WEBVTT 00:01.801 --> 00:03.803 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Good evening, I'm Sylvia Bugg, 00:03.803 --> 00:08.375 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% chief programming executive and general manager at PBS. 00:08.375 --> 00:11.678 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Thank you for joining us for tonight's conversation 00:11.678 --> 00:16.316 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on "The Holocaust and Refugees: Lessons for Today," 00:16.316 --> 00:20.353 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% part of a series of events leading up to the broadcast 00:20.353 --> 00:24.791 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of "The US and the Holocaust," the new film by Ken Burns, 00:24.791 --> 00:27.594 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Lynn Novick, and Sarah Botstein. 00:27.594 --> 00:29.462 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% "The US and the Holocaust," 00:29.462 --> 00:31.464 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which will air over three nights, 00:31.464 --> 00:36.469 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% starting September 18th and stream on all PBS platforms, 00:37.871 --> 00:40.073 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% timed to the premiere, explores America's response 00:40.073 --> 00:44.444 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to one of the greatest humanitarian crises in history. 00:44.444 --> 00:48.948 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The film examines the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany 00:48.948 --> 00:53.253 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in the context of global antisemitism and racism, 00:53.253 --> 00:55.889 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the eugenics movement in the United States, 00:55.889 --> 00:58.658 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and race laws in the American South. 00:58.658 --> 01:00.827 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The series, written by Geoffrey Ward, 01:00.827 --> 01:03.196 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% sheds light on what the US government 01:03.196 --> 01:05.865 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and American people knew and did 01:05.865 --> 01:08.601 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as the catastrophe unfolded in Europe, 01:08.601 --> 01:13.239 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% including how America responded to the refugee crisis. 01:13.239 --> 01:16.042 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tonight, Ken Burns and Sarah Botstein 01:16.042 --> 01:19.512 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% will join Madlin Sadler, chief operating officer 01:19.512 --> 01:22.115 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the International Rescue Committee, 01:22.115 --> 01:25.351 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in a conversation moderated by Jake Tapper, 01:25.351 --> 01:29.255 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CNN anchor and chief Washington correspondent. 01:29.255 --> 01:33.193 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Our next event on Thursday, September 15th will focus 01:33.193 --> 01:37.864 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on the Holocaust and authoritarianism with Ken Burns, 01:37.864 --> 01:41.067 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Lynn Novick, and Michael Abramowitz, 01:41.067 --> 01:43.169 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% president of Freedom House. 01:43.169 --> 01:47.373 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It will be moderated by Julia Ioffe of "Puck." 01:47.373 --> 01:50.643 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We will begin tonight with a look at the introduction 01:50.643 --> 01:54.280 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to the series, "The US and the Holocaust." 01:54.280 --> 01:55.081 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Thank you. 01:58.184 --> 02:01.421 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (gentle pleasant music) 02:05.058 --> 02:07.861 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (soft melancholy music) 02:07.861 --> 02:10.530 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Woman] There are some events so tragic, 02:10.530 --> 02:12.665 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we think we'll never forget. 02:12.665 --> 02:14.901 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Days pass, lives pass, 02:14.901 --> 02:18.238 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the lessons we vow to learn pass away with them. 02:18.238 --> 02:20.907 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It takes work to keep stories alive, 02:20.907 --> 02:23.076 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to paint a picture of the past, 02:23.076 --> 02:25.612 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and help the next generation move forward together 02:26.479 --> 02:27.580 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% so we never forget. 02:44.464 --> 02:49.469 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% (slow dramatic music) (tram hums and dings) 02:55.441 --> 02:58.845 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Peter] On a sunny March afternoon in 1933, 02:58.845 --> 03:01.381 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a German businessman and his family went 03:01.381 --> 03:03.750 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for a stroll in the center of Frankfurt. 03:05.084 --> 03:07.587 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Otto Frank snapped a picture of his wife, 03:07.587 --> 03:09.889 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Edith, and their two daughters, 03:09.889 --> 03:13.860 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Margot, seven years old, and Annalise, just three. 03:15.595 --> 03:17.730 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Otto's ancestors had lived in Germany 03:17.730 --> 03:20.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% since the 16th century. 03:20.200 --> 03:21.668 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Merchants and bankers, 03:21.668 --> 03:24.170 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they were not particularly observant Jews. 03:25.305 --> 03:28.541 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Otto, a proud officer in the great war, 03:28.541 --> 03:30.276 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% was a patriotic German. 03:33.112 --> 03:38.117 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But in January of 1933, Adolf Hitler had come to power, 03:38.117 --> 03:41.120 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and everything had begun rapidly to change. 03:42.555 --> 03:46.526 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Jews, Hitler charged, were parasites, not Germans. 03:47.660 --> 03:50.964 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Nazi thugs roamed the Frankfurt streets, 03:50.964 --> 03:53.132 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% beating anyone they thought was Jewish. 03:54.601 --> 03:58.204 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Most of the Frank's Gentile friends fell away. 03:58.204 --> 04:00.974 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Their landlord insisted they find other quarters. 04:02.408 --> 04:05.912 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Margot was made to sit apart from her classmates in school. 04:07.413 --> 04:08.581 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (muffled shouting) 04:08.581 --> 04:11.451 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Man] The world around me had collapsed 04:11.451 --> 04:14.454 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% when most of the people of my country turned 04:14.454 --> 04:18.691 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% into hordes of nationalistic, cruel, antisemitic criminals. 04:19.559 --> 04:21.995 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I had to face the consequences, 04:21.995 --> 04:24.264 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and though this hurt me deeply, 04:24.264 --> 04:26.165 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I realized that Germany was not the world, 04:26.165 --> 04:28.268 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and I left forever. 04:31.137 --> 04:34.274 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Peter] By the time Otto Frank photographed his family, 04:34.274 --> 04:36.209 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he and Edith were already planning 04:36.209 --> 04:38.745 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to move to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. 04:40.179 --> 04:43.816 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% By early 1934, they would be living in a spacious, 04:43.816 --> 04:47.120 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% sunny apartment in the city's River Quarter, 04:47.120 --> 04:51.024 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% alongside hundreds of other Jewish families from Germany. 04:53.293 --> 04:55.895 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They would eventually try to seek a safe haven 04:55.895 --> 04:59.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in the United States, only to find, 04:59.666 --> 05:02.969 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% like countless others fleeing Nazism, 05:02.969 --> 05:05.972 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that most Americans did not want to let them in. 05:13.613 --> 05:16.783 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (gulls caw) 05:16.783 --> 05:20.453 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (ship horn booms in distance) 05:20.453 --> 05:23.890 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Woman] "Here at our sea-washed sunset gates 05:23.890 --> 05:27.126 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% shall stand a mighty woman with a torch 05:27.126 --> 05:30.196 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% whose flame is the imprisoned lightning, 05:30.196 --> 05:33.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and her name, Mother of Exiles. 05:34.300 --> 05:37.704 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% From her beacon hand glows worldwide welcome. 05:37.704 --> 05:40.940 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Her mild eyes command the air-bridged harbor 05:40.940 --> 05:42.642 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that twin cities frame. 05:44.777 --> 05:47.747 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% 'Keep ancient lands, your storied pump,' 05:47.747 --> 05:49.816 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% cries she with silent lips. 05:51.284 --> 05:53.653 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% "Give me your tired, your poor, 05:55.021 --> 05:57.590 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, 05:57.590 --> 06:00.460 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. 06:00.460 --> 06:04.364 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Send these, the homeless, tempest tossed, to me. 06:05.565 --> 06:09.168 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I lift my lamp beside the Golden Door." 06:09.168 --> 06:10.903 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (soft guitar music) 06:10.903 --> 06:11.971 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Emma Lazarus. 06:14.841 --> 06:17.677 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Peter] In 1883, Emma Lazarus, 06:17.677 --> 06:19.912 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the descendant of Portuguese Jews 06:19.912 --> 06:23.049 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who had fled the inquisition and found sanctuary 06:23.049 --> 06:26.252 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in Manhattan before the American Revolution, 06:26.252 --> 06:28.187 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% had written the poem expressing 06:28.187 --> 06:30.790 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what the Statue of Liberty meant to her. 06:31.991 --> 06:35.461 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But a few years later, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 06:35.461 --> 06:37.497 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a writer whose family had also lived 06:37.497 --> 06:40.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in America since colonial times, 06:40.066 --> 06:43.903 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wrote another poem warning of what he believed would happen 06:43.903 --> 06:48.307 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to his country if the Golden Door remained open. 06:48.307 --> 06:49.876 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% (muffled chatter) (horse hooves clop) 06:49.876 --> 06:53.546 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Man] "Wide open and unguarded stand our gates, 06:53.546 --> 06:57.750 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and through them presses a wild motley throng. 06:57.750 --> 07:01.053 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In street and alley, what strange tongues are these? 07:02.255 --> 07:05.825 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Accents of menace, alien to our air, 07:05.825 --> 07:08.428 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% voices that once the Tower of Babel knew. 07:10.062 --> 07:13.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Oh, Liberty, white goddess, 07:13.466 --> 07:16.469 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is it well to leave the gates unguarded?" 07:18.771 --> 07:21.274 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I think Americans have a very hard time deciding 07:21.274 --> 07:23.976 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what kind of country they want to have. 07:23.976 --> 07:26.245 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We all tend to think of the United States as this country 07:26.245 --> 07:28.481 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with the statue of Liberty poem, 07:28.481 --> 07:31.751 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Give me your tired, your poor," but in fact, 07:31.751 --> 07:34.153 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% exclusion of people and shutting them out 07:34.153 --> 07:36.122 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% has been as American as apple pie. 07:43.629 --> 07:47.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (soft melancholy woodwind music) 07:50.536 --> 07:55.541 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - All of my grandparents are immigrants from Eastern Europe, 07:56.609 --> 07:58.177 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% except one grandmother was born here. 07:59.445 --> 08:02.748 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So I've grew up haunted by stories of, 08:02.748 --> 08:05.384 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as they used to say, the old country, 08:06.586 --> 08:09.422 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% haunted by this story of my grandfather's brother 08:09.422 --> 08:13.025 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and his family living in a provincial town 08:13.025 --> 08:17.129 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in Eastern Poland, and then they disappeared. 08:19.398 --> 08:22.468 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% All you think about is that they had been consumed 08:22.468 --> 08:25.705 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by this conflagration that consumed all of Europe. 08:28.841 --> 08:33.513 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% (muffled chatter) (silverware clinks) 08:33.513 --> 08:38.518 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% (children laugh and shout) (water splashes) 08:41.287 --> 08:44.924 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Peter] When Nazi rule began in 1933, 08:44.924 --> 08:47.193 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% there were nine million Jews in Europe. 08:48.961 --> 08:53.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 12 years later, when the Second World War ended in 1945, 08:55.334 --> 08:58.471 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at least two out of every three of them had been murdered. 09:00.072 --> 09:01.741 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (muffled chatter) 09:01.741 --> 09:05.611 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - It's not so easy to put the picture together. 09:05.611 --> 09:09.849 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The real scale of what happened to people, 09:11.384 --> 09:12.752 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it is unbelievable. 09:12.752 --> 09:15.288 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It boggles the imagination. 09:18.691 --> 09:21.561 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You don't know what six million people looks like. 09:23.863 --> 09:25.998 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Peter] As the catastrophe of what would come 09:25.998 --> 09:29.302 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to be called the Holocaust unfolded, 09:29.302 --> 09:31.804 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Americans heard about Nazi persecutions 09:31.804 --> 09:33.973 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of Jews and others on the radio, 09:35.374 --> 09:38.110 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% read about it in their newspapers and magazines, 09:38.110 --> 09:39.979 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and glimpsed it in news reels. 09:41.480 --> 09:45.251 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Some Americans responded by denouncing the Nazis, 09:45.251 --> 09:49.255 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% marching in protest and boycotting German goods. 09:50.690 --> 09:53.993 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Individual Americans performed heroic acts 09:53.993 --> 09:56.495 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to save individual Jews. 09:57.930 --> 10:01.667 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Some government officials battled red tape and bigotry 10:01.667 --> 10:04.870 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to bring Jewish refugees to America. 10:04.870 --> 10:07.406 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (soft somber string music) 10:07.406 --> 10:12.411 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In the end, the United States admitted some 225,000 refugees 10:13.145 --> 10:14.714 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% from Nazi terror, 10:14.714 --> 10:17.583 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% more than any other sovereign nation took in. 10:19.452 --> 10:22.622 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And by defeating Nazi Germany on the battlefield, 10:22.622 --> 10:26.225 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, 10:26.225 --> 10:28.694 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and their allies stopped the killing 10:28.694 --> 10:31.464 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the surviving Jewish people in Europe. 10:33.833 --> 10:37.269 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But during the years when escape was still possible, 10:37.269 --> 10:40.606 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the American people and their government proved unwilling 10:40.606 --> 10:44.744 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to welcome more than a fraction of the hundreds of thousands 10:44.744 --> 10:47.446 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of desperate people seeking refuge. 10:49.515 --> 10:52.585 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - The Holocaust disrupts any idea that we have 10:52.585 --> 10:55.221 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of good and evil, of right and wrong. 10:55.221 --> 10:56.856 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This is a story in which everyone 10:56.856 --> 10:58.691 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is challenged all the time. 10:58.691 --> 11:00.059 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We are challenged as Americans. 11:00.059 --> 11:02.461 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're challenged as parents, as children. 11:02.461 --> 11:04.797 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're challenged as neighbors and as friends 11:04.797 --> 11:06.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to think about what we would've done, 11:06.966 --> 11:10.536 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% what we could have done, what we should have done. 11:10.536 --> 11:13.539 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And even though the Holocaust physically took place 11:13.539 --> 11:15.041 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in Europe, 11:15.041 --> 11:17.376 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it is a story that Americans have to reckon with, too. 11:19.278 --> 11:21.947 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - We tell ourselves stories as a nation. 11:21.947 --> 11:23.249 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% One of the stories we tell ourselves 11:23.249 --> 11:25.317 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is that we're a land of immigrants, 11:25.317 --> 11:26.852 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but in moments of crisis, 11:26.852 --> 11:30.823 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it becomes very hard for us to live up to those stories. 11:30.823 --> 11:34.960 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I think the impetus should not then be to wag your finger 11:34.960 --> 11:36.696 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% at people in the past and think 11:36.696 --> 11:39.665 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that we're somehow superior to them, 11:39.665 --> 11:44.036 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but to struggle to understand why that's such a tension 11:44.036 --> 11:45.971 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% between having a humanitarian ideal 11:45.971 --> 11:48.274 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then living up to it on the ground. 11:49.942 --> 11:52.311 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Part of our national mythologies 11:52.311 --> 11:56.182 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we are a good people, we are a democracy, 11:57.650 --> 12:00.553 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we are a democracy, and in our better moments, 12:00.553 --> 12:02.922 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% we are very good people, 12:02.922 --> 12:05.925 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but that's not all there is to this story, 12:05.925 --> 12:09.762 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I think if we're going to congratulate ourselves 12:09.762 --> 12:12.965 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on our democracy, which I think we should, 12:14.133 --> 12:17.536 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we also need to face up to the other side. 12:19.939 --> 12:22.074 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - In the past few years, 12:22.074 --> 12:26.178 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I've begun to wonder how serious America's commitment 12:26.178 --> 12:28.614 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to looking at some of the dark marks 12:28.614 --> 12:30.683 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in its history really is. 12:32.118 --> 12:36.021 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% How can we learn from the past? Where did we go wrong? 12:36.021 --> 12:39.525 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% How can we not go wrong the next time? 12:39.525 --> 12:42.461 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I think while there is much we 12:42.461 --> 12:45.164 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% can be proud of of this country, 12:45.164 --> 12:48.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the episode of America and the Holocaust 12:48.400 --> 12:51.370 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is not one that red redounds to our credit. 12:53.672 --> 12:58.644 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - How did America treat its potential refugees? 13:00.513 --> 13:05.050 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The refugees, they lost their lives because those doors, 13:05.050 --> 13:07.520 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Golden Door was not wide open. 13:26.839 --> 13:28.941 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Hi, everyone, I'm Jake Tapper from CNN, 13:28.941 --> 13:33.946 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% and it is my honor to be moderating this event this evening 13:35.347 --> 13:39.218 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with my three guests, Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, 13:39.218 --> 13:43.789 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who are the forces behind this incredible documentary, 13:43.789 --> 13:47.059 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "The United States and the Holocaust," and Madlin Sadler, 13:47.059 --> 13:50.496 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who's with the International Rescue Committee 13:50.496 --> 13:52.631 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with a focus on refugees. 13:52.631 --> 13:56.468 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Let me just start by saying I'm a proud Jewish American 13:56.468 --> 14:00.172 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and went to a Jewish day school and Jewish camps, 14:00.172 --> 14:01.473 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% did a semester in Israel, 14:01.473 --> 14:03.209 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was at the opening of the Holocaust Museum, 14:03.209 --> 14:07.913 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% and I learned a great deal watching this documentary series, 14:07.913 --> 14:12.351 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% even though I am rather steeped in the Holocaust 14:13.452 --> 14:15.621 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the events during those years. 14:16.488 --> 14:18.157 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I really highly recommend it, 14:19.592 --> 14:24.363 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I found a lot to be very ashamed of as an American 14:25.531 --> 14:29.602 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% while watching this, not only in the ugly facts 14:29.602 --> 14:34.607 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that they present matter of factly, 14:35.774 --> 14:38.143 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but also in the fact that a lot of this 14:38.143 --> 14:41.213 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was hidden from me as an American student. 14:42.882 --> 14:45.517 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And Ken, let me start with you 14:45.517 --> 14:49.688 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because you're eight minutes into the episode, episode one. 14:49.688 --> 14:54.026 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There are three episodes. Each is about two hours long. 14:54.026 --> 14:59.031 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Eight minutes in, to me, is the thesis of this series, 15:00.666 --> 15:04.803 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which is in Peter Coyote's lovely voice. 15:04.803 --> 15:08.807 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "During the years, when escape was still possible, 15:08.807 --> 15:13.112 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the American people and their government proved unwilling 15:13.112 --> 15:16.916 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to welcome more than a fraction of the hundreds of thousands 15:16.916 --> 15:20.219 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of desperate people seeking refuge." 15:20.219 --> 15:24.056 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% That to me is the thesis of this documentary, 15:24.056 --> 15:25.591 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and boy, do you prove it. 15:27.159 --> 15:28.460 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tell me about the genesis of this. 15:28.460 --> 15:30.596 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Why was it important to show this? 15:30.596 --> 15:33.599 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Well, we made a film, Lynn and and Sarah Botstein, 15:33.599 --> 15:37.102 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% made a film written by Jeff Ward that came out in 2007 15:37.102 --> 15:40.239 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on World War II called "The War," and after it was done, 15:40.239 --> 15:41.840 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we were out on the road and we were approached 15:41.840 --> 15:44.576 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% by people all the time with simplistic 15:44.576 --> 15:46.512 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and misinformed things. 15:46.512 --> 15:50.749 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FDR's an anti-Semite. Why didn't you take the St. Louis? 15:50.749 --> 15:53.085 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Why did we turn away the boat, the St. Louis? 15:53.085 --> 15:55.054 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Why didn't we bomb the rail lines at Auschwitz? 15:55.054 --> 15:58.223 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Dozens and dozens of questions that suggested to us 15:58.223 --> 16:01.460 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we hadn't quite actually done a complete story 16:01.460 --> 16:03.796 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the Holocaust, and then seven years later, 16:03.796 --> 16:06.832 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Geoff Ward and I did a film on the Roosevelts 16:06.832 --> 16:08.867 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and covered some of the same territory, 16:08.867 --> 16:10.369 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the same questions came out, 16:10.369 --> 16:12.571 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we began to talk among ourselves that we needed 16:12.571 --> 16:15.541 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to do a standalone thing on "The US and the Holocaust." 16:15.541 --> 16:17.810 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% When we were approached by the Holocaust Museum 16:17.810 --> 16:19.778 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in Washington, DC, and said, 16:19.778 --> 16:22.348 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "We're mounting this exhibition on Americans 16:22.348 --> 16:26.685 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the Holocaust to get at the the inside out 16:26.685 --> 16:29.888 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the thesis," that you just suggested, Jake. 16:29.888 --> 16:32.992 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And they asked us if we were interested in doing something. 16:32.992 --> 16:36.895 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We said, "Of course," and they served as an amazing partner, 16:36.895 --> 16:39.765 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% directing us to archives, directing us to survivors who are, 16:39.765 --> 16:43.502 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of course, the beating heart and soul of this film, 16:43.502 --> 16:47.039 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but also to the scholars who revealed 16:47.039 --> 16:49.441 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to us the complications and the contradictions 16:49.441 --> 16:51.410 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of this and made us understand. 16:51.410 --> 16:54.013 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So it's really more a story of what happened 16:54.013 --> 16:58.817 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and with which we present the facts as best as we know 16:58.817 --> 17:01.053 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to this day about what went on. 17:01.053 --> 17:05.524 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But I can just tell you personally, Jake, not a Jew, 17:05.524 --> 17:09.161 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that we did take in, as we say, 17:09.161 --> 17:11.697 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% surrounding that sentence written by Geoffrey Ward, 17:13.165 --> 17:17.469 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 225,000 refugees, more than any other sovereign nation, 17:17.469 --> 17:19.538 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but we had the ability to let in, 17:19.538 --> 17:22.041 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% just based even on our limited quotas, 17:22.041 --> 17:23.842 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% five times that amount, 17:23.842 --> 17:25.844 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and if we'd done 10 times that amount, 17:25.844 --> 17:28.547 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I think we'd still get a failing grade for what it was. 17:28.547 --> 17:30.649 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it's easy and convenient to say, 17:30.649 --> 17:33.419 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Oh, blame it on a bold face name like FDR," 17:33.419 --> 17:35.687 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but it's pretty hard to completely do that 17:35.687 --> 17:39.925 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because this is a guy who's considered by the out 17:39.925 --> 17:44.930 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and out anti-Semites as Frank D. Rosenfeld and the Jew deal, 17:46.298 --> 17:47.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as they dismissively call him, 17:47.966 --> 17:49.234 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and he appoints more Jews 17:49.234 --> 17:51.603 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to his administration than anybody else. 17:51.603 --> 17:54.540 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% He is at times a cold and calculating politician 17:54.540 --> 17:56.842 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who knows he needs to do something 17:56.842 --> 17:59.945 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% when our retrospective humanitarian heart 17:59.945 --> 18:01.447 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% might suggest another thing. 18:01.447 --> 18:04.550 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so our film is pretty equal opportunity tough 18:04.550 --> 18:07.653 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on everybody, but it's a heartbreaking story. 18:07.653 --> 18:10.756 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's been seven years of a labor of love 18:10.756 --> 18:14.093 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but one of just absolute heartbreak, 18:14.093 --> 18:16.261 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it is not, as Deborah Lipstadt said, 18:16.261 --> 18:17.663 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% "a redounds to our benefit." 18:17.663 --> 18:19.465 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% There are wonderful points of light 18:19.465 --> 18:22.401 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and wonderful human beings who do great things 18:22.401 --> 18:25.037 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and organizations that don't ever get enough credit 18:25.037 --> 18:27.539 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that do great things, but there is a failure, 18:27.539 --> 18:31.376 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it's throughout the executive, the legislative, and, 18:31.376 --> 18:34.446 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% most important, I think, the American people. 18:34.446 --> 18:36.782 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Let me, first of all, say as a spokesman 18:36.782 --> 18:38.917 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for the American Jewish people 18:38.917 --> 18:41.153 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that you just disappointed a lot of Jewish people 18:41.153 --> 18:43.789 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to find out that Kenneth Burns is not Jewish, 18:45.691 --> 18:48.260 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who vicariously had been taking credit for your success. 18:48.260 --> 18:53.132 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But one of the other things, Lynn Novick, 18:53.132 --> 18:56.768 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's interesting, and Ken's right, it's very nuanced. 18:56.768 --> 19:00.105 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's very nuanced. It isn't FDR is the bad guy. 19:01.740 --> 19:04.743 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is where the American people were, and also, 19:04.743 --> 19:06.845 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% this is why some of them were. 19:06.845 --> 19:09.014 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It wasn't just all antisemitism. 19:09.014 --> 19:12.618 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Some of it was fearing an influx of individuals 19:12.618 --> 19:14.987 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who were gonna take jobs from the American people, 19:14.987 --> 19:17.823 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and, of course, also, yes, antisemitism. 19:17.823 --> 19:20.959 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But Lynn, in terms of the nuance, 19:20.959 --> 19:23.662 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% one of the great through lines for this documentary 19:23.662 --> 19:28.667 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is obviously the most famous Holocaust victim is Anne Frank, 19:32.104 --> 19:34.439 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you just saw it in that clip from episode one, 19:34.439 --> 19:36.708 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we learned that the Franks wanted 19:36.708 --> 19:38.644 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to go to the United States. 19:38.644 --> 19:40.879 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They wanted, and in terms of nuance, 19:40.879 --> 19:43.782 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they weren't expressly denied, right? 19:43.782 --> 19:47.152 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It was just that the immigration system 19:47.152 --> 19:49.555 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that was set up by the State Department, 19:50.956 --> 19:55.861 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I'll get to the relevant today part of that in a second, 19:56.862 --> 19:59.698 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% made it impossible. - Yeah. 19:59.698 --> 20:02.201 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% While we were working on the film, and it was, 20:02.201 --> 20:03.936 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as Ken said, many years in the process, 20:03.936 --> 20:05.971 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% some documents came to light that showed 20:05.971 --> 20:07.773 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that Anne Frank's father, Otto Frank, 20:07.773 --> 20:09.007 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% who you saw in the introduction, 20:09.007 --> 20:11.410 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% had been writing letters to a friend in the US, 20:11.410 --> 20:15.013 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% asking for help to get out of Amsterdam as things got worse 20:15.013 --> 20:18.417 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and worse after the Nazi occupation began. 20:18.417 --> 20:21.320 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And he had everything that you needed, 20:21.320 --> 20:23.622 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it was a lot of stuff to put together, 20:23.622 --> 20:26.858 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% affidavits and letters of support and all kinds of visas. 20:26.858 --> 20:29.361 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There was just enormous amount of paperwork, and yet, 20:29.361 --> 20:32.064 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% while they were in the process of doing that, 20:32.064 --> 20:33.332 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the State Department, like you said, 20:33.332 --> 20:35.334 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% made it even harder because they said, 20:35.334 --> 20:36.635 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "If you had relatives in Germany, 20:36.635 --> 20:38.403 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% then you would be a security risk to come 20:38.403 --> 20:39.705 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to the United States." 20:39.705 --> 20:43.075 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it speaks to this fear of refugees, 20:43.075 --> 20:46.178 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% fear of immigrants as people who don't belong here 20:46.178 --> 20:49.982 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and who will harm our country in some way. 20:49.982 --> 20:52.484 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And when we think about Anne Frank and her family, 20:52.484 --> 20:56.054 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to frame this whole narrative for Americans 20:56.054 --> 21:00.192 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as she will help us, their story, I think, 21:00.192 --> 21:03.295 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% helps us as Americans appreciate our, 21:03.295 --> 21:05.497 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% not responsibility for the Holocaust. 21:05.497 --> 21:06.999 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We did not perpetrate the Holocaust, 21:06.999 --> 21:08.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but our obligation to help people 21:08.700 --> 21:11.169 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that could've been saved, as Ken was saying. 21:11.169 --> 21:13.272 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it was really revelatory to us to see 21:13.272 --> 21:16.408 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that that was true of the Anne Frank and her family, 21:16.408 --> 21:18.543 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and so we decided to make that a through line 21:18.543 --> 21:19.778 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% through the entire film. 21:19.778 --> 21:22.114 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Revelatory is right. Revelatory is right. 21:24.616 --> 21:27.953 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Thomas Bailey Aldrich, you have the poem from him, 21:29.087 --> 21:33.125 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and one line from it, Madlin Sadler, is, 21:33.125 --> 21:35.560 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Wide open and unguarded stand our gates, 21:35.560 --> 21:39.464 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and through them presses a wild motley throng." 21:39.464 --> 21:42.167 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% This is a poem that one 21:42.167 --> 21:47.139 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% could hear read theoretically on Fox. 21:48.340 --> 21:49.608 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This is a poem you could hear read 21:49.608 --> 21:54.112 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% at a MAGA rally about immigrants. 21:54.112 --> 21:59.084 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I'm wondering as we continue to be bombarded 22:02.087 --> 22:03.889 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with these horrible stories of people 22:03.889 --> 22:05.257 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% who are very desperate, 22:05.257 --> 22:10.062 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% whether in Ukraine or Afghanistan or Central America, 22:11.330 --> 22:12.931 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% et cetera, I'm wondering, Madlin Sadler, 22:12.931 --> 22:14.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the chief operating officer 22:14.533 --> 22:17.469 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% of International Rescue Committee, have we learned lessons, 22:17.469 --> 22:20.038 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or are we still as a country doing more 22:20.038 --> 22:22.574 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% than any other country but not nearly enough? 22:24.910 --> 22:26.445 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Yeah. 22:26.445 --> 22:29.114 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Let me start by saying as the only non-American 22:29.114 --> 22:33.552 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in this virtual room that this documentary 22:33.552 --> 22:36.154 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is salutary for not just America. 22:37.556 --> 22:41.827 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It really does show in a tortured and incredible way 22:41.827 --> 22:44.129 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that inhumanity has a history 22:44.129 --> 22:47.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we really need to acknowledge, understand it, 22:47.366 --> 22:49.868 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and ultimately, we really need to learn from it, 22:49.868 --> 22:52.637 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and America is definitely not alone in needing to do that. 22:52.637 --> 22:56.675 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% So I do want to say that, threaded through this documentary, 22:56.675 --> 23:01.480 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which I was spellbound by, and thank you so much, 23:01.480 --> 23:03.515 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Lynn and Ken, Sarah for making it, 23:04.716 --> 23:08.920 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it really showed that the world lets the Jews 23:08.920 --> 23:11.089 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of Europe down, not just America. 23:11.089 --> 23:12.624 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I know it focused on America, 23:12.624 --> 23:16.628 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but we were all complicit in letting that population down, 23:16.628 --> 23:18.029 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and we're all complicit 23:18.029 --> 23:19.865 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in letting these populations down today. 23:19.865 --> 23:21.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Have we learned the lessons? 23:21.366 --> 23:24.436 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Well, there are 100 million forcibly displaced people 23:24.436 --> 23:26.071 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in the world right now, 23:26.071 --> 23:29.674 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and of that 100 million refugees and displaced people, 23:29.674 --> 23:34.212 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 1% of people will be (indistinct) somewhere somehow. 23:34.212 --> 23:39.217 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Lynn, you're gonna introduce the next clip, 23:40.285 --> 23:42.621 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which has to do- - I'm gonna do it, Jake. 23:42.621 --> 23:44.523 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Oh, I'm sorry, Ken, - Yeah, that's Ken. 23:44.523 --> 23:46.525 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - which really touches off exactly 23:46.525 --> 23:47.793 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on what Madlin was talking about. 23:47.793 --> 23:49.060 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Exactly. - The shape of the world. 23:49.060 --> 23:52.130 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I couldn't believe how perfectly Madlin 23:52.130 --> 23:57.035 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and perhaps intentionally set up all that we're going to do. 23:57.035 --> 24:00.172 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We're going to drop you into a little bit later in our film. 24:00.172 --> 24:03.708 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Obviously, Hitler has come to power in January of 1933. 24:03.708 --> 24:06.144 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's been a drip, drip, drip of steady erosion 24:06.144 --> 24:09.548 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of rights of Jews in Germany. 24:09.548 --> 24:11.750 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They're borrowing from the Jim Crow laws. 24:12.584 --> 24:13.852 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Hitler is re-arming 24:13.852 --> 24:17.823 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% against the Versailles treaty's obligations, 24:17.823 --> 24:20.926 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and he's entered into the Rhineland, 24:20.926 --> 24:22.828 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the buffer zone between France and Germany 24:22.828 --> 24:26.298 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that was defined by the Versailles treaty, 24:26.298 --> 24:28.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and he's gone into (speaks in foreign language), 24:30.135 --> 24:31.603 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the takeover of Austria 24:31.603 --> 24:36.575 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and reunified this larger German empire with great vigor 24:39.711 --> 24:42.113 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and support by most of the Austrian people. 24:42.113 --> 24:45.884 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But he's also now getting more 24:45.884 --> 24:49.454 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and more Jews who he wants to just leave. 24:49.454 --> 24:52.457 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% He's happy that the Franks are leaving and others, 24:52.457 --> 24:56.361 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and so now there is this torrent of people trying 24:56.361 --> 24:57.762 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to get into the United States, 24:57.762 --> 25:00.565 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% trying to get out of Germany and out of Austria, 25:00.565 --> 25:03.869 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and there are banging on consulates everywhere, 25:03.869 --> 25:05.370 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and the United States, 25:05.370 --> 25:06.771 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which has tried to pretend that there's no problem, 25:06.771 --> 25:08.406 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% particularly our State Department, 25:08.406 --> 25:12.878 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which is hide bound and filled with a few anti-Semites 25:12.878 --> 25:16.848 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are really obstructing things, they have to admit it. 25:16.848 --> 25:19.184 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The journalist, Dorothy Thompson says, 25:21.486 --> 25:23.588 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "The price of paper is the difference 25:23.588 --> 25:26.391 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% between life and death, between even suicide." 25:26.391 --> 25:28.727 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's this idea of a visa or something 25:28.727 --> 25:30.195 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that gets you out of it. 25:30.195 --> 25:34.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so in the face of that, the United States feels, 25:36.201 --> 25:38.503 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Franklin Roosevelt feels obligated to do something. 25:38.503 --> 25:43.141 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So this is a clip about that. We're in 1938, this summer. 25:43.141 --> 25:47.078 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The fall disaster of Kristallnacht has not happened, 25:47.078 --> 25:49.214 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% but that's where we are right now 25:49.214 --> 25:50.815 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% if we can play this second clip. 25:56.788 --> 25:59.491 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - In 1938, Americans are asked 25:59.491 --> 26:01.159 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% whether they think the persecution of Jews 26:01.159 --> 26:03.361 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in Germany has been Jews' own fault, 26:04.496 --> 26:08.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and 2/3 of Americans say partly or entirely. 26:10.201 --> 26:12.637 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Something bad is happening to the Jews abroad, 26:12.637 --> 26:14.639 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and an inclination of a lot of Americans 26:14.639 --> 26:16.107 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is to blame the Jews. 26:16.107 --> 26:17.943 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (soft poignant music) 26:17.943 --> 26:21.580 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Peter] Roosevelt called for a conference in Evian, France 26:21.580 --> 26:23.481 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for the international community 26:23.481 --> 26:26.551 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to discuss a collective solution to the problem 26:26.551 --> 26:30.789 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of political refugees seeking to flee Hitler. 26:30.789 --> 26:32.991 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He was careful not to say that most 26:32.991 --> 26:35.427 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of those in flight were Jews. 26:37.495 --> 26:40.365 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - There is a sense in the US government 26:40.365 --> 26:43.134 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that antisemitism is so strong in America 26:43.134 --> 26:45.370 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that they don't want people to think 26:45.370 --> 26:48.974 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or even get the hint that the United States might be going 26:48.974 --> 26:53.144 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to do anything particular for the Jews, to rescue the Jews. 26:53.144 --> 26:54.646 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Peter] Since the US Congress 26:54.646 --> 26:58.216 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was not willing to alter America's quota system, 26:58.216 --> 27:00.952 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Roosevelt would not ask any other country 27:00.952 --> 27:04.990 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to change its own laws to take in more immigrants, 27:04.990 --> 27:07.626 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% though it was his hope that other countries 27:07.626 --> 27:11.496 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% might volunteer to do so at the upcoming conference. 27:13.398 --> 27:17.802 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In July, representatives of 32 countries met for a week 27:17.802 --> 27:21.606 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and managed only to form an intergovernmental committee 27:21.606 --> 27:26.611 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for refugees without any funds or power to assist them. 27:27.812 --> 27:29.948 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Representatives of all 32 nations 27:29.948 --> 27:32.117 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% at that conference stand up and say, 27:32.117 --> 27:33.918 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% "This is a horrible problem. 27:33.918 --> 27:36.721 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Let us tell you why we can't let in refugees now." 27:36.721 --> 27:38.823 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Peter] The French delegate claimed France 27:38.823 --> 27:41.693 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% had reached the extreme point of saturation 27:41.693 --> 27:44.396 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% as regard to refugees. 27:44.396 --> 27:46.965 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Four Central American countries jointly 27:46.965 --> 27:51.469 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% said they had no need for merchants and intellectuals, 27:51.469 --> 27:53.905 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by which they meant Jews. 27:53.905 --> 27:55.940 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The Australian spokesman said, 27:55.940 --> 27:58.810 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "As we have no real racial problem, 27:58.810 --> 28:01.479 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we are not desirous of importing one." 28:02.580 --> 28:04.749 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Great Britain refused to increase 28:04.749 --> 28:06.885 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then sharply limited the number 28:06.885 --> 28:09.754 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of Jews allowed into Palestine, 28:09.754 --> 28:12.657 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Middle Eastern territory they controlled. 28:14.292 --> 28:16.995 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Representatives of Jewish organizations 28:16.995 --> 28:19.998 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% were present but only as observers. 28:19.998 --> 28:23.935 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A young Golda Meir remembered her sorrow, rage, 28:23.935 --> 28:28.173 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% frustration, and horror at not being allowed to speak. 28:29.974 --> 28:33.678 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So what you have is a week's worth of nations standing up, 28:33.678 --> 28:34.879 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% one after the other saying, 28:34.879 --> 28:36.614 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "This is terrible, but we don't want any. 28:36.614 --> 28:38.516 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This is awful, but we don't want any." 28:38.516 --> 28:40.085 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% At which point the Germans say, 28:40.085 --> 28:42.654 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "Well, you don't want the Jews anymore than we do." 28:43.955 --> 28:45.423 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Peter] Chaim Weizmann, 28:45.423 --> 28:48.293 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the president of the World Zionist Organization, 28:48.293 --> 28:51.963 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% dedicated to creating a Jewish state in Palestine, 28:51.963 --> 28:55.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% said, "The globe was now divided into places 28:55.133 --> 28:58.503 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% where Jews cannot live and places 28:58.503 --> 29:00.505 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% into which they cannot enter." 29:05.376 --> 29:07.412 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Powerful. Very, very powerful. 29:13.251 --> 29:14.519 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Is this working? Can you hear me? 29:14.519 --> 29:15.987 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yes, yes. - Okay, great. Sorry. 29:15.987 --> 29:20.759 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So one of the things that was really astounding 29:20.759 --> 29:23.061 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that we learned at a different part 29:23.061 --> 29:26.331 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in this second episode of the series, 29:26.331 --> 29:30.468 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the documentary series is that 3/4 29:30.468 --> 29:32.370 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the victims of the Nazis, 29:32.370 --> 29:37.342 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% 3/4 of them died within 20 months. 29:37.342 --> 29:42.313 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So there was a long time where millions of lives 29:42.313 --> 29:45.116 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% could've been saved, not just Jews, obviously, 29:45.116 --> 29:48.820 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but Roma and Catholics and gays and lesbians, et cetera, 29:48.820 --> 29:52.757 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% et cetera, but primarily focused on Jews, the genocide. 29:52.757 --> 29:56.394 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 3/4 of the victims died in in the last 20 months. 29:56.394 --> 30:01.399 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And Ken, one of the things that I found so resonant to today 30:03.601 --> 30:05.737 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and this doesn't have to do with the refugee issue so much 30:05.737 --> 30:10.742 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as it has to do with efforts to placate dictators, 30:12.610 --> 30:17.615 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is that the point is made that Ford Motor Company, 30:18.983 --> 30:21.286 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Henry Ford makes vehicles for the German army 30:21.286 --> 30:25.089 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and refuses to provide engines for the British Air Force. 30:25.089 --> 30:28.827 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Woolworth's and the Associated Press go 30:28.827 --> 30:30.195 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% along with the Nuremberg laws, 30:30.195 --> 30:33.031 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% firing Jewish employees who live in Germany. 30:34.332 --> 30:37.802 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Even though many studios are controlled by Jews, 30:37.802 --> 30:42.407 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Hollywood goes along with German rules with the exception 30:42.407 --> 30:45.677 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of, and I'm proud to be associated with Warner Brothers, 30:45.677 --> 30:50.248 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a sister company here, and, in fact, from 1933 to 1939, 30:50.248 --> 30:54.586 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% not one bad word about Nazis is said 30:54.586 --> 30:58.189 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on American movie screens in major motion pictures 30:58.189 --> 31:02.427 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% other than in news reels, and even there, it's soft pedaled. 31:02.427 --> 31:05.864 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Again, the Nazis are responsible for the Holocaust, 31:05.864 --> 31:09.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and Vichy France and all the co-conspirators 31:09.033 --> 31:11.302 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% from other countries, they're responsible, 31:11.302 --> 31:16.307 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but we sat back as Americans and let it happen. 31:17.742 --> 31:21.679 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, it's a sorry, sorry chapter. 31:21.679 --> 31:26.251 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Henry Ford is an implacable anti-Semite. 31:26.251 --> 31:29.454 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% He thinks Jews are responsible for the assassination 31:29.454 --> 31:30.989 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of Abraham Lincoln. 31:30.989 --> 31:34.459 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He buys a newspaper, the "Dearborn Independent," 31:34.459 --> 31:39.063 align:left position:10% line:77% size:80% which rises to the second largest circulation in the country 31:39.063 --> 31:43.067 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and promulgates the old 19th-century Russian hoax, 31:43.067 --> 31:45.336 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," 31:45.336 --> 31:49.474 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which suggests there's an international Jewish conspiracy 31:49.474 --> 31:50.742 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to take over the world, 31:50.742 --> 31:54.445 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and he prints this in 60 or so editions 31:54.445 --> 31:58.449 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then puts it in a book that's translated into German. 31:58.449 --> 32:01.152 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And so you have people making decisions based 32:01.152 --> 32:05.123 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on anti-Semitism, based on racism, based on nativism, 32:05.123 --> 32:07.091 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and anti-immigrant sentiment. 32:07.091 --> 32:09.961 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "We don't wanna change. We don't wanna be replaced." 32:09.961 --> 32:14.699 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% That would be echoed in Charlottesville in 2017, 32:14.699 --> 32:16.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and you've got just the buck. 32:16.200 --> 32:18.136 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sometimes it's just an understandable one, 32:18.136 --> 32:20.138 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as you suggested earlier, Jake, 32:20.138 --> 32:23.107 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that the Depression is going on in the 1930s. 32:23.107 --> 32:26.010 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% People are desperate to put food on their table, 32:26.010 --> 32:29.414 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the idea of letting other people in 32:29.414 --> 32:31.115 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that might take your job or steal 32:31.115 --> 32:33.251 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% from your plate is part of it, too. 32:33.251 --> 32:38.256 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But at the end, there's a kind of accumulated insensitivity 32:39.624 --> 32:42.460 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to this powerful and evident humanitarian need, 32:42.460 --> 32:46.030 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we cannot hide behind the skirts any longer 32:46.030 --> 32:47.498 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that we didn't know. 32:47.498 --> 32:51.369 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There were 3,000 articles in American newspapers 32:51.369 --> 32:55.873 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in 1933 alone, the first year, not '34, '35, 32:55.873 --> 32:58.643 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% all the way up to the beginning of the Second World War 32:58.643 --> 33:00.912 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the beginning of the decision 33:00.912 --> 33:02.780 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to exterminate all the Jews in Europe, 33:02.780 --> 33:06.217 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 3,000 articles in one year about the mistreatment of Jews. 33:06.217 --> 33:09.654 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We were not unaware of what was going on, 33:09.654 --> 33:13.658 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and yet we chose to always do something else, 33:13.658 --> 33:16.094 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we had this terrible Johnson redact 33:16.094 --> 33:18.696 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that had a quota system that was skewed 33:18.696 --> 33:20.865 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so that only Northern Europeans could get in, 33:20.865 --> 33:22.333 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and even then, 33:22.333 --> 33:24.969 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we didn't let in the people within the quota system 33:24.969 --> 33:27.939 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because a couple of individuals in the State Department, 33:27.939 --> 33:31.909 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as I said before, were implacably antisemitic as well, 33:31.909 --> 33:33.144 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and kept changing the bar, 33:33.144 --> 33:35.947 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% changing the rules, all of that stuff. 33:35.947 --> 33:39.017 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It is not a pretty chapter 33:39.017 --> 33:42.220 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but one we have to fully invest in. 33:42.220 --> 33:45.023 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% If we say that we're in an exceptional country, Jake, 33:45.023 --> 33:47.892 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then we have to be tougher on ourselves than anything else. 33:47.892 --> 33:51.629 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% That's how people who are exceptional in any field do that. 33:51.629 --> 33:55.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They are the hardest working in that, and we don't do that. 33:55.900 --> 33:59.137 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We rest on the treacly stories, 33:59.137 --> 34:02.440 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the sanitized Madison Avenue versions of our past, 34:02.440 --> 34:05.977 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a nation of immigrants, which is absolutely true, 34:05.977 --> 34:09.347 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but we've spent as much time as, Peter Hayes said, 34:09.347 --> 34:11.816 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% trying to keep immigrants from coming here 34:11.816 --> 34:13.851 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as we have in welcoming them. 34:16.721 --> 34:17.555 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - And Lynn, 34:19.157 --> 34:23.528 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the episode two also mentions the Wagner-Roberts Bill, 34:23.528 --> 34:28.499 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which would have allowed 10,000 children, just children, 34:28.499 --> 34:31.335 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so nobody's job was gonna be taken, 34:31.335 --> 34:34.439 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% children a year to come into the United States 34:35.706 --> 34:38.676 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for two years, 20,000 children. 34:38.676 --> 34:41.646 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It didn't even get a vote in Congress 34:41.646 --> 34:43.514 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or in the House or the Senate. 34:43.514 --> 34:46.818 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It was opposed by the American Legion 34:46.818 --> 34:49.654 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the Daughters of the American Revolution and others, 34:49.654 --> 34:52.590 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% just 20,000 Jewish kids lives that would've been saved. 34:54.358 --> 34:59.363 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I was hearing this and thinking about the reputations 35:01.599 --> 35:02.834 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of people at the State Department, 35:02.834 --> 35:05.136 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% like secretary of state Cordell Hull, 35:05.136 --> 35:10.074 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who was antisemitic and did not want Jews 35:10.074 --> 35:13.111 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to come into the country, and Breckinridge Long, 35:14.378 --> 35:17.515 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% not to mention Henry Ford, 35:17.515 --> 35:21.819 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not to mention the head of the Olympics, Avery Brundage. 35:21.819 --> 35:23.521 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It would surprise no one who pays attention 35:23.521 --> 35:27.892 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that the Olympics were not concerned about genocide, 35:27.892 --> 35:30.194 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not to mention Charles Lindbergh about whom there 35:30.194 --> 35:35.199 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is an airfield named after in San Diego, 35:36.634 --> 35:38.336 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not to mention World War I hero Eddie Rickenbacker, 35:38.336 --> 35:41.405 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% not to mention the CEO of Sears Roebuck, 35:41.405 --> 35:44.475 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% all of these people, antisemitic, 35:44.475 --> 35:47.912 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% could've stood in the way of Jewish lives being saved. 35:49.714 --> 35:54.719 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And if anyone deserves to be, quote unquote, "canceled," 35:55.586 --> 35:58.289 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's these individuals, Lynn. 35:58.289 --> 36:00.958 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Well, we're not in the business of canceling people. 36:00.958 --> 36:02.760 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're just trying to understand what happened 36:02.760 --> 36:04.262 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and why people did the things they did 36:04.262 --> 36:06.531 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or didn't do the things they should have done. 36:06.531 --> 36:08.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And that is quite a rogues gallery that you've laid out, 36:08.933 --> 36:10.868 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and that's just the tip of the iceberg. 36:13.237 --> 36:16.207 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this question of children, first of all, 36:16.207 --> 36:18.576 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% even the idea that you're gonna be separating children 36:18.576 --> 36:22.980 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from their parents to get them here, and even that, 36:22.980 --> 36:25.216 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% just as a concept, that's already problematic, 36:25.216 --> 36:29.554 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the fact that it was not given a vote because the sense 36:29.554 --> 36:33.457 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was that instead of winning passage, 36:33.457 --> 36:35.359 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it would've provoked the passage 36:35.359 --> 36:37.762 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of more laws restricting immigration. 36:37.762 --> 36:39.263 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% So that was the threat. 36:39.263 --> 36:41.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "If you bring this to a vote," said the Congress, 36:41.666 --> 36:44.602 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "we'll just make it worse," and so they backed down. 36:44.602 --> 36:48.406 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But in the film, Peter Hayes also makes a point that FDR 36:48.406 --> 36:50.841 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is trying to get the Neutrality Act repealed 36:50.841 --> 36:53.211 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so that we can help Great Britain 36:53.211 --> 36:57.915 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and Western Europe prepare for war, and so it is important. 36:59.984 --> 37:02.119 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Our film is about "The US and the Holocaust," 37:02.119 --> 37:03.821 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but if you're in charge of this country, 37:03.821 --> 37:04.989 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you have other things you're trying 37:04.989 --> 37:06.791 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to figure out at the same time. 37:06.791 --> 37:08.092 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% So on the one hand, 37:08.092 --> 37:11.329 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we recognize the overt antisemitism and racism 37:11.329 --> 37:14.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and xenophobia of all the people you mentioned, 37:16.367 --> 37:19.503 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they haven't really been fully held to account for that, 37:19.503 --> 37:22.740 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but also some understanding that these were tough decisions, 37:22.740 --> 37:25.176 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% even for the people who might've wanted to help. 37:25.176 --> 37:28.312 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So we try to show that there's some complexity, 37:28.312 --> 37:33.317 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but we see in the film children being delivered to the UK 37:34.518 --> 37:35.987 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% at the same time in the Kindertransport, 37:35.987 --> 37:37.521 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which I think we've all heard of. 37:37.521 --> 37:42.093 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So even that we couldn't do. That's what it meant. 37:43.661 --> 37:46.497 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - During COVID, I did a lot of genealogical research, 37:46.497 --> 37:50.835 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and I found somebody in our family who married 37:50.835 --> 37:52.203 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% into our family, not a blood relative, 37:52.203 --> 37:53.971 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but married into our family who was a child 37:53.971 --> 37:55.306 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% on the Kindertransport. 37:55.306 --> 37:59.310 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% He's now like a 95-year-old rabbi in the UK. 37:59.310 --> 38:00.811 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And in any case, 38:00.811 --> 38:03.180 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I'm at the point now where I'm supposed to kick it to Lynn 38:03.180 --> 38:07.418 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to introduce this third clip that does describe, 38:07.418 --> 38:11.355 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it is important for the documentary viewers to know 38:11.355 --> 38:12.757 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or the would-be documentary viewers 38:12.757 --> 38:15.426 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to know that there were American heroes. 38:15.426 --> 38:18.696 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Obviously, all of those who went to fight 38:18.696 --> 38:22.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and defeat Nazi Germany are American heroes, 38:22.433 --> 38:26.537 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but also, there were individuals like the individual Lynn 38:26.537 --> 38:28.172 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is gonna tell you about right now. 38:28.172 --> 38:30.241 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay, thank you. Yeah. 38:30.241 --> 38:33.444 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This takes place in 1940 after Germany 38:33.444 --> 38:35.880 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% has overrun France and all the low countries, 38:35.880 --> 38:38.449 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and there's a huge refugee crisis in Southern France 38:38.449 --> 38:41.819 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% where people have escaped to Vichy France 38:41.819 --> 38:43.321 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and this nebulous area 38:43.321 --> 38:45.556 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where there's basically concentration camps there, 38:45.556 --> 38:48.292 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but there's tens of thousands of refugees 38:48.292 --> 38:50.061 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% from all over Europe that are there. 38:50.061 --> 38:52.430 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And Americans form something 38:52.430 --> 38:54.198 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% called the Emergency Rescue Committee 38:54.198 --> 38:55.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with owner Roosevelt support and a number 38:55.833 --> 38:57.401 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of other people to try to do something, 38:57.401 --> 38:59.704 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% especially because they find out that there's quite a number 38:59.704 --> 39:02.239 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of well-known artists and intellectuals there 39:02.239 --> 39:05.042 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% among these tens of thousands of other people, 39:05.042 --> 39:07.411 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they decide to send someone over there, 39:07.411 --> 39:10.181 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and this man volunteers, a man named Varian Fry. 39:10.181 --> 39:12.550 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He's 32 years old. He went to Harvard. 39:12.550 --> 39:14.051 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% He's a writer. 39:14.051 --> 39:16.287 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% He'd been a Nazi Germany in the 30s and had seen some 39:16.287 --> 39:19.857 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of the horrible antisemitic violence there, 39:19.857 --> 39:21.325 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and he volunteers to go, 39:21.325 --> 39:24.228 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and he takes $3,000 in a list of people he's supposed 39:24.228 --> 39:27.498 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to find in Southern France and try to rescue, 39:27.498 --> 39:28.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and I think we're gonna drop you 39:28.466 --> 39:29.967 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% into the middle of this scene. 39:34.138 --> 39:37.274 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Peter] He took room 307 at the Hotel Splendide 39:37.274 --> 39:38.976 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and went to work. 39:38.976 --> 39:43.180 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% News quickly spread that an American with visas had arrived. 39:43.180 --> 39:46.150 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Refugees knocked at his door at all hours, 39:46.150 --> 39:49.387 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% filled the hallways, and lined the stairs. 39:49.387 --> 39:53.791 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 25 letters a day turned up for him at the reception desk. 39:53.791 --> 39:56.260 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The telephone rarely stopped ringing. 39:56.260 --> 39:59.463 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% (upbeat 40s music) (telephone rings) 39:59.463 --> 40:03.234 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The American vice consul in Marseilles, Hiram Bingham, Jr., 40:03.234 --> 40:05.369 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and some of his colleagues were happy 40:05.369 --> 40:07.772 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to help whenever they could. 40:07.772 --> 40:10.841 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Bingham was the son of a Senator from Connecticut. 40:10.841 --> 40:14.278 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% His Groton classmates had called him Righteous Bingham 40:14.278 --> 40:15.613 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% for his earnestness. 40:17.148 --> 40:20.317 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He, too, had seen Nazi brutality firsthand, 40:20.317 --> 40:22.686 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and he believed it his duty to obtain 40:22.686 --> 40:26.157 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "as many visas as I could for as many people" 40:27.525 --> 40:30.161 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and was sometimes willing to break the rules. 40:30.161 --> 40:32.830 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He allowed the fugitive German-Jewish novelist, 40:32.830 --> 40:37.268 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Lion Feuchtwanger, to hide in his villa and then cooperated 40:37.268 --> 40:39.403 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in smuggling him out of the country 40:39.403 --> 40:41.572 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with Reverend Waitstill Sharp, 40:41.572 --> 40:45.342 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a veteran rescue worker for the Unitarian Service Committee. 40:46.944 --> 40:50.281 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In order to emigrate to the United States from Vichy, 40:50.281 --> 40:54.452 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% each refugee required an American immigration visa, 40:54.452 --> 40:57.388 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% visas for neutral Portugal and Spain, 40:57.388 --> 40:59.790 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a steamship ticket from Lisbon, 40:59.790 --> 41:01.992 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and an exit visa from France. 41:03.561 --> 41:08.232 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Each took time to obtain, and each had an expiration date. 41:08.232 --> 41:11.135 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% By the time the last document was procured, 41:11.135 --> 41:13.337 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% another had often expired, 41:13.337 --> 41:15.906 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% requiring the whole laborious process 41:15.906 --> 41:17.708 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to begin all over again. 41:19.777 --> 41:21.312 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% To get around the system, 41:21.312 --> 41:24.014 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Varian Fry helped to smuggle refugees 41:24.014 --> 41:26.250 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% across the Pyrenees into Spain. 41:27.885 --> 41:31.055 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He assembled a staff of 46 volunteers 41:31.055 --> 41:35.125 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that included refugees, young American men and women, 41:35.125 --> 41:38.629 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a French gendarme, and a Viennese cartoonist 41:38.629 --> 41:43.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who proved an adept forger of documents and official stamps. 41:44.535 --> 41:47.638 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Fry worked closely with American Jewish organizations 41:47.638 --> 41:51.141 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that provided crucial financial support from Portugal 41:52.510 --> 41:55.145 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and with sympathetic diplomats from other countries, 41:55.145 --> 41:58.315 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Mexican, Brazilian, Siamese, 41:58.315 --> 42:01.385 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and an especially empathetic Chinese consul 42:01.385 --> 42:04.188 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% whose formal-looking documents in Mandarin 42:04.188 --> 42:06.390 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% were rarely challenged at the border 42:06.390 --> 42:10.094 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% because neither French nor German officials could read them. 42:11.662 --> 42:14.999 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Man] It's stimulating to be outside the law. 42:14.999 --> 42:17.468 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The experiences of 10, 15, 42:17.468 --> 42:20.437 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and even 20 years have been pressed into one. 42:21.872 --> 42:25.442 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Sometimes I feel as if I have lived my whole life. 42:28.112 --> 42:29.380 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Peter] Reports of what Fry 42:29.380 --> 42:32.416 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was up to eventually reached Washington. 42:32.416 --> 42:35.352 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Secretary of State Cordell Hull himself 42:35.352 --> 42:37.588 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% cabled the Marseilles consulate that, 42:37.588 --> 42:40.124 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% "This government cannot, repeat, 42:40.124 --> 42:42.927 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% cannot countenance the activities 42:42.927 --> 42:45.496 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of Mr. Fry and other persons, 42:45.496 --> 42:48.198 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% however well meaning their motives may be." 42:49.667 --> 42:53.070 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The State Department tried to force Fry out of France, 42:53.070 --> 42:54.805 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but he somehow managed to remain 42:54.805 --> 42:57.775 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in Marseilles for another seven months 42:57.775 --> 43:02.146 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% until Vichy police escorted him out of the country. 43:02.146 --> 43:05.115 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (slow string music) 43:05.115 --> 43:08.586 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Together, Fry and Bingham, whom Fry remembered 43:08.586 --> 43:12.289 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as his partner in the crime of saving lives, 43:12.289 --> 43:13.490 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% are thought to have rescued 43:13.490 --> 43:16.527 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% at least 2,000 people from the Nazis. 43:18.896 --> 43:22.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Some were the celebrated people Fry had been sent to save, 43:23.901 --> 43:27.371 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% including the harpsichordist Wanda Landowska, 43:27.371 --> 43:29.840 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the film director Max Ophuls, 43:29.840 --> 43:34.845 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the sculptor Jacque Lipchitz, the philosopher Hannah Arendt, 43:36.413 --> 43:39.950 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% and the artists Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, and Marc Chagall. 43:42.019 --> 43:45.889 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But also among them were hundreds of men, women, 43:45.889 --> 43:49.026 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and children who were not well known, 43:49.026 --> 43:51.862 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% just human beings in need of help. 44:18.288 --> 44:22.192 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So it is powerful and important to hear 44:22.192 --> 44:27.197 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% about those Americans who did do everything they could 44:28.532 --> 44:32.970 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to save lives of these refugees during World War II, 44:32.970 --> 44:37.975 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and obviously, the soldiers and the sailors and the Marines 44:39.410 --> 44:41.545 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and everyone who supported the World War II effort 44:41.545 --> 44:43.514 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% deserves immense credit. 44:44.948 --> 44:48.318 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% My son's bedroom is decorated with images of World War II, 44:48.318 --> 44:50.888 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% soldiers from Ima Jiwa, from D-Day, 44:52.089 --> 44:56.260 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and our favorite show is "Band of Brothers." 44:56.260 --> 44:58.862 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He's 12, he's about to be bar mitzvah, 44:58.862 --> 45:01.031 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we are very proud to be Americans, 45:01.031 --> 45:03.467 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we are very proud to be the country 45:03.467 --> 45:07.571 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that helped rescue the world from Nazis 45:08.739 --> 45:10.874 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and took in more refugees in World War II 45:10.874 --> 45:12.076 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% than any other country. 45:13.277 --> 45:17.214 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But this documentary opens your eyes 45:17.214 --> 45:21.351 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as to how difficult a task that was for Franklin Roosevelt, 45:21.351 --> 45:25.255 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% President Roosevelt, and Deborah Lipstadt, 45:25.255 --> 45:27.825 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who's currently in the Biden administration, 45:27.825 --> 45:30.861 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% ambassador to Combat Antisemitism, 45:30.861 --> 45:35.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% she takes issue with the idea that, once the war started, 45:36.834 --> 45:39.636 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the US could not have engaged in more rescue missions 45:39.636 --> 45:44.074 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to save refugees when FDR would talk about, 45:44.074 --> 45:48.846 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "No, our way to stop this is to win the war." 45:48.846 --> 45:50.280 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% She takes issue with it. 45:50.280 --> 45:53.117 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's a lot of provocative questions and things 45:53.117 --> 45:55.786 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to think about, and Ken, as you know, 45:55.786 --> 45:57.287 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it is a strong, confident country 45:57.287 --> 45:59.356 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that acknowledges its mistakes 45:59.356 --> 46:02.059 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - That's right. Yes. - and learns from them. 46:02.059 --> 46:04.795 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But I have to say, I did not know, and again, 46:04.795 --> 46:07.164 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I'm not surprised this was not taught to me in school, 46:07.164 --> 46:09.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but I did not know that Hitler 46:09.466 --> 46:14.471 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was inspired by Jim Crow and that Hitler was inspired 46:15.906 --> 46:19.076 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by how the US massacred Native Americans as we moved west. 46:19.076 --> 46:24.081 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And in fact, our Mississippi "must be the Volga," he said. 46:24.948 --> 46:26.016 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% He wanted to do the same thing 46:26.016 --> 46:27.518 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% except he wanted to move east. 46:30.320 --> 46:31.688 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% There are horrifying facts. 46:32.856 --> 46:35.392 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - There are, and they resonate with today 46:35.392 --> 46:39.563 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in really unfortunate and scary ways, 46:39.563 --> 46:42.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the susceptibility to authoritarianism, 46:42.833 --> 46:45.769 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the willingness to, as we contemplated 46:45.769 --> 46:47.805 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the depth of the Depression, 46:47.805 --> 46:50.808 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% yielding to the impulse that the democracies 46:50.808 --> 46:54.244 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% were not capable of managing the economic crisis 46:54.244 --> 46:56.446 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or some of these other crises. 46:58.448 --> 46:59.650 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's a mixed bag, 46:59.650 --> 47:01.585 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it's important that we highlight all 47:01.585 --> 47:03.587 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the points of light, the Varian Frys 47:03.587 --> 47:06.490 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the Hiram Binghams and also the organizations 47:06.490 --> 47:09.760 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% like the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 47:09.760 --> 47:12.529 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the American Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 47:12.529 --> 47:15.699 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the YMCA, the Unitarian Service 47:15.699 --> 47:18.268 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that Waitstill Sharp was from. 47:18.268 --> 47:20.671 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% These are people who risk their lives, in many cases, 47:20.671 --> 47:22.472 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% certainly spent a lot of money. 47:22.472 --> 47:26.009 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The American Jewish committee was working overtime 47:26.009 --> 47:29.680 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to do that, and, in fact, one of the great ironies, Jake, 47:29.680 --> 47:31.481 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and you alluded to it earlier, 47:31.481 --> 47:36.320 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is that by the time there's a single American boot 47:36.320 --> 47:39.723 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on the ground in Italy, Sicily in Italy, 47:39.723 --> 47:43.460 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% 3/4 of the people who are going 47:43.460 --> 47:46.363 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to be murdered in what we call the Holocaust, 47:46.363 --> 47:49.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Shoah, have already perished. 47:49.733 --> 47:52.469 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It'll be more than that before we even have an air base 47:52.469 --> 47:54.738 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that would permit us perhaps to go 47:54.738 --> 47:56.540 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and bomb rail lines at Auschwitz. 47:56.540 --> 47:58.876 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That's a whole nother argument about whether they 47:58.876 --> 48:01.411 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% would be rebuilt overnight, which they could've been, 48:01.411 --> 48:04.715 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% whether we could've hit them, which is probably unlikely, 48:04.715 --> 48:06.516 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% whether you would then try 48:06.516 --> 48:08.485 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to disrupt the activities of the camp. 48:08.485 --> 48:11.154 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In fact, Auschwitz was accidentally bombed 48:11.154 --> 48:13.123 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% when bombs intended 48:13.123 --> 48:16.960 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for an IG Farben synthetic rubber plant five miles away 48:17.861 --> 48:19.496 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% went astray. 48:19.496 --> 48:22.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% 80% of our bombs did not land 48:22.466 --> 48:25.102 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% within five miles of their intended targets. 48:25.102 --> 48:29.406 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So there's a lots of ironic things, 48:29.406 --> 48:32.075 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but what happens in a positive vein 48:32.075 --> 48:33.810 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is that the Treasury Department 48:33.810 --> 48:36.980 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at the State Department creates a War Refugee Board, 48:36.980 --> 48:40.651 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they, after great stalling on the part 48:40.651 --> 48:43.120 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the State Department and FDR's intervention 48:43.120 --> 48:46.790 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the secretary of treasury, Henry Morganthau, 48:46.790 --> 48:51.094 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Jewish man who was in charge of that department, 48:53.864 --> 48:55.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they do more than any other organization 48:55.766 --> 48:57.134 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to save human lives. 48:57.134 --> 48:59.403 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And in fact, the celebrated Raoul Wallenberg, 48:59.403 --> 49:03.540 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who saved, we think, over 120,000 lives in Hungary 49:03.540 --> 49:07.778 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and Romania, felt he was following an American program 49:07.778 --> 49:10.647 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% by using the American funds that came 49:10.647 --> 49:13.750 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% from the War Refugee Board to forge passports 49:13.750 --> 49:15.419 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as they were doing in Southern France, 49:15.419 --> 49:17.587 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as you saw in the Varian Fry thing, 49:17.587 --> 49:20.624 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and protect people, give them documents, safe houses, 49:20.624 --> 49:25.095 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and try to protect some of the remaining Jews of Europe 49:25.095 --> 49:27.531 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% before they were all exterminated. 49:27.531 --> 49:30.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But it's a real questionable moment. 49:30.133 --> 49:32.302 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think Deborah is absolutely correct. 49:32.302 --> 49:33.837 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We could have yelled louder. 49:33.837 --> 49:35.839 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We could have made a bigger stink 49:35.839 --> 49:39.476 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and still have maintained the same war effort, 49:39.476 --> 49:40.777 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% but we did not do that, 49:40.777 --> 49:44.581 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and millions of people did not get out. 49:44.581 --> 49:47.250 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hundreds of thousands for sure did not get out 49:47.250 --> 49:52.255 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that perhaps could've gotten out had we been more in keeping 49:53.423 --> 49:55.258 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with the ideals that we like to celebrate. 49:56.693 --> 49:59.663 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - One of the things that is so great about your work, 49:59.663 --> 50:03.567 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Ken and Lynn, and I'm a long time admirer going back 50:03.567 --> 50:08.572 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to "Baseball" is, or is it "The Civil War"? 50:09.973 --> 50:11.508 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Whichever one came first, "Baseball" or "The Civil War." 50:11.508 --> 50:12.976 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - "Civil War," "Civil War." 50:12.976 --> 50:15.612 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Okay, so Civil War back then, I'm saying all the way back, 50:17.180 --> 50:21.018 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is letting the audience think for themselves. 50:23.754 --> 50:27.324 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A great moment of that is in your Vietnam series, 50:27.324 --> 50:29.493 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you talk about the ability of some individuals 50:29.493 --> 50:34.498 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to get out of going to Vietnam by either using connections 50:36.333 --> 50:41.004 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or seeking cushy jobs, cushier jobs stateside, 50:41.004 --> 50:44.341 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and you show images of a young Bill Clinton 50:44.341 --> 50:45.709 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and a young George W. Bush, 50:45.709 --> 50:47.277 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but you don't even mention their names. 50:47.277 --> 50:49.379 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You just show the pictures, 50:49.379 --> 50:51.681 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and no one's saying that we're about 50:51.681 --> 50:53.750 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to have another Holocaust in the United States, 50:53.750 --> 50:57.888 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but the authoritarian impulses that you reference 50:59.289 --> 51:02.492 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are unmistakable in terms of their relevance. 51:02.492 --> 51:05.062 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And Lynn, one of the things that I thought 51:05.062 --> 51:07.664 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was so interesting, two lines that really stuck out to me, 51:07.664 --> 51:11.935 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% one is Deborah Lipstadt just talking about Hitler, 51:11.935 --> 51:13.203 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% talking about the things, 51:14.371 --> 51:15.872 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the characteristic of tyrants is they just 51:15.872 --> 51:18.508 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are constantly pushing to see how far they can go 51:18.508 --> 51:20.444 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and see what they can get away with, 51:20.444 --> 51:23.814 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which is something that we see today with all sorts 51:23.814 --> 51:26.083 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of authoritarians in all sorts of countries. 51:26.083 --> 51:29.553 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The other one that I thought was interesting has to do 51:29.553 --> 51:33.890 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with our devotion to democracy, Lynn, 51:33.890 --> 51:37.360 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which is the idea that the power brokers 51:37.360 --> 51:39.262 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that allowed Hitler to come into power, 51:39.262 --> 51:44.167 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% this is an episode one, entered into this pact 51:44.167 --> 51:46.470 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with the devil because they thought, 51:46.470 --> 51:49.973 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Boy, if we keep allowing democracy, 51:49.973 --> 51:52.876 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% then the left and the labor unions 51:52.876 --> 51:56.480 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% are gonna take over in free and fair elections. 51:56.480 --> 52:00.417 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Therefore, let's get rid of free and fair elections," 52:00.417 --> 52:02.686 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which is something, again, we see all over the world, 52:02.686 --> 52:05.388 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we see attempts to get rid of free 52:05.388 --> 52:07.624 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and fair elections here in the United States. 52:09.326 --> 52:10.927 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - You said it perfectly. 52:10.927 --> 52:12.295 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I would just go back to the first thing, 52:12.295 --> 52:14.931 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% which is the idea that the norms 52:14.931 --> 52:18.502 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% get broken slowly a little bit at a time. 52:18.502 --> 52:20.303 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And Deborah Lipstadt, as you said, 52:20.303 --> 52:22.038 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is explaining they try a little bit. 52:22.038 --> 52:24.407 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "Let's just have one law discriminating against Jews. 52:24.407 --> 52:25.809 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Oh, nobody complained. 52:25.809 --> 52:27.144 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Now we can go farther," 52:27.144 --> 52:28.845 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they're watching the world's reaction, 52:28.845 --> 52:32.115 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and that goes to what Ken was saying that we didn't react. 52:32.115 --> 52:35.385 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And if we had said more or perhaps boycotted, 52:35.385 --> 52:37.187 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who knows what, take action of some sort, 52:37.187 --> 52:38.855 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I'm not talking about military action, 52:38.855 --> 52:41.091 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but just had a more vigorous reaction 52:41.091 --> 52:45.929 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to the incremental drip, drip, drip of persecutions 52:45.929 --> 52:50.934 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and dehumanizing and laws and arresting people, 52:52.369 --> 52:53.703 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% beating them up, putting them in concentration camps, 52:53.703 --> 52:55.505 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% this didn't happen overnight. 52:55.505 --> 52:58.008 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But it also is that thing where it's slowly 52:58.008 --> 53:01.678 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then it's all of a sudden, so you're this slow process, 53:01.678 --> 53:04.948 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then you turn around and you're living in a dictatorship 53:05.949 --> 53:08.451 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the people that were there, 53:08.451 --> 53:11.521 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% hundreds of thousands of Jewish Germans, have no rights, 53:13.023 --> 53:15.458 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% and that's one of the interesting phenomena that we see. 53:15.458 --> 53:16.459 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're living through that right now, 53:16.459 --> 53:18.328 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it feels like, certainly to me, 53:18.328 --> 53:20.297 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think to many of us who worked on this film. 53:20.297 --> 53:23.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That's one of the ways in which our film feels very relevant 53:23.733 --> 53:25.235 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and we wish it weren't. 53:25.235 --> 53:27.804 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We really, really wish that this film was just a nice, 53:27.804 --> 53:31.508 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% safe trip down something that happened in the past 53:31.508 --> 53:34.311 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we could just look at it and dispassionately try 53:34.311 --> 53:37.581 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to understand, but that's one reason why we really rushed 53:37.581 --> 53:39.049 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to get the film on the air this fall 53:39.049 --> 53:42.552 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% because these frightening trends 53:42.552 --> 53:44.721 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% are getting worse and worse, 53:44.721 --> 53:47.824 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the threat to democratic norms, voting, 53:47.824 --> 53:51.194 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% security of elections, integrity of the process, 53:52.729 --> 53:55.532 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we're on razor's edge right now. 53:55.532 --> 53:57.167 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And I just wanna say one thing 53:57.167 --> 54:00.604 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because Madlin had an audio problem to say 54:00.604 --> 54:03.073 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that we wanted to show the Varian Fry clip 54:03.073 --> 54:05.375 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because there's a direct line from Varian Fry 54:05.375 --> 54:07.611 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the work he did to the International Rescue Committee 54:07.611 --> 54:09.946 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% today and the amazing work they do. 54:11.114 --> 54:12.649 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I'm sorry that she's not able to say that, 54:12.649 --> 54:14.184 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but I just wanted to drop that in here 54:14.184 --> 54:18.088 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because it's very important we recognize that the scale, 54:18.088 --> 54:19.522 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he did something on a small scale, 54:19.522 --> 54:22.158 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but IRC is doing something on a very big scale, 54:22.158 --> 54:23.393 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we're very honored to have you here. 54:23.393 --> 54:26.162 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, and the IRC does amazing work, 54:26.162 --> 54:30.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and if you can afford to help, if you can afford to donate, 54:30.333 --> 54:33.737 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% please consider a donation to the IRC. 54:33.737 --> 54:35.105 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I wanna just like tell people, 54:35.105 --> 54:37.841 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I don't know how often people attend webinars 54:37.841 --> 54:39.743 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or lectures or moderated panels like this, 54:39.743 --> 54:42.946 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and often it is true that people like me 54:42.946 --> 54:45.582 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who have very busy day jobs are given questions. 54:45.582 --> 54:47.584 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% These are all questions I came up with because I 54:47.584 --> 54:51.321 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was so engaged in this documentary. 54:51.321 --> 54:54.691 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Nothing was handed to me to ask, 54:54.691 --> 54:58.528 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and I just think anybody who watches, 54:58.528 --> 55:00.997 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I should remind you to watch the documentary, 55:00.997 --> 55:03.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which airs in streams on your local PBS channel beginning 55:03.900 --> 55:05.068 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% on September 18th. 55:06.303 --> 55:07.837 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So you have a little time to prepare for it 55:07.837 --> 55:10.040 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and set your DVRs and all that. 55:10.040 --> 55:12.876 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Watch it. It's really, really important. 55:12.876 --> 55:17.881 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We're not taught about our warts in this country. 55:18.748 --> 55:19.349 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We're not shown our warts. 55:20.517 --> 55:22.018 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We might be the best country in the world, 55:22.018 --> 55:25.555 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I think we are, but that's not necessarily saying much, 55:25.555 --> 55:28.792 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and there's a lot of room for improvement. 55:28.792 --> 55:31.761 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I'm honored, Ken and Lynn and Madlin, 55:31.761 --> 55:33.697 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that you asked me to moderate this, 55:33.697 --> 55:36.099 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and I hope people tune in, 55:36.099 --> 55:39.369 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and I hope to have you on my show sometime soon 55:39.369 --> 55:42.272 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% to help promote this documentary, although news today, 55:42.272 --> 55:44.107 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% obviously, I don't know how much I'm 55:44.107 --> 55:46.009 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% gonna be controlling my show for the next week. 55:46.009 --> 55:50.146 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But thank you so much, and thank you, PBS, and thank you. 55:50.146 --> 55:52.515 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Don't forget to support Madlin Sadler 55:52.515 --> 55:54.317 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the International Rescue Committee, 55:54.317 --> 55:57.454 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and I appreciate your tuning in tonight. 55:57.454 --> 55:59.956 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Thank you, Jake. - Thank you so much.