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>> ON THIS EDITION OF "SCITECH

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NOW," REDESIGNING ONE OF THE

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MOST FAMOUS SPORTS STADIUMS IN

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THE COUNTRY SO IT LOOKS MORE

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LIKE A TREE.

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SEE HOW ARCHITECTURE CAN HELP

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FEED THE HUNGRY.

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LEARN HOW FISH TOOK THE

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EVOLUTIONARY LEAP FROM WATER TO

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LAND, AND SEE WHAT ROLES STARS

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PLAYED IN EARLY SPACE

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EXPLORATION ALL COMING UP NEXT

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ON "SCITECH NOW."

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♪7

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>> SIMON: HELLO.

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I'M SIMON PEREZ.

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WELCOME TO "SCITECH NOW," OUR

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WEEKLY PROGRAM BRINGING YOU THE

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LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE,

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TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION HERE

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IN CENTRAL NEW YORK AND ACROSS

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THE COUNTRY.

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BEFORE THE CARRIER DOME THERE

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WAS THE HOUSTON ASTRODOME ONE OF

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THE MOST FAMOUS STADIUMS IN

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AMERICA BUT HAS GONE UNUSED FOR

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THE PAST DECADE.

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A LOCAL ARCHITECT WANTS TO HELP

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THE BUILDING TURN OVER A NEW

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LEAF.

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TREES HAVE INSPIRED HIM.

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>> THE NEW $31 MILLION HOME OF

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THE HOUSTON ASTROS.

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>> BEEN AROUND SINCE 1965.

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>> A DOME STADIUM THAT HOLDS

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NEARLY 50,000 FOR A BASEBALL

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GAME.

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>> PEOPLE GREW UP GOING TO BALL

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GAMES THERE.

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ALL KINDS OF EVENTS HAPPENED

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THERE.

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>> PLASTIC CEILING MAKES IT AN

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ALL WEATHER STADIUM.

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>> WHEN IT WAS BUILT, THERE WAS

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NOTHING LIKE IT.

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THERE WAS NOTHING EVEN CLOSE TO

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THE 643-FOOT, IT WAS NEVER DONE

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BEFORE.

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>> WHAT I THINK IS REALLY

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IMPORTANT ABOUT THE DOME IS THAT

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IT HAS INDIVIDUAL MEANINGS FOR

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DIFFERENT PEOPLE.

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IT HAS TO DO WITH WHAT WENT ON

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INSIDE, WHAT EVENT YOU SAW, WHO

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YOU WERE WITH?

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>> AS THE ASTRODOME GETS READY

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TO SHUT ITS DOORS AFTER 35 YEARS

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OF HOSTING MAJOR LEAGUE

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BASEBALL...

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>> THIS BUILDING IS VERY

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IMPORTANT TO HOUSTON.

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I STARTED THINKING ABOUT IT AS

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AN ARCHITECT.

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THE MORE I LOOKED AT IT, THE

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BIGGEST INNOVATION IN THE DOME

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IS THE ENGINEERING.

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LET'S REMOVE THE EXTERIOR

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ENVELOPE AND CELEBRATE THE

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STRUCTURE.

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YOU HAVE THE PROBLEM, WHAT DO

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YOU DO WITH THAT?

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I WORKED FOR A LOT OF ARCHITECTS

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ALL OVER THE WORLD AND THE ONES

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I ENJOYED WORKING FOR ARE THE

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ONES THAT LOOK AT EVERY PROBLEM

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DIFFERENTLY AND COME UP WITH

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DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS.

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IT'S KIND OF LIKE AN UNEXPOSED

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STRUCTURE AND THEN ON TOP OF

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THAT IT HAS THE INFRASTRUCTURE

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THAT LIVES ON IT WHICH IS

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INCREDIBLE.

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FERNS AND BIRDS AND SQUIRT

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NESTS.

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AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE TO WALK

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UNDER THE TREES ACTS AS AN

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EXPERIENCE THE SHADE.

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IT IS NOT ENCLOSED AND NOT QUITE

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UNCLOSED.

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THAT'S WHAT THE DOME WOULD

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BECOME JUST AN ENORMOUS SCALE.

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>> I HAVE A PARTNER IN THIS.

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ARCHITECTS WANT TO MAKE THE

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WORLD A BETTER PLACE.

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THIS IS THE CONCEPT.

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I'M NOT SAYING THIS IS WHAT IS

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MOVING FORWARD.

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THE DOME IS CURRENTLY SURROUNDED

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BY PARKING.

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THERE ARE 26,000 PARKING SPACES.

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WHAT HAPPENS IS THE SUNSHINES ON

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THE BLACK ASPHALT AND THE HEAT

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RADIATES OFF THE ASPHALT,

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ATTEMPTS TO RISE.

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A TERM FOR IT CALLED HEAT

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ISLAND.

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SO WE SURROUND THE DOME WITH A

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PARK, ALMOST 40 ACRES SO THAT

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PARK SPACE WOULD BE SHADED,

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COOLED SPACE WITH WATER

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ABSORBING GRASS SURFACE AROUND

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IT.

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ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHT FEATURES OF

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IT WOULD BE A RAMP THAT GOES ALL

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THE WAY TO THE TOP OF THE DOME

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SO YOU CAN IMAGINE RUNNING UP

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THERE IN THE MORNING, IT WOULD

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BE ALMOST A TWO-MILE RUN TO THE

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TOP OF THE DOME.

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YOU CAN IMAGINE WALKING OR

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RUNNING UP THERE AND SEEING THE

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SUN RISE OVER THE GULF.

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AND THEN THE CENTER OF THE DOME

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WE CALL THIS OTHER PIECE OF

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INFRASTRUCTURE THE GREAT FLOOR.

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AND THE GREAT FLOOR WOULD BE A

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PLACE WHERE ANY KIND OF EVENT

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CAN HAPPEN.

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ROCK CONCERT, RODEO, ANYTHING

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YOU COULD IMAGINE.

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TO HAVE THE DOME UNENCLOSED AND

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TO HAVE THIS INFRASTRUCTURE IF

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IT WOULD BE REALLY AN INCREDIBLY

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UNIQUE FEATURE FOR THE CITY.

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IT WOULD BE LIKE THE EIFFEL

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TOWER OF MUSIC.

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WE HAVE HAD A TREMENDOUS

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RESPONSE TO THIS PROJECT.

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PEOPLE HAVE SAID IT WOULD BE AN

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ATTRACTIVE THING TO DO WITH THE

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ASTRODOME.

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IT'S NOT A BASEBALL STADIUM ANY

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OR MORE FOOTBALL STADIUM.

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SO WHAT IS IT?

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THAT'S THE QUESTION, RIGHT?

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♪7

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♪7

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>> THE ASTRO ASTRODOME SHELTERED

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THOUSANDS OF HURRICANE HARVEY

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VICTIMS IN AUGUST.

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ARCHITECTURE CAN MAKE US FEEL

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MANY THINGS.

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SCARED, ALONE, COMFORTABLE,

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HAPPY.

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THE COOPER HOMELAND SECURITY

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NATIONAL DESIGN MUSEUM HAS A NEW

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EXHIBIT ON HOW DESIGN CAN

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ADDRESS HUNGER AND HOMELESSNESS.

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"SCITECH NOW" CONTRIBUTOR HARI

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SREENIVASAN SPOKE WITH THE

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CURATOR OF THE EXHIBIT.

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>> WHAT MAKES GOOD DESIGN?

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>> I THINK SIGHTS A COMBINATION

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OF INNOVATION ADDRESSING,

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ESPECIALLY IN THESE PARTICULAR

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DESIGNS THAT WERE INCLUDED IN

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THE EXHIBITION, ADDRESS REAL

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WORLD PROBLEMS, SOLVE ISSUES AND

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REALLY ADDRESS COMPLEX AND

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SYSTEMIC ISSUES THAT ARE

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CONFRONTING THE UNITED STATES

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TODAY.

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>> IT SEEMS LESS ABOUT THE

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DESIGNER AND MORE ABOUT THE

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POPULATION OR COMMUNITY THAT IS

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GOING TO INTERACT WITH IT OR BE

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SERVED WITH IT, TOO.

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>> ABSOLUTELY.

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MOST OF THE DESIGNS IN THE

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EXHIBITION WERE CREATED IN

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COLLABORATION WITH COMMUNITIES.

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YOU END UP WITH MUCH MORE

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RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE AND

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SOMETHING THAT REALLY REFLECTS

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THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY

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DIRECTLY.

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>> WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT THE

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EXHIBIT, THIS ISN'T JUST ABOUT

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ARCHITECTURE.

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IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT THE SPACES

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CREATED BUT IT'S REALLY, I MEAN,

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YOU HAVE ONE THAT'S, THE MOBILE

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MARKET ON WHEELS IN CHICAGO AND

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THEN DIFFERENT TYPE OF WHEELS

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ALMOST LOOKS LIKE AN ERECTOR SET

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BUT A PEDAL POWER CULTIVATOR.

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WHAT WAS THE THINKING BEHIND THE

198
00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:22,415
DIFFERENT OBJECTS AND WHAT DO

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00:06:22,415 --> 00:06:23,716
THEY HAVE IN COMMON?

200
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>> I THINK ACROSS THE BOARD THE

201
00:06:26,219 --> 00:06:28,454
DESIGNERS ARE THINKING OF WAYS

202
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TO SHARE RESOURCES MORE BROADLY,

203
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TO CREATE MORE JUST AND

204
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EQUITABLE COMMUNITIES.

205
00:06:37,463 --> 00:06:39,098
>> SO HOW DOES THIS ADDRESS THAT

206
00:06:39,098 --> 00:06:41,434
QUESTION THAT YOU HAVE IS HOW

207
00:06:41,434 --> 00:06:43,536
CAN DESIGN ADDRESS THE WORLD'S

208
00:06:43,536 --> 00:06:44,804
MOST CRITICAL ISSUES WITH

209
00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:46,873
FUNCTIONABLE AFFORDABLE

210
00:06:46,873 --> 00:06:48,608
SOLUTIONS?

211
00:06:48,608 --> 00:06:50,676
>> IT TAKES A RANGE OF

212
00:06:50,676 --> 00:06:53,880
APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES.

213
00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:57,417
YOU HAVE SOMETHING LIKE THE FARM

214
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HACK CYCLE WHERE A GROUP OF

215
00:06:59,585 --> 00:07:01,921
YOUNG FARMERS DECIDED THAT THEY

216
00:07:01,921 --> 00:07:04,891
WANTED TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURE IN

217
00:07:04,891 --> 00:07:10,029
THE UNITED STATES.

218
00:07:10,029 --> 00:07:11,330
AGRICULTURE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE,

219
00:07:11,330 --> 00:07:14,000
EXTENDED GROWING SEASONS, LARGE

220
00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,437
INDUSTRIAL FARMS, AND SO THEY

221
00:07:17,437 --> 00:07:20,907
CAME TOGETHER AND SAID WE COULD

222
00:07:20,907 --> 00:07:23,309
SHARE KNOWLEDGE FURTHER SO THEY

223
00:07:23,309 --> 00:07:26,179
CREATED AN ONLINE DATABASE WHERE

224
00:07:26,179 --> 00:07:29,715
THEY HAVE COLLECTED AND

225
00:07:29,715 --> 00:07:33,619
DISSEMINATE OVER 150 MACHINE

226
00:07:33,619 --> 00:07:33,986
TOOLS.

227
00:07:33,986 --> 00:07:35,721
THE ONE THAT WE HAVE DISPLAY IN

228
00:07:35,721 --> 00:07:38,858
THE EXHIBITION IS THE CULTIVATOR

229
00:07:38,858 --> 00:07:41,060
WHICH ACTUALLY THEY CALL IT THE

230
00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:48,201
CULTICYCLE.

231
00:07:48,201 --> 00:07:49,702
IT IS A TRACTOR THAT CAN BE

232
00:07:49,702 --> 00:07:51,337
ADAPTED VERY EASILY.

233
00:07:51,337 --> 00:07:52,538
OFF LINE THEY COME TOGETHER IN

234
00:07:52,538 --> 00:07:55,308
THESE FARM HACK EVENTS WHERE

235
00:07:55,308 --> 00:07:57,977
YOUNG FARMERS, HACKERS, MAKERS,

236
00:07:57,977 --> 00:08:00,446
ENGINEERS, DESIGNERS GET

237
00:08:00,446 --> 00:08:03,549
TOGETHER AND BUILD THEM AND ADD

238
00:08:03,549 --> 00:08:06,519
HIGH TECHNOLOGY TO THIS VERY LOW

239
00:08:06,519 --> 00:08:09,856
TECH MACHINE SO IT'S PEDAL

240
00:08:09,856 --> 00:08:10,523
POWERED.

241
00:08:10,523 --> 00:08:11,591
ANYBODY CAN USE IT.

242
00:08:11,591 --> 00:08:13,593
THEY ADD A TABLET TO IT, A

243
00:08:13,593 --> 00:08:16,062
DIGITAL TABLET WHERE THEY CAN

244
00:08:16,062 --> 00:08:22,435
MAP THE TERRAIN, TEST THE SOIL

245
00:08:22,435 --> 00:08:24,971
AND SO IT'S COMBINING BOTH HIGH

246
00:08:24,971 --> 00:08:27,373
TECH AND LOW TECH TECHNOLOGY

247
00:08:27,373 --> 00:08:30,042
WITH SCIENCE TO TRANSFORM

248
00:08:30,042 --> 00:08:31,444
AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES

249
00:08:31,444 --> 00:08:34,113
SO IT'S MORE RESILIENT AND

250
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ADAPTIVE.

251
00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:37,383
>> IN A WAY IT'S KIND OF THE

252
00:08:37,383 --> 00:08:39,151
FUNDAMENTALS OF WHAT THE COUNTRY

253
00:08:39,151 --> 00:08:41,787
WAS BUILT ON, REALLY WHAT ANY

254
00:08:41,787 --> 00:08:42,989
SOCIETY IS BUILT ON.

255
00:08:42,989 --> 00:08:44,590
THEY HAVE A PROBLEM.

256
00:08:44,590 --> 00:08:46,392
THEY FIGURE OUT HOW TO SOLVE IT.

257
00:08:46,392 --> 00:08:47,660
THEY COME TOGETHER AND THEY

258
00:08:47,660 --> 00:08:49,662
SHARE THE WEALTH AND THE RESULT.

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00:08:49,662 --> 00:08:50,263
>> ABSOLUTELY.

260
00:08:50,263 --> 00:08:51,697
I THINK YOU POINTED OUT ANOTHER

261
00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:53,799
ONE, THE ONE IN CHICAGO, THIS

262
00:08:53,799 --> 00:08:55,668
WAS A GROUP OF YOUNG ARCHITECTS

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00:08:55,668 --> 00:08:59,906
THAT PARTNERED WITH A COMMUNITY

264
00:08:59,906 --> 00:09:02,141
ADVOCATES TO TAKE OLD CITY BUSES

265
00:09:02,141 --> 00:09:05,778
AND TRANSFORM THEM INTO ONE

266
00:09:05,778 --> 00:09:07,747
AISLE PRODUCE MARKETS THAT THEY

267
00:09:07,747 --> 00:09:09,715
TOOK INTO FOOD DESERTS.

268
00:09:09,715 --> 00:09:11,284
FOOD DESERTS FOR PEOPLE WHO

269
00:09:11,284 --> 00:09:13,719
DON'T KNOW, ARE PLACES WHERE

270
00:09:13,719 --> 00:09:16,022
BRICK AND MORTAR STORES DON'T

271
00:09:16,022 --> 00:09:18,357
EXIST SO PEOPLE HAVE TO BUY AT A

272
00:09:18,357 --> 00:09:20,660
LOCAL MARKET.

273
00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:24,530
AND SO THEY WENT IN AND BROUGHT

274
00:09:24,530 --> 00:09:26,966
THESE OLD CITY BUSES OUTFITTED

275
00:09:26,966 --> 00:09:28,834
WITH FRESH PRODUCE, BRINGING

276
00:09:28,834 --> 00:09:29,969
HEALTH MESSAGES.

277
00:09:29,969 --> 00:09:32,038
THE MAYOR, THE CURRENT MAYOR

278
00:09:32,038 --> 00:09:34,840
RIGHT NOW IS HOPING TO ERADICATE

279
00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:36,709
THE FOOD DESERTS THROUGHOUT

280
00:09:36,709 --> 00:09:38,077
CHICAGO.

281
00:09:38,077 --> 00:09:39,245
>> FULL TIME STORES WOULD BE

282
00:09:39,245 --> 00:09:41,213
GREAT BUT THIS IS A GREAT STOP

283
00:09:41,213 --> 00:09:43,049
GAP IN BETWEEN AND THE IDEA CAN

284
00:09:43,049 --> 00:09:43,549
SCALE.

285
00:09:43,549 --> 00:09:44,850
A LOT OF THESE IDEAS ARE NOT

286
00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:46,485
LIMITED TO THE SPACES THAT YOU

287
00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:48,120
FOUND THEM IN.

288
00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:51,357
>> TRUE.

289
00:09:51,357 --> 00:09:52,658
WITH THE MOBILE MARKETS, THE

290
00:09:52,658 --> 00:09:55,094
PRODUCE MARKETS, THEY FOUND THAT

291
00:09:55,094 --> 00:09:57,363
THERE WAS DEMAND THERE SO BRICK

292
00:09:57,363 --> 00:09:59,799
AND MORTAR STORES ACTUALLY BEGAN

293
00:09:59,799 --> 00:10:01,801
TO MOVE IN SO THERE WAS REAL

294
00:10:01,801 --> 00:10:04,837
IMPACT USING THIS INNOVATIVE

295
00:10:04,837 --> 00:10:05,771
DESIGN.

296
00:10:05,771 --> 00:10:08,774
I WOULD SAY ALSO ONE OF THE

297
00:10:08,774 --> 00:10:10,076
OTHER DESIGNS INCLUDED IN THE

298
00:10:10,076 --> 00:10:12,645
EXHIBITION IS TEXT FOR BABY

299
00:10:12,645 --> 00:10:15,081
WHICH HAS BECOME VERY POPULAR.

300
00:10:15,081 --> 00:10:17,283
AND IT WENT... IT SCALED UP

301
00:10:17,283 --> 00:10:19,151
VERY, VERY QUICKLY.

302
00:10:19,151 --> 00:10:20,453
>> FOR PEOPLE WHO DON'T KNOW

303
00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:21,754
WHAT IT IS.

304
00:10:21,754 --> 00:10:24,256
THIS IS FOR EXPECTING MOTHERS TO

305
00:10:24,256 --> 00:10:26,225
GET INFORMATION IN JUST THE

306
00:10:26,225 --> 00:10:27,560
RIGHT AMOUNT OF TIME AS THEY'RE

307
00:10:27,560 --> 00:10:30,863
PROGRESSING IN THE PREGNANCY.

308
00:10:30,863 --> 00:10:33,265
>> TIMED TO WHATEVER MONTH THEY

309
00:10:33,265 --> 00:10:34,300
ARE.

310
00:10:34,300 --> 00:10:36,168
>> MAKE SURE YOU ARE CHECKING IN

311
00:10:36,168 --> 00:10:38,137
WITH THIS DOCTOR OR HAVING THESE

312
00:10:38,137 --> 00:10:40,106
VITAMINS, RIGHT?

313
00:10:40,106 --> 00:10:41,173
>> ONE OF THE THINGS I THOUGHT

314
00:10:41,173 --> 00:10:43,376
IT WAS INTERESTING AND INCLUDED

315
00:10:43,376 --> 00:10:45,144
IT IN THE EXHIBITION IS THE IDEA

316
00:10:45,144 --> 00:10:46,545
CAME OUT OF AFRICAN SOUTH

317
00:10:46,545 --> 00:10:48,547
AMERICA THAT THE DESIGNER WAS

318
00:10:48,547 --> 00:10:49,949
WORKING IN THESE PLACES AND

319
00:10:49,949 --> 00:10:51,684
DELIVERING HEALTH MESSAGES.

320
00:10:51,684 --> 00:10:53,219
IT WASN'T HAPPENING HERE IN THE

321
00:10:53,219 --> 00:10:54,754
U.S. SO HE BROUGHT THIS IDEA

322
00:10:54,754 --> 00:10:56,856
BACK TO THE U.S., PARTNERED WITH

323
00:10:56,856 --> 00:11:02,795
THE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL

324
00:11:02,795 --> 00:11:05,231
SO WE HAVE SCIENTIFIC MESSAGES.

325
00:11:05,231 --> 00:11:07,099
THE WIRELESS FOUNDATION AND

326
00:11:07,099 --> 00:11:08,401
MOBILE CARRIERS SO THEY'RE

327
00:11:08,401 --> 00:11:09,235
DELIVERED FREE.

328
00:11:09,235 --> 00:11:10,736
THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF

329
00:11:10,736 --> 00:11:12,705
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SO THEY

330
00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:14,674
CAME UP WITH A BROAD STRATEGY,

331
00:11:14,674 --> 00:11:16,809
AND OVER A MILLION MOTHERS ARE

332
00:11:16,809 --> 00:11:18,544
RECEIVING THEM NOW AND THEY'RE

333
00:11:18,544 --> 00:11:20,379
VERY EFFECTIVE.

334
00:11:20,379 --> 00:11:23,082
THEY... A RECENT STUDY FOUND

335
00:11:23,082 --> 00:11:27,186
THAT MOTHERS WHO WERE SCHEDULED

336
00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:30,189
TO HAVE VACCINATIONS, THEY

337
00:11:30,189 --> 00:11:32,191
RECEIVED THE MESSAGE THEY WERE

338
00:11:32,191 --> 00:11:33,859
TWO TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE

339
00:11:33,859 --> 00:11:34,660
THE VACCINATION.

340
00:11:34,660 --> 00:11:35,761
SO IT'S EFFECTIVE.

341
00:11:35,761 --> 00:11:38,164
>> AND GREAT DESIGN.

342
00:11:38,164 --> 00:11:39,632
CYNTHIA SMITH FROM THE COOPER

343
00:11:39,632 --> 00:11:48,007
HEWITT THANK YOU.

344
00:11:48,007 --> 00:11:49,375
>> THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBS

345
00:11:49,375 --> 00:11:51,477
ALLOWED WATER DWELLING CREATURES

346
00:11:51,477 --> 00:11:53,012
TO MOVE ON TO LAND.

347
00:11:53,012 --> 00:11:54,313
THERE IS A NEW THEORY.

348
00:11:54,313 --> 00:11:56,449
WHAT IF IT WAS THE DEVELOPMENT

349
00:11:56,449 --> 00:11:57,917
OF EYES.

350
00:11:57,917 --> 00:11:59,685
>> ALMOST 400 MILLION YEARS AGO

351
00:11:59,685 --> 00:12:04,223
SOME ADVENTURE ADVENTUROUS FISH

352
00:12:04,223 --> 00:12:06,325
MADE A HUGE LEAP THAT EVENTUALLY

353
00:12:06,325 --> 00:12:07,993
MADE TO THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN

354
00:12:07,993 --> 00:12:08,127
KIND.

355
00:12:08,127 --> 00:12:10,796
THEY DECIDED TO COME UP ON LAND.

356
00:12:10,796 --> 00:12:12,765
WE HUMANS PROBABLY WOULD NEVER

357
00:12:12,765 --> 00:12:14,734
HAVE EVOLVED THE INTELLIGENCE WE

358
00:12:14,734 --> 00:12:17,069
HAVE TODAY IF NOT FOR THAT MOVE

359
00:12:17,069 --> 00:12:17,970
ON TO LAND.

360
00:12:17,970 --> 00:12:19,138
WHY?

361
00:12:19,138 --> 00:12:21,474
BECAUSE IT VASTLY IMPROVED OUR

362
00:12:21,474 --> 00:12:24,443
EYE SIGHT.

363
00:12:24,443 --> 00:12:27,680
ACCORDING TO NEUROSCIENTIST

364
00:12:27,680 --> 00:12:29,448
MALCOLM MacIVER, THE WAY WE

365
00:12:29,448 --> 00:12:32,418
THINK ABOUT THE WORLD IS CLOSELY

366
00:12:32,418 --> 00:12:34,153
TIED TO WHAT WE CAN SEE AND FISH

367
00:12:34,153 --> 00:12:36,355
CAN'T SEE A WHOLE HECK OF A LOT.

368
00:12:36,355 --> 00:12:38,457
MAINLY BECAUSE LIGHT DOESN'T

369
00:12:38,457 --> 00:12:39,959
TRAVEL VERY FAR IN WATER.

370
00:12:39,959 --> 00:12:44,130
OUR ANCIENT FISH ANCESTORS LIVED

371
00:12:44,130 --> 00:12:46,232
THEIR LIVES IN A CONSTANT FOG SO

372
00:12:46,232 --> 00:12:48,667
THEIR BRAINS EVOLVED TO REACT

373
00:12:48,667 --> 00:12:50,402
QUICKLY TO WHATEVER APPEARED ON

374
00:12:50,402 --> 00:12:52,671
THE HORIZON.

375
00:12:52,671 --> 00:12:55,574
MacIVER HAD THE THEORY THAT

376
00:12:55,574 --> 00:12:57,810
THE MOVE TO LAND EXPANDED OUR

377
00:12:57,810 --> 00:13:00,112
AQUATIC VISION AND IN TURN OUR

378
00:13:00,112 --> 00:13:00,346
BRAINS.

379
00:13:00,346 --> 00:13:03,916
TO TEST HIS THEORY.

380
00:13:03,916 --> 00:13:05,451
THEY SPENT A YEAR RUNNING

381
00:13:05,451 --> 00:13:07,319
SIMULATIONS WITH FOSSIL DATA.

382
00:13:07,319 --> 00:13:09,822
THEIR RESEARCH REVEALED NEW

383
00:13:09,822 --> 00:13:11,590
CLUES ABOUT WHY FISH CAME ON TO

384
00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:13,292
LAND IN THE FIRST PLACE.

385
00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:14,727
IT ALL SEEMS TO HAVE STARTED

386
00:13:14,727 --> 00:13:17,296
WHEN THE FIRST FISH PEEKED ABOVE

387
00:13:17,296 --> 00:13:18,230
THE WATER SURFACE.

388
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:20,332
SUDDENLY IT WAS ABLE TO SEE 70

389
00:13:20,332 --> 00:13:28,874
TIMES FURTHER AND BEHOLD A

390
00:13:28,874 --> 00:13:31,277
SMORGASBORD OF TASTY LAND

391
00:13:31,277 --> 00:13:32,077
DWELLERS.

392
00:13:32,077 --> 00:13:33,846
TO CAPITALIZE ON THIS, THE FISH

393
00:13:33,846 --> 00:13:35,247
WOULD HAVE TO EVOLVE.

394
00:13:35,247 --> 00:13:37,950
ITS EYES SOON MOVED TO THE TOP

395
00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:40,419
OF ITS HEAD AND TRIPLED IN SIZE

396
00:13:40,419 --> 00:13:42,788
AND THE FINS BEGAN EVOLVING INTO

397
00:13:42,788 --> 00:13:46,458
LIMBS SO IT COULD STALK ITS PREY

398
00:13:46,458 --> 00:13:48,661
LIKE A CROCODILE.

399
00:13:48,661 --> 00:13:51,130
HUNTING ON LAND WAS AN EARLY

400
00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:52,765
GAME CHANGER.

401
00:13:52,765 --> 00:13:55,067
THEIR SENSORY VOLUME INCREASED A

402
00:13:55,067 --> 00:13:56,902
MILLION FOLD GIVING THEM A MUCH

403
00:13:56,902 --> 00:13:59,004
BIGGER WINDOW INTO THE FUTURE.

404
00:13:59,004 --> 00:14:00,339
THE FIRST ANIMAL THAT FIGURED

405
00:14:00,339 --> 00:14:01,874
OUT HOW TO PLAN ACCORDINGLY

406
00:14:01,874 --> 00:14:03,409
INSTEAD OF JUST REACTING WOULD

407
00:14:03,409 --> 00:14:05,611
HAVE HAD A HUGE EVOLUTIONARY

408
00:14:05,611 --> 00:14:08,347
ADVANTAGE.

409
00:14:08,347 --> 00:14:09,982
IT IS THAT KIND OF NATURAL

410
00:14:09,982 --> 00:14:12,418
SELECTION A MILLION TIMES AND

411
00:14:12,418 --> 00:14:14,053
EVENTUALLY WE HAVE SOMETHING

412
00:14:14,053 --> 00:14:15,554
CALLED PERSPECTIVE COGNITION.

413
00:14:15,554 --> 00:14:17,556
THAT'S OUR ABILITY TO WEIGH

414
00:14:17,556 --> 00:14:20,326
DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

415
00:14:20,326 --> 00:14:27,166
AND CHOOSE STRATEGICALLY.

416
00:14:27,166 --> 00:14:28,934
TO THIS DAY, FISH HAVE NOT

417
00:14:28,934 --> 00:14:30,803
EVOLVED THOSE KINDS OF COMPLEX

418
00:14:30,803 --> 00:14:32,872
PLANNING SKILLS BUT MANY LAND

419
00:14:32,872 --> 00:14:35,975
ANIMALS HAVE.

420
00:14:35,975 --> 00:14:37,843
UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTIONARY

421
00:14:37,843 --> 00:14:39,345
ROOTS OF INTELLIGENCE HELPS

422
00:14:39,345 --> 00:14:42,147
EXPLAIN HOW HUMANS GOT SO SMART

423
00:14:42,147 --> 00:14:44,550
BUT ALSO WHY WE ARE SO DUMB.

424
00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:46,018
WE HAVE EVOLVED TO DEAL WITH THE

425
00:14:46,018 --> 00:14:47,386
THINGS WE CAN SEE IN THE HERE

426
00:14:47,386 --> 00:14:48,654
AND NOW.

427
00:14:48,654 --> 00:14:50,756
WE STILL DON'T PLAN WELL FOR

428
00:14:50,756 --> 00:14:52,825
THINGS THAT ARE TOO FAR AWAY IN

429
00:14:52,825 --> 00:14:54,126
TIME OR SPACE.

430
00:14:54,126 --> 00:14:58,664
WE'LL... WILL THAT VISION EVER

431
00:14:58,664 --> 00:15:01,567
EVOLVE SO WE CAN SEE THE

432
00:15:01,567 --> 00:15:03,102
CONSEQUENCES OF OUR ACTIONS MORE

433
00:15:03,102 --> 00:15:03,702
CLEARLY?

434
00:15:03,702 --> 00:15:05,104
EVOLUTION WON'T MAKE THAT HAPPEN

435
00:15:05,104 --> 00:15:05,938
ANY TIME SOON.

436
00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:06,672
BUT UNDERSTANDING THE

437
00:15:06,672 --> 00:15:07,940
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISION AND

438
00:15:07,940 --> 00:15:10,109
PLANNING MAY HELP US ENGINEER

439
00:15:10,109 --> 00:15:12,678
SOLUTIONS BY USING TECHNOLOGY TO

440
00:15:12,678 --> 00:15:15,881
BRING FAR AWAY THINGS CLOSER.

441
00:15:15,881 --> 00:15:17,616
THAT JUST MIGHT GIVE US THE

442
00:15:17,616 --> 00:15:19,685
EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE WE NEED

443
00:15:19,685 --> 00:15:22,888
TO SURVIVE THE NEXT 400 MILLION

444
00:15:22,888 --> 00:15:27,459
YEARS.

445
00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:29,728
>> HERE WITH US TO DISCUSS HIS

446
00:15:29,728 --> 00:15:31,597
RESEARCH IS MALCOLM MacIVER

447
00:15:31,597 --> 00:15:36,568
PROFESSOR OF BIOENGINEERING AND.

448
00:15:36,568 --> 00:15:38,203
AT NORTH WESTERN UNIVERSITY.

449
00:15:38,203 --> 00:15:39,738
WHEN YOU LOOKED AT THE FOSSIL

450
00:15:39,738 --> 00:15:42,474
DATA, THIS IS SOMETHING WE

451
00:15:42,474 --> 00:15:44,810
THOUGHT ABOUT FOREVER AND EVER

452
00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:46,412
THAT FISH GREW LIMBS.

453
00:15:46,412 --> 00:15:47,613
WHAT IS THE VISION CONNECTION?

454
00:15:47,613 --> 00:15:48,447
>> THE VISION CONNECTION IS

455
00:15:48,447 --> 00:15:50,916
THAT, WELL, 10 YEARS AGO I

456
00:15:50,916 --> 00:15:53,986
PREDICTED THAT AN ANIMALS COMING

457
00:15:53,986 --> 00:15:56,488
UP ON AIR GIVEN AT AIR IS MUCH

458
00:15:56,488 --> 00:15:57,890
MORE TRANSPARENT THAT WOULD

459
00:15:57,890 --> 00:16:00,125
FAVOR BIGGER EYES BECAUSE AIR

460
00:16:00,125 --> 00:16:01,760
ALLOWS VISION TO WORK MUCH

461
00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:02,361
BETTER.

462
00:16:02,361 --> 00:16:06,565
SO MYSELF AND LASER SCHMIDT AND

463
00:16:06,565 --> 00:16:08,233
SOME COLLABORATORS CHECKED THE

464
00:16:08,233 --> 00:16:09,868
FOSSIL RECORD AND WHAT WE FOUND

465
00:16:09,868 --> 00:16:10,936
WAS ACTUALLY MUCH MORE

466
00:16:10,936 --> 00:16:12,338
INTERESTING WHICH IS THAT THERE

467
00:16:12,338 --> 00:16:16,041
WAS A TRIPLING OF THE SOCKETS

468
00:16:16,041 --> 00:16:17,576
THAT HOLD EYES JUST BEFORE WE

469
00:16:17,576 --> 00:16:18,877
CAME UP ON THE LAND.

470
00:16:18,877 --> 00:16:21,447
>> SO THE IDEA IS THAT THIS

471
00:16:21,447 --> 00:16:23,515
MIGHT HAVE ACTUALLY HAD

472
00:16:23,515 --> 00:16:25,150
SOMETHING TO DO WITH COMING UP

473
00:16:25,150 --> 00:16:25,751
ON TO LAND.

474
00:16:25,751 --> 00:16:28,287
>> HOW DO I KNOW WHICH CAME

475
00:16:28,287 --> 00:16:28,854
FIRST?

476
00:16:28,854 --> 00:16:31,323
THE EYE SOCKETS OR THE LENS?

477
00:16:31,323 --> 00:16:32,391
>> ONE THING IS THAT IT IS CLEAR

478
00:16:32,391 --> 00:16:35,060
IS THAT THIS TRIPLING OCCURRED

479
00:16:35,060 --> 00:16:37,329
BEFORE LIMBS BECAME DIGITTED.

480
00:16:37,329 --> 00:16:39,798
BEFORE FINGERS AND TOES EMERGED.

481
00:16:39,798 --> 00:16:41,867
UP ON THAT TIME YOU CAN IMAGINE

482
00:16:41,867 --> 00:16:44,436
A PECTORAL FIN OF A FISH KIND OF

483
00:16:44,436 --> 00:16:46,538
STUBBY LIMB-LIKE THING AND THEY

484
00:16:46,538 --> 00:16:48,974
PRESUMABLY PADDLED UP ON TO LAND

485
00:16:48,974 --> 00:16:50,709
TO GET WHAT THEY WERE INTERESTED

486
00:16:50,709 --> 00:16:52,544
IN THERE USING THOSE LIMBS.

487
00:16:52,544 --> 00:16:54,079
SO THERE IS A TRANSITIONAL

488
00:16:54,079 --> 00:16:55,948
PERIOD WHERE YOU GO FROM A THIN

489
00:16:55,948 --> 00:16:58,517
LIKE THING TO A LIMB LIKE THING.

490
00:16:58,517 --> 00:17:00,319
THE EYES TRIPLE IN SIZE AND THEN

491
00:17:00,319 --> 00:17:02,521
WE SEE COMPLETE LIMBS IN THE

492
00:17:02,521 --> 00:17:03,022
RECORD.

493
00:17:03,022 --> 00:17:04,056
>> AND THERE IS ALSO A

494
00:17:04,056 --> 00:17:05,457
CORRELATION BETWEEN OUR ABILITY

495
00:17:05,457 --> 00:17:08,460
TO SEE AND HOW OUR BRAINS

496
00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:09,294
DEVELOP.

497
00:17:09,294 --> 00:17:11,363
>> YEAH WELL SO THIS IS SORT OF

498
00:17:11,363 --> 00:17:15,434
THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA WAS THIS

499
00:17:15,434 --> 00:17:17,736
IDEA THAT ANIMALS IN WATER,

500
00:17:17,736 --> 00:17:19,605
BECAUSE THEY CAN ONLY SEE ABOUT

501
00:17:19,605 --> 00:17:21,607
A BODY LENGTH IN FRONT OF THEM,

502
00:17:21,607 --> 00:17:25,177
HAVE TO REACT TO SENSORY INPUT

503
00:17:25,177 --> 00:17:31,917
REFLEXIVELY LIKE WHEN SOMEBODY

504
00:17:31,917 --> 00:17:33,585
TAPS YOUR KNEE.

505
00:17:33,585 --> 00:17:35,921
THEY HAVE TO INPUT THE SENSORY

506
00:17:35,921 --> 00:17:37,456
DATA AND IMMEDIATELY REACT.

507
00:17:37,456 --> 00:17:38,757
THERE IS NO ADVANTAGE TO

508
00:17:38,757 --> 00:17:40,526
STRATEGIC THINKING IN THAT KIND

509
00:17:40,526 --> 00:17:41,226
OF VICE MAYOR.

510
00:17:41,226 --> 00:17:42,961
ONCE YOU ARE ON LAND YOU CAN SEE

511
00:17:42,961 --> 00:17:45,731
100 TIMES FURTHER OUT SO NOW YOU

512
00:17:45,731 --> 00:17:49,101
COULD STILL REACT REFLEXIVELY TO

513
00:17:49,101 --> 00:17:50,269
WHAT YOU SEE BUT THE FIRST

514
00:17:50,269 --> 00:17:52,171
ANIMAL THAT CAN ACQUIRE THE SET

515
00:17:52,171 --> 00:17:54,740
OF MUTATIONS THAT LETS YOU

516
00:17:54,740 --> 00:17:56,475
DISCONNECT AND THINK OF POSSIBLE

517
00:17:56,475 --> 00:17:58,243
FUTURES AND THEN PICK THE BEST

518
00:17:58,243 --> 00:18:00,012
ONE, THAT ANIMAL WILL HAVE A

519
00:18:00,012 --> 00:18:01,980
MASSIVE EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE.

520
00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:03,282
>> WHAT IS THIS IDEA OF THIS

521
00:18:03,282 --> 00:18:06,318
CONNECTION BETWEEN HOW WE THINK

522
00:18:06,318 --> 00:18:08,087
OUR VICE MAYOR... WHAT DOES THAT

523
00:18:08,087 --> 00:18:10,656
MEAN FOR HUMANS GOING FORWARD?

524
00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:13,392
>> SO THIS IS A REALLY GOOD

525
00:18:13,392 --> 00:18:15,194
QUESTION AND WHAT WE THINK

526
00:18:15,194 --> 00:18:16,628
STUDYING THIS PROCESS OR

527
00:18:16,628 --> 00:18:18,597
STUDYING THIS POSSIBLE

528
00:18:18,597 --> 00:18:21,166
EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORY WHEREBY

529
00:18:21,166 --> 00:18:26,305
WE BECAME ANALYZERS OF STRATEGIC

530
00:18:26,305 --> 00:18:28,340
FUTURES MAY HELP US SEE WHY WE

531
00:18:28,340 --> 00:18:29,875
HAVE CERTAIN HOLES IN OUR

532
00:18:29,875 --> 00:18:31,376
ABILITY TO THINK STRATEGICALLY.

533
00:18:31,376 --> 00:18:32,678
IN PARTICULAR A LOT OF PEOPLE

534
00:18:32,678 --> 00:18:34,446
HAVE NOTED THAT WE HAVE A VERY

535
00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:37,549
HARD TIME THINKING ON GEOLOGICAL

536
00:18:37,549 --> 00:18:39,184
TIME SCALES EVEN THREE OR FOUR

537
00:18:39,184 --> 00:18:40,586
GENERATIONS FORWARD IS VERY

538
00:18:40,586 --> 00:18:44,890
TOUGH FOR PEOPLE AND ONE OF THE

539
00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:47,559
IDEAS WE SUGGESTED IN OUR WORK

540
00:18:47,559 --> 00:18:51,997
IS THAT THIS MIGHT TRACE BACK TO

541
00:18:51,997 --> 00:18:55,701
WHY IT IS WE BECAME COGNIZANT OF

542
00:18:55,701 --> 00:18:59,571
MULTIPLE THINGS IN THE FIRST

543
00:18:59,571 --> 00:19:03,909
PLACE WAS TO ACT STRATEGICALLY.

544
00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:06,111
WE CAN BOOTSTRAP THAT WITH

545
00:19:06,111 --> 00:19:07,946
LANGUAGE AND PLANS OVER FIVE TO

546
00:19:07,946 --> 00:19:09,515
10 YEARS BUT ULTIMATELY WHAT WE

547
00:19:09,515 --> 00:19:11,517
ARE POINTING TO IS IT MIGHT BE A

548
00:19:11,517 --> 00:19:12,818
DIFFICULT FIT AND WE MIGHT NEED

549
00:19:12,818 --> 00:19:14,920
TO THINK VERY CAREFUL CAREFULLY

550
00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:16,421
ABOUT HOW WE MIGHT AUGMENT OUR

551
00:19:16,421 --> 00:19:18,390
ABILITY TO THINK STRATEGICALLY

552
00:19:18,390 --> 00:19:19,558
TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS LIKE

553
00:19:19,558 --> 00:19:20,993
CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER THINGS

554
00:19:20,993 --> 00:19:23,061
THAT HAPPEN OVER VAST TIME

555
00:19:23,061 --> 00:19:23,295
SCALES.

556
00:19:23,295 --> 00:19:25,531
>> HOW WOULD WE AUGMENT THAT?

557
00:19:25,531 --> 00:19:26,698
>> WELL ONE OF THE THINGS THAT

558
00:19:26,698 --> 00:19:30,269
IS... ONE OF THE THINGS WE CAN

559
00:19:30,269 --> 00:19:31,803
DO IS TO THINK ABOUT HOW DO WE

560
00:19:31,803 --> 00:19:35,541
MAKE THE DISTANT CONSEQUENCES OF

561
00:19:35,541 --> 00:19:40,712
OUR ACTIONS, OR TEMPORALLY, FAR

562
00:19:40,712 --> 00:19:41,613
AWAY INTO THE FUTURE.

563
00:19:41,613 --> 00:19:44,416
HOW DO WE PUT THOSE INTO OUR

564
00:19:44,416 --> 00:19:45,450
SENSORY BUBBLE.

565
00:19:45,450 --> 00:19:47,653
YOU THINK OF SOMETHING LIKE A

566
00:19:47,653 --> 00:19:49,555
NEST OR THE INDICATORS SHOWING

567
00:19:49,555 --> 00:19:51,990
WHAT YOU ARE DOING, WHAT ARE THE

568
00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:53,859
ENVIRONMENTAL OR ENERGETIC

569
00:19:53,859 --> 00:19:54,826
CONSEQUENCES OF WHAT YOU ARE

570
00:19:54,826 --> 00:19:56,228
DOING RIGHT NOW?

571
00:19:56,228 --> 00:19:58,430
IF WE CAN TAKE LONG RANGE

572
00:19:58,430 --> 00:20:00,165
CONSEQUENCES OF OUR BEHAVIORS

573
00:20:00,165 --> 00:20:01,833
OUR POLICIES AND PUT THOSE IN

574
00:20:01,833 --> 00:20:03,936
AND SORT OF DRAW BACK THE

575
00:20:03,936 --> 00:20:05,704
CONCLUSIONS OF THAT INTO OUR

576
00:20:05,704 --> 00:20:08,707
CURRENT SPACE, THAT MAY HELP US

577
00:20:08,707 --> 00:20:11,910
THINK MORE STRATEGICALLY AT THE

578
00:20:11,910 --> 00:20:12,644
CURRENT TIME.

579
00:20:12,644 --> 00:20:14,446
>> MALCOLM MacIVER OF

580
00:20:14,446 --> 00:20:15,614
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.

581
00:20:15,614 --> 00:20:17,716
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

582
00:20:17,716 --> 00:20:18,884
>> IN THE EARLY DAYS OF SPACE

583
00:20:18,884 --> 00:20:21,486
EXPLORATION, MANY OF AMERICA'S

584
00:20:21,486 --> 00:20:23,455
ASTRONAUTS STUDIED AT THE

585
00:20:23,455 --> 00:20:24,489
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

586
00:20:24,489 --> 00:20:25,891
CHAPEL HILL.

587
00:20:25,891 --> 00:20:26,825
THEIR FOCUS?

588
00:20:26,825 --> 00:20:28,493
HOW TO USE STARS TO FIGURE OUT

589
00:20:28,493 --> 00:20:30,229
WHERE TO GO?

590
00:20:30,229 --> 00:20:32,164
THIS STORY FOLLOWS ASTRONAUT

591
00:20:32,164 --> 00:20:34,099
JIM LOVELL TO NORTH CAROLINA

592
00:20:34,099 --> 00:20:37,669
50 YEARS AFTER LIFTOFF.

593
00:20:37,669 --> 00:20:39,871
>> NASA SENT OWL OF ITS

594
00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:41,807
ASTRONAUTS TO MOREHEAD

595
00:20:41,807 --> 00:20:43,308
PLANETARIUM IN THE EARLY DAYS OF

596
00:20:43,308 --> 00:20:44,676
THE SPACE PROGRAM.

597
00:20:44,676 --> 00:20:47,379
AGENCY SPACE PIONEERS MAY HAVE

598
00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:48,914
BEEN FLYING TO THE HEAVENS BUT

599
00:20:48,914 --> 00:20:50,349
THEY NEEDED TO KNOW HOW TO

600
00:20:50,349 --> 00:20:52,217
MANUALLY NAVIGATE USING THE

601
00:20:52,217 --> 00:20:54,219
STARS IN THE EVENT OF MECHANICAL

602
00:20:54,219 --> 00:20:55,187
FAILURE.

603
00:20:55,187 --> 00:20:57,289
>> YOU HAVE TO HOLD IT, IF YOU

604
00:20:57,289 --> 00:20:58,924
WASN'T TO SEE PART OF THE SKY

605
00:20:58,924 --> 00:21:00,559
YOU HAVE TO KNOW THE STARS TO

606
00:21:00,559 --> 00:21:03,095
FIGURE OUT IF YOU HAVE A STAR

607
00:21:03,095 --> 00:21:05,097
NOT IN YOUR VIEW, YOU HAVE TO

608
00:21:05,097 --> 00:21:06,732
KNOW WHICH WAY TO GO LOOKING AT

609
00:21:06,732 --> 00:21:08,467
THE SKY YOU CAN SEE.

610
00:21:08,467 --> 00:21:10,769
>> JIM LOVELL MADE EIGHT TRIPS

611
00:21:10,769 --> 00:21:13,405
TO CHAPEL HILL TO LEARN STAR

612
00:21:13,405 --> 00:21:15,607
NAVIGATION, PROVIDING AN

613
00:21:15,607 --> 00:21:18,644
ASTRONAUT WITH AN UNCOMPLICATED

614
00:21:18,644 --> 00:21:20,612
WAY TO SEE HIS LOCATION IN THE

615
00:21:20,612 --> 00:21:24,950
SKY AND IN RELATION TO EARTH

616
00:21:24,950 --> 00:21:25,884
WITHOUT INSTRUMENTS.

617
00:21:25,884 --> 00:21:27,085
>> WE LEARNED ABOUT THE STARS

618
00:21:27,085 --> 00:21:27,452
THEMSELVES.

619
00:21:27,452 --> 00:21:32,424
I MEAN LOOKING AT THE DOME, AND

620
00:21:32,424 --> 00:21:33,925
THEN LOOKING AT THE

621
00:21:33,925 --> 00:21:35,560
CONSTELLATIONS FIRST OF ALL WE

622
00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:39,364
LOOK TO THE CONSTELLATION

623
00:21:39,364 --> 00:21:41,133
BECAUSE THEY WERE THE GUIDE FOR

624
00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:43,802
US TO LOOK AT THE STARS.

625
00:21:43,802 --> 00:21:47,372
>> THE PLANETARIUM'S 13-FOOT

626
00:21:47,372 --> 00:21:49,241
PROJECTOR DISPLAYED THE STARS IN

627
00:21:49,241 --> 00:21:53,178
THE BUILDING'S DOME ABOVE THEM.

628
00:21:53,178 --> 00:21:55,914
THEY WOULD SIT IN A USEABLE

629
00:21:55,914 --> 00:21:58,917
CHAIR MODELED AFTER THE SPACE

630
00:21:58,917 --> 00:21:59,384
CRAFT.

631
00:21:59,384 --> 00:22:01,019
>> ONE OF THE WINDOWS LOOKING

632
00:22:01,019 --> 00:22:03,889
OUT YOU SAW A TRIANGULAR SHAPE

633
00:22:03,889 --> 00:22:06,591
OF THE SKY AND SO THE STARS THAT

634
00:22:06,591 --> 00:22:09,227
YOU WANTED TO NAVIGATE PERHAPS

635
00:22:09,227 --> 00:22:10,295
WERE NOT THERE.

636
00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:12,931
WE ONLY HAD 37 STARS IN OUR

637
00:22:12,931 --> 00:22:20,572
COMPUTER OF WHICH TO USE.

638
00:22:20,572 --> 00:22:22,307
>> JIM LOVELL IS THE ONLY NASA

639
00:22:22,307 --> 00:22:23,508
ASTRONAUTS TO MAKE TWO TRIPS TO

640
00:22:23,508 --> 00:22:25,010
THE MOON BUT NEVER LAND THERE.

641
00:22:25,010 --> 00:22:28,146
HE USED THOSE NAVIGATION SKILLS

642
00:22:28,146 --> 00:22:29,581
LEARNED AT MOREHEAD ON HIS

643
00:22:29,581 --> 00:22:31,183
SECOND TRIP TO THE MOON ON

644
00:22:31,183 --> 00:22:33,719
APOLLO 13 WHEN AN OXYGEN TANK

645
00:22:33,719 --> 00:22:35,253
EXPLOSION TURNED A LUNAR MISSION

646
00:22:35,253 --> 00:22:37,356
INTO A GET BACK TO EARTH SAFELY

647
00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:38,290
MISSION.

648
00:22:38,290 --> 00:22:42,961
>> I SAW THE QUANTITY GAUGES ON

649
00:22:42,961 --> 00:22:44,963
OUR OXYGEN TANKS WITH ONE OF

650
00:22:44,963 --> 00:22:47,165
THEM ZERO AND I COULD SEE THE

651
00:22:47,165 --> 00:22:48,600
NEEDLE GO DOWN ON THE OTHER ONE

652
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:52,871
AND CONSEQUENTLY I KNEW WE WERE

653
00:22:52,871 --> 00:22:54,473
IN DEEP TROUBLE.

654
00:22:54,473 --> 00:22:56,675
I LOOKED OUT THE SIDE WINDOW AND

655
00:22:56,675 --> 00:22:59,177
I COULD SEE THE GAS ESCAPING AT

656
00:22:59,177 --> 00:23:01,513
VERY HIGH RATE OF SPEED, WHICH

657
00:23:01,513 --> 00:23:03,248
TOLD ME THAT SHORTLY WE WOULD BE

658
00:23:03,248 --> 00:23:05,584
OUT OF OXYGEN BECAUSE WE USED

659
00:23:05,584 --> 00:23:08,587
OXYGEN TO USE THE ELECTRICITY.

660
00:23:08,587 --> 00:23:09,888
WE WOULD BE OUT OF ELECTRICITY

661
00:23:09,888 --> 00:23:12,324
AND BECAUSE WE USE ELECTRICITY

662
00:23:12,324 --> 00:23:16,294
TO CONTROL OUR VEHICLE, WE WOULD

663
00:23:16,294 --> 00:23:20,866
LOSE OUR PROPULSION SYSTEM.

664
00:23:20,866 --> 00:23:26,138
SO IT WAS THE LOW POINT PROBABLY

665
00:23:26,138 --> 00:23:29,007
OF THE FLIGHT BECAUSE WE KNEW WE

666
00:23:29,007 --> 00:23:32,344
WERE IN DEEP TROUBLE, BUT WE HAD

667
00:23:32,344 --> 00:23:34,379
NO WAY AT THAT TIME TO THINK

668
00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:39,117
ABOUT HOW TO GET OUT OF IT.

669
00:23:39,117 --> 00:23:41,186
>> JIM LOVELL'S GREATEST MEMORY

670
00:23:41,186 --> 00:23:42,954
CAME ON HIS FIRST TRIP TO THE

671
00:23:42,954 --> 00:23:45,957
MOON IN 1968 WHEN APOLLO 8

672
00:23:45,957 --> 00:23:48,026
BECAME THE FIRST SPACE CRAFT TO

673
00:23:48,026 --> 00:23:51,129
ORBIT EARTH'S NEIGHBOR AND

674
00:23:51,129 --> 00:23:52,998
WITNESS THE FIRST EARTH RISE.

675
00:23:52,998 --> 00:23:57,769
>> BEHIND MY THUMB WAS THE EARTH

676
00:23:57,769 --> 00:23:59,871
AND I KNEW THAT 240,000 MILES

677
00:23:59,871 --> 00:24:01,907
AWAY THERE WAS A BODY THAT HAD

678
00:24:01,907 --> 00:24:05,076
APPROXIMATELY FIVE OR 6 BILLION

679
00:24:05,076 --> 00:24:07,279
PEOPLE ON IT ALL STRIVING FOR

680
00:24:07,279 --> 00:24:08,613
THE SAME THINGS IN LIFE.

681
00:24:08,613 --> 00:24:10,148
AND I REALLY THOUGHT THAT FOR A

682
00:24:10,148 --> 00:24:12,984
WHILE.

683
00:24:12,984 --> 00:24:15,320
HERE IS THIS BODY AND ALL AROUND

684
00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:16,021
IS SPACE.

685
00:24:16,021 --> 00:24:18,356
I COULD SEE THE MOON RIGHT THERE

686
00:24:18,356 --> 00:24:20,826
AND THE SUN WAS BEHIND IT.

687
00:24:20,826 --> 00:24:22,427
EVERYTHING THAT I HAD EVER KNOWN

688
00:24:22,427 --> 00:24:23,895
WAS BACK THERE AND I THOUGHT TO

689
00:24:23,895 --> 00:24:26,731
MYSELF IN REALITY, AND OF COURSE

690
00:24:26,731 --> 00:24:29,301
REINFORCES ITSELF OVER THE YEARS

691
00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:32,170
THAT REALLY THAT GOD HAS GIVEN

692
00:24:32,170 --> 00:24:33,104
US A STAGE.

693
00:24:33,104 --> 00:24:35,440
GOD HAS GIVEN US A STAGE IN

694
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:38,410
WHICH TO PERFORM.

695
00:24:38,410 --> 00:24:40,512
AND HOW THAT PLAY TURNS OUT IS

696
00:24:40,512 --> 00:24:44,883
REALLY UP TO US.

697
00:24:44,883 --> 00:24:47,319
>> JIM LOVELL IS 89 YEARS OLD

698
00:24:47,319 --> 00:24:49,087
MORE THAN 50 YEARS REMOVED FROM

699
00:24:49,087 --> 00:24:50,255
SPACE FLIGHT BUT HE IS

700
00:24:50,255 --> 00:24:51,289
OPTIMISTIC ABOUT SPACE

701
00:24:51,289 --> 00:24:52,123
EXPLORATION.

702
00:24:52,123 --> 00:24:54,359
HOWEVER HE ADD ADMITS HE IS NOT

703
00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:55,894
SURE WHETHER IT WILL BE DONE BY

704
00:24:55,894 --> 00:24:57,062
THE GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE

705
00:24:57,062 --> 00:24:58,797
ENTERPRISE OR BOTH.

706
00:24:58,797 --> 00:25:00,866
>> I HOPE THAT WE FIRST STARTED

707
00:25:00,866 --> 00:25:05,770
GOING TO THE MOON BECAUSE WE

708
00:25:05,770 --> 00:25:07,405
HAVE BARELY EXAMINED THE MOON

709
00:25:07,405 --> 00:25:09,975
AND THEN USE THAT ARCHITECTURE,

710
00:25:09,975 --> 00:25:12,544
THE INFRASTRUCTURE ON MAKING

711
00:25:12,544 --> 00:25:14,746
MOON FLIGHTS RATHER COMMON, SEE

712
00:25:14,746 --> 00:25:17,716
THAT WE CAN EXPAND THAT INTO

713
00:25:17,716 --> 00:25:25,223
EVENTUALLY TO A MISSION ON MARS.

714
00:25:25,223 --> 00:25:26,758
>> THAT'S IT FOR THIS EDITION OF

715
00:25:26,758 --> 00:25:27,359
"SCITECH NOW."

716
00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:28,793
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR PROGRAM,

717
00:25:28,793 --> 00:25:30,395
JOIN THE CONVERSATION WITH YOUR

718
00:25:30,395 --> 00:25:31,796
QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND THOUGHTS

719
00:25:31,796 --> 00:25:33,198
ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER.

720
00:25:33,198 --> 00:25:35,166
I'M SIMON PEREZ.

721
00:25:35,166 --> 00:25:36,735
WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK ON

722
00:25:36,735 --> 00:25:38,370
"SCITECH NOW."

723
00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:40,005
ON THE NEXT "SCITECH NOW," SEE

724
00:25:40,005 --> 00:25:41,306
HOW THE STATE OF OREGON IS

725
00:25:41,306 --> 00:25:42,741
TRYING TO KEEP TRACK OF WHAT YOU

726
00:25:42,741 --> 00:25:45,277
MIGHT CALL NON-SEXY WILDLIFE.

727
00:25:45,277 --> 00:25:47,479
THE ANIMALS THAT DON'T ATTRACT

728
00:25:47,479 --> 00:25:48,079
HUNTERS.

729
00:25:48,079 --> 00:25:50,248
THE BACK PACK SOLUTION FOR

730
00:25:50,248 --> 00:25:52,250
PEOPLE WHOSE LUNGS DON'T WORK.

731
00:25:52,250 --> 00:25:54,452
DO YOU HAVE WHAT IT TAKES TO BE

732
00:25:54,452 --> 00:25:56,187
AN ASTRONAUT AND SCIENTISTS

733
00:25:56,187 --> 00:25:59,624
STUDY THE SULTRY SOUND OF

734
00:25:59,624 --> 00:26:01,393
SIBERIAN SINGERS ON THE NEXT

735
00:26:01,393 --> 00:26:01,693
"SCITECH NOW."