WEBVTT 00:00.367 --> 00:01.267 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW." 00:01.267 --> 00:02.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE INTRODUCE YOU TO THE 00:02.969 --> 00:03.169 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTISTS WHO STUDY THE BALLET 00:03.169 --> 00:04.571 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DANCERS OF THE SKY. 00:04.571 --> 00:05.972 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BATS. 00:05.972 --> 00:07.574 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONCUSSIONS ARE A HOT TOPIC IN 00:07.574 --> 00:09.275 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPORTS, AND SCIENTISTS ARE 00:09.275 --> 00:11.077 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIGURING OUT WHICH PLAYERS ARE 00:11.077 --> 00:12.579 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKELY TO GET A CONCUSSION. 00:12.579 --> 00:14.080 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING WHICH 00:14.080 --> 00:16.182 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAY WATER TRAVELS IN AREAS ROAN 00:16.182 --> 00:17.484 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO DROUGHT AND WHAT IS THE BEST 00:17.484 --> 00:19.285 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAY TO RESPOND TO MUD SLIDES? 00:19.285 --> 00:57.323 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW." 00:57.323 --> 00:59.225 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HELLO I'M SIMON PEREZ, 00:59.225 --> 01:00.827 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELCOME TO "SCITECH NOW" OUR 01:00.827 --> 01:02.128 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WEEKLY PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE 01:02.128 --> 01:03.830 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE, 01:03.830 --> 01:05.331 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION HERE 01:05.331 --> 01:06.232 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN CENTRAL NEW YORK AND ACROSS 01:06.232 --> 01:08.134 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE COUNTRY. 01:08.134 --> 01:09.936 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN WE THINK OF GRACE AND 01:09.936 --> 01:12.839 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ATHLETICISM, GYMNASTS OR BALLET 01:12.839 --> 01:14.140 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DANCERS COME TO MIND. 01:14.140 --> 01:16.242 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WEEK MARVEL AT HOW THESE 01:16.242 --> 01:18.044 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ATHLETES CONTROL THEIR BODIES AS 01:18.044 --> 01:19.646 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY FLOAT THROUGH THE AIR. 01:19.646 --> 01:21.047 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UP NEXT WE INTRODUCE YOU TO THE 01:21.047 --> 01:22.248 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCHERS WHO ARE IN AWE OF 01:22.248 --> 01:23.850 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT BEAUTY BUT THEY DON'T STUDY 01:23.850 --> 01:24.651 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HUMANS. 01:24.651 --> 01:26.252 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY STUDY BATS. 01:26.252 --> 01:28.555 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WHEN WE HAVE HIGH SPEED 01:28.555 --> 01:30.457 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VIDEO, PEOPLE HAVE THIS VIEW 01:30.457 --> 01:32.659 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT BAT FLIGHT WAS A MINOR 01:32.659 --> 01:34.861 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VARIANCE OF BIRD FLIGHT BUT WHAT 01:34.861 --> 01:36.463 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAVE' FOUND OVER AND OVER AGAIN 01:36.463 --> 01:39.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS HOW UNBELIEVABLY MANEUVERABLE 01:39.766 --> 01:42.669 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE ANIMALS ARE. 01:42.669 --> 01:44.771 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> BEING ABLE TO MANIPULATE 01:44.771 --> 01:46.372 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR WINGS AND THEIR BODIES IN 01:46.372 --> 01:47.974 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUCH A WAY THAT THEY CAN ADJUST 01:47.974 --> 01:50.076 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND MANEUVER REALLY BOGGLES THE 01:50.076 --> 01:51.578 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MIND. 01:51.578 --> 01:56.583 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> A BAT WING ALLOWS BATS TO 01:56.583 --> 01:58.985 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE A KIND OF CONTROL OF THREE 01:58.985 --> 02:00.787 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIMENSIONAL SHAPE THAT WOULD BE 02:00.787 --> 02:02.989 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY OTHER KIND OF 02:02.989 --> 02:08.795 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLYING ANIMAL. 02:08.795 --> 02:10.497 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> I'M SHARON SWARTZ. 02:10.497 --> 02:12.499 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I STUDY BATS, HOW THEY FLY AND 02:12.499 --> 02:13.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR WINGS. 02:13.900 --> 02:15.502 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND I'M KENNY BREUER, 02:15.502 --> 02:16.703 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING AND I 02:16.703 --> 02:19.606 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STUDY ANIMAL FLIGHT MECHANICS. 02:19.606 --> 02:21.207 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO THE COLLABORATION BETWEEN 02:21.207 --> 02:23.209 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHARON'S LAB AND MY LAB ALLOWS 02:23.209 --> 02:25.912 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% US TO APPROACH FROM TWO 02:25.912 --> 02:26.613 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. 02:26.613 --> 02:29.015 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE REALLY FIND THAT WE CAN DO 02:29.015 --> 02:30.116 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MUCH MORE INTERESTING THINGS 02:30.116 --> 02:31.518 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOGETHER THAN EITHER OF US CAN 02:31.518 --> 02:33.753 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DO BY OURSELVES BECAUSE WE ARE 02:33.753 --> 02:38.057 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABLE TO COMBINE THEIR DYNAMICS 02:38.057 --> 02:42.362 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WITH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE 02:42.362 --> 02:42.862 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WINGS. 02:42.862 --> 02:44.164 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS A LOT OF FUNDAMENTAL 02:44.164 --> 02:45.064 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FLIGHT 02:45.064 --> 02:46.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF BIRDS AND BATS. 02:46.766 --> 02:49.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO A BIRD WING IS A RELATIVELY 02:49.969 --> 02:52.572 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STIFF AIR FOIL. 02:52.572 --> 02:53.873 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> BATS HAVE A WHOLE HAND IN 02:53.873 --> 02:55.875 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR WING AND THAT ALLOWS THEM 02:55.875 --> 02:58.978 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO CHANGE THE CONFIRMATION AND 02:58.978 --> 03:01.181 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHAPE OF THE WING WITH DEXTERITY 03:01.181 --> 03:01.781 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND PRECISION. 03:01.781 --> 03:03.283 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE BONES OF PART OF THE WING 03:03.283 --> 03:05.885 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CLOSEST TO THE SHOULDER, THE 03:05.885 --> 03:07.887 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HUMERUS AND RADIUS HAVE THE KIND 03:07.887 --> 03:10.089 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF GEOMETRY THAT WE SEE IN BIRDS 03:10.089 --> 03:11.891 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT ONCE YOU CROSS THE WRIST 03:11.891 --> 03:13.493 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% JOINT, YOU SEE BONES THAT ARE 03:13.493 --> 03:15.495 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LESS MINERALIZED AND THAT MAKES 03:15.495 --> 03:18.798 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT BONE ITSELF LESS STIFF. 03:18.798 --> 03:22.402 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT ACTUALLY PROMOTES BENDING. 03:22.402 --> 03:23.803 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE DON'T USUALLY THINK OF SKIN 03:23.803 --> 03:26.906 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AS BEING A MUSCULAR ORGAN, BUT 03:26.906 --> 03:28.908 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SKIN OF THE WING MEMBRANES 03:28.908 --> 03:32.011 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF BATS IS INFESTED WITH A WHOLE 03:32.011 --> 03:34.214 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SERIES OF MUSCLES AND WHAT WE 03:34.214 --> 03:36.216 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OBSERVED IS THAT THE MUSCLES 03:36.216 --> 03:38.117 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TURN ON AND OFF IN EVERY WING 03:38.117 --> 03:40.119 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BEAT CYCLE SO THESE MUSCLES CAN 03:40.119 --> 03:42.422 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CHANGE THE STIFFNESS OF THE SKIN 03:42.422 --> 03:44.424 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THE WING MEMBRANE AND SO THAT 03:44.424 --> 03:46.826 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MEANS THE MUSCLES CHANGE THE 03:46.826 --> 03:49.229 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE 03:49.229 --> 03:49.729 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AIR FOIL. 03:49.729 --> 03:50.830 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 03:50.830 --> 03:52.732 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM A BIRD IN THE WAY IN WHICH 03:52.732 --> 03:53.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT OPERATES. 03:53.733 --> 03:56.236 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT BEND, FLEXES, POPS OUT. 03:56.236 --> 03:57.537 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THEY'RE ABLE TO CONTINUE TO 03:57.537 --> 03:59.539 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENERATE LIFT EVEN AS THEY'RE 03:59.539 --> 04:00.740 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOVING MORE SLOWLY. 04:00.740 --> 04:04.844 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SO WHEN WE FIRST STARTED, 04:04.844 --> 04:06.145 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VERY LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT THE 04:06.145 --> 04:07.947 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRECISE NATURE OF BAT FLIGHT. 04:07.947 --> 04:09.249 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE ARE INTERESTED IN HOW THE 04:09.249 --> 04:10.950 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANIMAL HAS EVOLVED TO GENERATE 04:10.950 --> 04:12.652 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE FORCES OF MOTION. 04:12.652 --> 04:14.654 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT CAN WE LEARN ABOUT THRUST, 04:14.654 --> 04:18.358 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIFT, UNSTEADY FLIGHT MECHANISMS 04:18.358 --> 04:20.760 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WE DESIGN THESE EXPERIMENTS 04:20.760 --> 04:23.162 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AT EACH STAGE TO MOVE OURSELVES 04:23.162 --> 04:23.563 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORWARD. 04:23.563 --> 04:25.465 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO WHEN WE DO OUR TEST, WE DO 04:25.465 --> 04:27.367 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TWO FACILITIES ONE IS A FLIGHT 04:27.367 --> 04:29.369 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CORRIDOR WHICH IS JUST A ROOM, 04:29.369 --> 04:31.871 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE HAVE OUR CAMERAS SET UP IN 04:31.871 --> 04:32.272 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE. 04:32.272 --> 04:36.075 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> JUST BEING ABLE TO SEE IN 04:36.075 --> 04:37.777 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DETAIL HOW BATS MOVE THEIR WINGS 04:37.777 --> 04:39.279 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAS TURNED OUT TO GIVE US A LOT 04:39.279 --> 04:39.979 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF INSIGHT. 04:39.979 --> 04:41.581 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE OTHER ONE IS THIS WIND 04:41.581 --> 04:41.781 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TUNNEL. 04:41.781 --> 04:44.384 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE EQUIVALENT OF A TREAD 04:44.384 --> 04:45.685 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MILL FOR A FLYING ANIMAL. 04:45.685 --> 04:47.987 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> HIGH RESOLUTION HIGH 04:47.987 --> 04:49.188 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FREQUENCY MOTION OF THE WINGS 04:49.188 --> 04:51.190 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM MULTIPLE ANGLES AND 04:51.190 --> 04:52.792 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RECONSTRUCT THE MOTION THAT WAY 04:52.792 --> 04:54.894 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WE FILL THE WIND TUNNEL WITH 04:54.894 --> 04:56.996 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A CLOUD AND WE RECORD THE MOTION 04:56.996 --> 04:58.298 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE PARTICLES OF THE CLOUD 04:58.298 --> 05:00.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND FROM THAT WE CAN RECONSTRUCT 05:00.600 --> 05:01.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE WAKE. 05:01.000 --> 05:03.703 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT LETS US LEARN A LOT 05:03.703 --> 05:06.105 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT HOW IT USES THE WINGS TO 05:06.105 --> 05:08.808 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRODUCE AERODYNAMIC FORCES. 05:08.808 --> 05:10.510 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ONCE WE'VE TAKEN MEASUREMENTS 05:10.510 --> 05:13.212 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WITH THE ANIMALS WE RECREATE 05:13.212 --> 05:16.316 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ASPECTS OF THE FLAPPING ROBOTIC 05:16.316 --> 05:17.717 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WINGS THAT WE TEST AND WE CAN DO 05:17.717 --> 05:19.018 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THINGS THAT WE CAN'T ASK THE 05:19.018 --> 05:21.321 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANIMALS TO DO AND IT PROVIDES A 05:21.321 --> 05:24.424 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOT OF INSPIRATION AND IDEAS OF 05:24.424 --> 05:27.527 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THINGS WE MIGHT TRY. 05:27.527 --> 05:29.128 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 05:29.128 --> 05:32.532 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BATS DO EXTREMELY WELL IS 05:32.532 --> 05:34.334 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LANDING. 05:34.334 --> 05:36.436 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THEY HAVE TO SLOW DOWN, FLIP 05:36.436 --> 05:38.438 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEMSELVES UPSIDE DOWN AND LAND 05:38.438 --> 05:40.139 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HANGING ON TO THE CEILING OR 05:40.139 --> 05:42.041 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HANGING ON TO A TREE. 05:42.041 --> 05:43.843 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S LIKE DOING A HIGH DIVE 05:43.843 --> 05:44.444 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BACKWARDS. 05:44.444 --> 05:45.845 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WAS WE'VE FOUND IS THAT 05:45.845 --> 05:48.047 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DURING THE LAST TWO WING BEATS 05:48.047 --> 05:50.850 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF A BAT PREPARING TO LAND IS 05:50.850 --> 05:52.852 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALMOST NO AERODYNAMIC FORCE 05:52.852 --> 05:53.753 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRODUCED. 05:53.753 --> 05:55.955 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THEY ALSO USE THE MASS IN 05:55.955 --> 05:57.857 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR WINGS TO MANIPULATE THEIR 05:57.857 --> 05:59.759 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BODIES AND THAT CONTROLS THEIR 05:59.759 --> 06:01.561 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROTATION IN THE SAME WAY THAT A 06:01.561 --> 06:03.563 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HIGH DIVER CONTROLS THEIR 06:03.563 --> 06:05.064 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROTATION WHEN THEY DIVE. 06:05.064 --> 06:06.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE BATS ARE INCREDIBLY AGILE 06:06.966 --> 06:09.168 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND MANEUVERABLE AND RESISTANT 06:09.168 --> 06:11.571 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO GUSTS IN THE AIR. 06:11.571 --> 06:12.972 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 06:12.972 --> 06:14.574 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BATS ARE ABLE TO DO THIS SO 06:14.574 --> 06:16.275 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELL, WE HAVE TO HAVE SOME WAY 06:16.275 --> 06:17.577 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF PROVIDING A GUST TO THE 06:17.577 --> 06:18.778 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANIMAL IN THE LAB AND THEN 06:18.778 --> 06:20.980 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEEING WHAT IT DOES IN DETAIL. 06:20.980 --> 06:22.782 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE HAVE TWO SETS OF LASER 06:22.782 --> 06:24.984 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CROSS BEAMS HERE SO WHEN THE BAT 06:24.984 --> 06:26.386 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLIES THROUGH, THE BAT BREAKS 06:26.386 --> 06:28.488 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE LASER BEAMS SENDING A 06:28.488 --> 06:30.890 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRIGGER SIGNAL, IT DELIVERS A 06:30.890 --> 06:32.392 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PUFF OF AIR AND WE CAN CAPTURE 06:32.392 --> 06:34.694 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT FROM HIGH SPEED VIDEO FROM 06:34.694 --> 06:35.495 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOVE AND BELOW. 06:35.495 --> 06:37.797 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WE FIND THAT EVEN REALLY 06:37.797 --> 06:40.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STRONG GUSTS OF WIND, THEY 06:40.600 --> 06:42.602 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RECOVER STABILITY IN LESS THAN A 06:42.602 --> 06:44.203 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SINGLE WING BEAT SO WHAT WE ARE 06:44.203 --> 06:45.204 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TRYING TO UNDERSTAND NOW IS WHAT 06:45.204 --> 06:46.806 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE THE MECHANISMS THAT THEY USE 06:46.806 --> 06:49.609 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO RECOVER SO QUICKLY. 06:49.609 --> 06:50.710 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT IS IT ABOUT THE PROPERTIES 06:50.710 --> 06:52.111 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE BODY AND THE WING THAT 06:52.111 --> 06:55.014 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MIGHT RETURN CONTROL PASSIVELY 06:55.014 --> 06:59.619 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND HOW MUCH IS ACTIVE. 06:59.619 --> 07:01.220 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE ABILITY TO DO THESE 07:01.220 --> 07:03.923 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EXPERIMENTS REALLY GIVE US A 07:03.923 --> 07:05.725 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNIQUE INSIGHT OF HOW THESE 07:05.725 --> 07:07.527 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANIMALS MOVE AND MANEUVER AND 07:07.527 --> 07:08.828 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW THEY EVOLVE. 07:08.828 --> 07:10.029 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT IS THE EVOLUTION OF FLIGHT 07:10.029 --> 07:11.130 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN MAMMALS. 07:11.130 --> 07:13.032 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> I THINK IF WE UNDERSTAND 07:13.032 --> 07:15.234 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENOUGH HOW FLIGHT WORKS THAT WE 07:15.234 --> 07:17.036 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN LOOK AT THE ORIGIN AND 07:17.036 --> 07:18.337 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DIVERSIFY INDICATION OF BAT 07:18.337 --> 07:18.738 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLIGHT. 07:18.738 --> 07:20.740 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO BEAUTIFUL EVOLUTIONARY 07:20.740 --> 07:22.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LABORATORY. 07:22.442 --> 07:27.647 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I LOVE THOSE MOMENTS WHERE YOU 07:27.647 --> 07:28.848 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RECORDED SOMETHING THAT NO ONE 07:28.848 --> 07:31.451 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAS SEEN BEFORE, A MOMENT OF 07:31.451 --> 07:33.152 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INSIGHT INTO THE NATURAL WORLD. 07:33.152 --> 07:35.154 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT DOESN'T MATTER HOW TINY IT 07:35.154 --> 07:36.255 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS. 07:36.255 --> 07:39.158 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS NOTHING LIKE THAT. 07:39.158 --> 07:40.960 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> QUESTIONS ARE A HOT TOP NICK 07:40.960 --> 07:42.862 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPORTS TODAY-- CONCUSSIONS ARE A 07:42.862 --> 07:44.464 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOT TOPIC IN SPORTS TODAY, 07:44.464 --> 07:45.465 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ESPECIALLY IN THE NATIONAL 07:45.465 --> 07:46.065 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOOTBALL LEAGUE. 07:46.065 --> 07:47.767 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTISTS KNOW SEVERE 07:47.767 --> 07:49.268 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COLLISIONS CAN DAMAGE THE BRAIN 07:49.268 --> 07:51.671 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT A NEW AREA OF REFER IS 07:51.671 --> 07:53.372 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GIVING HOPE TO ATHLETES. 07:53.372 --> 07:55.374 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENETIC TESTING MAY BE ABLE TO 07:55.374 --> 07:56.476 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHOW WHEN PLAYERS ARE MORE 07:56.476 --> 07:58.377 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKELY TO GET A CONCUSSION. 07:58.377 --> 07:59.979 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 07:59.979 --> 08:01.380 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THINKING ABOUT IT NOT JUST IN 08:01.380 --> 08:03.683 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE CONTEXT OF NFL PLAYERS BUT 08:03.683 --> 08:05.685 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LITTLE LEAGUE SOCCER KIDS AND 08:05.685 --> 08:06.786 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOTS OF THINGS. 08:06.786 --> 08:08.988 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS THERE SOMETHING IN US THAT 08:08.988 --> 08:11.891 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAKES US WORSE OFF IF WE GET A 08:11.891 --> 08:12.391 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONCUSSION? 08:12.391 --> 08:14.994 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WELL, IT'S STILL EARLY ON IN 08:14.994 --> 08:16.896 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESEARCH IN TERMS OF THE GENES. 08:16.896 --> 08:18.197 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO IDENTIFY 08:18.197 --> 08:18.898 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOME THINGS. 08:18.898 --> 08:22.201 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIRST THING WE NEED TO DO IS 08:22.201 --> 08:23.703 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNDERSTAND WHAT A CONCUSSION IS. 08:23.703 --> 08:25.304 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE BRAIN HITS THE INSIDE OF THE 08:25.304 --> 08:25.705 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SKULL. 08:25.705 --> 08:27.206 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT HAPPENS IS THE BRAIN CELLS, 08:27.206 --> 08:29.609 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE NEURONS ACT ERRATICALLY AND 08:29.609 --> 08:31.711 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEND ELECTRICAL CHEMICALS GOING 08:31.711 --> 08:32.712 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN ONE DIRECTION AND THEN 08:32.712 --> 08:33.312 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANOTHER. 08:33.312 --> 08:34.413 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE CAN EXAMINE THE DIFFERENT 08:34.413 --> 08:35.915 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TYPES OF GENES THAT LOOK AT OR 08:35.915 --> 08:37.316 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MODIFY THOSE SIGNALS. 08:37.316 --> 08:38.518 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S THE FIRST THING THAT THEY 08:38.518 --> 08:38.818 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DO. 08:38.818 --> 08:40.019 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE OTHER THING WE CAN DO IS 08:40.019 --> 08:42.522 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOOK AT THE GENES AND SEE HOW 08:42.522 --> 08:43.422 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELL THEY PREPARE. 08:43.422 --> 08:44.724 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S THE SMOKING GUN THEY'VE 08:44.724 --> 08:45.124 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOUND. 08:45.124 --> 08:47.627 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY FOUND GENE CALLED THE 08:47.627 --> 08:50.730 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A.P.O.E. THAT IT SEEMS TO CHANGE 08:50.730 --> 08:53.232 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW FAST OR IT SLOWS DOWN HOW 08:53.232 --> 08:54.934 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FAST IT WILL REPAIR. 08:54.934 --> 08:56.235 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND THAT SEEMS TO BE THE SMOKING 08:56.235 --> 08:56.636 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GUN. 08:56.636 --> 08:57.937 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY SEE THAT IF YOU HAVE A 08:57.937 --> 09:00.139 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CERTAIN VARIANT OF A.P.O.E., 09:00.139 --> 09:04.443 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT YOU HAVE A TENDENCY FOR 09:04.443 --> 09:05.845 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONCUSSIONS MORE READILY THAN 09:05.845 --> 09:06.245 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OTHER PEOPLE. 09:06.245 --> 09:11.150 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SO IF, MAYBE SOMEWHERE IN THE 09:11.150 --> 09:12.351 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FUTURE ARE WE GOING TO HAVE 09:12.351 --> 09:14.754 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GENETIC TESTS ON BABIES OR 09:14.754 --> 09:15.755 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LITTLE CHILDREN AND WE TELL 09:15.755 --> 09:17.557 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEIR PARENTS, OKAY, THEY HAVE 09:17.557 --> 09:19.058 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS THING, MAKE SURE THEY WEAR 09:19.058 --> 09:20.359 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A HELMET EVERY TOO I AM THEY 09:20.359 --> 09:21.661 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIDE A BICYCLE? 09:21.661 --> 09:23.262 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OR HOW DOES IT WORK? 09:23.262 --> 09:24.864 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> I THINK THAT WILL BE ON THE 09:24.864 --> 09:26.365 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HORIZON FAIRLY SOON. 09:26.365 --> 09:28.067 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S SUSCEPTIBILITY NOT 09:28.067 --> 09:28.868 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DETERMINISTIC. 09:28.868 --> 09:30.770 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT YOU HAVE 09:30.770 --> 09:33.372 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A PROCLIVITY FOR CONCUSSIONS BUT 09:33.372 --> 09:34.273 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU ARE 09:34.273 --> 09:35.675 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEFINITELY GOING TO GET IT. 09:35.675 --> 09:36.776 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE RESEARCH IS STILL VERY 09:36.776 --> 09:37.076 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EARLY. 09:37.076 --> 09:39.378 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO THAT INFORMATION IS USEFUL IF 09:39.378 --> 09:40.680 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU HAVE A SON OR DAUGHTER WHO 09:40.680 --> 09:42.081 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS INTERESTED IN A SPORT WHERE 09:42.081 --> 09:44.083 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE IS SOME KIND OF IMPACT, 09:44.083 --> 09:45.284 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU CAN GET THE TEST AND REALIZE 09:45.284 --> 09:46.786 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OKAY, WELL, YOU KNOW, THIS 09:46.786 --> 09:48.788 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PERSON SHOULDN'T BE HAVING HARD 09:48.788 --> 09:50.189 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMPACTS DURING PRACTICE ALL THE 09:50.189 --> 09:50.990 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TIME. 09:50.990 --> 09:52.291 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT GIVES YOU SOME INFORMATION OF 09:52.291 --> 09:53.893 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW TO MODIFY YOUR PRACTICE 09:53.893 --> 09:53.993 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCHEDULE. 09:53.993 --> 09:55.294 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE 09:55.294 --> 09:56.395 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WHO 09:56.395 --> 09:57.496 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALREADY HAD CONCUSSIONS? 09:57.496 --> 09:59.498 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THEY CAN SAY OKAY, WELL YOU 09:59.498 --> 10:01.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAY HAVE MORE CONCUSSIONS 10:01.000 --> 10:02.902 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BECAUSE YOU HAVE THIS GENE AND 10:02.902 --> 10:04.604 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE NERVE CELLS OR BRAIN CELLS 10:04.604 --> 10:05.905 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ARE NOT ABLE TO REPAIR AS 10:05.905 --> 10:07.206 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUICKLY BUT IT DOESN'T DO 10:07.206 --> 10:07.907 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANYTHING IN TERMS OF THE 10:07.907 --> 10:08.708 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SYMPTOMS. 10:08.708 --> 10:09.809 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S JUST GIVING YOU INFORMATION 10:09.809 --> 10:11.110 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT THIS MIGHT HAPPEN. 10:11.110 --> 10:12.712 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> EVEN IF WE COULD PUT HELMETS 10:12.712 --> 10:15.314 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON PLAYERS THAT DETECT EXACTLY 10:15.314 --> 10:16.415 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT KIND OF FORCE THEY HAVE 10:16.415 --> 10:18.217 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BEEN HIT BY, THERE IS STILL A 10:18.217 --> 10:20.119 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BIG CULTURAL HURDLE WE HAVE TO 10:20.119 --> 10:21.621 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OVERCOME TO SAY OKAY, THIS IS 10:21.621 --> 10:22.822 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ACTUALLY GOOD INFORMATION THAT 10:22.822 --> 10:23.623 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU SHOULD HAVE. 10:23.623 --> 10:25.024 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU SHOULD BE MAKING THESE KINDS 10:25.024 --> 10:26.926 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF DECISIONS WITH IT OR 10:26.926 --> 10:28.227 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMETIMES FOR EXAMPLE, ONE OF 10:28.227 --> 10:30.830 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE PROBLEMS AT THE NFL LEVEL OR 10:30.830 --> 10:32.131 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COLLEGE FOOTBALL LEVEL IS 10:32.131 --> 10:33.232 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COLLEGE ATHLETE MIGHT NOT WANT 10:33.232 --> 10:34.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO PUT THIS ON BECAUSE IF IT 10:34.533 --> 10:35.835 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOOKS LIKE THEY HAVE TWO STRIKES 10:35.835 --> 10:37.637 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AGAINST THEM, THEN TEAM MIGHT 10:37.637 --> 10:39.639 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NOT DRAFT THAT GUY, RIGHT? 10:39.639 --> 10:41.040 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> YOU RAISE A GOOD QUESTION. 10:41.040 --> 10:42.341 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE INFORMATION IS GOOD BUT ALSO 10:42.341 --> 10:43.643 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S IN A CONTEXT. 10:43.643 --> 10:44.343 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHO KNOWS. 10:44.343 --> 10:45.645 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF YOU ARE A FOOTBALL PLAYER AND 10:45.645 --> 10:47.747 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY FIND YOU HAVE THIS GENE, 10:47.747 --> 10:48.948 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOUR HEALTH COVERAGE MIGHT 10:48.948 --> 10:49.248 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CHANGE. 10:49.248 --> 10:50.249 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT 10:50.249 --> 10:51.550 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRIVACY ISSUES AND THE LIKE. 10:51.550 --> 10:52.551 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS. 10:52.551 --> 10:54.253 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO SCIENTISTS ARE LOOKING TO SEE 10:54.253 --> 10:55.855 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT CAUSES A CONCUSSION AND 10:55.855 --> 10:57.156 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM 10:57.156 --> 10:57.556 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HEALING. 10:57.556 --> 10:58.758 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S ONE PART. 10:58.758 --> 11:00.459 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT PUTTING IT IN CONTEXT ABOUT 11:00.459 --> 11:01.560 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOW WE CHANGE PRACTICE 11:01.560 --> 11:04.163 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCHEDULES, HOW, YOU KNOW, IF YOU 11:04.163 --> 11:06.365 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GET DRAFTED, THOSE ARE THE 11:06.365 --> 11:09.669 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONSEQUENCES AS A RESULT OF THAT 11:09.669 --> 11:09.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INFORMATION. 11:09.969 --> 11:14.173 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AINISSA RAMIREZ, THANK YOU 11:14.173 --> 11:14.674 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VERY MUCH. 11:14.674 --> 11:21.213 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THANK YOU. 11:21.213 --> 11:21.614 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 11:21.614 --> 12:12.765 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 12:12.765 --> 12:13.165 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 12:13.165 --> 12:14.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ♪7 12:14.266 --> 12:27.079 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IT'S NOT A PROBLEM WE HAVE 12:27.079 --> 12:27.980 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HERE IN CENTRAL NEW YORK. 12:27.980 --> 12:28.881 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE HAVE LOTS OF WATER. 12:28.881 --> 12:30.082 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY 12:30.082 --> 12:31.083 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DON'T. 12:31.083 --> 12:32.485 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING WHICH 12:32.485 --> 12:34.386 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAY WATER TRAVELS IN AREAS PRONE 12:34.386 --> 12:35.888 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO DROUGHT, NOT ONLY ABOVE 12:35.888 --> 12:37.490 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND BUT BELOW. 12:37.490 --> 12:39.391 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ONE OF THE PROBLEMS IS THAT 12:39.391 --> 12:44.897 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TEXAS IS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA, 12:44.897 --> 12:46.198 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PARTICULARLY THE WESTERN PART. 12:46.198 --> 12:47.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND THERE ARE INCREASED DEMANDS 12:47.500 --> 12:49.902 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOR THE WATER, LIMITED RESOURCES 12:49.902 --> 12:52.304 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND SO IT'S BECOME VERY 12:52.304 --> 12:54.507 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 12:54.507 --> 12:56.308 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE 12:56.308 --> 12:57.910 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER, GROUND WATER, THE 12:57.910 --> 13:00.412 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEMANDS, RIVER FLOWS, SPRING 13:00.412 --> 13:02.515 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLOWS AND WE HAVE BEEN WORKING 13:02.515 --> 13:04.016 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON DIFFERENT STUDIES IN ORDER TO 13:04.016 --> 13:05.518 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOOK AT THAT. 13:05.518 --> 13:07.319 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND IN PARTICULAR, WE'VE JUST 13:07.319 --> 13:09.121 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FINISHED A STUDY ON THE DEVIL'S 13:09.121 --> 13:11.323 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIVER WHICH IS IN A VERY, YOU 13:11.323 --> 13:13.726 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% KNOW, CHALLENGING AREA BECAUSE 13:13.726 --> 13:15.027 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE LIMITED AMOUNT OF 13:15.027 --> 13:16.729 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PRECIPITATION AND THE DEMANDS 13:16.729 --> 13:18.230 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT ARE BEING PLACED UPON THOSE 13:18.230 --> 13:19.431 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER RESOURCES. 13:19.431 --> 13:22.234 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THIS IS A MAP OF SOUTH 13:22.234 --> 13:24.837 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CENTRAL TEXAS, AND WHAT WE ARE 13:24.837 --> 13:26.338 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT 13:26.338 --> 13:28.140 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATERSHEDS. 13:28.140 --> 13:30.042 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOME GO OFF INTO THE COLORADO 13:30.042 --> 13:33.546 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIVER, OFF TO EAST TEXAS. 13:33.546 --> 13:37.249 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE REST OF THOSE FUNNEL DOWN TO 13:37.249 --> 13:39.251 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE RIO GRANDE. 13:39.251 --> 13:42.354 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WHAT I SEE IS AT THE CENTER 13:42.354 --> 13:45.057 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THIS IMAGE IS THE DEVIL'S 13:45.057 --> 13:45.457 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIVER. 13:45.457 --> 13:48.060 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU SEE THE LOWER PECOS. 13:48.060 --> 13:49.562 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND IF YOU LOOK AT ALL THE WATER 13:49.562 --> 13:51.764 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT IS DISCHARGED OUT OF THE 13:51.764 --> 13:56.068 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESERVOIR, ABOUT ONE THIRD OF IT 13:56.068 --> 14:01.874 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS RECHARGED OUT OF BELVERDE 14:01.874 --> 14:02.274 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COUNTY. 14:02.274 --> 14:03.375 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOST OF THAT COMES OUT OF 14:03.375 --> 14:04.777 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVIL'S RIVER. 14:04.777 --> 14:06.979 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVEN THOUGH THE WATERSHED LOOKS 14:06.979 --> 14:08.681 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RATHER SMALL RELATIVE TO SOME OF 14:08.681 --> 14:10.583 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE OTHER WATERSHEDS, IT 14:10.583 --> 14:12.384 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROVIDES 15 TO 20% OF ALL THE 14:12.384 --> 14:14.186 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 14:14.186 --> 14:15.888 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> GREEN PROVIDES AN INTERESTING 14:15.888 --> 14:17.289 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GRAPHIC TO DEMONSTRATE THE 14:17.289 --> 14:18.591 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REGION'S RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 14:18.591 --> 14:20.693 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROCK AND THE FLOW PATHS OF 14:20.693 --> 14:21.694 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND WATER. 14:21.694 --> 14:24.697 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AN EASY WAY TO VISUALIZE THIS 14:24.697 --> 14:29.401 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS PIPES AND A SPONGE. 14:29.401 --> 14:33.105 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE ROCK IS A SPONGE, THESE FLOW 14:33.105 --> 14:34.306 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATHS ARE PIPES. 14:34.306 --> 14:35.808 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO WE'VE PLACED THEM ALONG SOME 14:35.808 --> 14:39.011 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF THE MAJOR TRIBUTARIES IN THE 14:39.011 --> 14:40.512 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVIL'S RIVER AS SHOWN IN THIS 14:40.512 --> 14:40.913 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GRAPHIC. 14:40.913 --> 14:42.314 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO IF YOU HAPPEN TO PUT IN A 14:42.314 --> 14:43.515 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELL THAT'S CLOSE TO ONE OF 14:43.515 --> 14:45.117 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE PIPES, YOU ARE GOING TO DO 14:45.117 --> 14:46.418 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VERY WELL. 14:46.418 --> 14:49.622 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF YOU HAPPEN TO PUT IN A WELL 14:49.622 --> 14:50.623 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AWAY FROM THE PIPES, YOU ARE 14:50.623 --> 14:52.424 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GOING TO BE LUCKY TO GET A FEW 14:52.424 --> 14:53.425 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GALLONS A MINUTE. 14:53.425 --> 14:56.528 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND SO THAT'S WHAT THIS GRAPHIC 14:56.528 --> 14:58.330 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHOWS, PIPES AND A SPONGE. 14:58.330 --> 14:59.732 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WHAT HAPPENS WHEN TOO MANY 14:59.732 --> 15:01.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELLS ARE PUMPING WATER FROM THE 15:01.333 --> 15:02.735 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND IN THE AREA? 15:02.735 --> 15:06.238 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE CONCERN IS WHETHER THERE 15:06.238 --> 15:08.741 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS GOING TO BE ANY IMPACT FROM 15:08.741 --> 15:11.043 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FUTURE WATER RESOURCE DECISIONS. 15:11.043 --> 15:17.650 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND BY THAT I MEAN THERE ARE 15:17.650 --> 15:19.051 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOME THOUGHTS OF PUTTING IN SOME 15:19.051 --> 15:20.552 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WELL FIELDS IN ORDER TO 15:20.552 --> 15:21.353 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INTERCEPT SOME OF THE GROUND 15:21.353 --> 15:23.055 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER AND USE IT WHEREVER THE 15:23.055 --> 15:24.256 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEED MAY BE. 15:24.256 --> 15:25.257 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT MAY BE LOCALLY. 15:25.257 --> 15:28.761 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT MAY BE AT SOME DISTANCE WHERE 15:28.761 --> 15:30.863 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY NEED PIPELINES. 15:30.863 --> 15:33.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE CONCERN IS AT WHAT POINT 15:33.866 --> 15:35.367 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOES THAT GROUND WATER PUMPING 15:35.367 --> 15:37.069 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMPACT THE RIVER? 15:37.069 --> 15:39.271 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND THAT'S A HARD QUESTION TO 15:39.271 --> 15:39.872 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANSWER. 15:39.872 --> 15:41.473 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON IT SINCE 15:41.473 --> 15:43.976 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT 2009. 15:43.976 --> 15:45.778 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND WE'VE MADE SOME PROGRESS IN 15:45.778 --> 15:47.379 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE LAST FEW YEARS AND WE DID 15:47.379 --> 15:49.782 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT BY DEVELOPING GROUND WATER 15:49.782 --> 15:51.784 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MODEL, A COMPUTER MODEL AND A 15:51.784 --> 15:53.185 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SURFACE WATER MODEL. 15:53.185 --> 15:55.888 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT WE BASE THAT ON A LOT OF 15:55.888 --> 15:57.089 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNDERGROUND WORK. 15:57.089 --> 15:59.892 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'VE LOOKED AT THE CHEMISTRY OF 15:59.892 --> 16:01.994 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE WATER THAT TELLS YOU A LOT 16:01.994 --> 16:03.295 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ABOUT WHERE THE GROUND WATER 16:03.295 --> 16:04.697 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GOES, HOW IT FLOWS. 16:04.697 --> 16:07.199 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'VE DONE SUBSURFACE IMAGING 16:07.199 --> 16:10.803 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% USING GEOPHYSICS WHERE WE TRY TO 16:10.803 --> 16:12.104 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ROCK LOOKS 16:12.104 --> 16:13.605 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKE, PARTICULARLY NEAR THE 16:13.605 --> 16:14.506 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIVERS. 16:14.506 --> 16:17.009 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'VE LOOKED AT HYDRAULICS, 16:17.009 --> 16:18.811 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHICH IS THE CAPACITY OF WELLS 16:18.811 --> 16:19.611 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THE AREA. 16:19.611 --> 16:22.414 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> GREEN AND OTHER SCIENTISTS AT 16:22.414 --> 16:24.416 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOUTHWEST INSTITUTE COMBINE THE 16:24.416 --> 16:25.818 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DATA FROM SURFACE WATER AND 16:25.818 --> 16:27.619 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND WATER TO CREATE A NEW 16:27.619 --> 16:29.621 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NUMERICAL MODEL THAT CAN ANALYZE 16:29.621 --> 16:32.124 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND PREDICT WATER AVAILABILITY 16:32.124 --> 16:32.825 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THE REGION. 16:32.825 --> 16:35.027 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS PICTURE SHOWS HOW THE 16:35.027 --> 16:40.332 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NUMERICAL MODEL WAS ASSEMBLED. 16:40.332 --> 16:42.534 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO ON THE LEFT YOU SEE SORT OF A 16:42.534 --> 16:44.837 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATTERN THAT LOOKS LIKE LEAF OF 16:44.837 --> 16:47.539 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A TREE AND YOU SEE ALL THESE 16:47.539 --> 16:49.641 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONDUITS THAT HAVE BEEN PLACED 16:49.641 --> 16:51.944 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN THE MODEL THAT HAVE 16:51.944 --> 16:53.946 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PREFERENTIAL FLOW, ALLOWING 16:53.946 --> 16:56.148 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FASTER GROUND WATER FLOW. 16:56.148 --> 16:58.250 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEN ON THE RIGHT, YOU SEE THE 16:58.250 --> 16:59.551 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REST OF THE MODEL AND THAT 16:59.551 --> 17:05.557 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% INCLUDES THE ROCK MATRIX. 17:05.557 --> 17:07.259 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S WHAT WE CALL THE SPONGE, 17:07.259 --> 17:09.361 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE CONDUITS ARE WHAT WE CALL 17:09.361 --> 17:10.763 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE PIPES AND WHEN WE COUPLE 17:10.763 --> 17:13.465 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THOSE TOGETHER WITH GROUND WATER 17:13.465 --> 17:15.768 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND SURFACE WATER, WE HAVE A 17:15.768 --> 17:17.970 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% REGARDS INTRICATE COUPLE MODEL 17:17.970 --> 17:19.872 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT BOTH 17:19.872 --> 17:21.373 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SURFACE AND GROUND WATER. 17:21.373 --> 17:24.376 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NOW WE UNDERSTAND A FAIR BIT 17:24.376 --> 17:27.479 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BETTER, YOU KNOW, HOW THESE TWO 17:27.479 --> 17:29.681 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATER COURSES, SURFACE WATER AND 17:29.681 --> 17:31.583 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND WATER INTERACT OUT IN 17:31.583 --> 17:35.287 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS AREA AND, YOU KNOW, WE 17:35.287 --> 17:38.690 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HAVE, I THINK, DEVELOPED A GOOD 17:38.690 --> 17:41.093 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOOL IN ORDER TO HELP MANAGE THE 17:41.093 --> 17:43.896 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESOURCES AS WE GO FORWARD. 17:43.896 --> 17:45.898 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> WILDFIRES CREATE PLENTY OF 17:45.898 --> 17:47.299 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DAMAGE ON THEIR OWN BUT WHAT 17:47.299 --> 17:48.801 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMES AFTER CAN ALSO BE 17:48.801 --> 17:49.802 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVASTATING. 17:49.802 --> 17:52.504 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AFTER THE FIRE OBLITERATES TREES 17:52.504 --> 17:54.406 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND BRUSH, A HEAVY RAIN CAN 17:54.406 --> 17:56.508 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BRING MUD AND ROCKS ROARING DOWN 17:56.508 --> 17:57.910 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HILLSIDES AT 40 MILES PER HOUR. 17:57.910 --> 17:59.211 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN CALIFORNIA EMERGENCY 17:59.211 --> 18:00.813 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESPONDERS AND THE U.S. 18:00.813 --> 18:03.015 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ARE TRYING TO 18:03.015 --> 18:04.216 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIGURE OUT THE BEST WAY TO 18:04.216 --> 18:08.420 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESPOND TO MUD SLIDES. 18:08.420 --> 18:10.122 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> DECEMBER 2017 SOUTHERN 18:10.122 --> 18:11.924 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CALIFORNIA FELL VICTIM TO THE 18:11.924 --> 18:14.026 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WORST WILDFIRE EVER RECORDED IN 18:14.026 --> 18:15.527 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STATE HISTORY. 18:15.527 --> 18:18.130 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE THOMAS FIRE BURNED NEARLY 18:18.130 --> 18:20.032 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 300,000 ACRES SCORCHING 18:20.032 --> 18:21.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVERYTHING IN ITS PATH ALL THE 18:21.333 --> 18:25.337 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAY FROM VENTURA COUNTY TO SANTA 18:25.337 --> 18:27.239 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BARBARA COUNTY. 18:27.239 --> 18:29.341 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NO SOONER WERE CALIFORNIANS OUT 18:29.341 --> 18:33.045 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF HARM WAY FROM THE DEVASTATING 18:33.045 --> 18:36.448 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BLAZE, MOTHER NATURE DEALT 18:36.448 --> 18:38.050 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ANOTHER BLOW, PARTLY CLOUDY 18:38.050 --> 18:39.852 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SLIDES INTO THE MONTECITO 18:39.852 --> 18:43.055 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NEIGHBORHOOD OF SANTA BARBARA 18:43.055 --> 18:44.556 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COUNTY BECAUSE OF THE SCORCHED 18:44.556 --> 18:45.557 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EARTH FROM THE FIRE. 18:45.557 --> 18:47.659 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 21 PEOPLE DIED IN THE DISASTER. 18:47.659 --> 18:50.262 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MORE THAN 300 HOMES DAMAGED AND 18:50.262 --> 18:52.364 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PART OF ONE OF CALIFORNIA'S 18:52.364 --> 18:54.967 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUSIEST HIGHWAYS, 101 WAS SHUT 18:54.967 --> 18:58.370 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOWN FOR NEARLY TWO WEEKS. 18:58.370 --> 19:01.273 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% KATE SCHARER IS A GEOLOGIST AND 19:01.273 --> 19:02.574 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PART OF THE RESPONSE TEAM THAT 19:02.574 --> 19:04.576 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AIDED IN THE RESCUE EFFORT AND 19:04.576 --> 19:06.378 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HELPED WITH DAMAGE SURVEILLANCE 19:06.378 --> 19:07.479 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND ASSESSMENT. 19:07.479 --> 19:10.582 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHE MET HER OUT HERE AT A DEBRIS 19:10.582 --> 19:14.186 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BASIN IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY 19:14.186 --> 19:15.787 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE SAN 19:15.787 --> 19:17.689 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GABRIEL MOUNTAINS IN DECEMBER 19:17.689 --> 19:19.992 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PARTS WERE SCORCHED FROM WHAT 19:19.992 --> 19:22.895 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAS KNOWN IS AT CREEK FIRE. 19:22.895 --> 19:23.996 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE MATERIAL YOU CAN SEE ON 19:23.996 --> 19:26.098 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE LANDSCAPE IS THE DEBRIS 19:26.098 --> 19:28.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLOW, A COMMON WORD USED TO 19:28.300 --> 19:29.701 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DESCRIBE THAT IS A MUD SWELL. 19:29.701 --> 19:32.304 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE LIKE TO USE THE TERM DEBRIS 19:32.304 --> 19:34.006 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FLOW BECAUSE IT CONTAINS MUD 19:34.006 --> 19:36.608 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM THE SOIL, THE BIG ROCKS, 19:36.608 --> 19:38.510 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TREES, BIG CHUNKS OF THE BEDROCK 19:38.510 --> 19:40.412 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OR HILL SLOPE THAT GETS 19:40.412 --> 19:42.314 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENTRAINED IN THE FLOWS AS THEY 19:42.314 --> 19:43.115 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GO DOWNHILL. 19:43.115 --> 19:45.617 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE REASON WE SAY DEBRIS FLOW IS 19:45.617 --> 19:47.319 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT IT IS A HUGE VARIETY OF 19:47.319 --> 19:48.720 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MATERIAL THAT COMES DOWN, NOT 19:48.720 --> 19:49.121 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% JUST MUD. 19:49.121 --> 19:50.322 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IS THAT WHAT CAUSES THE 19:50.322 --> 19:51.023 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEVASTATION? 19:51.023 --> 19:53.225 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IS IT THE VELOCITY AND THE 19:53.225 --> 19:57.129 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VIOLENCE OF THE FLOW, OR IS IT 19:57.129 --> 19:57.629 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SOMETHING ELSE? 19:57.629 --> 19:59.631 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> IT'S CERTAINLY THE VELOCITY 19:59.631 --> 20:00.132 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF IT. 20:00.132 --> 20:01.934 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEBRIS FLOWS CAN MOVE AS FAST AS 20:01.934 --> 20:03.135 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 30 TO 40 MILES PER HOUR. 20:03.135 --> 20:05.037 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF YOU THINK OF OURS DRIVING IN 20:05.037 --> 20:06.438 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A CAR AT THAT SPEED, YOU 20:06.438 --> 20:07.639 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WOULDN'T WANT TO HIT ANYBODY, 20:07.639 --> 20:08.140 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIGHT? 20:08.140 --> 20:09.241 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHEN YOU ENVISION THAT YOU CAN 20:09.241 --> 20:11.944 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TAKE ALL THE MATERIAL IN THE 20:11.944 --> 20:13.645 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LANDSCAPE AND HAVE IT MOVE THAT 20:13.645 --> 20:16.148 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUICKLY IN A FLURRY THAT HAS THE 20:16.148 --> 20:18.550 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CONCENTRATION OF LIKE CEMENT, 20:18.550 --> 20:20.552 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOR EXAMPLE, AND IT'S MOVING 20:20.552 --> 20:22.154 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT FAST, IT CAN TAKE YOU OUT 20:22.154 --> 20:22.754 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VERY QUICKLY. 20:22.754 --> 20:24.556 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> SHE EXPLAINS THE CHARRED 20:24.556 --> 20:26.358 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HILLS ARE EXACTLY LIKE THE 20:26.358 --> 20:28.060 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HILLSIDES IN MONTECITO AFTER THE 20:28.060 --> 20:29.361 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THOMAS FIRE. 20:29.361 --> 20:31.063 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE INFERNO BURNED ALL THE 20:31.063 --> 20:33.465 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIVING AND DEAD VEGETATION THAT 20:33.465 --> 20:35.167 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SHELTERED THE SOIL, THE LANDS 20:35.167 --> 20:37.269 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUICKLY ERODED BECAUSE THERE WAS 20:37.269 --> 20:38.870 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NO PROTECTIVE SHIELD. 20:38.870 --> 20:40.572 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> YOU CAN SEE WHERE THERE USED 20:40.572 --> 20:41.974 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO BE VEGETATION BEFORE THE FIRE 20:41.974 --> 20:43.675 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND THE VEGETATION, ALL OF THE 20:43.675 --> 20:45.077 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROOTS THAT GO IN, THE SMALLER 20:45.077 --> 20:47.179 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLANTS BURNED UP, THE ROOTS GO 20:47.179 --> 20:48.780 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IN AND LOCK THE SOIL INTO THE 20:48.780 --> 20:49.581 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BEDROCK. 20:49.581 --> 20:51.183 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ONCE YOU HAVE THIS BURN, THE 20:51.183 --> 20:52.884 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ROOTS THAT ACT LIKE THE STAPLES 20:52.884 --> 20:53.986 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT HOLD THE SOIL INTO THE 20:53.986 --> 20:55.887 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GROUND ARE ALL GONE AND SO FOR 20:55.887 --> 20:57.489 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TWO TO FIVE YEARS AFTER ONE OF 20:57.489 --> 20:59.091 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THESE FIRES, YOU CAN EXPECT THAT 20:59.091 --> 21:00.792 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF THE RIGHT KIND OF RAIN STORM 21:00.792 --> 21:02.294 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMES THROUGH, MATERIAL WILL GET 21:02.294 --> 21:05.998 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOBILIZED AND THIS THIN VENEER 21:05.998 --> 21:07.799 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF SOIL AND RUBBLE WILL GET 21:07.799 --> 21:09.501 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOBILIZED AND COME DOWN IN A 21:09.501 --> 21:09.901 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FREE FLOW. 21:09.901 --> 21:11.503 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THERE IS NO WAY TO QUICKLY 21:11.503 --> 21:14.106 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GET AWAY FROM THIS ONCE THE LAND 21:14.106 --> 21:15.707 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STARTS CRUMBLING DOWN. 21:15.707 --> 21:16.708 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S CORRECT. 21:16.708 --> 21:17.809 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THE DESCRIPTIONS YOU HEAR 21:17.809 --> 21:19.311 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FROM PEOPLE THAT IT SOUNDS LIKE 21:19.311 --> 21:21.213 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A FREIGHT TRAIN COMING AT YOU. 21:21.213 --> 21:22.914 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SO YOU CAN ENVISION, YOU HAVE 21:22.914 --> 21:25.917 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BOULDERS OUT IN THE AREA THAT 21:25.917 --> 21:27.619 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WERE TWO METERS HIGH. 21:27.619 --> 21:30.722 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT'S TALLER THAN ME. 21:30.722 --> 21:31.923 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> YOU'RE SIX FEET TALL. 21:31.923 --> 21:34.226 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> AND THOSE THINGS WERE COMING 21:34.226 --> 21:37.329 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOWN WITH THE VELOCITY OF 21:37.329 --> 21:38.330 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 40 MILES PER HOUR. 21:38.330 --> 21:40.032 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE EQUIVALENT OF A TRUCK COMING 21:40.032 --> 21:40.632 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AT YOU. 21:40.632 --> 21:42.434 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I HAVE NOT SEEN A DEBRIS FLOW 21:42.434 --> 21:43.935 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS BAD WITHIN 20 YEARS. 21:43.935 --> 21:45.537 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> JANIS HERNANDEZ IS WITH THE 21:45.537 --> 21:47.239 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND 21:47.239 --> 21:48.740 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WAS PART OF THE TEAM IN 21:48.740 --> 21:50.542 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MONTECITO HELPING EMERGENCY 21:50.542 --> 21:51.943 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RESPONDERS AND DOCUMENTING THE 21:51.943 --> 21:54.346 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PATH OF THE DEBRIS FLOW AND MUD 21:54.346 --> 21:54.546 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SLIDE. 21:54.546 --> 21:56.648 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> FREE FLOWS ARE CHARACTERIZED 21:56.648 --> 21:59.251 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AS SEDIMENT, ROCK, WOODED 21:59.251 --> 22:02.054 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEBRIS, MATERIALS, AIR, WATER 22:02.054 --> 22:03.455 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT GETS ENTRAINED AND 22:03.455 --> 22:06.158 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOBILIZED IN A RAPID DEPOSIT 22:06.158 --> 22:07.959 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT COMES BARRELING DOWN THE 22:07.959 --> 22:10.462 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CANYONS AT A RAPID PACE AND AS 22:10.462 --> 22:12.464 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIS MATERIAL WORKS ITS WAY DOWN 22:12.464 --> 22:13.965 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE SLOPES, IT'S PICKING UP 22:13.965 --> 22:14.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% STUFF. 22:14.266 --> 22:15.767 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE CALL IT ENTRAINING. 22:15.767 --> 22:16.968 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT'S PICKING UP STUFF FROM THE 22:16.968 --> 22:17.969 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SIDES, FROM THE FRONT. 22:17.969 --> 22:19.471 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND IT'S JUST MAKING THE MASS 22:19.471 --> 22:20.472 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EVEN GREATER. 22:20.472 --> 22:22.174 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF, AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CANYON 22:22.174 --> 22:24.576 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE HAVE A DEBRIS BASIN DOWN 22:24.576 --> 22:29.681 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE, IT'S SUPPOSED TO CATCH 22:29.681 --> 22:31.083 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE LIGHTER MATERIAL TO FLOW OUT 22:31.083 --> 22:31.583 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF IT. 22:31.583 --> 22:33.685 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% BUT IN THE CASE AFTER A FIRE, 22:33.685 --> 22:35.387 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THERE WAS JUST TOO MUCH MATERIAL 22:35.387 --> 22:37.789 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO COME DOWN AND THE BASIN 22:37.789 --> 22:39.491 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FILLED UP AND OVER TOPPED AND 22:39.491 --> 22:41.026 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL THAT MATERIAL WAS SPILLING 22:41.026 --> 22:42.227 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OUT INTO THE NEIGHBORHOODS 22:42.227 --> 22:43.328 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UNCONTROLLABLY. 22:43.328 --> 22:45.530 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IF YOU HAPPEN TO BE HOPE, YOU 22:45.530 --> 22:50.035 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOST LIKELY WILL BE PART OF THAT 22:50.035 --> 22:50.235 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEPOSIT. 22:50.235 --> 22:51.837 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ENOUGH MATERIAL CAME OUT OF THE 22:51.837 --> 22:53.839 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CANYON TO FILL 300 FOOTBALL 22:53.839 --> 22:54.039 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIELDS. 22:54.039 --> 22:57.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> NOW THE CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL 22:57.442 --> 22:58.844 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SURVEY IS EDUCATING THE PUBLIC. 22:58.844 --> 23:00.645 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY'VE COMPILED A SAFETY AND 23:00.645 --> 23:02.647 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PREPAREDNESS CHECK LIST FOR ALL 23:02.647 --> 23:03.949 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS AND ANY 23:03.949 --> 23:05.751 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OTHER U.S. RESIDENTS WHO LIVE IN 23:05.751 --> 23:07.352 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PARTS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE THEY 23:07.352 --> 23:09.254 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COULD BE VICTIMS OF WILDFIRES 23:09.254 --> 23:11.456 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THAT COULD LEAD TO MUD SLIDES OR 23:11.456 --> 23:13.658 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEBRIS FLOWS IN THE FUTURE. 23:13.658 --> 23:15.060 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT IS CRITICAL THAT RESIDENTS 23:15.060 --> 23:19.064 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HE'D ALL EVACUATION WARNINGS. 23:19.064 --> 23:21.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SECONDLY, CGS TELLS RESIDENTS TO 23:21.566 --> 23:24.569 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EXPECT DEBRIS FLOWS FOR TWO TO 23:24.569 --> 23:26.171 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FIVE YEARS AFTER A WILDFIRE. 23:26.171 --> 23:27.973 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IT TAKES INTENSE RAIN TYPICALLY 23:27.973 --> 23:30.575 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HALF AN INCH AN HOUR TO TRIGGER 23:30.575 --> 23:32.778 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% A DEBRIS FLOW OR MUD SLIDE. 23:32.778 --> 23:34.679 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THIRDLY MONITOR ALL NATIONAL 23:34.679 --> 23:36.581 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WEATHER SERVICE OR LOCAL WEATHER 23:36.581 --> 23:37.783 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORECASTS FOR FLASH FLOOD 23:37.783 --> 23:40.185 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WATCHES OR FLASH FLOOD WARNINGS 23:40.185 --> 23:41.887 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND IF YOU MUST SHELTER IN 23:41.887 --> 23:43.688 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PLACE, CHOOSE YOUR LOCATION IN 23:43.688 --> 23:45.490 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ADVANCE AND STAY THERE AND FIND 23:45.490 --> 23:46.992 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THE HIGHEST POINT OF SHELTER 23:46.992 --> 23:48.994 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SUCH AS A SECOND STORY OR ROOF 23:48.994 --> 23:49.494 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TOP. 23:49.494 --> 23:51.696 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO HELP WITH THESE LIFE SAVING 23:51.696 --> 23:53.298 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% EFFORTS, GEOLOGISTS ARE 23:53.298 --> 23:55.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COMBINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 23:55.100 --> 23:57.102 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO MAP, THE MOST FIRE DANGER 23:57.102 --> 23:59.504 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ZONES FOR DEBRIS FLOWS, A 23:59.504 --> 24:01.506 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% COLLABORATIVE EFFORT WITH THE 24:01.506 --> 24:04.209 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% U.S.G.S. AND C.G.S. AND OTHER 24:04.209 --> 24:05.911 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TECHNICAL SPECIALIST SUCH AS 24:05.911 --> 24:07.913 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HYDROLOGISTS, ENGINEERS, THE 24:07.913 --> 24:10.315 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% U.S. FOREST SERVICE AND WEATHER 24:10.315 --> 24:11.917 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SERVICE HELPING TO CREATE 24:11.917 --> 24:14.820 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SPECIALIZED LANDSLIDE MAPS THAT 24:14.820 --> 24:16.721 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SCIENTIST TRAP AND MAP THINGS 24:16.721 --> 24:18.924 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LIKE SOIL TEXTURE, BURN SEVERITY 24:18.924 --> 24:20.725 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. 24:20.725 --> 24:23.528 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GEOLOGISTS ARE USING AERIAL 24:23.528 --> 24:26.031 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IMAGERY AND SATELLITE DATA AND L 24:26.031 --> 24:28.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% IDA R, ANOTHER MAPPING TECHNIQUE 24:28.333 --> 24:31.036 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% USING LASER BEAMS FLOWN FROM AN 24:31.036 --> 24:32.237 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AIRPLANE TO COLLECT INFORMATION. 24:32.237 --> 24:33.638 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% THEY CAN SEE THROUGH THINGS LIKE 24:33.638 --> 24:35.040 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TREES, BRUSH AND OTHER 24:35.040 --> 24:36.741 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% VEGETATION AND WITH DIGITAL 24:36.741 --> 24:39.744 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PROCESSING, GET DETAILED IMAGERY 24:39.744 --> 24:41.146 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% OF EVERYTHING ON THE GROUND LIKE 24:41.146 --> 24:43.348 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HOMES, BUILDINGS, CREEKS, 24:43.348 --> 24:45.650 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% RIVERS, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND IT 24:45.650 --> 24:47.352 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN IDENTIFY ANY TYPE OF 24:47.352 --> 24:51.056 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TERRAIN, BE IT ROUGH, HILLY OR 24:51.056 --> 24:51.957 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOUNTAINOUS. 24:51.957 --> 24:55.160 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% HELPING GEOLOGISTS STUDY LAND 24:55.160 --> 25:03.668 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FORMS AS IF THEY'RE UNDER A MY 25:03.668 --> 25:04.669 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MAGNIFYING GLASS. 25:04.669 --> 25:06.171 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> MOTHER NATURE IS GOING TO DO 25:06.171 --> 25:08.573 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHAT MOTHER NATURE DOES. 25:08.573 --> 25:10.275 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% NO VEGETATION, LOOSE SOIL IS 25:10.275 --> 25:11.977 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% JUST A RECIPE FOR DISASTER. 25:11.977 --> 25:13.478 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% YOU BASICALLY GET BURIED BY THE 25:13.478 --> 25:18.783 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DEBRIS. 25:18.783 --> 25:20.285 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> THAT'S IT FOR THIS EDITION OF 25:20.285 --> 25:20.785 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "SCITECH NOW." 25:20.785 --> 25:22.487 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR PROGRAM, 25:22.487 --> 25:24.589 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% JOIN THE CONVERSATION WITH YOUR 25:24.589 --> 25:25.590 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND THOUGHTS 25:25.590 --> 25:26.791 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER. 25:26.791 --> 25:28.093 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I'M SIMON PEREZ. 25:28.093 --> 25:36.201 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% SEE NEXT WEEK ON "SCITECH NOW." 25:36.201 --> 25:37.602 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% >> ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW" 25:37.602 --> 25:39.304 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW TECHNOLOGY 25:39.304 --> 25:42.207 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% CAN SCIENTISTS PREDICT THE SUN'S 25:42.207 --> 25:42.607 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% MOVEMENT. 25:42.607 --> 25:44.109 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% LOOKING FOR LIFE IN OUTER SPACE 25:44.109 --> 25:45.110 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WITHOUT MAKING A MESS. 25:45.110 --> 25:46.411 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WE'LL TAKE YOU TO THE CHURCH 25:46.411 --> 25:47.612 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHERE DURING SERVICE 25:47.612 --> 25:49.114 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% PARISHIONERS ARE ASKED TO PICK 25:49.114 --> 25:50.715 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% UP THEIR PHONES, NOT PUT THEM 25:50.715 --> 25:51.016 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% DOWN. 25:51.016 --> 25:52.317 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% AND CHECK OUT THE SPEED RACERS 25:52.317 --> 25:53.818 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% WHO DON'T EVEN THINK ABOUT USING 25:53.818 --> 25:54.920 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% FOSSIL FUEL. 25:54.920 --> 25:55.487 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% ALL ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW."