1 00:00:00,367 --> 00:00:01,267 >> ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW." 2 00:00:01,267 --> 00:00:02,969 WE INTRODUCE YOU TO THE 3 00:00:02,969 --> 00:00:03,169 SCIENTISTS WHO STUDY THE BALLET 4 00:00:03,169 --> 00:00:04,571 DANCERS OF THE SKY. 5 00:00:04,571 --> 00:00:05,972 BATS. 6 00:00:05,972 --> 00:00:07,574 CONCUSSIONS ARE A HOT TOPIC IN 7 00:00:07,574 --> 00:00:09,275 SPORTS, AND SCIENTISTS ARE 8 00:00:09,275 --> 00:00:11,077 FIGURING OUT WHICH PLAYERS ARE 9 00:00:11,077 --> 00:00:12,579 LIKELY TO GET A CONCUSSION. 10 00:00:12,579 --> 00:00:14,080 SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING WHICH 11 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,182 WAY WATER TRAVELS IN AREAS ROAN 12 00:00:16,182 --> 00:00:17,484 TO DROUGHT AND WHAT IS THE BEST 13 00:00:17,484 --> 00:00:19,285 WAY TO RESPOND TO MUD SLIDES? 14 00:00:19,285 --> 00:00:57,323 ALL ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW." 15 00:00:57,323 --> 00:00:59,225 >> HELLO I'M SIMON PEREZ, 16 00:00:59,225 --> 00:01:00,827 WELCOME TO "SCITECH NOW" OUR 17 00:01:00,827 --> 00:01:02,128 WEEKLY PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE 18 00:01:02,128 --> 00:01:03,830 LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE, 19 00:01:03,830 --> 00:01:05,331 TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION HERE 20 00:01:05,331 --> 00:01:06,232 IN CENTRAL NEW YORK AND ACROSS 21 00:01:06,232 --> 00:01:08,134 THE COUNTRY. 22 00:01:08,134 --> 00:01:09,936 WHEN WE THINK OF GRACE AND 23 00:01:09,936 --> 00:01:12,839 ATHLETICISM, GYMNASTS OR BALLET 24 00:01:12,839 --> 00:01:14,140 DANCERS COME TO MIND. 25 00:01:14,140 --> 00:01:16,242 WEEK MARVEL AT HOW THESE 26 00:01:16,242 --> 00:01:18,044 ATHLETES CONTROL THEIR BODIES AS 27 00:01:18,044 --> 00:01:19,646 THEY FLOAT THROUGH THE AIR. 28 00:01:19,646 --> 00:01:21,047 UP NEXT WE INTRODUCE YOU TO THE 29 00:01:21,047 --> 00:01:22,248 RESEARCHERS WHO ARE IN AWE OF 30 00:01:22,248 --> 00:01:23,850 THAT BEAUTY BUT THEY DON'T STUDY 31 00:01:23,850 --> 00:01:24,651 HUMANS. 32 00:01:24,651 --> 00:01:26,252 THEY STUDY BATS. 33 00:01:26,252 --> 00:01:28,555 >> WHEN WE HAVE HIGH SPEED 34 00:01:28,555 --> 00:01:30,457 VIDEO, PEOPLE HAVE THIS VIEW 35 00:01:30,457 --> 00:01:32,659 THAT BAT FLIGHT WAS A MINOR 36 00:01:32,659 --> 00:01:34,861 VARIANCE OF BIRD FLIGHT BUT WHAT 37 00:01:34,861 --> 00:01:36,463 WAVE' FOUND OVER AND OVER AGAIN 38 00:01:36,463 --> 00:01:39,766 IS HOW UNBELIEVABLY MANEUVERABLE 39 00:01:39,766 --> 00:01:42,669 THESE ANIMALS ARE. 40 00:01:42,669 --> 00:01:44,771 >> BEING ABLE TO MANIPULATE 41 00:01:44,771 --> 00:01:46,372 THEIR WINGS AND THEIR BODIES IN 42 00:01:46,372 --> 00:01:47,974 SUCH A WAY THAT THEY CAN ADJUST 43 00:01:47,974 --> 00:01:50,076 AND MANEUVER REALLY BOGGLES THE 44 00:01:50,076 --> 00:01:51,578 MIND. 45 00:01:51,578 --> 00:01:56,583 >> A BAT WING ALLOWS BATS TO 46 00:01:56,583 --> 00:01:58,985 HAVE A KIND OF CONTROL OF THREE 47 00:01:58,985 --> 00:02:00,787 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE THAT WOULD BE 48 00:02:00,787 --> 00:02:02,989 IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY OTHER KIND OF 49 00:02:02,989 --> 00:02:08,795 FLYING ANIMAL. 50 00:02:08,795 --> 00:02:10,497 >> I'M SHARON SWARTZ. 51 00:02:10,497 --> 00:02:12,499 I STUDY BATS, HOW THEY FLY AND 52 00:02:12,499 --> 00:02:13,900 THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR WINGS. 53 00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:15,502 >> AND I'M KENNY BREUER, 54 00:02:15,502 --> 00:02:16,703 PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING AND I 55 00:02:16,703 --> 00:02:19,606 STUDY ANIMAL FLIGHT MECHANICS. 56 00:02:19,606 --> 00:02:21,207 SO THE COLLABORATION BETWEEN 57 00:02:21,207 --> 00:02:23,209 SHARON'S LAB AND MY LAB ALLOWS 58 00:02:23,209 --> 00:02:25,912 US TO APPROACH FROM TWO 59 00:02:25,912 --> 00:02:26,613 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. 60 00:02:26,613 --> 00:02:29,015 >> WE REALLY FIND THAT WE CAN DO 61 00:02:29,015 --> 00:02:30,116 MUCH MORE INTERESTING THINGS 62 00:02:30,116 --> 00:02:31,518 TOGETHER THAN EITHER OF US CAN 63 00:02:31,518 --> 00:02:33,753 DO BY OURSELVES BECAUSE WE ARE 64 00:02:33,753 --> 00:02:38,057 ABLE TO COMBINE THEIR DYNAMICS 65 00:02:38,057 --> 00:02:42,362 WITH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE 66 00:02:42,362 --> 00:02:42,862 WINGS. 67 00:02:42,862 --> 00:02:44,164 THERE IS A LOT OF FUNDAMENTAL 68 00:02:44,164 --> 00:02:45,064 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FLIGHT 69 00:02:45,064 --> 00:02:46,766 OF BIRDS AND BATS. 70 00:02:46,766 --> 00:02:49,969 SO A BIRD WING IS A RELATIVELY 71 00:02:49,969 --> 00:02:52,572 STIFF AIR FOIL. 72 00:02:52,572 --> 00:02:53,873 >> BATS HAVE A WHOLE HAND IN 73 00:02:53,873 --> 00:02:55,875 THEIR WING AND THAT ALLOWS THEM 74 00:02:55,875 --> 00:02:58,978 TO CHANGE THE CONFIRMATION AND 75 00:02:58,978 --> 00:03:01,181 SHAPE OF THE WING WITH DEXTERITY 76 00:03:01,181 --> 00:03:01,781 AND PRECISION. 77 00:03:01,781 --> 00:03:03,283 >> THE BONES OF PART OF THE WING 78 00:03:03,283 --> 00:03:05,885 CLOSEST TO THE SHOULDER, THE 79 00:03:05,885 --> 00:03:07,887 HUMERUS AND RADIUS HAVE THE KIND 80 00:03:07,887 --> 00:03:10,089 OF GEOMETRY THAT WE SEE IN BIRDS 81 00:03:10,089 --> 00:03:11,891 BUT ONCE YOU CROSS THE WRIST 82 00:03:11,891 --> 00:03:13,493 JOINT, YOU SEE BONES THAT ARE 83 00:03:13,493 --> 00:03:15,495 LESS MINERALIZED AND THAT MAKES 84 00:03:15,495 --> 00:03:18,798 THAT BONE ITSELF LESS STIFF. 85 00:03:18,798 --> 00:03:22,402 IT ACTUALLY PROMOTES BENDING. 86 00:03:22,402 --> 00:03:23,803 WE DON'T USUALLY THINK OF SKIN 87 00:03:23,803 --> 00:03:26,906 AS BEING A MUSCULAR ORGAN, BUT 88 00:03:26,906 --> 00:03:28,908 THE SKIN OF THE WING MEMBRANES 89 00:03:28,908 --> 00:03:32,011 OF BATS IS INFESTED WITH A WHOLE 90 00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:34,214 SERIES OF MUSCLES AND WHAT WE 91 00:03:34,214 --> 00:03:36,216 OBSERVED IS THAT THE MUSCLES 92 00:03:36,216 --> 00:03:38,117 TURN ON AND OFF IN EVERY WING 93 00:03:38,117 --> 00:03:40,119 BEAT CYCLE SO THESE MUSCLES CAN 94 00:03:40,119 --> 00:03:42,422 CHANGE THE STIFFNESS OF THE SKIN 95 00:03:42,422 --> 00:03:44,424 IN THE WING MEMBRANE AND SO THAT 96 00:03:44,424 --> 00:03:46,826 MEANS THE MUSCLES CHANGE THE 97 00:03:46,826 --> 00:03:49,229 AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE 98 00:03:49,229 --> 00:03:49,729 AIR FOIL. 99 00:03:49,729 --> 00:03:50,830 >> THAT'S COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 100 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:52,732 FROM A BIRD IN THE WAY IN WHICH 101 00:03:52,732 --> 00:03:53,733 IT OPERATES. 102 00:03:53,733 --> 00:03:56,236 IT BEND, FLEXES, POPS OUT. 103 00:03:56,236 --> 00:03:57,537 >> THEY'RE ABLE TO CONTINUE TO 104 00:03:57,537 --> 00:03:59,539 GENERATE LIFT EVEN AS THEY'RE 105 00:03:59,539 --> 00:04:00,740 MOVING MORE SLOWLY. 106 00:04:00,740 --> 00:04:04,844 >> SO WHEN WE FIRST STARTED, 107 00:04:04,844 --> 00:04:06,145 VERY LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT THE 108 00:04:06,145 --> 00:04:07,947 PRECISE NATURE OF BAT FLIGHT. 109 00:04:07,947 --> 00:04:09,249 WE ARE INTERESTED IN HOW THE 110 00:04:09,249 --> 00:04:10,950 ANIMAL HAS EVOLVED TO GENERATE 111 00:04:10,950 --> 00:04:12,652 THESE FORCES OF MOTION. 112 00:04:12,652 --> 00:04:14,654 WHAT CAN WE LEARN ABOUT THRUST, 113 00:04:14,654 --> 00:04:18,358 LIFT, UNSTEADY FLIGHT MECHANISMS 114 00:04:18,358 --> 00:04:20,760 AND WE DESIGN THESE EXPERIMENTS 115 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:23,162 AT EACH STAGE TO MOVE OURSELVES 116 00:04:23,162 --> 00:04:23,563 FORWARD. 117 00:04:23,563 --> 00:04:25,465 SO WHEN WE DO OUR TEST, WE DO 118 00:04:25,465 --> 00:04:27,367 TWO FACILITIES ONE IS A FLIGHT 119 00:04:27,367 --> 00:04:29,369 CORRIDOR WHICH IS JUST A ROOM, 120 00:04:29,369 --> 00:04:31,871 WE HAVE OUR CAMERAS SET UP IN 121 00:04:31,871 --> 00:04:32,272 THERE. 122 00:04:32,272 --> 00:04:36,075 >> JUST BEING ABLE TO SEE IN 123 00:04:36,075 --> 00:04:37,777 DETAIL HOW BATS MOVE THEIR WINGS 124 00:04:37,777 --> 00:04:39,279 HAS TURNED OUT TO GIVE US A LOT 125 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:39,979 OF INSIGHT. 126 00:04:39,979 --> 00:04:41,581 >> THE OTHER ONE IS THIS WIND 127 00:04:41,581 --> 00:04:41,781 TUNNEL. 128 00:04:41,781 --> 00:04:44,384 >> THE EQUIVALENT OF A TREAD 129 00:04:44,384 --> 00:04:45,685 MILL FOR A FLYING ANIMAL. 130 00:04:45,685 --> 00:04:47,987 >> HIGH RESOLUTION HIGH 131 00:04:47,987 --> 00:04:49,188 FREQUENCY MOTION OF THE WINGS 132 00:04:49,188 --> 00:04:51,190 FROM MULTIPLE ANGLES AND 133 00:04:51,190 --> 00:04:52,792 RECONSTRUCT THE MOTION THAT WAY 134 00:04:52,792 --> 00:04:54,894 AND WE FILL THE WIND TUNNEL WITH 135 00:04:54,894 --> 00:04:56,996 A CLOUD AND WE RECORD THE MOTION 136 00:04:56,996 --> 00:04:58,298 OF THE PARTICLES OF THE CLOUD 137 00:04:58,298 --> 00:05:00,600 AND FROM THAT WE CAN RECONSTRUCT 138 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:01,000 THE WAKE. 139 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:03,703 >> THAT LETS US LEARN A LOT 140 00:05:03,703 --> 00:05:06,105 ABOUT HOW IT USES THE WINGS TO 141 00:05:06,105 --> 00:05:08,808 PRODUCE AERODYNAMIC FORCES. 142 00:05:08,808 --> 00:05:10,510 >> ONCE WE'VE TAKEN MEASUREMENTS 143 00:05:10,510 --> 00:05:13,212 WITH THE ANIMALS WE RECREATE 144 00:05:13,212 --> 00:05:16,316 ASPECTS OF THE FLAPPING ROBOTIC 145 00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:17,717 WINGS THAT WE TEST AND WE CAN DO 146 00:05:17,717 --> 00:05:19,018 THINGS THAT WE CAN'T ASK THE 147 00:05:19,018 --> 00:05:21,321 ANIMALS TO DO AND IT PROVIDES A 148 00:05:21,321 --> 00:05:24,424 LOT OF INSPIRATION AND IDEAS OF 149 00:05:24,424 --> 00:05:27,527 THINGS WE MIGHT TRY. 150 00:05:27,527 --> 00:05:29,128 >> SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 151 00:05:29,128 --> 00:05:32,532 BATS DO EXTREMELY WELL IS 152 00:05:32,532 --> 00:05:34,334 LANDING. 153 00:05:34,334 --> 00:05:36,436 >> THEY HAVE TO SLOW DOWN, FLIP 154 00:05:36,436 --> 00:05:38,438 THEMSELVES UPSIDE DOWN AND LAND 155 00:05:38,438 --> 00:05:40,139 HANGING ON TO THE CEILING OR 156 00:05:40,139 --> 00:05:42,041 HANGING ON TO A TREE. 157 00:05:42,041 --> 00:05:43,843 IT'S LIKE DOING A HIGH DIVE 158 00:05:43,843 --> 00:05:44,444 BACKWARDS. 159 00:05:44,444 --> 00:05:45,845 >> WAS WE'VE FOUND IS THAT 160 00:05:45,845 --> 00:05:48,047 DURING THE LAST TWO WING BEATS 161 00:05:48,047 --> 00:05:50,850 OF A BAT PREPARING TO LAND IS 162 00:05:50,850 --> 00:05:52,852 ALMOST NO AERODYNAMIC FORCE 163 00:05:52,852 --> 00:05:53,753 PRODUCED. 164 00:05:53,753 --> 00:05:55,955 >> THEY ALSO USE THE MASS IN 165 00:05:55,955 --> 00:05:57,857 THEIR WINGS TO MANIPULATE THEIR 166 00:05:57,857 --> 00:05:59,759 BODIES AND THAT CONTROLS THEIR 167 00:05:59,759 --> 00:06:01,561 ROTATION IN THE SAME WAY THAT A 168 00:06:01,561 --> 00:06:03,563 HIGH DIVER CONTROLS THEIR 169 00:06:03,563 --> 00:06:05,064 ROTATION WHEN THEY DIVE. 170 00:06:05,064 --> 00:06:06,966 THE BATS ARE INCREDIBLY AGILE 171 00:06:06,966 --> 00:06:09,168 AND MANEUVERABLE AND RESISTANT 172 00:06:09,168 --> 00:06:11,571 TO GUSTS IN THE AIR. 173 00:06:11,571 --> 00:06:12,972 >> IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 174 00:06:12,972 --> 00:06:14,574 BATS ARE ABLE TO DO THIS SO 175 00:06:14,574 --> 00:06:16,275 WELL, WE HAVE TO HAVE SOME WAY 176 00:06:16,275 --> 00:06:17,577 OF PROVIDING A GUST TO THE 177 00:06:17,577 --> 00:06:18,778 ANIMAL IN THE LAB AND THEN 178 00:06:18,778 --> 00:06:20,980 SEEING WHAT IT DOES IN DETAIL. 179 00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:22,782 >> WE HAVE TWO SETS OF LASER 180 00:06:22,782 --> 00:06:24,984 CROSS BEAMS HERE SO WHEN THE BAT 181 00:06:24,984 --> 00:06:26,386 FLIES THROUGH, THE BAT BREAKS 182 00:06:26,386 --> 00:06:28,488 THE LASER BEAMS SENDING A 183 00:06:28,488 --> 00:06:30,890 TRIGGER SIGNAL, IT DELIVERS A 184 00:06:30,890 --> 00:06:32,392 PUFF OF AIR AND WE CAN CAPTURE 185 00:06:32,392 --> 00:06:34,694 THAT FROM HIGH SPEED VIDEO FROM 186 00:06:34,694 --> 00:06:35,495 ABOVE AND BELOW. 187 00:06:35,495 --> 00:06:37,797 >> WE FIND THAT EVEN REALLY 188 00:06:37,797 --> 00:06:40,600 STRONG GUSTS OF WIND, THEY 189 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:42,602 RECOVER STABILITY IN LESS THAN A 190 00:06:42,602 --> 00:06:44,203 SINGLE WING BEAT SO WHAT WE ARE 191 00:06:44,203 --> 00:06:45,204 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND NOW IS WHAT 192 00:06:45,204 --> 00:06:46,806 ARE THE MECHANISMS THAT THEY USE 193 00:06:46,806 --> 00:06:49,609 TO RECOVER SO QUICKLY. 194 00:06:49,609 --> 00:06:50,710 WHAT IS IT ABOUT THE PROPERTIES 195 00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:52,111 OF THE BODY AND THE WING THAT 196 00:06:52,111 --> 00:06:55,014 MIGHT RETURN CONTROL PASSIVELY 197 00:06:55,014 --> 00:06:59,619 AND HOW MUCH IS ACTIVE. 198 00:06:59,619 --> 00:07:01,220 >> THE ABILITY TO DO THESE 199 00:07:01,220 --> 00:07:03,923 EXPERIMENTS REALLY GIVE US A 200 00:07:03,923 --> 00:07:05,725 UNIQUE INSIGHT OF HOW THESE 201 00:07:05,725 --> 00:07:07,527 ANIMALS MOVE AND MANEUVER AND 202 00:07:07,527 --> 00:07:08,828 HOW THEY EVOLVE. 203 00:07:08,828 --> 00:07:10,029 WHAT IS THE EVOLUTION OF FLIGHT 204 00:07:10,029 --> 00:07:11,130 IN MAMMALS. 205 00:07:11,130 --> 00:07:13,032 >> I THINK IF WE UNDERSTAND 206 00:07:13,032 --> 00:07:15,234 ENOUGH HOW FLIGHT WORKS THAT WE 207 00:07:15,234 --> 00:07:17,036 CAN LOOK AT THE ORIGIN AND 208 00:07:17,036 --> 00:07:18,337 DIVERSIFY INDICATION OF BAT 209 00:07:18,337 --> 00:07:18,738 FLIGHT. 210 00:07:18,738 --> 00:07:20,740 SO BEAUTIFUL EVOLUTIONARY 211 00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:22,442 LABORATORY. 212 00:07:22,442 --> 00:07:27,647 I LOVE THOSE MOMENTS WHERE YOU 213 00:07:27,647 --> 00:07:28,848 RECORDED SOMETHING THAT NO ONE 214 00:07:28,848 --> 00:07:31,451 HAS SEEN BEFORE, A MOMENT OF 215 00:07:31,451 --> 00:07:33,152 INSIGHT INTO THE NATURAL WORLD. 216 00:07:33,152 --> 00:07:35,154 IT DOESN'T MATTER HOW TINY IT 217 00:07:35,154 --> 00:07:36,255 IS. 218 00:07:36,255 --> 00:07:39,158 THERE IS NOTHING LIKE THAT. 219 00:07:39,158 --> 00:07:40,960 >> QUESTIONS ARE A HOT TOP NICK 220 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:42,862 SPORTS TODAY-- CONCUSSIONS ARE A 221 00:07:42,862 --> 00:07:44,464 HOT TOPIC IN SPORTS TODAY, 222 00:07:44,464 --> 00:07:45,465 ESPECIALLY IN THE NATIONAL 223 00:07:45,465 --> 00:07:46,065 FOOTBALL LEAGUE. 224 00:07:46,065 --> 00:07:47,767 SCIENTISTS KNOW SEVERE 225 00:07:47,767 --> 00:07:49,268 COLLISIONS CAN DAMAGE THE BRAIN 226 00:07:49,268 --> 00:07:51,671 BUT A NEW AREA OF REFER IS 227 00:07:51,671 --> 00:07:53,372 GIVING HOPE TO ATHLETES. 228 00:07:53,372 --> 00:07:55,374 GENETIC TESTING MAY BE ABLE TO 229 00:07:55,374 --> 00:07:56,476 SHOW WHEN PLAYERS ARE MORE 230 00:07:56,476 --> 00:07:58,377 LIKELY TO GET A CONCUSSION. 231 00:07:58,377 --> 00:07:59,979 >> A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 232 00:07:59,979 --> 00:08:01,380 THINKING ABOUT IT NOT JUST IN 233 00:08:01,380 --> 00:08:03,683 THE CONTEXT OF NFL PLAYERS BUT 234 00:08:03,683 --> 00:08:05,685 LITTLE LEAGUE SOCCER KIDS AND 235 00:08:05,685 --> 00:08:06,786 LOTS OF THINGS. 236 00:08:06,786 --> 00:08:08,988 IS THERE SOMETHING IN US THAT 237 00:08:08,988 --> 00:08:11,891 MAKES US WORSE OFF IF WE GET A 238 00:08:11,891 --> 00:08:12,391 CONCUSSION? 239 00:08:12,391 --> 00:08:14,994 >> WELL, IT'S STILL EARLY ON IN 240 00:08:14,994 --> 00:08:16,896 RESEARCH IN TERMS OF THE GENES. 241 00:08:16,896 --> 00:08:18,197 WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO IDENTIFY 242 00:08:18,197 --> 00:08:18,898 SOME THINGS. 243 00:08:18,898 --> 00:08:22,201 FIRST THING WE NEED TO DO IS 244 00:08:22,201 --> 00:08:23,703 UNDERSTAND WHAT A CONCUSSION IS. 245 00:08:23,703 --> 00:08:25,304 THE BRAIN HITS THE INSIDE OF THE 246 00:08:25,304 --> 00:08:25,705 SKULL. 247 00:08:25,705 --> 00:08:27,206 WHAT HAPPENS IS THE BRAIN CELLS, 248 00:08:27,206 --> 00:08:29,609 THE NEURONS ACT ERRATICALLY AND 249 00:08:29,609 --> 00:08:31,711 SEND ELECTRICAL CHEMICALS GOING 250 00:08:31,711 --> 00:08:32,712 IN ONE DIRECTION AND THEN 251 00:08:32,712 --> 00:08:33,312 ANOTHER. 252 00:08:33,312 --> 00:08:34,413 WE CAN EXAMINE THE DIFFERENT 253 00:08:34,413 --> 00:08:35,915 TYPES OF GENES THAT LOOK AT OR 254 00:08:35,915 --> 00:08:37,316 MODIFY THOSE SIGNALS. 255 00:08:37,316 --> 00:08:38,518 THAT'S THE FIRST THING THAT THEY 256 00:08:38,518 --> 00:08:38,818 DO. 257 00:08:38,818 --> 00:08:40,019 THE OTHER THING WE CAN DO IS 258 00:08:40,019 --> 00:08:42,522 LOOK AT THE GENES AND SEE HOW 259 00:08:42,522 --> 00:08:43,422 WELL THEY PREPARE. 260 00:08:43,422 --> 00:08:44,724 THAT'S THE SMOKING GUN THEY'VE 261 00:08:44,724 --> 00:08:45,124 FOUND. 262 00:08:45,124 --> 00:08:47,627 THEY FOUND GENE CALLED THE 263 00:08:47,627 --> 00:08:50,730 A.P.O.E. THAT IT SEEMS TO CHANGE 264 00:08:50,730 --> 00:08:53,232 HOW FAST OR IT SLOWS DOWN HOW 265 00:08:53,232 --> 00:08:54,934 FAST IT WILL REPAIR. 266 00:08:54,934 --> 00:08:56,235 AND THAT SEEMS TO BE THE SMOKING 267 00:08:56,235 --> 00:08:56,636 GUN. 268 00:08:56,636 --> 00:08:57,937 THEY SEE THAT IF YOU HAVE A 269 00:08:57,937 --> 00:09:00,139 CERTAIN VARIANT OF A.P.O.E., 270 00:09:00,139 --> 00:09:04,443 THAT YOU HAVE A TENDENCY FOR 271 00:09:04,443 --> 00:09:05,845 CONCUSSIONS MORE READILY THAN 272 00:09:05,845 --> 00:09:06,245 OTHER PEOPLE. 273 00:09:06,245 --> 00:09:11,150 >> SO IF, MAYBE SOMEWHERE IN THE 274 00:09:11,150 --> 00:09:12,351 FUTURE ARE WE GOING TO HAVE 275 00:09:12,351 --> 00:09:14,754 GENETIC TESTS ON BABIES OR 276 00:09:14,754 --> 00:09:15,755 LITTLE CHILDREN AND WE TELL 277 00:09:15,755 --> 00:09:17,557 THEIR PARENTS, OKAY, THEY HAVE 278 00:09:17,557 --> 00:09:19,058 THIS THING, MAKE SURE THEY WEAR 279 00:09:19,058 --> 00:09:20,359 A HELMET EVERY TOO I AM THEY 280 00:09:20,359 --> 00:09:21,661 RIDE A BICYCLE? 281 00:09:21,661 --> 00:09:23,262 OR HOW DOES IT WORK? 282 00:09:23,262 --> 00:09:24,864 >> I THINK THAT WILL BE ON THE 283 00:09:24,864 --> 00:09:26,365 HORIZON FAIRLY SOON. 284 00:09:26,365 --> 00:09:28,067 IT'S SUSCEPTIBILITY NOT 285 00:09:28,067 --> 00:09:28,868 DETERMINISTIC. 286 00:09:28,868 --> 00:09:30,770 WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT YOU HAVE 287 00:09:30,770 --> 00:09:33,372 A PROCLIVITY FOR CONCUSSIONS BUT 288 00:09:33,372 --> 00:09:34,273 THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU ARE 289 00:09:34,273 --> 00:09:35,675 DEFINITELY GOING TO GET IT. 290 00:09:35,675 --> 00:09:36,776 THE RESEARCH IS STILL VERY 291 00:09:36,776 --> 00:09:37,076 EARLY. 292 00:09:37,076 --> 00:09:39,378 SO THAT INFORMATION IS USEFUL IF 293 00:09:39,378 --> 00:09:40,680 YOU HAVE A SON OR DAUGHTER WHO 294 00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:42,081 IS INTERESTED IN A SPORT WHERE 295 00:09:42,081 --> 00:09:44,083 THERE IS SOME KIND OF IMPACT, 296 00:09:44,083 --> 00:09:45,284 YOU CAN GET THE TEST AND REALIZE 297 00:09:45,284 --> 00:09:46,786 OKAY, WELL, YOU KNOW, THIS 298 00:09:46,786 --> 00:09:48,788 PERSON SHOULDN'T BE HAVING HARD 299 00:09:48,788 --> 00:09:50,189 IMPACTS DURING PRACTICE ALL THE 300 00:09:50,189 --> 00:09:50,990 TIME. 301 00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:52,291 IT GIVES YOU SOME INFORMATION OF 302 00:09:52,291 --> 00:09:53,893 HOW TO MODIFY YOUR PRACTICE 303 00:09:53,893 --> 00:09:53,993 SCHEDULE. 304 00:09:53,993 --> 00:09:55,294 >> WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE 305 00:09:55,294 --> 00:09:56,395 INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WHO 306 00:09:56,395 --> 00:09:57,496 ALREADY HAD CONCUSSIONS? 307 00:09:57,496 --> 00:09:59,498 >> THEY CAN SAY OKAY, WELL YOU 308 00:09:59,498 --> 00:10:01,000 MAY HAVE MORE CONCUSSIONS 309 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:02,902 BECAUSE YOU HAVE THIS GENE AND 310 00:10:02,902 --> 00:10:04,604 THE NERVE CELLS OR BRAIN CELLS 311 00:10:04,604 --> 00:10:05,905 ARE NOT ABLE TO REPAIR AS 312 00:10:05,905 --> 00:10:07,206 QUICKLY BUT IT DOESN'T DO 313 00:10:07,206 --> 00:10:07,907 ANYTHING IN TERMS OF THE 314 00:10:07,907 --> 00:10:08,708 SYMPTOMS. 315 00:10:08,708 --> 00:10:09,809 IT'S JUST GIVING YOU INFORMATION 316 00:10:09,809 --> 00:10:11,110 THAT THIS MIGHT HAPPEN. 317 00:10:11,110 --> 00:10:12,712 >> EVEN IF WE COULD PUT HELMETS 318 00:10:12,712 --> 00:10:15,314 ON PLAYERS THAT DETECT EXACTLY 319 00:10:15,314 --> 00:10:16,415 WHAT KIND OF FORCE THEY HAVE 320 00:10:16,415 --> 00:10:18,217 BEEN HIT BY, THERE IS STILL A 321 00:10:18,217 --> 00:10:20,119 BIG CULTURAL HURDLE WE HAVE TO 322 00:10:20,119 --> 00:10:21,621 OVERCOME TO SAY OKAY, THIS IS 323 00:10:21,621 --> 00:10:22,822 ACTUALLY GOOD INFORMATION THAT 324 00:10:22,822 --> 00:10:23,623 YOU SHOULD HAVE. 325 00:10:23,623 --> 00:10:25,024 YOU SHOULD BE MAKING THESE KINDS 326 00:10:25,024 --> 00:10:26,926 OF DECISIONS WITH IT OR 327 00:10:26,926 --> 00:10:28,227 SOMETIMES FOR EXAMPLE, ONE OF 328 00:10:28,227 --> 00:10:30,830 THE PROBLEMS AT THE NFL LEVEL OR 329 00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:32,131 COLLEGE FOOTBALL LEVEL IS 330 00:10:32,131 --> 00:10:33,232 COLLEGE ATHLETE MIGHT NOT WANT 331 00:10:33,232 --> 00:10:34,533 TO PUT THIS ON BECAUSE IF IT 332 00:10:34,533 --> 00:10:35,835 LOOKS LIKE THEY HAVE TWO STRIKES 333 00:10:35,835 --> 00:10:37,637 AGAINST THEM, THEN TEAM MIGHT 334 00:10:37,637 --> 00:10:39,639 NOT DRAFT THAT GUY, RIGHT? 335 00:10:39,639 --> 00:10:41,040 >> YOU RAISE A GOOD QUESTION. 336 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:42,341 THE INFORMATION IS GOOD BUT ALSO 337 00:10:42,341 --> 00:10:43,643 IT'S IN A CONTEXT. 338 00:10:43,643 --> 00:10:44,343 WHO KNOWS. 339 00:10:44,343 --> 00:10:45,645 IF YOU ARE A FOOTBALL PLAYER AND 340 00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:47,747 THEY FIND YOU HAVE THIS GENE, 341 00:10:47,747 --> 00:10:48,948 YOUR HEALTH COVERAGE MIGHT 342 00:10:48,948 --> 00:10:49,248 CHANGE. 343 00:10:49,248 --> 00:10:50,249 YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT 344 00:10:50,249 --> 00:10:51,550 PRIVACY ISSUES AND THE LIKE. 345 00:10:51,550 --> 00:10:52,551 THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS. 346 00:10:52,551 --> 00:10:54,253 SO SCIENTISTS ARE LOOKING TO SEE 347 00:10:54,253 --> 00:10:55,855 WHAT CAUSES A CONCUSSION AND 348 00:10:55,855 --> 00:10:57,156 WHAT PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM 349 00:10:57,156 --> 00:10:57,556 HEALING. 350 00:10:57,556 --> 00:10:58,758 THAT'S ONE PART. 351 00:10:58,758 --> 00:11:00,459 BUT PUTTING IT IN CONTEXT ABOUT 352 00:11:00,459 --> 00:11:01,560 HOW WE CHANGE PRACTICE 353 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,163 SCHEDULES, HOW, YOU KNOW, IF YOU 354 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:06,365 GET DRAFTED, THOSE ARE THE 355 00:11:06,365 --> 00:11:09,669 CONSEQUENCES AS A RESULT OF THAT 356 00:11:09,669 --> 00:11:09,969 INFORMATION. 357 00:11:09,969 --> 00:11:14,173 >> AINISSA RAMIREZ, THANK YOU 358 00:11:14,173 --> 00:11:14,674 VERY MUCH. 359 00:11:14,674 --> 00:11:21,213 >> THANK YOU. 360 00:11:21,213 --> 00:11:21,614 ♪7 361 00:11:21,614 --> 00:12:12,765 ♪7 362 00:12:12,765 --> 00:12:13,165 ♪7 363 00:12:13,165 --> 00:12:14,266 ♪7 364 00:12:14,266 --> 00:12:27,079 >> IT'S NOT A PROBLEM WE HAVE 365 00:12:27,079 --> 00:12:27,980 HERE IN CENTRAL NEW YORK. 366 00:12:27,980 --> 00:12:28,881 WE HAVE LOTS OF WATER. 367 00:12:28,881 --> 00:12:30,082 BUT OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY 368 00:12:30,082 --> 00:12:31,083 DON'T. 369 00:12:31,083 --> 00:12:32,485 SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING WHICH 370 00:12:32,485 --> 00:12:34,386 WAY WATER TRAVELS IN AREAS PRONE 371 00:12:34,386 --> 00:12:35,888 TO DROUGHT, NOT ONLY ABOVE 372 00:12:35,888 --> 00:12:37,490 GROUND BUT BELOW. 373 00:12:37,490 --> 00:12:39,391 >> ONE OF THE PROBLEMS IS THAT 374 00:12:39,391 --> 00:12:44,897 TEXAS IS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA, 375 00:12:44,897 --> 00:12:46,198 PARTICULARLY THE WESTERN PART. 376 00:12:46,198 --> 00:12:47,500 AND THERE ARE INCREASED DEMANDS 377 00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:49,902 FOR THE WATER, LIMITED RESOURCES 378 00:12:49,902 --> 00:12:52,304 AND SO IT'S BECOME VERY 379 00:12:52,304 --> 00:12:54,507 IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 380 00:12:54,507 --> 00:12:56,308 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE 381 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,910 WATER, GROUND WATER, THE 382 00:12:57,910 --> 00:13:00,412 DEMANDS, RIVER FLOWS, SPRING 383 00:13:00,412 --> 00:13:02,515 FLOWS AND WE HAVE BEEN WORKING 384 00:13:02,515 --> 00:13:04,016 ON DIFFERENT STUDIES IN ORDER TO 385 00:13:04,016 --> 00:13:05,518 LOOK AT THAT. 386 00:13:05,518 --> 00:13:07,319 AND IN PARTICULAR, WE'VE JUST 387 00:13:07,319 --> 00:13:09,121 FINISHED A STUDY ON THE DEVIL'S 388 00:13:09,121 --> 00:13:11,323 RIVER WHICH IS IN A VERY, YOU 389 00:13:11,323 --> 00:13:13,726 KNOW, CHALLENGING AREA BECAUSE 390 00:13:13,726 --> 00:13:15,027 OF THE LIMITED AMOUNT OF 391 00:13:15,027 --> 00:13:16,729 PRECIPITATION AND THE DEMANDS 392 00:13:16,729 --> 00:13:18,230 THAT ARE BEING PLACED UPON THOSE 393 00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:19,431 WATER RESOURCES. 394 00:13:19,431 --> 00:13:22,234 >> THIS IS A MAP OF SOUTH 395 00:13:22,234 --> 00:13:24,837 CENTRAL TEXAS, AND WHAT WE ARE 396 00:13:24,837 --> 00:13:26,338 SHOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT 397 00:13:26,338 --> 00:13:28,140 WATERSHEDS. 398 00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:30,042 SOME GO OFF INTO THE COLORADO 399 00:13:30,042 --> 00:13:33,546 RIVER, OFF TO EAST TEXAS. 400 00:13:33,546 --> 00:13:37,249 THE REST OF THOSE FUNNEL DOWN TO 401 00:13:37,249 --> 00:13:39,251 THE RIO GRANDE. 402 00:13:39,251 --> 00:13:42,354 AND WHAT I SEE IS AT THE CENTER 403 00:13:42,354 --> 00:13:45,057 OF THIS IMAGE IS THE DEVIL'S 404 00:13:45,057 --> 00:13:45,457 RIVER. 405 00:13:45,457 --> 00:13:48,060 YOU SEE THE LOWER PECOS. 406 00:13:48,060 --> 00:13:49,562 AND IF YOU LOOK AT ALL THE WATER 407 00:13:49,562 --> 00:13:51,764 THAT IS DISCHARGED OUT OF THE 408 00:13:51,764 --> 00:13:56,068 RESERVOIR, ABOUT ONE THIRD OF IT 409 00:13:56,068 --> 00:14:01,874 IS RECHARGED OUT OF BELVERDE 410 00:14:01,874 --> 00:14:02,274 COUNTY. 411 00:14:02,274 --> 00:14:03,375 MOST OF THAT COMES OUT OF 412 00:14:03,375 --> 00:14:04,777 DEVIL'S RIVER. 413 00:14:04,777 --> 00:14:06,979 EVEN THOUGH THE WATERSHED LOOKS 414 00:14:06,979 --> 00:14:08,681 RATHER SMALL RELATIVE TO SOME OF 415 00:14:08,681 --> 00:14:10,583 THE OTHER WATERSHEDS, IT 416 00:14:10,583 --> 00:14:12,384 PROVIDES 15 TO 20% OF ALL THE 417 00:14:12,384 --> 00:14:14,186 WATER IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 418 00:14:14,186 --> 00:14:15,888 >> GREEN PROVIDES AN INTERESTING 419 00:14:15,888 --> 00:14:17,289 GRAPHIC TO DEMONSTRATE THE 420 00:14:17,289 --> 00:14:18,591 REGION'S RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 421 00:14:18,591 --> 00:14:20,693 ROCK AND THE FLOW PATHS OF 422 00:14:20,693 --> 00:14:21,694 GROUND WATER. 423 00:14:21,694 --> 00:14:24,697 >> AN EASY WAY TO VISUALIZE THIS 424 00:14:24,697 --> 00:14:29,401 IS PIPES AND A SPONGE. 425 00:14:29,401 --> 00:14:33,105 THE ROCK IS A SPONGE, THESE FLOW 426 00:14:33,105 --> 00:14:34,306 PATHS ARE PIPES. 427 00:14:34,306 --> 00:14:35,808 SO WE'VE PLACED THEM ALONG SOME 428 00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:39,011 OF THE MAJOR TRIBUTARIES IN THE 429 00:14:39,011 --> 00:14:40,512 DEVIL'S RIVER AS SHOWN IN THIS 430 00:14:40,512 --> 00:14:40,913 GRAPHIC. 431 00:14:40,913 --> 00:14:42,314 SO IF YOU HAPPEN TO PUT IN A 432 00:14:42,314 --> 00:14:43,515 WELL THAT'S CLOSE TO ONE OF 433 00:14:43,515 --> 00:14:45,117 THESE PIPES, YOU ARE GOING TO DO 434 00:14:45,117 --> 00:14:46,418 VERY WELL. 435 00:14:46,418 --> 00:14:49,622 IF YOU HAPPEN TO PUT IN A WELL 436 00:14:49,622 --> 00:14:50,623 AWAY FROM THE PIPES, YOU ARE 437 00:14:50,623 --> 00:14:52,424 GOING TO BE LUCKY TO GET A FEW 438 00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:53,425 GALLONS A MINUTE. 439 00:14:53,425 --> 00:14:56,528 AND SO THAT'S WHAT THIS GRAPHIC 440 00:14:56,528 --> 00:14:58,330 SHOWS, PIPES AND A SPONGE. 441 00:14:58,330 --> 00:14:59,732 >> WHAT HAPPENS WHEN TOO MANY 442 00:14:59,732 --> 00:15:01,333 WELLS ARE PUMPING WATER FROM THE 443 00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:02,735 GROUND IN THE AREA? 444 00:15:02,735 --> 00:15:06,238 >> THE CONCERN IS WHETHER THERE 445 00:15:06,238 --> 00:15:08,741 IS GOING TO BE ANY IMPACT FROM 446 00:15:08,741 --> 00:15:11,043 FUTURE WATER RESOURCE DECISIONS. 447 00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:17,650 AND BY THAT I MEAN THERE ARE 448 00:15:17,650 --> 00:15:19,051 SOME THOUGHTS OF PUTTING IN SOME 449 00:15:19,051 --> 00:15:20,552 WELL FIELDS IN ORDER TO 450 00:15:20,552 --> 00:15:21,353 INTERCEPT SOME OF THE GROUND 451 00:15:21,353 --> 00:15:23,055 WATER AND USE IT WHEREVER THE 452 00:15:23,055 --> 00:15:24,256 NEED MAY BE. 453 00:15:24,256 --> 00:15:25,257 IT MAY BE LOCALLY. 454 00:15:25,257 --> 00:15:28,761 IT MAY BE AT SOME DISTANCE WHERE 455 00:15:28,761 --> 00:15:30,863 THEY NEED PIPELINES. 456 00:15:30,863 --> 00:15:33,866 THE CONCERN IS AT WHAT POINT 457 00:15:33,866 --> 00:15:35,367 DOES THAT GROUND WATER PUMPING 458 00:15:35,367 --> 00:15:37,069 IMPACT THE RIVER? 459 00:15:37,069 --> 00:15:39,271 AND THAT'S A HARD QUESTION TO 460 00:15:39,271 --> 00:15:39,872 ANSWER. 461 00:15:39,872 --> 00:15:41,473 WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON IT SINCE 462 00:15:41,473 --> 00:15:43,976 ABOUT 2009. 463 00:15:43,976 --> 00:15:45,778 AND WE'VE MADE SOME PROGRESS IN 464 00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:47,379 THE LAST FEW YEARS AND WE DID 465 00:15:47,379 --> 00:15:49,782 THAT BY DEVELOPING GROUND WATER 466 00:15:49,782 --> 00:15:51,784 MODEL, A COMPUTER MODEL AND A 467 00:15:51,784 --> 00:15:53,185 SURFACE WATER MODEL. 468 00:15:53,185 --> 00:15:55,888 BUT WE BASE THAT ON A LOT OF 469 00:15:55,888 --> 00:15:57,089 UNDERGROUND WORK. 470 00:15:57,089 --> 00:15:59,892 WE'VE LOOKED AT THE CHEMISTRY OF 471 00:15:59,892 --> 00:16:01,994 THE WATER THAT TELLS YOU A LOT 472 00:16:01,994 --> 00:16:03,295 ABOUT WHERE THE GROUND WATER 473 00:16:03,295 --> 00:16:04,697 GOES, HOW IT FLOWS. 474 00:16:04,697 --> 00:16:07,199 WE'VE DONE SUBSURFACE IMAGING 475 00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:10,803 USING GEOPHYSICS WHERE WE TRY TO 476 00:16:10,803 --> 00:16:12,104 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ROCK LOOKS 477 00:16:12,104 --> 00:16:13,605 LIKE, PARTICULARLY NEAR THE 478 00:16:13,605 --> 00:16:14,506 RIVERS. 479 00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:17,009 WE'VE LOOKED AT HYDRAULICS, 480 00:16:17,009 --> 00:16:18,811 WHICH IS THE CAPACITY OF WELLS 481 00:16:18,811 --> 00:16:19,611 IN THE AREA. 482 00:16:19,611 --> 00:16:22,414 >> GREEN AND OTHER SCIENTISTS AT 483 00:16:22,414 --> 00:16:24,416 SOUTHWEST INSTITUTE COMBINE THE 484 00:16:24,416 --> 00:16:25,818 DATA FROM SURFACE WATER AND 485 00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:27,619 GROUND WATER TO CREATE A NEW 486 00:16:27,619 --> 00:16:29,621 NUMERICAL MODEL THAT CAN ANALYZE 487 00:16:29,621 --> 00:16:32,124 AND PREDICT WATER AVAILABILITY 488 00:16:32,124 --> 00:16:32,825 IN THE REGION. 489 00:16:32,825 --> 00:16:35,027 THIS PICTURE SHOWS HOW THE 490 00:16:35,027 --> 00:16:40,332 NUMERICAL MODEL WAS ASSEMBLED. 491 00:16:40,332 --> 00:16:42,534 SO ON THE LEFT YOU SEE SORT OF A 492 00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:44,837 PATTERN THAT LOOKS LIKE LEAF OF 493 00:16:44,837 --> 00:16:47,539 A TREE AND YOU SEE ALL THESE 494 00:16:47,539 --> 00:16:49,641 CONDUITS THAT HAVE BEEN PLACED 495 00:16:49,641 --> 00:16:51,944 IN THE MODEL THAT HAVE 496 00:16:51,944 --> 00:16:53,946 PREFERENTIAL FLOW, ALLOWING 497 00:16:53,946 --> 00:16:56,148 FASTER GROUND WATER FLOW. 498 00:16:56,148 --> 00:16:58,250 THEN ON THE RIGHT, YOU SEE THE 499 00:16:58,250 --> 00:16:59,551 REST OF THE MODEL AND THAT 500 00:16:59,551 --> 00:17:05,557 INCLUDES THE ROCK MATRIX. 501 00:17:05,557 --> 00:17:07,259 THAT'S WHAT WE CALL THE SPONGE, 502 00:17:07,259 --> 00:17:09,361 THE CONDUITS ARE WHAT WE CALL 503 00:17:09,361 --> 00:17:10,763 THE PIPES AND WHEN WE COUPLE 504 00:17:10,763 --> 00:17:13,465 THOSE TOGETHER WITH GROUND WATER 505 00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:15,768 AND SURFACE WATER, WE HAVE A 506 00:17:15,768 --> 00:17:17,970 REGARDS INTRICATE COUPLE MODEL 507 00:17:17,970 --> 00:17:19,872 THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT BOTH 508 00:17:19,872 --> 00:17:21,373 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER. 509 00:17:21,373 --> 00:17:24,376 NOW WE UNDERSTAND A FAIR BIT 510 00:17:24,376 --> 00:17:27,479 BETTER, YOU KNOW, HOW THESE TWO 511 00:17:27,479 --> 00:17:29,681 WATER COURSES, SURFACE WATER AND 512 00:17:29,681 --> 00:17:31,583 GROUND WATER INTERACT OUT IN 513 00:17:31,583 --> 00:17:35,287 THIS AREA AND, YOU KNOW, WE 514 00:17:35,287 --> 00:17:38,690 HAVE, I THINK, DEVELOPED A GOOD 515 00:17:38,690 --> 00:17:41,093 TOOL IN ORDER TO HELP MANAGE THE 516 00:17:41,093 --> 00:17:43,896 RESOURCES AS WE GO FORWARD. 517 00:17:43,896 --> 00:17:45,898 >> WILDFIRES CREATE PLENTY OF 518 00:17:45,898 --> 00:17:47,299 DAMAGE ON THEIR OWN BUT WHAT 519 00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:48,801 COMES AFTER CAN ALSO BE 520 00:17:48,801 --> 00:17:49,802 DEVASTATING. 521 00:17:49,802 --> 00:17:52,504 AFTER THE FIRE OBLITERATES TREES 522 00:17:52,504 --> 00:17:54,406 AND BRUSH, A HEAVY RAIN CAN 523 00:17:54,406 --> 00:17:56,508 BRING MUD AND ROCKS ROARING DOWN 524 00:17:56,508 --> 00:17:57,910 HILLSIDES AT 40 MILES PER HOUR. 525 00:17:57,910 --> 00:17:59,211 IN CALIFORNIA EMERGENCY 526 00:17:59,211 --> 00:18:00,813 RESPONDERS AND THE U.S. 527 00:18:00,813 --> 00:18:03,015 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ARE TRYING TO 528 00:18:03,015 --> 00:18:04,216 FIGURE OUT THE BEST WAY TO 529 00:18:04,216 --> 00:18:08,420 RESPOND TO MUD SLIDES. 530 00:18:08,420 --> 00:18:10,122 >> DECEMBER 2017 SOUTHERN 531 00:18:10,122 --> 00:18:11,924 CALIFORNIA FELL VICTIM TO THE 532 00:18:11,924 --> 00:18:14,026 WORST WILDFIRE EVER RECORDED IN 533 00:18:14,026 --> 00:18:15,527 STATE HISTORY. 534 00:18:15,527 --> 00:18:18,130 THE THOMAS FIRE BURNED NEARLY 535 00:18:18,130 --> 00:18:20,032 300,000 ACRES SCORCHING 536 00:18:20,032 --> 00:18:21,333 EVERYTHING IN ITS PATH ALL THE 537 00:18:21,333 --> 00:18:25,337 WAY FROM VENTURA COUNTY TO SANTA 538 00:18:25,337 --> 00:18:27,239 BARBARA COUNTY. 539 00:18:27,239 --> 00:18:29,341 NO SOONER WERE CALIFORNIANS OUT 540 00:18:29,341 --> 00:18:33,045 OF HARM WAY FROM THE DEVASTATING 541 00:18:33,045 --> 00:18:36,448 BLAZE, MOTHER NATURE DEALT 542 00:18:36,448 --> 00:18:38,050 ANOTHER BLOW, PARTLY CLOUDY 543 00:18:38,050 --> 00:18:39,852 SLIDES INTO THE MONTECITO 544 00:18:39,852 --> 00:18:43,055 NEIGHBORHOOD OF SANTA BARBARA 545 00:18:43,055 --> 00:18:44,556 COUNTY BECAUSE OF THE SCORCHED 546 00:18:44,556 --> 00:18:45,557 EARTH FROM THE FIRE. 547 00:18:45,557 --> 00:18:47,659 21 PEOPLE DIED IN THE DISASTER. 548 00:18:47,659 --> 00:18:50,262 MORE THAN 300 HOMES DAMAGED AND 549 00:18:50,262 --> 00:18:52,364 PART OF ONE OF CALIFORNIA'S 550 00:18:52,364 --> 00:18:54,967 BUSIEST HIGHWAYS, 101 WAS SHUT 551 00:18:54,967 --> 00:18:58,370 DOWN FOR NEARLY TWO WEEKS. 552 00:18:58,370 --> 00:19:01,273 KATE SCHARER IS A GEOLOGIST AND 553 00:19:01,273 --> 00:19:02,574 PART OF THE RESPONSE TEAM THAT 554 00:19:02,574 --> 00:19:04,576 AIDED IN THE RESCUE EFFORT AND 555 00:19:04,576 --> 00:19:06,378 HELPED WITH DAMAGE SURVEILLANCE 556 00:19:06,378 --> 00:19:07,479 AND ASSESSMENT. 557 00:19:07,479 --> 00:19:10,582 SHE MET HER OUT HERE AT A DEBRIS 558 00:19:10,582 --> 00:19:14,186 BASIN IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY 559 00:19:14,186 --> 00:19:15,787 LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE SAN 560 00:19:15,787 --> 00:19:17,689 GABRIEL MOUNTAINS IN DECEMBER 561 00:19:17,689 --> 00:19:19,992 PARTS WERE SCORCHED FROM WHAT 562 00:19:19,992 --> 00:19:22,895 WAS KNOWN IS AT CREEK FIRE. 563 00:19:22,895 --> 00:19:23,996 >> THE MATERIAL YOU CAN SEE ON 564 00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:26,098 THE LANDSCAPE IS THE DEBRIS 565 00:19:26,098 --> 00:19:28,300 FLOW, A COMMON WORD USED TO 566 00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:29,701 DESCRIBE THAT IS A MUD SWELL. 567 00:19:29,701 --> 00:19:32,304 WE LIKE TO USE THE TERM DEBRIS 568 00:19:32,304 --> 00:19:34,006 FLOW BECAUSE IT CONTAINS MUD 569 00:19:34,006 --> 00:19:36,608 FROM THE SOIL, THE BIG ROCKS, 570 00:19:36,608 --> 00:19:38,510 TREES, BIG CHUNKS OF THE BEDROCK 571 00:19:38,510 --> 00:19:40,412 OR HILL SLOPE THAT GETS 572 00:19:40,412 --> 00:19:42,314 ENTRAINED IN THE FLOWS AS THEY 573 00:19:42,314 --> 00:19:43,115 GO DOWNHILL. 574 00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:45,617 THE REASON WE SAY DEBRIS FLOW IS 575 00:19:45,617 --> 00:19:47,319 THAT IT IS A HUGE VARIETY OF 576 00:19:47,319 --> 00:19:48,720 MATERIAL THAT COMES DOWN, NOT 577 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:49,121 JUST MUD. 578 00:19:49,121 --> 00:19:50,322 >> IS THAT WHAT CAUSES THE 579 00:19:50,322 --> 00:19:51,023 DEVASTATION? 580 00:19:51,023 --> 00:19:53,225 IS IT THE VELOCITY AND THE 581 00:19:53,225 --> 00:19:57,129 VIOLENCE OF THE FLOW, OR IS IT 582 00:19:57,129 --> 00:19:57,629 SOMETHING ELSE? 583 00:19:57,629 --> 00:19:59,631 >> IT'S CERTAINLY THE VELOCITY 584 00:19:59,631 --> 00:20:00,132 OF IT. 585 00:20:00,132 --> 00:20:01,934 DEBRIS FLOWS CAN MOVE AS FAST AS 586 00:20:01,934 --> 00:20:03,135 30 TO 40 MILES PER HOUR. 587 00:20:03,135 --> 00:20:05,037 IF YOU THINK OF OURS DRIVING IN 588 00:20:05,037 --> 00:20:06,438 A CAR AT THAT SPEED, YOU 589 00:20:06,438 --> 00:20:07,639 WOULDN'T WANT TO HIT ANYBODY, 590 00:20:07,639 --> 00:20:08,140 RIGHT? 591 00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:09,241 WHEN YOU ENVISION THAT YOU CAN 592 00:20:09,241 --> 00:20:11,944 TAKE ALL THE MATERIAL IN THE 593 00:20:11,944 --> 00:20:13,645 LANDSCAPE AND HAVE IT MOVE THAT 594 00:20:13,645 --> 00:20:16,148 QUICKLY IN A FLURRY THAT HAS THE 595 00:20:16,148 --> 00:20:18,550 CONCENTRATION OF LIKE CEMENT, 596 00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:20,552 FOR EXAMPLE, AND IT'S MOVING 597 00:20:20,552 --> 00:20:22,154 THAT FAST, IT CAN TAKE YOU OUT 598 00:20:22,154 --> 00:20:22,754 VERY QUICKLY. 599 00:20:22,754 --> 00:20:24,556 >> SHE EXPLAINS THE CHARRED 600 00:20:24,556 --> 00:20:26,358 HILLS ARE EXACTLY LIKE THE 601 00:20:26,358 --> 00:20:28,060 HILLSIDES IN MONTECITO AFTER THE 602 00:20:28,060 --> 00:20:29,361 THOMAS FIRE. 603 00:20:29,361 --> 00:20:31,063 THE INFERNO BURNED ALL THE 604 00:20:31,063 --> 00:20:33,465 LIVING AND DEAD VEGETATION THAT 605 00:20:33,465 --> 00:20:35,167 SHELTERED THE SOIL, THE LANDS 606 00:20:35,167 --> 00:20:37,269 QUICKLY ERODED BECAUSE THERE WAS 607 00:20:37,269 --> 00:20:38,870 NO PROTECTIVE SHIELD. 608 00:20:38,870 --> 00:20:40,572 >> YOU CAN SEE WHERE THERE USED 609 00:20:40,572 --> 00:20:41,974 TO BE VEGETATION BEFORE THE FIRE 610 00:20:41,974 --> 00:20:43,675 AND THE VEGETATION, ALL OF THE 611 00:20:43,675 --> 00:20:45,077 ROOTS THAT GO IN, THE SMALLER 612 00:20:45,077 --> 00:20:47,179 PLANTS BURNED UP, THE ROOTS GO 613 00:20:47,179 --> 00:20:48,780 IN AND LOCK THE SOIL INTO THE 614 00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:49,581 BEDROCK. 615 00:20:49,581 --> 00:20:51,183 ONCE YOU HAVE THIS BURN, THE 616 00:20:51,183 --> 00:20:52,884 ROOTS THAT ACT LIKE THE STAPLES 617 00:20:52,884 --> 00:20:53,986 THAT HOLD THE SOIL INTO THE 618 00:20:53,986 --> 00:20:55,887 GROUND ARE ALL GONE AND SO FOR 619 00:20:55,887 --> 00:20:57,489 TWO TO FIVE YEARS AFTER ONE OF 620 00:20:57,489 --> 00:20:59,091 THESE FIRES, YOU CAN EXPECT THAT 621 00:20:59,091 --> 00:21:00,792 IF THE RIGHT KIND OF RAIN STORM 622 00:21:00,792 --> 00:21:02,294 COMES THROUGH, MATERIAL WILL GET 623 00:21:02,294 --> 00:21:05,998 MOBILIZED AND THIS THIN VENEER 624 00:21:05,998 --> 00:21:07,799 OF SOIL AND RUBBLE WILL GET 625 00:21:07,799 --> 00:21:09,501 MOBILIZED AND COME DOWN IN A 626 00:21:09,501 --> 00:21:09,901 FREE FLOW. 627 00:21:09,901 --> 00:21:11,503 >> THERE IS NO WAY TO QUICKLY 628 00:21:11,503 --> 00:21:14,106 GET AWAY FROM THIS ONCE THE LAND 629 00:21:14,106 --> 00:21:15,707 STARTS CRUMBLING DOWN. 630 00:21:15,707 --> 00:21:16,708 >> THAT'S CORRECT. 631 00:21:16,708 --> 00:21:17,809 >> THE DESCRIPTIONS YOU HEAR 632 00:21:17,809 --> 00:21:19,311 FROM PEOPLE THAT IT SOUNDS LIKE 633 00:21:19,311 --> 00:21:21,213 A FREIGHT TRAIN COMING AT YOU. 634 00:21:21,213 --> 00:21:22,914 SO YOU CAN ENVISION, YOU HAVE 635 00:21:22,914 --> 00:21:25,917 BOULDERS OUT IN THE AREA THAT 636 00:21:25,917 --> 00:21:27,619 WERE TWO METERS HIGH. 637 00:21:27,619 --> 00:21:30,722 THAT'S TALLER THAN ME. 638 00:21:30,722 --> 00:21:31,923 >> YOU'RE SIX FEET TALL. 639 00:21:31,923 --> 00:21:34,226 >> AND THOSE THINGS WERE COMING 640 00:21:34,226 --> 00:21:37,329 DOWN WITH THE VELOCITY OF 641 00:21:37,329 --> 00:21:38,330 40 MILES PER HOUR. 642 00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:40,032 THE EQUIVALENT OF A TRUCK COMING 643 00:21:40,032 --> 00:21:40,632 AT YOU. 644 00:21:40,632 --> 00:21:42,434 I HAVE NOT SEEN A DEBRIS FLOW 645 00:21:42,434 --> 00:21:43,935 THIS BAD WITHIN 20 YEARS. 646 00:21:43,935 --> 00:21:45,537 >> JANIS HERNANDEZ IS WITH THE 647 00:21:45,537 --> 00:21:47,239 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND 648 00:21:47,239 --> 00:21:48,740 WAS PART OF THE TEAM IN 649 00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:50,542 MONTECITO HELPING EMERGENCY 650 00:21:50,542 --> 00:21:51,943 RESPONDERS AND DOCUMENTING THE 651 00:21:51,943 --> 00:21:54,346 PATH OF THE DEBRIS FLOW AND MUD 652 00:21:54,346 --> 00:21:54,546 SLIDE. 653 00:21:54,546 --> 00:21:56,648 >> FREE FLOWS ARE CHARACTERIZED 654 00:21:56,648 --> 00:21:59,251 AS SEDIMENT, ROCK, WOODED 655 00:21:59,251 --> 00:22:02,054 DEBRIS, MATERIALS, AIR, WATER 656 00:22:02,054 --> 00:22:03,455 THAT GETS ENTRAINED AND 657 00:22:03,455 --> 00:22:06,158 MOBILIZED IN A RAPID DEPOSIT 658 00:22:06,158 --> 00:22:07,959 THAT COMES BARRELING DOWN THE 659 00:22:07,959 --> 00:22:10,462 CANYONS AT A RAPID PACE AND AS 660 00:22:10,462 --> 00:22:12,464 THIS MATERIAL WORKS ITS WAY DOWN 661 00:22:12,464 --> 00:22:13,965 THE SLOPES, IT'S PICKING UP 662 00:22:13,965 --> 00:22:14,266 STUFF. 663 00:22:14,266 --> 00:22:15,767 WE CALL IT ENTRAINING. 664 00:22:15,767 --> 00:22:16,968 IT'S PICKING UP STUFF FROM THE 665 00:22:16,968 --> 00:22:17,969 SIDES, FROM THE FRONT. 666 00:22:17,969 --> 00:22:19,471 AND IT'S JUST MAKING THE MASS 667 00:22:19,471 --> 00:22:20,472 EVEN GREATER. 668 00:22:20,472 --> 00:22:22,174 IF, AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CANYON 669 00:22:22,174 --> 00:22:24,576 WE HAVE A DEBRIS BASIN DOWN 670 00:22:24,576 --> 00:22:29,681 THERE, IT'S SUPPOSED TO CATCH 671 00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:31,083 THE LIGHTER MATERIAL TO FLOW OUT 672 00:22:31,083 --> 00:22:31,583 OF IT. 673 00:22:31,583 --> 00:22:33,685 BUT IN THE CASE AFTER A FIRE, 674 00:22:33,685 --> 00:22:35,387 THERE WAS JUST TOO MUCH MATERIAL 675 00:22:35,387 --> 00:22:37,789 TO COME DOWN AND THE BASIN 676 00:22:37,789 --> 00:22:39,491 FILLED UP AND OVER TOPPED AND 677 00:22:39,491 --> 00:22:41,026 ALL THAT MATERIAL WAS SPILLING 678 00:22:41,026 --> 00:22:42,227 OUT INTO THE NEIGHBORHOODS 679 00:22:42,227 --> 00:22:43,328 UNCONTROLLABLY. 680 00:22:43,328 --> 00:22:45,530 IF YOU HAPPEN TO BE HOPE, YOU 681 00:22:45,530 --> 00:22:50,035 MOST LIKELY WILL BE PART OF THAT 682 00:22:50,035 --> 00:22:50,235 DEPOSIT. 683 00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:51,837 ENOUGH MATERIAL CAME OUT OF THE 684 00:22:51,837 --> 00:22:53,839 CANYON TO FILL 300 FOOTBALL 685 00:22:53,839 --> 00:22:54,039 FIELDS. 686 00:22:54,039 --> 00:22:57,442 >> NOW THE CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL 687 00:22:57,442 --> 00:22:58,844 SURVEY IS EDUCATING THE PUBLIC. 688 00:22:58,844 --> 00:23:00,645 THEY'VE COMPILED A SAFETY AND 689 00:23:00,645 --> 00:23:02,647 PREPAREDNESS CHECK LIST FOR ALL 690 00:23:02,647 --> 00:23:03,949 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS AND ANY 691 00:23:03,949 --> 00:23:05,751 OTHER U.S. RESIDENTS WHO LIVE IN 692 00:23:05,751 --> 00:23:07,352 PARTS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE THEY 693 00:23:07,352 --> 00:23:09,254 COULD BE VICTIMS OF WILDFIRES 694 00:23:09,254 --> 00:23:11,456 THAT COULD LEAD TO MUD SLIDES OR 695 00:23:11,456 --> 00:23:13,658 DEBRIS FLOWS IN THE FUTURE. 696 00:23:13,658 --> 00:23:15,060 IT IS CRITICAL THAT RESIDENTS 697 00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:19,064 HE'D ALL EVACUATION WARNINGS. 698 00:23:19,064 --> 00:23:21,566 SECONDLY, CGS TELLS RESIDENTS TO 699 00:23:21,566 --> 00:23:24,569 EXPECT DEBRIS FLOWS FOR TWO TO 700 00:23:24,569 --> 00:23:26,171 FIVE YEARS AFTER A WILDFIRE. 701 00:23:26,171 --> 00:23:27,973 IT TAKES INTENSE RAIN TYPICALLY 702 00:23:27,973 --> 00:23:30,575 HALF AN INCH AN HOUR TO TRIGGER 703 00:23:30,575 --> 00:23:32,778 A DEBRIS FLOW OR MUD SLIDE. 704 00:23:32,778 --> 00:23:34,679 THIRDLY MONITOR ALL NATIONAL 705 00:23:34,679 --> 00:23:36,581 WEATHER SERVICE OR LOCAL WEATHER 706 00:23:36,581 --> 00:23:37,783 FORECASTS FOR FLASH FLOOD 707 00:23:37,783 --> 00:23:40,185 WATCHES OR FLASH FLOOD WARNINGS 708 00:23:40,185 --> 00:23:41,887 AND IF YOU MUST SHELTER IN 709 00:23:41,887 --> 00:23:43,688 PLACE, CHOOSE YOUR LOCATION IN 710 00:23:43,688 --> 00:23:45,490 ADVANCE AND STAY THERE AND FIND 711 00:23:45,490 --> 00:23:46,992 THE HIGHEST POINT OF SHELTER 712 00:23:46,992 --> 00:23:48,994 SUCH AS A SECOND STORY OR ROOF 713 00:23:48,994 --> 00:23:49,494 TOP. 714 00:23:49,494 --> 00:23:51,696 TO HELP WITH THESE LIFE SAVING 715 00:23:51,696 --> 00:23:53,298 EFFORTS, GEOLOGISTS ARE 716 00:23:53,298 --> 00:23:55,100 COMBINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 717 00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,102 TO MAP, THE MOST FIRE DANGER 718 00:23:57,102 --> 00:23:59,504 ZONES FOR DEBRIS FLOWS, A 719 00:23:59,504 --> 00:24:01,506 COLLABORATIVE EFFORT WITH THE 720 00:24:01,506 --> 00:24:04,209 U.S.G.S. AND C.G.S. AND OTHER 721 00:24:04,209 --> 00:24:05,911 TECHNICAL SPECIALIST SUCH AS 722 00:24:05,911 --> 00:24:07,913 HYDROLOGISTS, ENGINEERS, THE 723 00:24:07,913 --> 00:24:10,315 U.S. FOREST SERVICE AND WEATHER 724 00:24:10,315 --> 00:24:11,917 SERVICE HELPING TO CREATE 725 00:24:11,917 --> 00:24:14,820 SPECIALIZED LANDSLIDE MAPS THAT 726 00:24:14,820 --> 00:24:16,721 SCIENTIST TRAP AND MAP THINGS 727 00:24:16,721 --> 00:24:18,924 LIKE SOIL TEXTURE, BURN SEVERITY 728 00:24:18,924 --> 00:24:20,725 AND TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. 729 00:24:20,725 --> 00:24:23,528 GEOLOGISTS ARE USING AERIAL 730 00:24:23,528 --> 00:24:26,031 IMAGERY AND SATELLITE DATA AND L 731 00:24:26,031 --> 00:24:28,333 IDA R, ANOTHER MAPPING TECHNIQUE 732 00:24:28,333 --> 00:24:31,036 USING LASER BEAMS FLOWN FROM AN 733 00:24:31,036 --> 00:24:32,237 AIRPLANE TO COLLECT INFORMATION. 734 00:24:32,237 --> 00:24:33,638 THEY CAN SEE THROUGH THINGS LIKE 735 00:24:33,638 --> 00:24:35,040 TREES, BRUSH AND OTHER 736 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:36,741 VEGETATION AND WITH DIGITAL 737 00:24:36,741 --> 00:24:39,744 PROCESSING, GET DETAILED IMAGERY 738 00:24:39,744 --> 00:24:41,146 OF EVERYTHING ON THE GROUND LIKE 739 00:24:41,146 --> 00:24:43,348 HOMES, BUILDINGS, CREEKS, 740 00:24:43,348 --> 00:24:45,650 RIVERS, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND IT 741 00:24:45,650 --> 00:24:47,352 CAN IDENTIFY ANY TYPE OF 742 00:24:47,352 --> 00:24:51,056 TERRAIN, BE IT ROUGH, HILLY OR 743 00:24:51,056 --> 00:24:51,957 MOUNTAINOUS. 744 00:24:51,957 --> 00:24:55,160 HELPING GEOLOGISTS STUDY LAND 745 00:24:55,160 --> 00:25:03,668 FORMS AS IF THEY'RE UNDER A MY 746 00:25:03,668 --> 00:25:04,669 MAGNIFYING GLASS. 747 00:25:04,669 --> 00:25:06,171 >> MOTHER NATURE IS GOING TO DO 748 00:25:06,171 --> 00:25:08,573 WHAT MOTHER NATURE DOES. 749 00:25:08,573 --> 00:25:10,275 NO VEGETATION, LOOSE SOIL IS 750 00:25:10,275 --> 00:25:11,977 JUST A RECIPE FOR DISASTER. 751 00:25:11,977 --> 00:25:13,478 YOU BASICALLY GET BURIED BY THE 752 00:25:13,478 --> 00:25:18,783 DEBRIS. 753 00:25:18,783 --> 00:25:20,285 >> THAT'S IT FOR THIS EDITION OF 754 00:25:20,285 --> 00:25:20,785 "SCITECH NOW." 755 00:25:20,785 --> 00:25:22,487 TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR PROGRAM, 756 00:25:22,487 --> 00:25:24,589 JOIN THE CONVERSATION WITH YOUR 757 00:25:24,589 --> 00:25:25,590 QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND THOUGHTS 758 00:25:25,590 --> 00:25:26,791 ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER. 759 00:25:26,791 --> 00:25:28,093 I'M SIMON PEREZ. 760 00:25:28,093 --> 00:25:36,201 SEE NEXT WEEK ON "SCITECH NOW." 761 00:25:36,201 --> 00:25:37,602 >> ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW" 762 00:25:37,602 --> 00:25:39,304 WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW TECHNOLOGY 763 00:25:39,304 --> 00:25:42,207 CAN SCIENTISTS PREDICT THE SUN'S 764 00:25:42,207 --> 00:25:42,607 MOVEMENT. 765 00:25:42,607 --> 00:25:44,109 LOOKING FOR LIFE IN OUTER SPACE 766 00:25:44,109 --> 00:25:45,110 WITHOUT MAKING A MESS. 767 00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:46,411 WE'LL TAKE YOU TO THE CHURCH 768 00:25:46,411 --> 00:25:47,612 WHERE DURING SERVICE 769 00:25:47,612 --> 00:25:49,114 PARISHIONERS ARE ASKED TO PICK 770 00:25:49,114 --> 00:25:50,715 UP THEIR PHONES, NOT PUT THEM 771 00:25:50,715 --> 00:25:51,016 DOWN. 772 00:25:51,016 --> 00:25:52,317 AND CHECK OUT THE SPEED RACERS 773 00:25:52,317 --> 00:25:53,818 WHO DON'T EVEN THINK ABOUT USING 774 00:25:53,818 --> 00:25:54,920 FOSSIL FUEL. 775 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:55,487 ALL ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW."