDERWATER 325 00:12:08,127 --> 00:12:09,528 NURSERY. 326 00:12:09,528 --> 00:12:11,630 CORALS HAVE A VERY UNIQUE 327 00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:14,633 REPRODUCTION STYLE. 328 00:12:14,633 --> 00:12:16,736 THE TWO SPECIES THAT WE 329 00:12:16,736 --> 00:12:18,237 SPECIFICALLY WORK WITH, WHICH IS 330 00:12:18,237 --> 00:12:20,139 THE STAG HORN CORAL AND THE ELK 331 00:12:20,139 --> 00:12:22,541 HORN CORAL, REPRODUCE ONLY ONE 332 00:12:22,541 --> 00:12:23,142 WEEK A YEAR. 333 00:12:23,142 --> 00:12:23,943 IT'S CRAZY. 334 00:12:23,943 --> 00:12:26,445 SO THEY'RE BASICALLY CUED ON THE 335 00:12:26,445 --> 00:12:30,449 TIDE, THE LUNAR CYCLE AND THE 336 00:12:30,449 --> 00:12:31,250 TEMPERATURE OF THE OCEAN. 337 00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:32,952 THEY WAIT FOR THE HIGH TIDE AT 338 00:12:32,952 --> 00:12:33,953 NIGHT BECAUSE THAT'S WHEN THE 339 00:12:33,953 --> 00:12:35,154 CURRENT IS THE STRONGEST SO 340 00:12:35,154 --> 00:12:36,856 WHETHER THEY RELEASE THEIR EGGS 341 00:12:36,856 --> 00:12:38,357 AND SPERM, THEY HAVE JUST THE 342 00:12:38,357 --> 00:12:40,259 RIGHT CONDITIONS FOR THEM TO MIX 343 00:12:40,259 --> 00:12:43,062 AND FIND EACH OTHER. 344 00:12:43,062 --> 00:12:44,864 BUT UNFORTUNATELY RIGHT NOW, 345 00:12:44,864 --> 00:12:45,965 THERE IS A LOT OF DISTANCE 346 00:12:45,965 --> 00:12:47,066 BETWEEN THE CORALS. 347 00:12:47,066 --> 00:12:48,968 SO THEY'RE HAVING A HARD TIME 348 00:12:48,968 --> 00:12:50,169 FINDING EACH OTHER WHEN THEY'RE 349 00:12:50,169 --> 00:12:51,871 READY TO REPRODUCE. 350 00:12:51,871 --> 00:12:53,172 SO THAT'S WHERE WE COME INTO 351 00:12:53,172 --> 00:12:54,573 PLAY. 352 00:12:54,573 --> 00:12:56,976 WE WORK AS A TEAM IN THE 353 00:12:56,976 --> 00:12:58,277 COLLECTION. 354 00:12:58,277 --> 00:13:00,079 WE BASICALLY SEPARATE OUT THE 355 00:13:00,079 --> 00:13:01,480 SPERM AND THE EGG SO WE KNOW WE 356 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:03,182 ARE GETTING A DIFFERENT GENETIC 357 00:13:03,182 --> 00:13:05,985 MAKEUP AND THEN WE COMBINE THE 358 00:13:05,985 --> 00:13:07,887 EGGS AND SPERM TO PRODUCE A FREE 359 00:13:07,887 --> 00:13:14,894 SWIMMING PLANULA OR LARVAE AND 360 00:13:14,894 --> 00:13:17,396 THEN DISPERSE IT BACK ON THE 361 00:13:17,396 --> 00:13:19,098 REEF FOR THEM TO SURVIVE, THRIVE 362 00:13:19,098 --> 00:13:19,398 AND GROW. 363 00:13:19,398 --> 00:13:20,900 THE MAIN GOAL OUT THERE IS TO 364 00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:23,302 GET A LARGE DIVERSE GENETIC 365 00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:28,407 POPULATION SO OVER TIME THEY CAN 366 00:13:28,407 --> 00:13:29,909 DO IT ON THEIR OWN AND WE DON'T 367 00:13:29,909 --> 00:13:31,110 HAVE TO BE OUT THERE TO HELP 368 00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:32,711 THEM FIND EACH OTHER. 369 00:13:32,711 --> 00:13:35,214 WE BASICALLY TAKE A SMALL SUBSET 370 00:13:35,214 --> 00:13:37,016 OF WHAT WE WERE ABLE TO 371 00:13:37,016 --> 00:13:38,317 FERTILIZE IN THE WILD AND BRING 372 00:13:38,317 --> 00:13:39,919 THAT BACK TO DO OUR OWN RESEARCH 373 00:13:39,919 --> 00:13:42,321 SO WE CAN KNOW WHAT IT NEEDS IN 374 00:13:42,321 --> 00:13:44,523 THE WILD IN ORDER TO SURVIVE. 375 00:13:44,523 --> 00:13:45,925 WHAT YOU SEE RIGHT HERE ALONG 376 00:13:45,925 --> 00:13:48,828 THESE SHELVES ARE PLUGS AND 377 00:13:48,828 --> 00:13:50,429 TILES THAT ARE IN THE PROCESS OF 378 00:13:50,429 --> 00:13:52,631 BEING SEEDED. 379 00:13:52,631 --> 00:13:55,434 WE UTILIZE SOME ADULTS TO HELP 380 00:13:55,434 --> 00:13:58,337 PROVIDE TO THE BABY CORALS WHEN 381 00:13:58,337 --> 00:13:59,738 THEY'RE PLACED IN HERE AFTER 382 00:13:59,738 --> 00:14:00,039 SPAWNING. 383 00:14:00,039 --> 00:14:03,943 IT TAKES A WHILE FOR IT TO GROW 384 00:14:03,943 --> 00:14:05,244 ON THAT MATERIAL SO WE TRY TO 385 00:14:05,244 --> 00:14:06,846 GIVE IT AS MANY MONTHS AS 386 00:14:06,846 --> 00:14:08,747 POSSIBLE. 387 00:14:08,747 --> 00:14:10,850 SO WHAT WE ARE LOOKING AT RIGHT 388 00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:13,152 NOW IS ONE OF OUR SETTLED CORALS 389 00:14:13,152 --> 00:14:14,753 FROM CORAL SPAWNING DOWN IN KEY 390 00:14:14,753 --> 00:14:16,956 LARGO. 391 00:14:16,956 --> 00:14:21,360 WE HAVE NAMED HIM BABY GROOT AND 392 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:22,361 SOME OF THE THINGS WE LOOK FOR 393 00:14:22,361 --> 00:14:24,463 WHEN WE CHECK ON HIM, THE 394 00:14:24,463 --> 00:14:26,866 COLORATION OF THE TISSUE, NUMBER 395 00:14:26,866 --> 00:14:28,868 OF POLYPS THAT HAVE DEVELOPED. 396 00:14:28,868 --> 00:14:31,670 WE ALSO LOOK FOR THE BASE OF THE 397 00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:35,074 CORAL TO BE ENCRUSTING ALONG THE 398 00:14:35,074 --> 00:14:37,076 SEDIMENT MATERIAL WHICH IS WHAT 399 00:14:37,076 --> 00:14:38,377 HE IS DOING RIGHT NOW, WHICH IS 400 00:14:38,377 --> 00:14:38,577 GOOD. 401 00:14:38,577 --> 00:14:40,779 THIS IS PROBABLY ABOUT NINE 402 00:14:40,779 --> 00:14:42,514 YEARS WORTH OF WORK TRYING TO 403 00:14:42,514 --> 00:14:44,116 GET TO THIS POINT. 404 00:14:44,116 --> 00:14:46,318 BUT HE LOOKS REALLY, REALLY GOOD 405 00:14:46,318 --> 00:14:46,619 RIGHT NOW. 406 00:14:46,619 --> 00:14:48,320 HE LOOKS BEAUTIFUL TODAY, 407 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,924 ACTUALLY. 408 00:14:51,924 --> 00:14:53,225 I THINK IT CERTAINLY IS AN 409 00:14:53,225 --> 00:14:55,027 UPHILL BATTLE BUT IT'S A BATTLE 410 00:14:55,027 --> 00:14:56,528 THAT I THINK WE HAVE TO FIGHT 411 00:14:56,528 --> 00:14:57,429 FOR THEM. 412 00:14:57,429 --> 00:14:59,932 THEY NEED OUR HELP. 413 00:14:59,932 --> 00:15:02,835 AS A BIOLOGIST, YOU HAVE TO BE 414 00:15:02,835 --> 00:15:05,137 VERY COMFORTABLE WITH FAILURE, 415 00:15:05,137 --> 00:15:09,041 BUT WITH FAILURE COMES SUCCESS. 416 00:15:09,041 --> 00:15:10,542 WE MIGHT NOT KNOW WHAT IS GOING 417 00:15:10,542 --> 00:15:11,944 TO HAPPEN TO THE REEF, BUT I 418 00:15:11,944 --> 00:15:13,345 WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT IN THE 419 00:15:13,345 --> 00:15:16,048 FUTURE, I CAN LOOK AT MY 420 00:15:16,048 --> 00:15:23,756 DAUGHTER AND SAY I TRIED. 421 00:15:23,756 --> 00:15:27,059 FASHIONISTA, THIS STORY IS FOR 422 00:15:27,059 --> 00:15:27,259 YOU. 423 00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:28,460 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT CLOTHES 424 00:15:28,460 --> 00:15:38,070 MADE FROM PLANTS. 425 00:15:38,070 --> 00:15:39,972 NYLON IS A PREFERRED FABRIC IN 426 00:15:39,972 --> 00:15:40,773 THIS ARENA. 427 00:15:40,773 --> 00:15:43,175 IT'S STRONG, SHRINK RABAT, 428 00:15:43,175 --> 00:15:44,677 WRINKLE RESISTANT AND CHEAP TO 429 00:15:44,677 --> 00:15:45,177 PRODUCE. 430 00:15:45,177 --> 00:15:46,979 BUT IT IS NOT ENVIRONMENTALLY 431 00:15:46,979 --> 00:15:47,279 FRIENDLY. 432 00:15:47,279 --> 00:15:49,682 NYLON IS A KIND OF PLASTIC 433 00:15:49,682 --> 00:15:51,884 CREATED FROM CHEMICALS FOUND IN 434 00:15:51,884 --> 00:15:53,385 PETROLEUM, A NATURAL BUT 435 00:15:53,385 --> 00:15:55,187 NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE. 436 00:15:55,187 --> 00:15:56,689 AND THE ENERGY THAT FUELS THE 437 00:15:56,689 --> 00:15:58,891 CHEMICAL PROCESS TO CREATE NYLON 438 00:15:58,891 --> 00:16:00,793 IS ALSO MOSTLY GENERATED FROM 439 00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:02,494 COAL AND NATURAL GAS. 440 00:16:02,494 --> 00:16:05,998 NOW SCIENTISTS ARE CHANGING THE 441 00:16:05,998 --> 00:16:08,901 FABRIC OF FAST FASHION. 442 00:16:08,901 --> 00:16:09,601 RESEARCHERS AT NEW YORK 443 00:16:09,601 --> 00:16:11,804 UNIVERSITY'S TANDON SCHOOL OF 444 00:16:11,804 --> 00:16:13,105 ENGINEERING ARE DEVELOPING A 445 00:16:13,105 --> 00:16:14,506 MORE SUSTAINABLE NYLON. 446 00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:16,208 THEY START BY USING CHEMICALS 447 00:16:16,208 --> 00:16:18,410 FROM PLANTS TO CREATE THE NYLON. 448 00:16:18,410 --> 00:16:20,412 THE TEAM WOULD ALSO USE SOLAR 449 00:16:20,412 --> 00:16:21,714 ENERGY TO POWER THE PRODUCTION 450 00:16:21,714 --> 00:16:22,314 PROCESS. 451 00:16:22,314 --> 00:16:24,817 MAKING THIS MATERIAL EVEN MORE 452 00:16:24,817 --> 00:16:26,318 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY. 453 00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:28,620 THEY CALL IT THE SOLAR TEXTILES 454 00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:29,621 PROJECT AND IT'S ALREADY 455 00:16:29,621 --> 00:16:30,923 GENERATING BUZZ. 456 00:16:30,923 --> 00:16:33,625 THE TEAM RECEIVED A 2016 GLOBAL 457 00:16:33,625 --> 00:16:35,427 CHANGE AWARD RESEARCH GRANT FOR 458 00:16:35,427 --> 00:16:37,229 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN 459 00:16:37,229 --> 00:16:39,231 FASHION FROM THE H & M 460 00:16:39,231 --> 00:16:40,833 FOUNDATION, THE NON-PROFIT ARM 461 00:16:40,833 --> 00:16:42,835 OF GLOBAL FAST FASHION RETAILER 462 00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:43,635 H & M. 463 00:16:43,635 --> 00:16:49,141 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MIGUEL 464 00:16:49,141 --> 00:16:55,748 MODESTINO IS WORKING WITH THIS. 465 00:16:55,748 --> 00:16:57,049 INSTEAD OF STARTING WITH 466 00:16:57,049 --> 00:16:58,751 PETROLEUM, HIS PROCESS WOULD 467 00:16:58,751 --> 00:16:59,451 START WITH PLANTS. 468 00:16:59,451 --> 00:17:01,754 >> SO YOU HAVE PLANT OF CORN, 469 00:17:01,754 --> 00:17:03,355 THEM YOU TAKE THE CORN OUT AND 470 00:17:03,355 --> 00:17:04,857 USE THE CORN FOR FOOD BUT THEN 471 00:17:04,857 --> 00:17:06,258 YOU HAVE THE PLANTS LEFT BEHIND 472 00:17:06,258 --> 00:17:07,960 SO PEOPLE WHAT THEY USUALLY DO 473 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:09,661 IS CUT THEM AND THROW IT AWAY OR 474 00:17:09,661 --> 00:17:12,064 THEY USE IT FOR LIKE, YOU KNOW, 475 00:17:12,064 --> 00:17:14,066 NOT HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS SO WE 476 00:17:14,066 --> 00:17:15,267 CAN TAKE THAT AND CHEMICALLY 477 00:17:15,267 --> 00:17:16,668 TRANSFORM IT INTO DIESEL THAT 478 00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:18,971 YOU CAN USE TO RUN YOUR CAR. 479 00:17:18,971 --> 00:17:22,975 AND THEN WHAT IS USED IN THE 480 00:17:22,975 --> 00:17:25,077 DIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS, THE 481 00:17:25,077 --> 00:17:27,179 WASTE WE CAN TURN IT INTO NYLON. 482 00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:28,580 >> STARTING THE PROCESS WITH 483 00:17:28,580 --> 00:17:30,682 PLANT WASTE WOULD PREVENT CARBON 484 00:17:30,682 --> 00:17:32,584 EMISSIONS FROM HITTING THE AIR 485 00:17:32,584 --> 00:17:34,586 SIMPLY ABOUT I NOT WORKING WITH 486 00:17:34,586 --> 00:17:36,188 PETROLEUM BYPRODUCT. 487 00:17:36,188 --> 00:17:37,990 IF ALL THE NYLON IN THE WORLD 488 00:17:37,990 --> 00:17:39,291 WAS PRODUCED FROM PLANTS, 489 00:17:39,291 --> 00:17:41,593 APPROXIMATELY 4.7 MILLION TONS 490 00:17:41,593 --> 00:17:43,796 OF CARBON DIOXIDE WOULD BE 491 00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:45,697 CAPTURED BY TEXTILES EACH YEAR. 492 00:17:45,697 --> 00:17:47,199 THEN THERE ARE THE CARBON 493 00:17:47,199 --> 00:17:49,501 EMISSIONS TYPICALLY GENERATED 494 00:17:49,501 --> 00:17:51,804 FROM TRANSFORMING PETROCHEMICAL 495 00:17:51,804 --> 00:17:54,206 BYPRODUCT TO THE NYLON FABRIC. 496 00:17:54,206 --> 00:17:56,008 THESE CHEMICAL PROCESSES REQUIRE 497 00:17:56,008 --> 00:17:58,410 ELECTRICITY AND HEAT THAT WOULD 498 00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,712 USUALLY PULL ENERGY FROM A GRID, 499 00:18:00,712 --> 00:18:02,714 ENERGY OFTEN CREATED BY COAL AND 500 00:18:02,714 --> 00:18:03,115 NATURAL GAS. 501 00:18:03,115 --> 00:18:04,716 IN HIS PROCESS, THESE STEPS 502 00:18:04,716 --> 00:18:06,018 WOULD UTILIZE ENERGY FROM THE 503 00:18:06,018 --> 00:18:06,318 SUN. 504 00:18:06,318 --> 00:18:08,120 >> YOU CAN IMAGINE HAVING NOW A 505 00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:10,022 SOLAR FARM CAPTURING YOUR ENERGY 506 00:18:10,022 --> 00:18:12,024 FROM THE SUN ATTACHED DIRECTLY 507 00:18:12,024 --> 00:18:13,425 TO A CHEMICAL PLANT ON THE SIDE 508 00:18:13,425 --> 00:18:14,827 PRODUCING THE CHEMICALS THAT YOU 509 00:18:14,827 --> 00:18:15,027 WANT. 510 00:18:15,027 --> 00:18:17,830 >> MODESTINO ENVISIONS USING THE 511 00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:19,531 SUN TO GENERATE HEAT FOR TWO 512 00:18:19,531 --> 00:18:22,935 THERMAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT 513 00:18:22,935 --> 00:18:24,436 TURN CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS INTO 514 00:18:24,436 --> 00:18:27,339 NYLON USING A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR 515 00:18:27,339 --> 00:18:29,641 THAT FOCUSES THE SUN'S HEAT IN 516 00:18:29,641 --> 00:18:32,144 THE WAY A MAGNIFYING GLASS WOULD 517 00:18:32,144 --> 00:18:33,345 BE USED TO START A FIRE. 518 00:18:33,345 --> 00:18:34,646 >> YOU USE THE SOLAR 519 00:18:34,646 --> 00:18:37,549 CONCENTRATOR TO PROVIDE THE HEAT 520 00:18:37,549 --> 00:18:39,952 NECESSARY AND PRODUCE THE BASE 521 00:18:39,952 --> 00:18:41,553 THAT WOULD REACT AND PRODUCE THE 522 00:18:41,553 --> 00:18:43,856 SALT AND THAT SALT YOU CAN 523 00:18:43,856 --> 00:18:46,558 POLYMERIZE INTO NYLON THROUGH 524 00:18:46,558 --> 00:18:47,059 CHEMICALS. 525 00:18:47,059 --> 00:18:48,360 >> THE RESULT IS A STICKY 526 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:49,862 SUBSTANCE THAT WILL BE RINSED, 527 00:18:49,862 --> 00:18:51,663 MELTED DOWN AND SPUN INTO 528 00:18:51,663 --> 00:18:51,964 THREAD. 529 00:18:51,964 --> 00:18:56,468 >> THIS IS NYLON POLYMERIZED AND 530 00:18:56,468 --> 00:18:58,971 YOU GRAB IT AND PULL IT OUT AND 531 00:18:58,971 --> 00:19:00,072 THEN YOU CAN ROLL IT LIKE THIS. 532 00:19:00,072 --> 00:19:02,474 >> ON A MOLECULAR LEVEL, THIS 533 00:19:02,474 --> 00:19:04,676 ECOFRIENDLY NYLON IS EXACTLY THE 534 00:19:04,676 --> 00:19:06,678 SAME AS THE NYLON IN THESE 535 00:19:06,678 --> 00:19:07,079 JACKETS. 536 00:19:07,079 --> 00:19:09,281 FOR THE H & M FOUNDATION, IT 537 00:19:09,281 --> 00:19:10,282 COULD BE AN IMPORTANT STEP 538 00:19:10,282 --> 00:19:11,683 TOWARD THEIR GOAL, A MORE 539 00:19:11,683 --> 00:19:13,085 ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE 540 00:19:13,085 --> 00:19:14,086 FASHION INDUSTRY. 541 00:19:14,086 --> 00:19:15,888 >> IF WE CAN MAKE NYLON, WHICH 542 00:19:15,888 --> 00:19:17,589 IS AN OIL-BASED PRODUCT, IF WE 543 00:19:17,589 --> 00:19:19,591 CAN MAKE THAT FROM NOT FROM OIL 544 00:19:19,591 --> 00:19:21,093 BUT FROM SOMETHING ELSE, AND 545 00:19:21,093 --> 00:19:22,895 IT'S THE SAME PRODUCT, SO IT 546 00:19:22,895 --> 00:19:24,997 DOES NOT MEAN A COMPROMISE FOR 547 00:19:24,997 --> 00:19:27,199 YOU AS A CUSTOMER, AND THEN 548 00:19:27,199 --> 00:19:30,302 THAT'S A WHOLE NEW AVENUE IN HOW 549 00:19:30,302 --> 00:19:32,404 TO PRODUCE THINGS. 550 00:19:32,404 --> 00:19:33,705 >> IT WOULD BE A TREMENDOUS 551 00:19:33,705 --> 00:19:35,407 INNOVATION FOR THE FASHION 552 00:19:35,407 --> 00:19:35,607 INDUSTRY. 553 00:19:35,607 --> 00:19:36,808 NOT ONLY THAT BUT THE 554 00:19:36,808 --> 00:19:39,111 PLANT-BASED METHOD WOULD BE OF 555 00:19:39,111 --> 00:19:40,012 PARTICULAR INTEREST TO THE 556 00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:41,914 RETAIL ARM OF H & N. 557 00:19:41,914 --> 00:19:45,617 THEY WANT TO BE CLIMATE POSITIVE 558 00:19:45,617 --> 00:19:46,218 BY 2040. 559 00:19:46,218 --> 00:19:48,020 THE COMPANY WILL REDUCE NOR 560 00:19:48,020 --> 00:19:48,921 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS THAN IT 561 00:19:48,921 --> 00:19:49,621 EMITS. 562 00:19:49,621 --> 00:19:52,324 >> I THINK IT IS VERY EXCITING 563 00:19:52,324 --> 00:19:54,026 MOMENT WHERE FASHION AND GLOSSY 564 00:19:54,026 --> 00:19:55,727 FASHION AND DESIGN MEETS 565 00:19:55,727 --> 00:19:56,628 SCIENCE. 566 00:19:56,628 --> 00:20:01,466 AND IT'S THESE SUPER UNEXPECTED 567 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:03,368 AND INTERESTING JUNCTIONS WHERE 568 00:20:03,368 --> 00:20:05,671 NEW SOLUTIONS COME ALIVE AND 569 00:20:05,671 --> 00:20:06,772 PEOPLE START TO THINK OUTSIDE OF 570 00:20:06,772 --> 00:20:07,172 THE BOX. 571 00:20:07,172 --> 00:20:09,074 >> THE SOLAR TEXTILES TEAM IS 572 00:20:09,074 --> 00:20:10,475 STILL IN THE RESEARCH PHASE. 573 00:20:10,475 --> 00:20:11,777 BUT THEY PLAN TO START 574 00:20:11,777 --> 00:20:12,878 APPROACHING COMPANIES THAT 575 00:20:12,878 --> 00:20:14,680 PRODUCE NYLON THROUGH THE 576 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:16,682 CONNECTIONS THE TEAM HAS MADE 577 00:20:16,682 --> 00:20:19,084 VIA THE H & N FOUNDATION. 578 00:20:19,084 --> 00:20:20,786 >> FOR THEM IT'S MAGICAL BECAUSE 579 00:20:20,786 --> 00:20:22,788 THEY BELIEF IN FASHION 580 00:20:22,788 --> 00:20:26,391 PRODUCTION PROCESS AND 581 00:20:26,391 --> 00:20:26,792 INNOVATION. 582 00:20:26,792 --> 00:20:29,194 THEY'RE HIGHLY UNSUSTAINABLE BUT 583 00:20:29,194 --> 00:20:31,296 IF YOU MANAGE TO CAPTURE THE 584 00:20:31,296 --> 00:20:35,000 CLOTHES BY PRODUCING CLOTHES 585 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:36,902 FASTER THAN YOU ARE CONTRIBUTING 586 00:20:36,902 --> 00:20:37,803 THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. 587 00:20:37,803 --> 00:20:40,105 >> THIS NEXT STORY IS GOING TO 588 00:20:40,105 --> 00:20:42,007 SOUND COUNTERINTUITIVE BUT WE 589 00:20:42,007 --> 00:20:43,709 ARE GOING TO SHOW YOU HOW 590 00:20:43,709 --> 00:20:44,409 ENVIRONMENTALISTS IN NORTH 591 00:20:44,409 --> 00:20:45,711 CAROLINA ARE SETTING FIRE TO A 592 00:20:45,711 --> 00:20:49,014 FOREST TO SAVE IT. 593 00:20:49,014 --> 00:20:50,015 THIS IS NOT WHAT WE WANT. 594 00:20:50,015 --> 00:20:53,318 >> THIS WAS PLANTED IN THE 595 00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:55,420 1970s WHEN THE MAIN GOAL OF 596 00:20:55,420 --> 00:20:56,722 THE FOREST SERVICE WAS TO 597 00:20:56,722 --> 00:21:01,026 PRODUCE TIMBER AND LOBLOLLY WAS 598 00:21:01,026 --> 00:21:03,629 A FASTER GROWING SPECIES. 599 00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:04,329 THIS IS WHAT WE WANT. 600 00:21:04,329 --> 00:21:06,231 THESE TREES STARTED GROWING HERE 601 00:21:06,231 --> 00:21:07,032 IN 1890. 602 00:21:07,032 --> 00:21:09,234 >> THIS IS THE LONG LEAF PINE 603 00:21:09,234 --> 00:21:09,534 FOREST. 604 00:21:09,534 --> 00:21:12,738 IT IS THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM IN 605 00:21:12,738 --> 00:21:14,239 NORTH CAROLINA'S COASTAL PLAIN. 606 00:21:14,239 --> 00:21:17,042 CENTURIES OF TIMBER HARVESTING 607 00:21:17,042 --> 00:21:19,544 AND URBANIZATION REMOVED MOST OF 608 00:21:19,544 --> 00:21:21,146 THE LONG LEAF PINE FOREST ACROSS 609 00:21:21,146 --> 00:21:21,847 THE SOUTHEAST. 610 00:21:21,847 --> 00:21:23,448 THAT'S WHY THE U.S. FOREST 611 00:21:23,448 --> 00:21:25,250 SERVICE IS RESTORING THE LONG 612 00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:27,853 LEAF PINE FOREST IN THE NATIONAL 613 00:21:27,853 --> 00:21:29,655 FOREST. 614 00:21:29,655 --> 00:21:31,156 BUT TO DO THAT REQUIRES FIRE. 615 00:21:31,156 --> 00:21:34,860 ONCE THE LOB LOLLY PINE TREES 616 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:37,162 ARE HARVESTED, FIRE IS VITAL TO 617 00:21:37,162 --> 00:21:39,564 RESTORING THE LONG LEAF PINE 618 00:21:39,564 --> 00:21:39,965 FOREST. 619 00:21:39,965 --> 00:21:41,166 ONE OF THE NATION'S MOST 620 00:21:41,166 --> 00:21:42,868 ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM. 621 00:21:42,868 --> 00:21:44,670 >> WE ARE HAVING A FIRE EVERY 622 00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:46,972 TWO YEARS, THREE YEAR CYCLE, TO 623 00:21:46,972 --> 00:21:48,573 TRY AND GET WHAT YOU ARE SEEING 624 00:21:48,573 --> 00:21:49,875 HERE ESTABLISHED. 625 00:21:49,875 --> 00:21:52,778 >> SO THIS WAS JUST BURNED A 626 00:21:52,778 --> 00:21:53,378 COUPLE MONTHS AGO. 627 00:21:53,378 --> 00:21:54,680 ARE YOU AMAZED? 628 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:55,580 LOOK AT THIS NOW. 629 00:21:55,580 --> 00:21:56,381 IT'S ALL GREEN. 630 00:21:56,381 --> 00:21:58,483 >> IT RECOVERS PRETTY QUICK. 631 00:21:58,483 --> 00:22:00,085 WITH THE MOISTURE THAT WE 632 00:22:00,085 --> 00:22:01,687 RECEIVE AND ALL THAT STUFF, THE 633 00:22:01,687 --> 00:22:04,489 TYPE OF SOIL ALLOWS QUICK 634 00:22:04,489 --> 00:22:04,690 GROWTH. 635 00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:06,491 SO HAVING FIRE IN THE AREA 636 00:22:06,491 --> 00:22:08,393 KNOCKS DOWN THE UNDERSTORE WHERE 637 00:22:08,393 --> 00:22:11,296 WE CAN ACTUALLY HAVE MORE 638 00:22:11,296 --> 00:22:12,698 MANAGED FIRE AND OPENS UP THE 639 00:22:12,698 --> 00:22:14,599 SUNLIGHT AND OXYGEN AIR TO GET 640 00:22:14,599 --> 00:22:15,600 TO NEW GROWTH. 641 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:20,405 >> VERY DEPENDENT ON FIRE TO 642 00:22:20,405 --> 00:22:20,505 SURVIVE. 643 00:22:20,505 --> 00:22:22,507 IT GROWS AS A GRASS WHEN IT'S 644 00:22:22,507 --> 00:22:24,609 LITTLE SO IF THE FIRE CAN BURN 645 00:22:24,609 --> 00:22:25,711 OVER IT AND CLEARS EVERYTHING 646 00:22:25,711 --> 00:22:27,212 AROUND IT, IT RESPONDS BACK 647 00:22:27,212 --> 00:22:27,713 REALLY QUICKLY. 648 00:22:27,713 --> 00:22:30,115 IT'S NATURALLY JUST ADAPTED TO 649 00:22:30,115 --> 00:22:30,716 FIRE REGIME. 650 00:22:30,716 --> 00:22:33,719 SO THEN YOUR LONG LEAF GRASS 651 00:22:33,719 --> 00:22:35,520 STAGES, SEEDLING RIGHT HERE, IT 652 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:37,622 LOOKS JUST LIKE A CLUMP OF 653 00:22:37,622 --> 00:22:37,823 GRASS. 654 00:22:37,823 --> 00:22:39,624 SO WHEN THE FIRE BURNS OVER IT, 655 00:22:39,624 --> 00:22:41,827 IT BURNS IT AS IF IT IS GRASS 656 00:22:41,827 --> 00:22:43,528 AND THE BUD IS BELOW THE SURFACE 657 00:22:43,528 --> 00:22:44,629 PROTECTED EXTRA THE FIRE. 658 00:22:44,629 --> 00:22:48,233 IT SPENDS TWO TO THREE TO FIVE 659 00:22:48,233 --> 00:22:49,735 YEARS GROWING THE ROOT SYSTEM 660 00:22:49,735 --> 00:22:50,936 AND STAYS AS GRASS. 661 00:22:50,936 --> 00:22:52,337 EVENTUALLY SOMETHING CLICKS IN 662 00:22:52,337 --> 00:22:54,639 IT AND IT STARTS, IN A 663 00:22:54,639 --> 00:22:59,044 ELONGATION CHUTE. 664 00:22:59,044 --> 00:23:04,850 THE BARK IS VERY GOOD INSULATOR. 665 00:23:04,850 --> 00:23:07,853 TO KILL THE TREE, THE FIRE IS 666 00:23:07,853 --> 00:23:09,354 GOING TO HAVE TO GET HOT ENOUGH 667 00:23:09,354 --> 00:23:11,857 TO POP BEHIND THE BARK WHERE THE 668 00:23:11,857 --> 00:23:13,458 NUTRIENTS FLOW UP AND DOWN SO 669 00:23:13,458 --> 00:23:16,361 THIS BARK JUST INSULATES THE 670 00:23:16,361 --> 00:23:17,662 TREE AND ALSO WITH THE FISHERS 671 00:23:17,662 --> 00:23:19,564 IN HERE, THE HEAT WILL CHANNEL 672 00:23:19,564 --> 00:23:21,466 UP THE TREE INSTEAD OF JUST 673 00:23:21,466 --> 00:23:24,069 SITTING HERE CAREFUL MANAGEMENT 674 00:23:24,069 --> 00:23:25,971 HELPS PRESERVE AND RESTORE THE 675 00:23:25,971 --> 00:23:28,073 LONG LEAF PINE FOREST, WHICH IS 676 00:23:28,073 --> 00:23:31,476 A MIX OF TALL TREES IN SAVANNAH 677 00:23:31,476 --> 00:23:39,684 PLUS BOGS AND RAISED SWAMPS. 678 00:23:39,684 --> 00:23:41,086 >> PRIOR TO THE EUROPEAN 679 00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:42,687 SETTLEMENT WAS 90 MILLION ACRES. 680 00:23:42,687 --> 00:23:44,689 AS OF TODAY WE HAVE AROUND FOUR 681 00:23:44,689 --> 00:23:46,591 MILLION ACRES OF THAT HABITAT 682 00:23:46,591 --> 00:23:46,792 LEFT. 683 00:23:46,792 --> 00:23:48,593 THE MAJORITY OF HABITAT IS ON 684 00:23:48,593 --> 00:23:49,995 NATIONAL FOREST LAND ACROSS THE 685 00:23:49,995 --> 00:23:50,395 COUNTRY. 686 00:23:50,395 --> 00:23:51,997 >> THE LONG LEAF PINE IS ONE OF 687 00:23:51,997 --> 00:23:54,499 THE MOST ECOLOGICALLY 688 00:23:54,499 --> 00:23:55,901 ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES 689 00:23:55,901 --> 00:23:56,401 IN THE SOUTH. 690 00:23:56,401 --> 00:23:58,703 900 PLANT SPECIES PLUS HUNDREDS 691 00:23:58,703 --> 00:24:01,506 OF BIRDS, MAMMALS, REPTILES AND 692 00:24:01,506 --> 00:24:03,308 AMPHIBIANS ARE FOUND IN THE LONG 693 00:24:03,308 --> 00:24:04,609 LEAF PINE FOREST. 694 00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:06,611 >> A SMALL DIFFERENCE IN 695 00:24:06,611 --> 00:24:07,813 ELEVATION MAKES A HUGE 696 00:24:07,813 --> 00:24:10,115 DIFFERENCE IN THE VEGETATION AND 697 00:24:10,115 --> 00:24:11,616 HOW WATER IS RETAINED ON THE 698 00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:12,517 LANDSCAPE. 699 00:24:12,517 --> 00:24:14,219 >> 29 OF THOSE SPECIES ARE 700 00:24:14,219 --> 00:24:17,122 ENDANGERED, INCLUDING THE RED 701 00:24:17,122 --> 00:24:19,024 WOODPECKER. 702 00:24:19,024 --> 00:24:21,126 >> THE GOOD THING ABOUT 703 00:24:21,126 --> 00:24:23,728 WOODPECKER, THEY'RE PRIMARY 704 00:24:23,728 --> 00:24:25,530 CAVITY EXCAVATOR. 705 00:24:25,530 --> 00:24:27,232 THEY MAKE THE CAVITY INTO THE 706 00:24:27,232 --> 00:24:27,432 TREE. 707 00:24:27,432 --> 00:24:29,234 A WHOLE SUITE OF SPECIES WILL 708 00:24:29,234 --> 00:24:31,736 USE THAT CAVITY FOR NESTING FOR 709 00:24:31,736 --> 00:24:32,537 SOME LIFE STAGE. 710 00:24:32,537 --> 00:24:34,439 >> WITH SUCH A UNIQUE LANDSCAPE, 711 00:24:34,439 --> 00:24:37,042 IT'S NOT SURPRISING THAT IT IS 712 00:24:37,042 --> 00:24:38,343 ALSO HOME TO THE LARGEST 713 00:24:38,343 --> 00:24:40,245 COLLECTION OF CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 714 00:24:40,245 --> 00:24:41,847 OF ANY NATIONAL FOREST. 715 00:24:41,847 --> 00:24:44,549 >> YOU ARE ON THE, WE HAVE THE 716 00:24:44,549 --> 00:24:45,650 VENUS FLY TRAP. 717 00:24:45,650 --> 00:24:47,252 AGAIN THEY TEND TO BE FOUND IN 718 00:24:47,252 --> 00:24:48,854 THESE NUTRIENT POOR AREAS THAT 719 00:24:48,854 --> 00:24:51,056 ARE NOT TOO DRY, ARE NOT TOO 720 00:24:51,056 --> 00:24:51,256 WET. 721 00:24:51,256 --> 00:24:52,557 IT HAS TO BE JUST RIGHT. 722 00:24:52,557 --> 00:24:54,459 THEY CAN'T JUST GROW ANYWHERE. 723 00:24:54,459 --> 00:24:56,061 AND WHEN YOU ARE A LITTLE 724 00:24:56,061 --> 00:24:58,663 CARNIVOROUS PLANT LYING FLAT ON 725 00:24:58,663 --> 00:25:00,165 THE GROUND, IT DOESN'T TAKE MUCH 726 00:25:00,165 --> 00:25:01,566 TO SHADE YOU OUT AND NONE OF 727 00:25:01,566 --> 00:25:03,068 THESE THINGS CAN LIVE WITHOUT 728 00:25:03,068 --> 00:25:06,371 SUNLIGHT. 729 00:25:06,371 --> 00:25:07,372 THEY'RE COMPLETELY FIRE 730 00:25:07,372 --> 00:25:07,672 DEPENDENT. 731 00:25:07,672 --> 00:25:10,075 SMALL DIFFERENT MICROHABITATS 732 00:25:10,075 --> 00:25:11,676 WITHIN A LARGER LANDSCAPE JUST 733 00:25:11,676 --> 00:25:12,978 INCREASES YOUR DIVERSITY, 734 00:25:12,978 --> 00:25:15,480 INCREASES THE VALUE, THE 735 00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,282 ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THAT AREA. 736 00:25:17,282 --> 00:25:18,683 >> THAT'S IT FOR THIS EDITION OF 737 00:25:18,683 --> 00:25:20,785 "SCITECH NOW." TO LEARN MORE 738 00:25:20,785 --> 00:25:22,087 ABOUT OUR PROGRAM, JOIN THE 739 00:25:22,087 --> 00:25:22,888 CONVERSATION WITH YOUR 740 00:25:22,888 --> 00:25:24,089 QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND THOUGHTS 741 00:25:24,089 --> 00:25:25,290 ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER. 742 00:25:25,290 --> 00:25:27,192 I'M SIMON PEREZ. 743 00:25:27,192 --> 00:25:28,793 SEE YOU NEXT WEEK ON "SCITECH 744 00:25:28,793 --> 00:25:34,199 NOW." 745 00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:34,599 ♪7 746 00:25:34,599 --> 00:25:35,700 ♪7 747 00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:36,801 ON THE NEXT EPISODE OF 748 00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:38,803 "SCITECH," WHAT DO YOU GET WHEN 749 00:25:38,803 --> 00:25:40,405 YOU MIX A MILLION POUNDS OF 750 00:25:40,405 --> 00:25:41,506 APPLES WITH CHEMISTRY? 751 00:25:41,506 --> 00:25:43,408 WE'LL TAKE YOU TO ALBANY TO FIND 752 00:25:43,408 --> 00:25:43,508 OUT. 753 00:25:43,508 --> 00:25:45,810 WE'LL TAKE A CLOSE LOOK, MAYBE 754 00:25:45,810 --> 00:25:47,812 CLOSER THAN YOU WOULD LIKE, AT A 755 00:25:47,812 --> 00:25:49,114 RODENT THAT COULD HOLD THE KEY 756 00:25:49,114 --> 00:25:50,515 TO LIVING LONGER. 757 00:25:50,515 --> 00:25:53,919 THEN WE TAKE A VERY VIRTUAL 758 00:25:53,919 --> 00:25:56,121 REALITY TRIP TO INFINITY AND 759 00:25:56,121 --> 00:25:59,224 BEYOND AND WE ALL KNOW ABOUT 3G, 760 00:25:59,224 --> 00:26:02,327 4G AND 5G, HOW FAST CAN WIRELESS 761 00:26:02,327 --> 00:26:02,727 COMMUNICATION GO? 762 00:26:02,727 --> 00:26:03,929 IT'S ALL ON THE NEXT "SCITECH 763 00:26:03,929 --> 00:26:08,433 NOW." 764 00:26:08,433 --> 00:26:08,733 ♪7 765 00:26:08,733 --> 00:26:08,900 ♪7