1 00:00:01,400 --> 00:00:03,133 - Cultural Entomology! 2 00:00:03,233 --> 00:00:05,966 How insects have affected humans, 3 00:00:06,066 --> 00:00:08,933 throughout history and across the world. 4 00:00:09,033 --> 00:00:10,133 So why a fascination, 5 00:00:10,233 --> 00:00:13,033 why an obsession with insects? 6 00:00:13,133 --> 00:00:16,100 Why am I not talking about frogs or birds today? 7 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:17,733 I'll focus on the question 8 00:00:17,833 --> 00:00:22,133 of why insects have so profoundly affected humans. 9 00:00:22,233 --> 00:00:23,700 In different traditional cultures 10 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:26,966 and modern societies across the globe. 11 00:00:29,166 --> 00:00:30,300 The why! 12 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:31,400 Why insects? 13 00:00:32,833 --> 00:00:34,966 First thing we could look at is their ubiquity. 14 00:00:35,066 --> 00:00:37,900 They're almost everywhere! 15 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:40,266 Anybody know where insects do not exist 16 00:00:40,366 --> 00:00:41,666 on planet earth? 17 00:00:44,700 --> 00:00:46,933 I have a book on the insects of Antarctica, 18 00:00:47,033 --> 00:00:49,933 so no, they do exist in Antarctica. 19 00:00:51,266 --> 00:00:52,300 Good guess. 20 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:53,233 Others? 21 00:00:55,500 --> 00:00:58,233 Where can you not find an insect? 22 00:00:59,500 --> 00:01:02,266 There are whole studies on aquatic entomology. 23 00:01:02,366 --> 00:01:03,200 Close! 24 00:01:05,033 --> 00:01:07,766 They're all freshwater, generally. 25 00:01:07,866 --> 00:01:11,133 So, pelagic zones, deep oceanic environments, 26 00:01:11,233 --> 00:01:12,733 you're not going to find insects. 27 00:01:12,833 --> 00:01:15,833 But you are going to find their close relatives. 28 00:01:15,933 --> 00:01:18,666 So, insects are recently discovered to be, 29 00:01:18,766 --> 00:01:21,200 one lineage within Crustacea. 30 00:01:22,533 --> 00:01:26,000 The crabs, the shrimp, the arthropods. 31 00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:29,700 Jointed legged, exoskeleton bearing organisms, 32 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:34,400 of which insects are the most speciose lineage. 33 00:01:34,500 --> 00:01:38,100 So, aside from deeper oceanic realms, 34 00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:41,033 insects are all over the place. 35 00:01:41,133 --> 00:01:41,966 So, ubiquity. 36 00:01:42,066 --> 00:01:44,266 If we look at this pie chart, 37 00:01:44,366 --> 00:01:45,866 literal pie chart of the diversity of life 38 00:01:45,966 --> 00:01:47,300 that I created. 39 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:50,766 What is the biggest piece or slice of the pie? 40 00:01:51,733 --> 00:01:53,133 Insects. 41 00:01:53,233 --> 00:01:55,900 And if this spider web is representing arachnids, 42 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,666 and this, the rest of crustaceans, 43 00:01:58,766 --> 00:02:02,200 then arthropods, this one phylum of animals, 44 00:02:02,300 --> 00:02:06,066 represents a huge swath of the diversity, 45 00:02:06,166 --> 00:02:07,866 of life on the planet. 46 00:02:07,966 --> 00:02:11,166 At least of described species on the planet. 47 00:02:11,266 --> 00:02:12,700 So they're everywhere. 48 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:15,366 And if insects are all over the place, 49 00:02:15,466 --> 00:02:18,000 we're going to run into them all the time. 50 00:02:18,100 --> 00:02:20,533 And what is the expectation, the consequence of that? 51 00:02:20,633 --> 00:02:24,000 They're going to permeate our culture. 52 00:02:24,100 --> 00:02:26,266 Whether it be war, politics, literature, 53 00:02:26,366 --> 00:02:27,766 music, art, food. 54 00:02:29,066 --> 00:02:30,166 List goes on. 55 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:34,633 So, we can start with insects as symbols. 56 00:02:34,733 --> 00:02:37,500 So Mormons, have adopted the honey bee, 57 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:41,166 as a major symbol throughout their religion. 58 00:02:41,266 --> 00:02:44,200 And then Egyptians use the honey bee, 59 00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:47,433 scarab beetle within their hieroglyphics. 60 00:02:47,533 --> 00:02:49,133 And if you've ever driven through, 61 00:02:49,233 --> 00:02:51,966 and I've only met a couple people who have, 62 00:02:52,066 --> 00:02:56,100 but if you ever driven through Enterprise, Alabama, 63 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:59,566 then you may find this Hellenic sculpture, 64 00:02:59,666 --> 00:03:02,000 holding aloft, believe it or not, 65 00:03:02,100 --> 00:03:05,600 a crop pest insect, a boll weevil. 66 00:03:05,700 --> 00:03:09,800 So, once this boll weevil had eradicated crops, 67 00:03:09,900 --> 00:03:13,333 what did this town of Enterprise do? 68 00:03:13,433 --> 00:03:14,966 In an enterprising fashion, 69 00:03:15,066 --> 00:03:17,700 they moved to different crops and technologies, 70 00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:19,533 and that saved them. 71 00:03:19,633 --> 00:03:21,800 So, the symbol of success? 72 00:03:22,833 --> 00:03:25,833 Was their crop destroying boll weevil. 73 00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:29,333 Insects appear on our currency, 74 00:03:29,433 --> 00:03:32,366 and this is just a shabby, teeny, selection 75 00:03:32,466 --> 00:03:34,300 and I've got others up here, 76 00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:37,366 of paper bills and coins some millennia old, 77 00:03:37,466 --> 00:03:40,800 like the bee on my ring, 2000 years old. 78 00:03:40,900 --> 00:03:44,733 In which insects serve as symbols in currency. 79 00:03:46,333 --> 00:03:47,666 And postal stamps! 80 00:03:47,766 --> 00:03:51,633 Including this popular insects and spiders series. 81 00:03:51,733 --> 00:03:54,100 From around the world again, 82 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:58,700 featuring our friendly neighborhood insects and arachnids, 83 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:00,933 within phylum Arthropoda. 84 00:04:03,300 --> 00:04:04,033 (suspenseful music) 85 00:04:04,133 --> 00:04:06,133 And what we wear! 86 00:04:06,233 --> 00:04:08,233 Now, I cheated a little bit. 87 00:04:08,333 --> 00:04:11,233 This robotic spider dress, 88 00:04:11,333 --> 00:04:14,266 represents an order of arachnids, 89 00:04:14,366 --> 00:04:16,366 a different group of arthropods. 90 00:04:16,466 --> 00:04:18,000 But all the others, 91 00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:20,066 including Corrie Moreau's tattoos 92 00:04:20,166 --> 00:04:21,500 in the lower right, 93 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:23,300 with ants adorning her body 94 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:25,300 because she's a curator of ants 95 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:26,933 at The Field Museum. 96 00:04:27,033 --> 00:04:30,533 Victoria Rivers took a shot of that shawl, 97 00:04:32,233 --> 00:04:33,766 a Vietnamese shawl that includes 98 00:04:33,866 --> 00:04:37,533 buprestidae, metallic, boring beetle elytron. 99 00:04:37,633 --> 00:04:39,000 Those sheath-like forewings 100 00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:41,700 that can be iridescent metallic. 101 00:04:42,566 --> 00:04:44,900 And then modern wears. 102 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,433 Like these dresses that reflect moth and butterflies. 103 00:04:48,533 --> 00:04:51,400 And anybody recognize the feature film here 104 00:04:51,500 --> 00:04:53,133 in the lower left? 105 00:04:53,233 --> 00:04:55,033 My mother is raising her hand. 106 00:04:55,133 --> 00:04:56,733 Yeah, what? 107 00:04:56,833 --> 00:04:58,666 No, over there. 108 00:04:58,766 --> 00:05:00,600 Yeah, that's not my son. 109 00:05:00,700 --> 00:05:01,866 Hunger Games. 110 00:05:01,966 --> 00:05:03,900 And yes, that is my son in a bee outfit. 111 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:05,433 And up above, upper-left, 112 00:05:05,533 --> 00:05:09,533 these are molas, fabriqué and reverse fabriqué works 113 00:05:09,633 --> 00:05:13,200 by the Kuna of the San Blas Islands in Panama. 114 00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:16,833 And often times, they feature natural history subjects. 115 00:05:16,933 --> 00:05:19,600 Including insects and their folklore tales. 116 00:05:19,700 --> 00:05:21,933 This is a human-headed fly. 117 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,000 So, even on what we wear. 118 00:05:26,100 --> 00:05:29,333 So ubiquity, can serve as one mechanism 119 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:35,766 for inspiring us to have insects affect our culture. 120 00:05:37,133 --> 00:05:40,566 Next, we can thing of negative consequences. 121 00:05:40,666 --> 00:05:43,933 So, here's a beautiful illustration by? 122 00:05:45,300 --> 00:05:46,366 Anybody know? 123 00:05:47,433 --> 00:05:48,566 Yes, Robert Hooke! 124 00:05:48,666 --> 00:05:51,433 One of the earliest microscopists, 125 00:05:51,533 --> 00:05:55,166 and this was presented in Bubonic Plague time, 126 00:05:55,266 --> 00:05:56,400 Black Plague times. 127 00:05:56,500 --> 00:05:58,466 And so Samuel Pepys diary, 128 00:05:58,566 --> 00:06:00,800 mentions seeing things like this. 129 00:06:00,900 --> 00:06:02,233 And, you have to believe 130 00:06:02,333 --> 00:06:04,433 that this might have affected people's hygiene, 131 00:06:04,533 --> 00:06:07,400 seeing the giant organisms that are 132 00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:08,900 in your clothing. 133 00:06:09,766 --> 00:06:12,400 So, impacts can include disease. 134 00:06:13,766 --> 00:06:16,333 Where insects can serve as vectors of disease. 135 00:06:16,433 --> 00:06:18,333 Or destroyers of crops. 136 00:06:19,833 --> 00:06:22,366 And simply, causing pain. 137 00:06:22,466 --> 00:06:24,533 And I'll start with pain. 138 00:06:25,933 --> 00:06:28,266 So, a colleague Justin Schmidt just published this book, 139 00:06:28,366 --> 00:06:29,666 The Sting of the Wild. 140 00:06:29,766 --> 00:06:34,133 And here's his famous hymenopteran pain index scale 141 00:06:34,233 --> 00:06:35,633 on the left. 142 00:06:35,733 --> 00:06:39,666 So if there is a member of the wasps, bees, ants, 143 00:06:39,766 --> 00:06:41,800 order of insects that sting, 144 00:06:41,900 --> 00:06:43,066 and all a stinger is, 145 00:06:43,166 --> 00:06:45,833 is a modified egg laying device. 146 00:06:45,933 --> 00:06:48,500 So no males will sting, 147 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:51,633 only females deliver the potent venoms. 148 00:06:51,733 --> 00:06:53,866 So, instead of laying an egg, 149 00:06:53,966 --> 00:06:55,033 Schwoop! 150 00:06:55,133 --> 00:06:57,133 They're laying something else in your body. 151 00:06:57,233 --> 00:06:59,066 And so, the pain index ranges 152 00:06:59,166 --> 00:07:00,700 from this one, two, three, four. 153 00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:04,333 And, the most severe includes Paraponera clavata, 154 00:07:04,433 --> 00:07:06,333 the bullet ant. 155 00:07:06,433 --> 00:07:09,800 Or a pepsis tarantula hawk wasp. 156 00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:12,966 Now, my other colleague Michael Smith 157 00:07:14,133 --> 00:07:15,600 at Cornell University, 158 00:07:15,700 --> 00:07:19,166 decided to do his own pain index scale, 159 00:07:19,266 --> 00:07:21,900 with just the honey bee. 160 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,900 And subject, yes was Michael Smith. 161 00:07:25,900 --> 00:07:27,266 And, you can imagine what were some 162 00:07:27,366 --> 00:07:29,066 of the more sensitive regions 163 00:07:29,166 --> 00:07:31,666 of the Michael Smith bow plan. 164 00:07:31,766 --> 00:07:34,100 But, I was surprised to learn that the tip 165 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:37,800 of the nose was ridiculously painful for him. 166 00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:39,866 So, these two gentlemen together, 167 00:07:39,966 --> 00:07:43,333 shared the Ig Nobel Prize this past year, 168 00:07:44,700 --> 00:07:46,766 for this insightful work. 169 00:07:49,933 --> 00:07:51,866 So, beyond pain, 170 00:07:51,966 --> 00:07:54,833 far more serious than short term pain, 171 00:07:54,933 --> 00:07:56,933 is vectoring of disease. 172 00:07:58,133 --> 00:08:01,266 So, here's an image of a man with a flea 173 00:08:02,433 --> 00:08:05,700 and we can talk about how Europe collapsed 174 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:07,000 population wise. 175 00:08:07,100 --> 00:08:09,666 In some regions half the population lost, 176 00:08:09,766 --> 00:08:12,433 to the flea bearing the pathogen 177 00:08:13,733 --> 00:08:16,500 that causes the Black Plague. 178 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,766 We can also look at Napoleon down there, defeated! 179 00:08:21,933 --> 00:08:24,033 At least, visually in this display 180 00:08:24,133 --> 00:08:25,533 in Bern, Switzerland, 181 00:08:25,633 --> 00:08:26,533 by a louse. 182 00:08:27,666 --> 00:08:30,533 So, lice can serve as vectors of typhus. 183 00:08:30,633 --> 00:08:33,300 And Napoleon's march on Russia, 184 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,933 failed partly due to the freezing cold, 185 00:08:37,033 --> 00:08:39,733 but as a consequence of the cold, 186 00:08:39,833 --> 00:08:42,233 soldiers that dropped dead, 187 00:08:42,333 --> 00:08:46,133 had valuable clothing to keep their compatriots warm. 188 00:08:46,233 --> 00:08:47,633 So what do you do? 189 00:08:47,733 --> 00:08:50,400 You grab a coat, with lice, 190 00:08:50,500 --> 00:08:51,900 potentially bearing typhus, 191 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:53,333 on your own body. 192 00:08:53,433 --> 00:08:55,500 And so Napoleon famously, 193 00:08:58,300 --> 00:09:00,533 retreated in defeat. 194 00:09:00,633 --> 00:09:03,433 Probably at the tarsi of a louse. 195 00:09:07,333 --> 00:09:09,466 Who is the greatest killer of all animals 196 00:09:09,566 --> 00:09:11,166 on the planet? 197 00:09:11,266 --> 00:09:15,166 Let's not blame Anopheles mosquitoes directly, 198 00:09:15,266 --> 00:09:17,466 because they suffer the consequences 199 00:09:17,566 --> 00:09:21,733 of plasmodium single-cell eukaryotes in their bodies. 200 00:09:22,900 --> 00:09:25,366 But, this genus of mosquito serves 201 00:09:25,466 --> 00:09:27,766 as the vector of malaria, 202 00:09:27,866 --> 00:09:30,766 and some are more potent than others. 203 00:09:30,866 --> 00:09:32,433 Like Plasmodium falciparum, 204 00:09:32,533 --> 00:09:36,533 the deadliest of the mosquito malaria parasites. 205 00:09:38,866 --> 00:09:42,066 So, biggest killer vectored by a mosquito. 206 00:09:42,166 --> 00:09:43,000 And you have others, 207 00:09:43,100 --> 00:09:45,800 Yellow fever, Dengue fever 208 00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:47,500 or breakbone virus. 209 00:09:49,333 --> 00:09:53,200 So, Dengue, the virus that causes Dengue, 210 00:09:53,300 --> 00:09:55,633 is very similar, same group, 211 00:09:56,766 --> 00:09:59,700 as the one that struck us very recently, 212 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,533 and you've probably been reading accounts 213 00:10:01,633 --> 00:10:03,500 of the Zika virus. 214 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:05,333 So this has swept through, 215 00:10:05,433 --> 00:10:06,733 it was in the Old World, 216 00:10:06,833 --> 00:10:08,933 but it's swept through from Brazil, 217 00:10:09,033 --> 00:10:12,400 all the way north through Mexico, 218 00:10:12,500 --> 00:10:14,433 and will certainly pose a problem 219 00:10:14,533 --> 00:10:16,500 in the southern United States. 220 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:18,766 It has been definitively linked 221 00:10:18,866 --> 00:10:20,933 to microcephaly now. 222 00:10:21,033 --> 00:10:23,300 Condition with a smaller brain, 223 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:26,300 and other complications prenatally. 224 00:10:31,300 --> 00:10:33,033 And who's the vector? 225 00:10:34,233 --> 00:10:37,033 The same mosquito that vectors Dengue 226 00:10:37,133 --> 00:10:39,733 and some others, Aedes aegypti. 227 00:10:44,433 --> 00:10:46,800 So we can go past the negative, 228 00:10:46,900 --> 00:10:49,066 and enter the more positive. 229 00:10:49,166 --> 00:10:50,800 So, what do insects offer? 230 00:10:50,900 --> 00:10:54,266 Because, actually I should pause there. 231 00:10:54,366 --> 00:10:56,900 I highlighted some nefarious, 232 00:10:57,000 --> 00:10:58,900 hexapod foes of humans. 233 00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:03,033 But they're a tiny, tiny, tiny minority. 234 00:11:03,133 --> 00:11:04,900 If there are say a million, 235 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:06,800 or close to a million described species 236 00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:08,400 of insects on the planet. 237 00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:11,000 How many actually vector diseases 238 00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:12,800 of consequence to humans? 239 00:11:12,900 --> 00:11:14,166 Very, very few. 240 00:11:15,100 --> 00:11:17,366 So, even within mosquitoes, 241 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:20,866 some of them don't suck blood 242 00:11:20,966 --> 00:11:22,400 to feed their young. 243 00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:25,566 Some of them are carnivorous on other mosquito species. 244 00:11:25,666 --> 00:11:28,133 And no male will suck your blood, 245 00:11:28,233 --> 00:11:30,400 they might suck nectar from flowers, 246 00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:32,000 but I guess there's a theme here, 247 00:11:32,100 --> 00:11:35,033 females causing some issue. 248 00:11:35,133 --> 00:11:37,833 Alright, so here we've got an image 249 00:11:37,933 --> 00:11:40,933 that I adapted from a cave painting 250 00:11:41,033 --> 00:11:42,766 near Valencia, Spain, 251 00:11:43,633 --> 00:11:45,133 of a honey robber. 252 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,200 Some say she's a human female, 253 00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:53,466 that has climbed up and grabbed comb for the honey. 254 00:11:54,433 --> 00:11:57,000 Stealing, and this was produced, 255 00:11:57,100 --> 00:11:59,766 probably about 8,000 years ago. 256 00:11:59,866 --> 00:12:03,400 So, our association with insects are pretty ancient, 257 00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:08,300 and here is physical evidence of this association. 258 00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,900 And yes, it was made into a Spanish stamp. 259 00:12:13,633 --> 00:12:17,433 Let's look at couple of other attributes of insects. 260 00:12:17,533 --> 00:12:19,600 From a human perspective. 261 00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:22,100 Pollination. 262 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:23,533 If you like almonds, 263 00:12:23,633 --> 00:12:26,600 so many other nuts and fruits, 264 00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:28,166 a variety of crops, 265 00:12:28,266 --> 00:12:31,933 that humans tend to embrace or even require. 266 00:12:34,466 --> 00:12:37,900 Bees, and specifically Apis mellifera honey bees, 267 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,800 can be responsible for the efficient pollination 268 00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:43,566 from male parts to female parts. 269 00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:47,533 They're the sexual agents. 270 00:12:47,633 --> 00:12:49,466 So, aside from honey bees, 271 00:12:49,566 --> 00:12:52,000 which of course have great ancient ancestry, 272 00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:53,866 several thousand years. 273 00:12:53,966 --> 00:12:56,333 There are bee keeping relics 274 00:12:56,433 --> 00:12:59,366 from Israel and certainly Egypt, 275 00:12:59,466 --> 00:13:01,800 that show this association of aphid culture. 276 00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:04,733 But you also have native bees. 277 00:13:04,833 --> 00:13:07,000 Because the honey bee's been called the white man's fly, 278 00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:08,833 because it's only about 500 years ago 279 00:13:08,933 --> 00:13:11,833 that it was introduced to the New World. 280 00:13:11,933 --> 00:13:14,433 We had eight families of bees, 281 00:13:16,033 --> 00:13:18,900 there are over 6,000 described species on the planet. 282 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:20,366 We had a wealth, 283 00:13:20,466 --> 00:13:23,666 and we still have a wealth of bees, native bees, 284 00:13:23,766 --> 00:13:25,333 that aren't Apis mellifera. 285 00:13:25,433 --> 00:13:28,500 And these little straws and sticks and bricks, 286 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,766 offer holes that you can set up 287 00:13:30,866 --> 00:13:32,200 in your front and back yard, 288 00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:35,033 that attract these native bees, 289 00:13:35,133 --> 00:13:38,533 which are also really valuable pollinators. 290 00:13:38,633 --> 00:13:40,966 So not only do you have the pollination of plants, 291 00:13:41,066 --> 00:13:42,800 but bees can offer honey, 292 00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:44,766 if they're honey bees proper. 293 00:13:44,866 --> 00:13:48,600 Wax, propolis, and other beneficial products. 294 00:13:53,133 --> 00:13:56,700 Another product inspired by insects, paper. 295 00:13:58,266 --> 00:14:02,100 All these books aren't made of linen anymore, 296 00:14:03,233 --> 00:14:05,033 these books are made of paper. 297 00:14:05,133 --> 00:14:07,666 Ground up pulp from trees. 298 00:14:07,766 --> 00:14:11,233 And it was Réaumur who first was inspired 299 00:14:11,333 --> 00:14:13,566 by Polistes paper wasps 300 00:14:13,666 --> 00:14:17,233 that build their own paper nests, right? 301 00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:18,700 So all of this is from, 302 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:20,266 not Polistes paper wasps 303 00:14:20,366 --> 00:14:22,900 but closely related vespid wasps. 304 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,833 And so the paper, is simply masticated 305 00:14:26,933 --> 00:14:28,933 or chewed up, dead wood. 306 00:14:29,966 --> 00:14:32,200 You find a log, chew it up, 307 00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:34,133 add salivary agents, 308 00:14:34,233 --> 00:14:36,200 and then lay layer after layer, 309 00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,766 sometimes you'll see multiple colors in the paper. 310 00:14:39,866 --> 00:14:42,666 So, they make that as the basis 311 00:14:42,766 --> 00:14:45,633 for holding their young, their offspring, 312 00:14:45,733 --> 00:14:47,000 holding food, 313 00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,600 and sometimes as a protective envelope. 314 00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:53,000 Well, this gentleman looked 315 00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:54,633 at this a couple of centuries ago, 316 00:14:54,733 --> 00:14:56,966 and said hey, we can learn from that. 317 00:14:57,066 --> 00:14:59,666 And that was the inspiration, years later, 318 00:14:59,766 --> 00:15:02,833 but the inspiration for using paper. 319 00:15:06,133 --> 00:15:06,966 Food! 320 00:15:09,133 --> 00:15:12,333 So, in some parts of the world this is a staple. 321 00:15:12,433 --> 00:15:14,133 If you think of, 322 00:15:14,233 --> 00:15:16,866 some of you eat beef and pork. 323 00:15:16,966 --> 00:15:18,800 Inefficiency, I yell! 324 00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:21,833 Because the amount of protein per dry mass, 325 00:15:21,933 --> 00:15:23,500 is ridiculously low. 326 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:25,633 Some cases 16 percent or so. 327 00:15:25,733 --> 00:15:29,500 But dry up, pulverize a cricket or a grasshopper, 328 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:31,433 or a giant water bug? 329 00:15:31,533 --> 00:15:34,866 You might have 40, 60 percent protein. 330 00:15:34,966 --> 00:15:36,166 And if you have termites, 331 00:15:36,266 --> 00:15:37,633 and I've got some up here, 332 00:15:37,733 --> 00:15:39,300 if you'd like to check them out. 333 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:41,833 You've got a lot of lipids and fatty acids, 334 00:15:41,933 --> 00:15:44,300 that could be great calorically, 335 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:46,633 if you're in a desert for example. 336 00:15:46,733 --> 00:15:49,733 So, food can be super important, 337 00:15:49,833 --> 00:15:53,366 from a human perspective looking at insects. 338 00:15:53,466 --> 00:15:54,833 So, this Man Eating Bugs 339 00:15:54,933 --> 00:15:56,733 is a couple that travels around the world, 340 00:15:56,833 --> 00:15:58,533 and looks at the different dishes, 341 00:15:58,633 --> 00:16:02,366 traditionally incorporating insects. 342 00:16:02,466 --> 00:16:04,900 And this runs through the beneficial, 343 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,600 nutrients, micronutrients, protein counts 344 00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:09,933 of different insect groups. 345 00:16:14,266 --> 00:16:15,600 This is a real thing! 346 00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:20,200 So, future prospects of looking at worldwide consumption. 347 00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:22,900 Their sustainable, potentially. 348 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,066 And they can feed communities 349 00:16:26,166 --> 00:16:30,200 that can't afford other Proteinus sources of food. 350 00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:32,933 So there are movements around the world, 351 00:16:33,033 --> 00:16:36,200 for creating mass product of ground up 352 00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,900 or pulverized insects as food. 353 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,766 And I have to ask, 354 00:16:41,866 --> 00:16:44,166 who here has eaten an insect? 355 00:16:45,966 --> 00:16:48,433 Raise your hand high. 356 00:16:48,533 --> 00:16:50,333 Okay, now all of you raise your hands, 357 00:16:50,433 --> 00:16:51,766 'cause you've all eaten insects 358 00:16:51,866 --> 00:16:53,300 whether you know it or not! 359 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:55,900 If you've drunken glass of orange juice for example, 360 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:58,600 the Food and Drug Administration allows a certain parts 361 00:16:58,700 --> 00:17:00,333 of fruit flies and the rest, 362 00:17:00,433 --> 00:17:02,900 within that respected glass of orange juice. 363 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:04,400 And that's the same across the board, 364 00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,166 you've all eaten insects. 365 00:17:06,266 --> 00:17:10,600 Vegans, carnivores alike have eaten insects. 366 00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:15,100 And, that can include not just the little random bits, 367 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,966 but the natural coloring agents. 368 00:17:18,066 --> 00:17:20,833 If you look at the final ingredient, 369 00:17:20,933 --> 00:17:23,733 of something that looks scarlet. 370 00:17:23,833 --> 00:17:25,666 It may be carmine, 371 00:17:25,766 --> 00:17:29,400 or cochineal, or cochineal extract. 372 00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,333 And I've got a lot of it here. 373 00:17:32,433 --> 00:17:33,933 Cochineal extract, 374 00:17:35,066 --> 00:17:38,700 is simply the pulverized bodies of true bugs 375 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:43,033 that feed in Sonora, Mexico 376 00:17:43,133 --> 00:17:45,700 on opuntia, prickly pear cacti. 377 00:17:47,233 --> 00:17:50,466 So, they feed and the females are just basically blobs. 378 00:17:50,566 --> 00:17:52,266 You don't see legs, you don't see ey-- 379 00:17:52,366 --> 00:17:53,433 they're almost nothing. 380 00:17:53,533 --> 00:17:55,100 So people for centuries thought they were worms, 381 00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:56,833 that are called vermes or kermes, 382 00:17:56,933 --> 00:17:58,366 or seeds. 383 00:17:58,466 --> 00:18:00,433 Until someone saw oh there's a winged male, 384 00:18:00,533 --> 00:18:02,066 that's flying and mating with a female. 385 00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:05,533 So you've got these little gloppy insects, 386 00:18:05,633 --> 00:18:09,000 that if you crush just with your fingers, 387 00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:11,433 you'll get this bright-reddish scarlet. 388 00:18:11,533 --> 00:18:13,633 And that's been used to dye a number of things. 389 00:18:13,733 --> 00:18:15,266 The Navajo rugs for example, 390 00:18:15,366 --> 00:18:18,100 have extracted tinctured fabrics, 391 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:22,033 for their rugs. 392 00:18:24,366 --> 00:18:25,433 So, Mauna La'i, 393 00:18:25,533 --> 00:18:27,366 Ruby Red grapefruit drink, 394 00:18:27,466 --> 00:18:31,066 a lot of beverages can include cochineal extract, 395 00:18:31,166 --> 00:18:34,933 and we'll come back to cochineal in a moment. 396 00:18:36,166 --> 00:18:37,400 My mother's here, 397 00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:38,833 as a gift to my wife, 398 00:18:38,933 --> 00:18:42,366 she gave the Game of Thrones recipe cookbook. 399 00:18:42,466 --> 00:18:44,033 And what is one page? 400 00:18:44,133 --> 00:18:46,466 Locusts, as he seized the bowl 401 00:18:46,566 --> 00:18:49,400 and began to crunch them by the handful! 402 00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:51,633 So, even in this fictitious realm, 403 00:18:51,733 --> 00:18:53,966 insects are being consumed. 404 00:18:57,366 --> 00:18:59,166 Other products. 405 00:18:59,266 --> 00:19:01,966 Cochineal coupled with lac, 406 00:19:02,066 --> 00:19:04,966 as in shellac from lac bugs. 407 00:19:05,066 --> 00:19:07,066 So you can find on certain plants, 408 00:19:07,166 --> 00:19:09,100 these true bugs, 409 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:13,500 that will exude this protective layer of lac. 410 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:15,800 Scrape that off, you can use it. 411 00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:17,066 Traditionally anyway, 412 00:19:17,166 --> 00:19:19,566 now shellac is made of different things, 413 00:19:19,666 --> 00:19:23,166 but that's what made these albums, the LP. 414 00:19:24,166 --> 00:19:26,066 There is some cochineal, 415 00:19:26,166 --> 00:19:29,066 dying sausage, cosmetics, lacquers, 416 00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:31,766 all manner of things. 417 00:19:31,866 --> 00:19:34,266 Traditionally, the British Redcoats. 418 00:19:34,366 --> 00:19:37,833 Red, because of this rare organic dye 419 00:19:37,933 --> 00:19:40,000 from the New World. 420 00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:41,633 There was something far less potent 421 00:19:41,733 --> 00:19:45,300 in root feeding true bugs in the Old World. 422 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,900 So, to capitalize on this royal red, 423 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:50,433 it was very expensive. 424 00:19:50,533 --> 00:19:52,166 And upon penalty of death, 425 00:19:52,266 --> 00:19:54,133 no one could extract the secrets, 426 00:19:54,233 --> 00:19:56,133 let alone the physical bodies, 427 00:19:56,233 --> 00:19:58,900 the manifestations of this scarlet. 428 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,366 It was only until 1777, 429 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:03,500 that a Frenchman snuck out some 430 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:05,633 of these cochineal with a Puntia. 431 00:20:05,733 --> 00:20:07,800 And he tried to place them in different areas, 432 00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:10,466 and it only stuck in the Canary Islands. 433 00:20:10,566 --> 00:20:14,733 So you'll find some cochineal being reared elsewhere. 434 00:20:17,166 --> 00:20:19,966 Medicines, whether folk remedies, 435 00:20:20,066 --> 00:20:22,433 or tried and true remedies. 436 00:20:22,533 --> 00:20:26,266 Here are some supposed anti-cancer medicines, 437 00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:28,666 based on insects. 438 00:20:28,766 --> 00:20:30,700 At least anti-bacterials. 439 00:20:35,966 --> 00:20:39,233 Then you can co-opt the very sensitive, 440 00:20:40,766 --> 00:20:43,166 sensory modalities of insects, 441 00:20:43,266 --> 00:20:44,433 to your favor. 442 00:20:45,533 --> 00:20:47,300 So, for example in this case, 443 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,600 you can use honey bees that smell so well, 444 00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:55,133 that they can be trained to detect anything 445 00:20:55,233 --> 00:20:58,000 from gasses emitted by landmines, 446 00:20:59,366 --> 00:21:03,100 to in this case the presence of tuberculosis. 447 00:21:04,266 --> 00:21:08,500 There has been a German airport that has boxes 448 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:10,966 with three honey bees, 449 00:21:11,066 --> 00:21:14,500 used to sniff out bomb making material 450 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,933 that comes through the luggage security. 451 00:21:22,466 --> 00:21:25,933 You could invest in the VASOR 136, 452 00:21:26,033 --> 00:21:29,800 in order to have 34 cartridges filled with honeybees, 453 00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:31,800 to find whatever you train them to. 454 00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:33,800 And it's pretty easy to train a bee. 455 00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:37,066 Basically, you give them sugar water, 456 00:21:37,166 --> 00:21:38,133 tap it to their antenna, 457 00:21:38,233 --> 00:21:39,933 they'll extend their tongue. 458 00:21:40,033 --> 00:21:41,600 Now, couple that with an odor, 459 00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:42,833 what do you have? 460 00:21:42,933 --> 00:21:44,966 You've got a Pavlovian response eventually, 461 00:21:45,066 --> 00:21:46,533 when you remove the sugar water 462 00:21:46,633 --> 00:21:48,333 and just present the odor, 463 00:21:48,433 --> 00:21:49,433 and bloop! 464 00:21:49,533 --> 00:21:50,366 Instead of drooling, 465 00:21:50,466 --> 00:21:51,866 they stick out their tongues. 466 00:21:51,966 --> 00:21:53,900 Well, if you see a bee stick out her tongue, 467 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,333 if you trained it to a landmine odor, 468 00:21:56,433 --> 00:21:58,300 and you present it with landmine odor, 469 00:21:58,400 --> 00:21:59,866 ding ding! 470 00:21:59,966 --> 00:22:04,133 It's a good indicator that you've got a landmine. 471 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:07,133 Aw, man! 472 00:22:07,233 --> 00:22:10,366 This is just a, really a teeny short list. 473 00:22:10,466 --> 00:22:14,066 We could focus the entire time on biomimetics, 474 00:22:14,166 --> 00:22:16,366 engineering inspiration, 475 00:22:16,466 --> 00:22:19,200 from insect morphology and physiology. 476 00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:20,266 In the upper right, 477 00:22:20,366 --> 00:22:23,066 you've got micro-flying machines, 478 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,066 hexapodal robots out of Georgia Tech 479 00:22:27,166 --> 00:22:29,066 and other places. 480 00:22:29,166 --> 00:22:32,366 To the left you've got forensics, 481 00:22:32,466 --> 00:22:37,266 say detectives basing the age of a decomposing body 482 00:22:37,366 --> 00:22:40,733 on what arthropod stages are found present 483 00:22:40,833 --> 00:22:42,400 on or in that body. 484 00:22:43,533 --> 00:22:46,200 This has helped solve many a crime. 485 00:22:48,233 --> 00:22:50,966 And then, you've got on the lower right, 486 00:22:51,066 --> 00:22:53,733 a means of staving off elephants 487 00:22:55,033 --> 00:22:57,300 from tromping through villages. 488 00:22:57,400 --> 00:22:59,066 Set up a honey bee colony. 489 00:22:59,166 --> 00:23:00,466 And that buzz, 490 00:23:00,566 --> 00:23:02,066 the sound of the bees, 491 00:23:02,166 --> 00:23:04,766 keeps the elephants away. 492 00:23:04,866 --> 00:23:08,533 Next, look at these freshwater dwelling, 493 00:23:08,633 --> 00:23:10,000 immature insects. 494 00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:13,433 These can be really excellent indicators, 495 00:23:13,533 --> 00:23:16,533 as for the quality of the waterways. 496 00:23:22,033 --> 00:23:24,033 How about sports? 497 00:23:24,133 --> 00:23:25,566 Recreation. 498 00:23:25,666 --> 00:23:27,600 Warfare, defense. 499 00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:28,733 In this case, 500 00:23:28,833 --> 00:23:31,833 legend has it an Asian prince, 501 00:23:31,933 --> 00:23:34,900 witnessed a mantid with the speed and strength 502 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,133 grabbing a cicada and then consuming it. 503 00:23:38,233 --> 00:23:41,600 So, he adopted that speed and strength 504 00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:42,900 in a martial art, 505 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:44,400 and there are different forms 506 00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:46,500 of mantis style kung-fu. 507 00:23:47,833 --> 00:23:50,133 Now, the legs on a mantis are thin and weak, 508 00:23:50,233 --> 00:23:52,733 so he added monkey style legs. 509 00:23:52,833 --> 00:23:54,366 So mantis style kung-fu, 510 00:23:54,466 --> 00:23:55,833 is really fasc-- 511 00:23:55,933 --> 00:23:57,833 You wanna come up, I'll show you what to say. 512 00:23:57,933 --> 00:23:59,000 You sure? 513 00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:00,200 On mantis style kung-fu? 514 00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:01,500 Come on up here. 515 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:03,366 Come on up and punch me. 516 00:24:03,466 --> 00:24:04,866 You know you wanted to. 517 00:24:04,966 --> 00:24:05,700 You sure? 518 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:06,533 You wanna come up? 519 00:24:06,633 --> 00:24:07,533 Alright, come on. 520 00:24:07,633 --> 00:24:08,700 Okay. 521 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,800 So, if you're practicing monkey style legs, 522 00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:13,600 it'll be very different from what I'll show, 523 00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:14,800 so I'll just stand up straight. 524 00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:16,000 But if you punch me, 525 00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:18,366 so one thing I can do is just parry that, right? 526 00:24:18,466 --> 00:24:20,600 And I can grab that and pull forward. 527 00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:22,333 So this raptorial foreleg, 528 00:24:22,433 --> 00:24:25,200 is incapacitating this arm, 529 00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:27,700 and then you can do all kinds of things, right? 530 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:29,700 So it's this first sparring, 531 00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,433 and this grab that mimics that mantid. 532 00:24:33,533 --> 00:24:35,133 Now, you're on TV. 533 00:24:35,233 --> 00:24:37,500 (laughing) 534 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:38,966 So, mantis style kung-fu, 535 00:24:39,066 --> 00:24:42,100 just one of many ways that insects have affected 536 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,266 how we physically behave. 537 00:24:47,766 --> 00:24:48,966 Here's one of my favorites. 538 00:24:49,066 --> 00:24:52,033 So, founded the Boy Scouts, 539 00:24:52,133 --> 00:24:53,866 famous individual. 540 00:24:53,966 --> 00:24:57,733 Here's a book, My Adventures As A Spy. 541 00:24:57,833 --> 00:24:59,500 So during war-times, 542 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:01,566 what did Sir Powell do? 543 00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:04,433 He would collect butterflies, 544 00:25:04,533 --> 00:25:06,066 he would collect insects. 545 00:25:06,166 --> 00:25:08,766 Nobody thought twice about it, right? 546 00:25:08,866 --> 00:25:11,633 Even if he approached fortresses. 547 00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,300 So his sketches in his notebook, 548 00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:17,500 innocuous sketches of Lepidoptera, 549 00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:20,300 the order of moths and butterflies. 550 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,100 Were actually quite precise 551 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,300 ground plans of different fortresses. 552 00:25:27,566 --> 00:25:31,100 With symbols representing fortress guns, 553 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:33,300 field guns, machine guns. 554 00:25:34,233 --> 00:25:36,666 So he could very easily exit, 555 00:25:37,933 --> 00:25:40,066 even if his field notebooks were examined, 556 00:25:40,166 --> 00:25:43,566 with all their beautiful insect drawings. 557 00:25:47,433 --> 00:25:49,933 Humans using insects for evil. 558 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:53,133 Well, maybe not evil. 559 00:25:53,233 --> 00:25:57,000 Then we can think about lessons of social insects. 560 00:25:57,100 --> 00:25:59,000 If you look at, 561 00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:02,766 say tens of millions of years of evolution, 562 00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:06,533 honing the traffic plans of ants, 563 00:26:07,933 --> 00:26:10,200 the foraging plans of bees, 564 00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:14,366 the swarming behavior and efficiency 565 00:26:14,466 --> 00:26:17,166 of finding a new hole in a distant tree 566 00:26:17,266 --> 00:26:18,600 to start a home. 567 00:26:19,966 --> 00:26:21,533 Then maybe we can better understand 568 00:26:21,633 --> 00:26:23,900 how to more efficiently organize our cities, 569 00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:25,500 our traffic plans. 570 00:26:26,933 --> 00:26:30,066 And so you've got a number of papers that do this, 571 00:26:30,166 --> 00:26:32,233 Ant traffic rules, above. 572 00:26:33,666 --> 00:26:37,633 And these are models based on natural, empirical data. 573 00:26:39,466 --> 00:26:41,033 Then you've got Thomas Seeley's book, 574 00:26:41,133 --> 00:26:42,500 Honeybee Democracy, 575 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,500 which the final chapter, 576 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:46,100 cleverly examines, 577 00:26:47,066 --> 00:26:49,200 not only how honeybees operate, 578 00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:52,900 but how humans operate in certain respects, 579 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:57,066 and what are the similarities in decision making. 580 00:26:59,366 --> 00:27:03,500 Wisdom of Bees, can we learn from social insects? 581 00:27:05,933 --> 00:27:06,766 Okay. 582 00:27:08,133 --> 00:27:09,133 Why insects? 583 00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,033 The final category, 584 00:27:12,133 --> 00:27:13,866 I'm sure we could all come up 585 00:27:13,966 --> 00:27:15,700 with many more categories, 586 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:17,833 is the aesthetic sense, 587 00:27:17,933 --> 00:27:20,133 the beauty that comes with insects 588 00:27:20,233 --> 00:27:21,300 inspiring us. 589 00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:26,100 So, I'm gonna take a biologist's approach 590 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:27,833 to this beauty. 591 00:27:27,933 --> 00:27:29,233 So, why do flowers exist? 592 00:27:29,333 --> 00:27:31,033 It's not for humans. 593 00:27:31,133 --> 00:27:33,300 It's to attract pollinators. 594 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,300 Opportunistically we love flowers, 595 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:36,666 we tend to breed flowers 596 00:27:36,766 --> 00:27:38,866 because we really are attracted, 597 00:27:38,966 --> 00:27:40,566 to what has evolved, 598 00:27:41,433 --> 00:27:44,000 to attract different species. 599 00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:47,166 Well, if we look at gorgeous insects out there, 600 00:27:47,266 --> 00:27:50,466 iridescent wings of a Morpho butterfly, 601 00:27:50,566 --> 00:27:53,833 the multiple colors of a grasshopper, 602 00:27:53,933 --> 00:27:58,033 the orange, black, white banded Monarch butterfly. 603 00:27:58,133 --> 00:27:59,700 What are we looking at? 604 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,600 We're looking at either something, 605 00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:05,200 that is display for courtship, 606 00:28:06,966 --> 00:28:09,666 for sexual selection purposes. 607 00:28:09,766 --> 00:28:12,766 We could be looking at camouflage, crypsis. 608 00:28:12,866 --> 00:28:14,200 Looking like your environment, 609 00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:16,433 so you look like a leaf or something like that. 610 00:28:16,533 --> 00:28:19,533 Or, aposematism, warning coloration. 611 00:28:20,833 --> 00:28:23,666 You'll remember yellow-black bands, 612 00:28:23,766 --> 00:28:26,600 or red, or high contrast patterns. 613 00:28:28,066 --> 00:28:31,933 If you take a nibble and it tastes awful. 614 00:28:32,033 --> 00:28:35,966 So, if you sequester noxious chemicals in your body, 615 00:28:36,066 --> 00:28:40,100 and you can just display that willy-nilly, 616 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:41,533 you can potentially be safe, 617 00:28:41,633 --> 00:28:43,966 if organisms that would serve as potential predators, 618 00:28:44,066 --> 00:28:46,166 avoid you and your kin, 619 00:28:46,266 --> 00:28:50,033 or at least those belonging to a similar ilk. 620 00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:53,766 You can procure benefits, 621 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:01,833 by looking like others that are chemically defended, 622 00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:05,233 even if you're not chemically defended yourself. 623 00:29:05,333 --> 00:29:06,600 And we can find beauty 624 00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:08,966 in these patterns and these colors. 625 00:29:09,066 --> 00:29:11,666 So, do you confer benefits? 626 00:29:11,766 --> 00:29:15,266 Let's look at a couple of human derived examples 627 00:29:15,366 --> 00:29:17,033 inspired by insects. 628 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,233 Anybody guess what that insect is on the left? 629 00:29:21,333 --> 00:29:25,100 This is from a thousands year old petroglyph. 630 00:29:32,333 --> 00:29:34,500 So think four bigger legs, 631 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,833 and raptorial teeny forelegs. 632 00:29:39,933 --> 00:29:41,333 What do you think those circles represent? 633 00:29:41,433 --> 00:29:42,800 They're not wings, 634 00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:45,666 at least by some interpretations. 635 00:29:48,700 --> 00:29:50,433 Ripples on the water? 636 00:29:51,566 --> 00:29:54,700 Maybe Gerridae, family of water striders. 637 00:29:56,500 --> 00:29:57,666 So this is really ancient, 638 00:29:57,766 --> 00:30:00,866 on the right you've got Joan Miro's le crayon, 639 00:30:00,966 --> 00:30:01,966 The Cricket. 640 00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,566 An abstract piece based on the cricket. 641 00:30:06,666 --> 00:30:08,866 And we happen to be fortunate enough 642 00:30:08,966 --> 00:30:11,733 to have the world's greatest artist in the room, 643 00:30:11,833 --> 00:30:13,133 happens to be my mother right there. 644 00:30:13,233 --> 00:30:15,600 And she produced this mars beetle. 645 00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:19,033 So inspired thinking cosmically, 646 00:30:19,133 --> 00:30:22,033 with respect to insects as symbols. 647 00:30:24,866 --> 00:30:28,366 Then you've got Max Ernst and Salvador Dali. 648 00:30:28,466 --> 00:30:31,733 Thinking in terms of surrealism and dreams, 649 00:30:31,833 --> 00:30:34,900 and how influences from insects, 650 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:37,400 can permeate a dream. 651 00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:39,266 So I don't know if you can spot it, 652 00:30:39,366 --> 00:30:43,166 but right above that pomegranate on the lower right 653 00:30:43,266 --> 00:30:45,433 of that Salvador Dali image, 654 00:30:45,533 --> 00:30:46,966 what do you have? 655 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,433 You've got a little honey bee, 656 00:30:50,533 --> 00:30:54,100 which purportedly inspired her whole dream. 657 00:31:01,066 --> 00:31:04,233 So an artist can have great impact 658 00:31:04,333 --> 00:31:06,066 in a variety of ways. 659 00:31:06,166 --> 00:31:08,100 Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, 660 00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:09,600 from Switzerland, 661 00:31:10,566 --> 00:31:11,666 is an artist, 662 00:31:12,633 --> 00:31:13,933 she's an environmentalist, 663 00:31:14,033 --> 00:31:15,466 she's an activist, 664 00:31:15,566 --> 00:31:17,633 and she's become somewhat of a scientist, 665 00:31:17,733 --> 00:31:19,800 at least an amateur scientist. 666 00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:21,900 What she looks for, 667 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,433 is mutated insects primarily. 668 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:27,833 Sometimes leaves of oaks, 669 00:31:27,933 --> 00:31:31,100 but primarily mutant insects. 670 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,500 That had been distorted physically, 671 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,333 by radiation output according to her studies, 672 00:31:39,466 --> 00:31:41,533 produced by nuclear power plants. 673 00:31:41,633 --> 00:31:43,600 Even the cleanest ones, 674 00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:44,866 as in Switzerland. 675 00:31:44,966 --> 00:31:47,633 But she's gone to Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, 676 00:31:47,733 --> 00:31:50,700 and collected insects and shown 677 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:52,500 that you've got a number of them, 678 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:54,533 that have been affected adversely. 679 00:31:54,633 --> 00:31:56,566 What does that say about humans? 680 00:31:56,666 --> 00:31:58,766 So she makes claims, 681 00:31:58,866 --> 00:32:00,766 to try to affect our decision making 682 00:32:00,866 --> 00:32:05,033 in terms of sustainability in our energy choices. 683 00:32:08,933 --> 00:32:11,033 Bill Logan in New Jersey, 684 00:32:11,133 --> 00:32:13,966 produces these exquisite fly ties. 685 00:32:15,133 --> 00:32:16,866 When I first saw one, 686 00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:19,800 a friend of mine just said, "Here, look at these photos. 687 00:32:19,900 --> 00:32:21,200 You gotta go to this art exhibit." 688 00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:23,300 And I looked and said, "Well, these are beautiful photos 689 00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:24,566 of stone flies." 690 00:32:24,666 --> 00:32:26,566 And I thought there must be something more to it. 691 00:32:26,666 --> 00:32:28,466 And I looked through the photos, 692 00:32:28,566 --> 00:32:31,033 and then one showed a ventral view 693 00:32:31,133 --> 00:32:32,966 with a big hook. 694 00:32:33,066 --> 00:32:36,066 So he'll spend over a hundred hours, 695 00:32:37,366 --> 00:32:39,200 traditional fly tying methods 696 00:32:39,300 --> 00:32:43,100 to produce these hyper realistic fly ties. 697 00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,400 And he'll make them look really realistic 698 00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,233 in terms of some damage. 699 00:32:47,333 --> 00:32:48,566 Like that circus, 700 00:32:48,666 --> 00:32:51,433 that posterior appendage on the right, 701 00:32:51,533 --> 00:32:54,633 broken off as you might see in nature. 702 00:32:54,733 --> 00:32:56,133 Conscious choice. 703 00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:02,966 Kazuo Kadonaga, 704 00:33:03,066 --> 00:33:05,900 Japanese artist who looks at sericulture, 705 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,466 traditional methods of producing silk 706 00:33:09,566 --> 00:33:13,500 and in this case he produced 110,000 cocoons 707 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:15,566 that he heat treated or killed, 708 00:33:15,666 --> 00:33:18,100 after moving those crates all around 709 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:19,933 so they'd be evenly distributed 710 00:33:20,033 --> 00:33:23,400 to make commentary about sericulture, 711 00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:25,000 and human culture. 712 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,000 Then you've got Steven Kutcher in California, 713 00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:32,233 and he'll dip the tarsi of beetles 714 00:33:32,333 --> 00:33:33,900 and other insects in paints, 715 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,133 and he'll collaborate with his insect friends. 716 00:33:37,233 --> 00:33:39,833 And create these canvases of abstract works, 717 00:33:39,933 --> 00:33:42,166 that he can somewhat manipulate by presenting light 718 00:33:42,266 --> 00:33:43,700 and other things. 719 00:33:47,266 --> 00:33:50,233 One of my favorites Harry or Henry Dalton, 720 00:33:50,333 --> 00:33:52,633 was a Victorian microscopist. 721 00:33:52,733 --> 00:33:53,666 And what he did, 722 00:33:53,766 --> 00:33:55,900 was he'd take a pig bristle, 723 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,366 and pick individual scales, 724 00:33:58,466 --> 00:34:02,000 these are modified, seedy, hair-like structures 725 00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:04,966 on another insect that form the scales 726 00:34:05,066 --> 00:34:07,600 that form the color patterns on butterfly wings. 727 00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:09,933 He'd take individual scales with a pig bristle 728 00:34:10,033 --> 00:34:13,366 and arrange them with diatoms and still lives 729 00:34:13,466 --> 00:34:16,266 with no adhesive on slides. 730 00:34:16,366 --> 00:34:18,433 And some of these exist in the world, 731 00:34:18,533 --> 00:34:21,000 they were shown at the Museum of Jurassic Technology 732 00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:23,400 and here are some of those still lives close up, 733 00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:24,600 and far away. 734 00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:33,866 Jan Fabre produces these works made of entire insects. 735 00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:37,800 So instead of just the paint tracings by Steven Kutcher 736 00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:41,166 or the individual scales as in Harry Dalton's work. 737 00:34:41,266 --> 00:34:43,833 Here, Jan Fabre will take entire beetles 738 00:34:43,933 --> 00:34:46,633 and form these exquisite displays. 739 00:34:46,733 --> 00:34:48,666 Jennifer Angus at UW-Madison, 740 00:34:48,766 --> 00:34:51,033 produces geometric displays 741 00:34:51,133 --> 00:34:52,766 with entire insects as well. 742 00:34:52,866 --> 00:34:54,766 And she has a present display 743 00:34:54,866 --> 00:34:57,300 in the Smithsonian right now. 744 00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:02,666 Catherine Chalmers. 745 00:35:04,166 --> 00:35:05,166 When this was published 746 00:35:05,266 --> 00:35:07,666 this painted American cockroach, 747 00:35:07,766 --> 00:35:09,800 Periplaneta americana on the right, 748 00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:12,466 as the cover of Art in America, 749 00:35:13,766 --> 00:35:15,166 I thought oh, this is interesting, 750 00:35:15,266 --> 00:35:17,633 well, let's see what letters come up in the next issue. 751 00:35:17,733 --> 00:35:19,933 And all the letters that were published were like 752 00:35:20,033 --> 00:35:21,733 how could you do that to a cockroach? 753 00:35:21,833 --> 00:35:24,733 I thought, wow probably people who wouldn't think twice 754 00:35:24,833 --> 00:35:26,900 about crushing the same cockroach. 755 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,933 But, something about her work, 756 00:35:30,033 --> 00:35:31,433 brings a humanity, 757 00:35:31,533 --> 00:35:33,766 to these very distant relatives, 758 00:35:33,866 --> 00:35:35,300 these cockroaches. 759 00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:37,600 Such that whether or not she's painting an insect 760 00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,233 or creating faux executions of cockroaches, 761 00:35:42,666 --> 00:35:45,166 no cockroach was harmed in any of these exhibits, 762 00:35:45,266 --> 00:35:46,966 she switches it out at the last minute 763 00:35:47,066 --> 00:35:49,400 with a carcass of an insect. 764 00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,566 But, people respond really strongly, viscerally. 765 00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:59,466 Because they see a humanity in an insect. 766 00:35:59,566 --> 00:36:01,933 And if you fear honeybees for example, 767 00:36:02,033 --> 00:36:03,833 it's a different scene if you put a dab 768 00:36:03,933 --> 00:36:04,766 of paint on one, 769 00:36:04,866 --> 00:36:07,466 and watch that individual. 770 00:36:07,566 --> 00:36:10,666 Then it becomes more of a soap opera. 771 00:36:12,333 --> 00:36:14,766 And then there's Hubret Duprat in France, 772 00:36:14,866 --> 00:36:18,100 and he takes individual caddisfly larvae 773 00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,466 that often times build, 774 00:36:20,566 --> 00:36:21,800 depending on the species, 775 00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:24,900 these protective cases around their bodies. 776 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,900 Sometimes out of pebble, 777 00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:27,333 sometimes out of sticks, 778 00:36:27,433 --> 00:36:28,266 and what he'll do 779 00:36:28,366 --> 00:36:29,700 is he'll take the back end off, 780 00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:33,300 and poke the posterior end of the larva. 781 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,133 She'll wiggle out, 782 00:36:35,233 --> 00:36:37,000 ditch that case, 783 00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:40,333 and now offer gold spangles and pearls. 784 00:36:41,866 --> 00:36:44,300 I know it's a tough collaboration, 785 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,400 because as you can see in the upper left, 786 00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:48,200 they can be really finicky. 787 00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:49,400 So, uhh forget that one. 788 00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:50,766 Ugh, forget that one, 789 00:36:50,866 --> 00:36:52,000 and then maybe this one. 790 00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,833 I'll incorporate with cephalic silk glands 791 00:36:54,933 --> 00:36:57,300 to glue it essentially, 792 00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,300 or sew it on my cloak, on my case. 793 00:37:02,933 --> 00:37:04,100 Hubert Duprat. 794 00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:07,500 The Stouts in the U.S. do a similar operation 795 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,833 out of their garage producing earrings. 796 00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:16,433 And Yukinori Yanagi, 797 00:37:16,533 --> 00:37:19,466 World Flag Ant Farm and other projects, 798 00:37:19,566 --> 00:37:21,300 are linked ant farms, 799 00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:25,700 made with colored sands, 800 00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:28,066 to form flags. 801 00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,700 The ants will distribute, 802 00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:33,766 the colors of those flags. 803 00:37:33,866 --> 00:37:36,233 Breaking down the political boundaries, 804 00:37:36,333 --> 00:37:39,433 that we've artificially imposed upon ourselves, 805 00:37:39,533 --> 00:37:40,566 in the world. 806 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:50,433 You also have insects inspiring music, 807 00:37:50,533 --> 00:37:52,033 dance, literature. 808 00:37:54,333 --> 00:37:55,500 And in a moment, 809 00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,066 you're going to hear a traditional folk song, 810 00:37:58,166 --> 00:37:59,800 by the Dong in China. 811 00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:03,800 (singing in foreign language) 812 00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:17,733 Okay. 813 00:38:20,466 --> 00:38:24,133 What insects do you think they're mimicking? 814 00:38:25,566 --> 00:38:28,633 The heat of the summer in the trees. 815 00:38:28,733 --> 00:38:29,833 Cicadas. 816 00:38:29,933 --> 00:38:31,100 (singing in foreign language) 817 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,000 Males calling with tymbals, females. 818 00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:40,600 Lower right, modern dance in China. 819 00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:44,033 Center, a theatrical performance 820 00:38:44,133 --> 00:38:46,233 of Kafka's Metamorphosis. 821 00:38:47,866 --> 00:38:51,533 On the left, made into a film directed by Teshigahara 822 00:38:51,633 --> 00:38:53,800 is Kobo Abe's Woman of the Dunes, 823 00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:55,066 one of my favorites. 824 00:38:55,166 --> 00:38:58,600 An entomologist roams the deserts in Japan. 825 00:38:59,766 --> 00:39:02,666 I won't send any spoilers your way. 826 00:39:02,766 --> 00:39:05,100 And then music Syd Barrett. 827 00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:07,000 (singing in foreign language) 828 00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:10,566 Graeme Revell actually incorporating insect songs 829 00:39:10,666 --> 00:39:13,033 in his electronic music. 830 00:39:13,133 --> 00:39:14,433 And then I put that up, 831 00:39:14,533 --> 00:39:16,833 just because one of my favorite artists. 832 00:39:16,933 --> 00:39:18,600 You've got Tessa Farmer, 833 00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:20,800 with her little fairies made out of insect wings 834 00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:22,166 and vine roots, 835 00:39:23,833 --> 00:39:26,266 forming these spear wielding, 836 00:39:28,033 --> 00:39:29,900 tirade or hoard, 837 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,466 atop other insects or animals. 838 00:39:32,566 --> 00:39:36,400 (singing in foreign language) 839 00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:39,100 (classical music) 840 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:40,066 Film! 841 00:39:40,166 --> 00:39:41,233 There are hundreds of films 842 00:39:41,333 --> 00:39:44,633 that feature insects central role. 843 00:39:44,733 --> 00:39:46,633 Ladislas Starevich, 844 00:39:46,733 --> 00:39:49,133 a Russian who produced these beautiful, 845 00:39:49,233 --> 00:39:51,266 stop-motion animations. 846 00:39:51,366 --> 00:39:53,700 So imagine insects with wire armatures, 847 00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:55,366 he moved them do-do-do-do-do, 848 00:39:55,466 --> 00:39:56,700 frame-by-frame-by-frame. 849 00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:58,233 And he'd have these little scenes 850 00:39:58,333 --> 00:40:00,433 like this grasshopper painting a scene, 851 00:40:00,533 --> 00:40:03,566 and these tragic tales at Christmas, 852 00:40:03,666 --> 00:40:06,766 you can find all of these on YouTube. 853 00:40:09,466 --> 00:40:11,233 (crickets chirping) 854 00:40:11,333 --> 00:40:15,533 I'll only show a bit of Isabella Rossellini's 855 00:40:15,633 --> 00:40:16,633 Green Porno. 856 00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:19,233 - A queen bee. 857 00:40:19,333 --> 00:40:21,066 I would be very fat, 858 00:40:21,166 --> 00:40:24,600 and do nothing else but lay eggs. 859 00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:27,366 (eggs bouncing) 860 00:40:28,466 --> 00:40:30,200 The unfertilized eggs, 861 00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:31,633 will hatch my sons. 862 00:40:31,733 --> 00:40:33,300 The fertilized eggs, 863 00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:35,733 will hatch my daughters. 864 00:40:35,833 --> 00:40:37,000 If I were a daughter, 865 00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:38,700 I will be sterile 866 00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,200 and I would do all the work. 867 00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:44,566 - She has a whole series of these inspired by insects. 868 00:40:44,666 --> 00:40:46,766 We can also think about how insects 869 00:40:46,866 --> 00:40:48,500 have affected education. 870 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,700 How can you use insects to talk about behavior, 871 00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:53,900 ecology, evolution, 872 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,900 principles in a generalizable way. 873 00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:01,300 So, a field guide I illustrated with John Abbot. 874 00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,333 Looking at bees' knees, orchid bees' knees, 875 00:41:04,433 --> 00:41:07,100 to distinguish you can educate, 876 00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:08,533 using insect models. 877 00:41:08,633 --> 00:41:10,833 Lorenzo Possenti in Italy, 878 00:41:10,933 --> 00:41:13,066 produces these exquisite gigantic insects, 879 00:41:13,166 --> 00:41:15,200 he devotes his life to this. 880 00:41:15,300 --> 00:41:17,833 In order to teach about insect not only morphology, 881 00:41:17,933 --> 00:41:22,100 but diversity and sometimes in ecological contexts. 882 00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:26,766 Science! 883 00:41:26,866 --> 00:41:28,666 Insects as model organisms. 884 00:41:28,766 --> 00:41:31,300 Of course there's drosophila melanogaster, 885 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:32,666 the fruit fly. 886 00:41:32,766 --> 00:41:34,400 That has been the staple 887 00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:36,833 for better understanding genetics, 888 00:41:36,933 --> 00:41:38,333 including in humans, 889 00:41:38,433 --> 00:41:42,166 because so many of our genes have been conserved. 890 00:41:44,100 --> 00:41:48,200 Alright, it's time to focus on the Driftless zone, 891 00:41:48,300 --> 00:41:51,366 to bring the relevance locally. 892 00:41:51,466 --> 00:41:54,066 So how are insects really relevant, 893 00:41:54,166 --> 00:41:55,833 right around this area. 894 00:41:55,933 --> 00:41:57,433 And I just picked a handful of examples, 895 00:41:57,533 --> 00:42:00,433 I could've included a lot more. 896 00:42:01,266 --> 00:42:03,666 The first, we talk about bee products. 897 00:42:03,766 --> 00:42:07,933 So, bees are kept all around the Driftless zone area. 898 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:10,733 Pollination is very important, 899 00:42:10,833 --> 00:42:11,833 honey is very important, 900 00:42:11,933 --> 00:42:13,033 wax can be very important, 901 00:42:13,133 --> 00:42:14,866 and even deodorant can be very important. 902 00:42:14,966 --> 00:42:16,133 This is a local company 903 00:42:16,233 --> 00:42:19,233 that includes bee products like wax. 904 00:42:20,833 --> 00:42:24,566 And it comes in an unscented variety. 905 00:42:24,666 --> 00:42:27,600 Sports, taking on the image of a swarm 906 00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:31,233 because who wants to face a swarm of anything, right? 907 00:42:31,333 --> 00:42:35,500 And, this national lacrosse team outside of St. Paul, 908 00:42:37,366 --> 00:42:39,533 existed from 2004 to 2015. 909 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,766 But, obviously they swarmed off to Georgia. 910 00:42:46,866 --> 00:42:50,933 So, we no longer have that in the Driftless zone. 911 00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:55,600 But we do have mayflies. 912 00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:59,366 And I've been snapping my fingers in dismay, 913 00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:02,333 every summer I'm doing work in Panama 914 00:43:02,433 --> 00:43:03,566 and people write me and said, 915 00:43:03,666 --> 00:43:05,500 have you seen this it appears on a radar, 916 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,300 there's so many mayflies. 917 00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:12,166 And I snapped photos of them filling gas stations. 918 00:43:12,266 --> 00:43:14,900 Piles and piles of mayflies. 919 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,800 Order Ephemeroptera, 920 00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:19,566 short-lived, winged insects. 921 00:43:19,666 --> 00:43:22,333 Because in some cases while they may live weeks, 922 00:43:22,433 --> 00:43:24,333 months, as immatures. 923 00:43:24,433 --> 00:43:26,166 It can be as short as a day, 924 00:43:26,266 --> 00:43:27,600 as an adult. 925 00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:31,366 So, they better reproduce and reproduce fast. 926 00:43:32,933 --> 00:43:36,300 So, I looked up through the National Weather Service, 927 00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:38,400 what they say about mayflies and I love it. 928 00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:40,400 They show the mayfly, they talk about it, 929 00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:41,900 and I put a star here, 930 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:45,800 mayflies are sensitive to gross organic pollution, 931 00:43:45,900 --> 00:43:48,866 and their presence is good news ecologically 932 00:43:48,966 --> 00:43:51,200 because it means that pollution such as sewage, 933 00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:53,800 is not present in large amounts. 934 00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:57,866 So, again here's an insect serving as a bio-indicator, 935 00:43:57,966 --> 00:44:00,266 and kudos to the National Weather Service 936 00:44:00,366 --> 00:44:02,233 to point out the attributes, 937 00:44:02,333 --> 00:44:06,166 even it's from a human perspective of insects. 938 00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:09,100 So what does that affect? 939 00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:11,400 Well local recreation, fishing. 940 00:44:11,500 --> 00:44:15,033 So, some of you may have passed this nearby, 941 00:44:15,133 --> 00:44:16,866 the Driftless Angler. 942 00:44:18,533 --> 00:44:20,733 You can hire people to take you on tours 943 00:44:20,833 --> 00:44:23,666 in the Driftless zone for fishing. 944 00:44:28,566 --> 00:44:32,066 And this culminates in a beautiful piece of art 945 00:44:32,166 --> 00:44:35,266 in the form of both a science and an art book, 946 00:44:35,366 --> 00:44:38,700 based on mayflies of the Driftless zone. 947 00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,833 So, before I totally wrap up, 948 00:44:42,933 --> 00:44:45,300 a project that I'm really excited about, 949 00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:47,066 and it's a long term project, 950 00:44:47,166 --> 00:44:51,166 involves a database on cultural entomology. 951 00:44:51,266 --> 00:44:54,200 So students of mine are helping me build 952 00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,500 what I hope will be the largest resource online, 953 00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:00,166 focusing on all these different categories 954 00:45:00,266 --> 00:45:03,000 of how insects affect humans 955 00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:05,600 and have throughout history and across the world. 956 00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:06,433 The idea is, 957 00:45:06,533 --> 00:45:08,166 that maybe an historian, 958 00:45:08,266 --> 00:45:10,833 a student, a teacher, a scientist, an artist, 959 00:45:10,933 --> 00:45:13,100 can search by insect. 960 00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:16,000 Popular common name or scientific name, 961 00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:17,433 region of the world. 962 00:45:17,533 --> 00:45:19,066 Maybe you wanna look up mosquito, 963 00:45:19,166 --> 00:45:22,333 Africa, World War II and see what comes up. 964 00:45:22,433 --> 00:45:25,300 Either in art or politics. 965 00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:29,633 The idea is you'll have this potential Wiki, 966 00:45:29,733 --> 00:45:31,900 where people can contribute en masse someday 967 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:33,233 in the future. 968 00:45:33,333 --> 00:45:34,766 So, that's what we're working on now 969 00:45:34,866 --> 00:45:37,233 to bring all this together. 970 00:45:37,333 --> 00:45:39,800 So, at the end after questions, 971 00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:41,033 you're more than welcome, 972 00:45:41,133 --> 00:45:42,700 I'd love to give you a little tour 973 00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:44,500 of a teeny sample of tangible, 974 00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:48,100 cultural entomology items I've brought. 975 00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,066 But I'd love to take questions, 976 00:45:50,166 --> 00:45:52,700 and your thoughts about how insects 977 00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,266 have affected your lives. 978 00:45:55,366 --> 00:45:57,033 Thanks a lot for coming, first of all. 979 00:45:57,133 --> 00:45:58,433 Really appreciate it. 980 00:45:58,533 --> 00:46:01,600 (applause)