WEBVTT

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- Cultural Entomology!

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How insects have
affected humans,

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throughout history
and across the world.

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So why a fascination,

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why an obsession with insects?

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Why am I not talking about
frogs or birds today?

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I'll focus on the question

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of why insects have so
profoundly affected humans.

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In different
traditional cultures

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and modern societies
across the globe.

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The why!

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Why insects?

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First thing we could look
at is their ubiquity.

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They're almost everywhere!

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Anybody know where
insects do not exist

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on planet earth?

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I have a book on the
insects of Antarctica,

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so no, they do
exist in Antarctica.

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Good guess.

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Others?

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Where can you not
find an insect?

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There are whole studies
on aquatic entomology.

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Close!

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They're all
freshwater, generally.

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So, pelagic zones, deep
oceanic environments,

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you're not going
to find insects.

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But you are going to find
their close relatives.

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So, insects are recently
discovered to be,

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one lineage within Crustacea.

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The crabs, the shrimp,
the arthropods.

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Jointed legged, exoskeleton
bearing organisms,

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of which insects are the
most speciose lineage.

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So, aside from deeper
oceanic realms,

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insects are all over the place.

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So, ubiquity.

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If we look at this pie chart,

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literal pie chart of
the diversity of life

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that I created.

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What is the biggest piece
or slice of the pie?

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Insects.

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And if this spider web is
representing arachnids,

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and this, the rest
of crustaceans,

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then arthropods, this
one phylum of animals,

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represents a huge
swath of the diversity,

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of life on the planet.

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At least of described
species on the planet.

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So they're everywhere.

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And if insects are
all over the place,

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we're going to run
into them all the time.

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And what is the expectation,
the consequence of that?

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They're going to
permeate our culture.

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Whether it be war,
politics, literature,

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music, art, food.

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List goes on.

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So, we can start with
insects as symbols.

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So Mormons, have
adopted the honey bee,

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as a major symbol
throughout their religion.

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And then Egyptians
use the honey bee,

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scarab beetle within
their hieroglyphics.

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And if you've ever
driven through,

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and I've only met a
couple people who have,

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but if you ever driven
through Enterprise, Alabama,

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then you may find this
Hellenic sculpture,

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holding aloft,
believe it or not,

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a crop pest insect,
a boll weevil.

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So, once this boll weevil
had eradicated crops,

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what did this town
of Enterprise do?

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In an enterprising fashion,

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they moved to different
crops and technologies,

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and that saved them.

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So, the symbol of success?

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Was their crop
destroying boll weevil.

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Insects appear on our currency,

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and this is just a
shabby, teeny, selection

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and I've got others up here,

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of paper bills and coins
some millennia old,

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like the bee on my
ring, 2000 years old.

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In which insects serve
as symbols in currency.

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And postal stamps!

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Including this popular
insects and spiders series.

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From around the world again,

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featuring our friendly
neighborhood insects
and arachnids,

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within phylum Arthropoda.

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(suspenseful music)

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And what we wear!

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Now, I cheated a little bit.

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This robotic spider dress,

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represents an
order of arachnids,

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a different group of arthropods.

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But all the others,

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including Corrie
Moreau's tattoos

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in the lower right,

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with ants adorning her body

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because she's a curator of ants

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at The Field Museum.

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Victoria Rivers took
a shot of that shawl,

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a Vietnamese shawl that includes

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buprestidae, metallic,
boring beetle elytron.

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Those sheath-like forewings

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that can be iridescent metallic.

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And then modern wears.

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Like these dresses that
reflect moth and butterflies.

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And anybody recognize
the feature film here

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in the lower left?

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My mother is raising her hand.

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Yeah, what?

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No, over there.

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Yeah, that's not my son.

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Hunger Games.

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And yes, that is my
son in a bee outfit.

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And up above, upper-left,

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these are molas, fabriqué
and reverse fabriqué works

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by the Kuna of the
San Blas Islands in Panama.

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And often times, they feature
natural history subjects.

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Including insects and
their folklore tales.

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This is a human-headed fly.

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So, even on what we wear.

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So ubiquity, can
serve as one mechanism

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for inspiring us to have
insects affect our culture.

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Next, we can thing of
negative consequences.

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So, here's a beautiful
illustration by?

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Anybody know?

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Yes, Robert Hooke!

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One of the earliest
microscopists,

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and this was presented
in Bubonic Plague time,

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Black Plague times.

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And so Samuel Pepys diary,

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mentions seeing
things like this.

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And, you have to believe

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that this might have
affected people's hygiene,

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seeing the giant
organisms that are

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in your clothing.

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So, impacts can include disease.

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Where insects can serve
as vectors of disease.

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Or destroyers of crops.

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And simply, causing pain.

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And I'll start with pain.

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So, a colleague Justin Schmidt
just published this book,

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The Sting of the Wild.

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And here's his famous
hymenopteran pain index scale

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on the left.

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So if there is a member
of the wasps, bees, ants,

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order of insects that sting,

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and all a stinger is,

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is a modified egg laying device.

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So no males will sting,

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only females deliver
the potent venoms.

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So, instead of laying an egg,

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Schwoop!

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They're laying something
else in your body.

06:57.233 --> 06:59.066 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
And so, the pain index ranges

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from this one, two, three, four.

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And, the most severe
includes Paraponera clavata,

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the bullet ant.

07:06.433 --> 07:09.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
Or a pepsis tarantula hawk wasp.

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Now, my other
colleague Michael Smith

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at Cornell University,

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decided to do his
own pain index scale,

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with just the honey bee.

07:22.000 --> 07:24.900 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And subject, yes
was Michael Smith.

07:25.900 --> 07:27.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And, you can imagine
what were some

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of the more sensitive regions

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of the Michael Smith bow plan.

07:31.766 --> 07:34.100 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
But, I was surprised
to learn that the tip

07:34.200 --> 07:37.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
of the nose was ridiculously
painful for him.

07:37.900 --> 07:39.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So, these two
gentlemen together,

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shared the Ig Nobel
Prize this past year,

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for this insightful work.

07:49.933 --> 07:51.866 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
So, beyond pain,

07:51.966 --> 07:54.833 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
far more serious
than short term pain,

07:54.933 --> 07:56.933 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
is vectoring of disease.

07:58.133 --> 08:01.266 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
So, here's an image
of a man with a flea

08:02.433 --> 08:05.700 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and we can talk about
how Europe collapsed

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population wise.

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In some regions half
the population lost,

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to the flea bearing the pathogen

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that causes the Black Plague.

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We can also look at Napoleon
down there, defeated!

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At least, visually
in this display

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in Bern, Switzerland,

08:25.633 --> 08:26.533 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
by a louse.

08:27.666 --> 08:30.533 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So, lice can serve
as vectors of typhus.

08:30.633 --> 08:33.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
And Napoleon's march on Russia,

08:33.400 --> 08:36.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
failed partly due to
the freezing cold,

08:37.033 --> 08:39.733 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
but as a consequence
of the cold,

08:39.833 --> 08:42.233 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
soldiers that dropped dead,

08:42.333 --> 08:46.133 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
had valuable clothing to
keep their compatriots warm.

08:46.233 --> 08:47.633 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
So what do you do?

08:47.733 --> 08:50.400 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
You grab a coat, with lice,

08:50.500 --> 08:51.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
potentially bearing typhus,

08:52.000 --> 08:53.333 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
on your own body.

08:53.433 --> 08:55.500 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
And so Napoleon famously,

08:58.300 --> 09:00.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
retreated in defeat.

09:00.633 --> 09:03.433 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Probably at the
tarsi of a louse.

09:07.333 --> 09:09.466 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Who is the greatest
killer of all animals

09:09.566 --> 09:11.166 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
on the planet?

09:11.266 --> 09:15.166 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Let's not blame Anopheles
mosquitoes directly,

09:15.266 --> 09:17.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
because they suffer
the consequences

09:17.566 --> 09:21.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
of plasmodium single-cell
eukaryotes in their bodies.

09:22.900 --> 09:25.366 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
But, this genus
of mosquito serves

09:25.466 --> 09:27.766 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
as the vector of malaria,

09:27.866 --> 09:30.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and some are more
potent than others.

09:30.866 --> 09:32.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Like Plasmodium falciparum,

09:32.533 --> 09:36.533 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
the deadliest of the
mosquito malaria parasites.

09:38.866 --> 09:42.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
So, biggest killer
vectored by a mosquito.

09:42.166 --> 09:43.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And you have others,

09:43.100 --> 09:45.800 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Yellow fever, Dengue fever

09:45.900 --> 09:47.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
or breakbone virus.

09:49.333 --> 09:53.200 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So, Dengue, the virus
that causes Dengue,

09:53.300 --> 09:55.633 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
is very similar, same group,

09:56.766 --> 09:59.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
as the one that struck
us very recently,

09:59.800 --> 10:01.533 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and you've probably
been reading accounts

10:01.633 --> 10:03.500 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
of the Zika virus.

10:03.600 --> 10:05.333 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So this has swept through,

10:05.433 --> 10:06.733 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
it was in the Old World,

10:06.833 --> 10:08.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
but it's swept
through from Brazil,

10:09.033 --> 10:12.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
all the way north
through Mexico,

10:12.500 --> 10:14.433 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and will certainly
pose a problem

10:14.533 --> 10:16.500 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
in the southern United States.

10:16.600 --> 10:18.766 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
It has been definitively linked

10:18.866 --> 10:20.933 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
to microcephaly now.

10:21.033 --> 10:23.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Condition with a smaller brain,

10:23.400 --> 10:26.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and other complications
prenatally.

10:31.300 --> 10:33.033 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
And who's the vector?

10:34.233 --> 10:37.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
The same mosquito
that vectors Dengue

10:37.133 --> 10:39.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
and some others, Aedes aegypti.

10:44.433 --> 10:46.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
So we can go past the negative,

10:46.900 --> 10:49.066 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
and enter the more positive.

10:49.166 --> 10:50.800 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So, what do insects offer?

10:50.900 --> 10:54.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Because, actually I
should pause there.

10:54.366 --> 10:56.900 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
I highlighted some nefarious,

10:57.000 --> 10:58.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
hexapod foes of humans.

11:00.100 --> 11:03.033 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
But they're a tiny,
tiny, tiny minority.

11:03.133 --> 11:04.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
If there are say a million,

11:05.000 --> 11:06.800 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
or close to a million
described species

11:06.900 --> 11:08.400 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
of insects on the planet.

11:08.500 --> 11:11.000 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
How many actually
vector diseases

11:11.100 --> 11:12.800 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
of consequence to humans?

11:12.900 --> 11:14.166 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
Very, very few.

11:15.100 --> 11:17.366 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, even within mosquitoes,

11:18.400 --> 11:20.866 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
some of them don't suck blood

11:20.966 --> 11:22.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
to feed their young.

11:22.500 --> 11:25.566 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Some of them are carnivorous
on other mosquito species.

11:25.666 --> 11:28.133 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
And no male will
suck your blood,

11:28.233 --> 11:30.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
they might suck
nectar from flowers,

11:30.500 --> 11:32.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
but I guess there's
a theme here,

11:32.100 --> 11:35.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
females causing some issue.

11:35.133 --> 11:37.833 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Alright, so here
we've got an image

11:37.933 --> 11:40.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that I adapted from
a cave painting

11:41.033 --> 11:42.766 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
near Valencia, Spain,

11:43.633 --> 11:45.133 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
of a honey robber.

11:46.600 --> 11:49.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Some say she's a human female,

11:49.300 --> 11:53.466 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
that has climbed up and
grabbed comb for the honey.

11:54.433 --> 11:57.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
Stealing, and this was produced,

11:57.100 --> 11:59.766 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
probably about 8,000 years ago.

11:59.866 --> 12:03.400 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
So, our association with
insects are pretty ancient,

12:03.500 --> 12:08.300 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
and here is physical
evidence of this association.

12:08.400 --> 12:11.900 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And yes, it was made
into a Spanish stamp.

12:13.633 --> 12:17.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
Let's look at couple of
other attributes of insects.

12:17.533 --> 12:19.600 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
From a human perspective.

12:20.700 --> 12:22.100 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
Pollination.

12:22.200 --> 12:23.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
If you like almonds,

12:23.633 --> 12:26.600 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
so many other nuts and fruits,

12:26.700 --> 12:28.166 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
a variety of crops,

12:28.266 --> 12:31.933 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
that humans tend to
embrace or even require.

12:34.466 --> 12:37.900 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
Bees, and specifically
Apis mellifera honey bees,

12:38.000 --> 12:40.800 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
can be responsible for
the efficient pollination

12:40.900 --> 12:43.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
from male parts to female parts.

12:45.400 --> 12:47.533 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
They're the sexual agents.

12:47.633 --> 12:49.466 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So, aside from honey bees,

12:49.566 --> 12:52.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
which of course have
great ancient ancestry,

12:52.100 --> 12:53.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
several thousand years.

12:53.966 --> 12:56.333 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
There are bee keeping relics

12:56.433 --> 12:59.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80%
from Israel and certainly Egypt,

12:59.466 --> 13:01.800 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
that show this association
of aphid culture.

13:01.900 --> 13:04.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
But you also have native bees.

13:04.833 --> 13:07.000 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Because the honey bee's been
called the white man's fly,

13:07.100 --> 13:08.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
because it's only
about 500 years ago

13:08.933 --> 13:11.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
that it was introduced
to the New World.

13:11.933 --> 13:14.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
We had eight families of bees,

13:16.033 --> 13:18.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
there are over 6,000 described
species on the planet.

13:19.000 --> 13:20.366 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
We had a wealth,

13:20.466 --> 13:23.666 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
and we still have a wealth
of bees, native bees,

13:23.766 --> 13:25.333 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
that aren't Apis mellifera.

13:25.433 --> 13:28.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And these little straws
and sticks and bricks,

13:28.600 --> 13:30.766 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
offer holes that you can set up

13:30.866 --> 13:32.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
in your front and back yard,

13:32.300 --> 13:35.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
that attract these native bees,

13:35.133 --> 13:38.533 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
which are also really
valuable pollinators.

13:38.633 --> 13:40.966 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
So not only do you have
the pollination of plants,

13:41.066 --> 13:42.800 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
but bees can offer honey,

13:42.900 --> 13:44.766 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
if they're honey bees proper.

13:44.866 --> 13:48.600 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
Wax, propolis, and other
beneficial products.

13:53.133 --> 13:56.700 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
Another product inspired
by insects, paper.

13:58.266 --> 14:02.100 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
All these books aren't
made of linen anymore,

14:03.233 --> 14:05.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
these books are made of paper.

14:05.133 --> 14:07.666 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Ground up pulp from trees.

14:07.766 --> 14:11.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And it was Réaumur
who first was inspired

14:11.333 --> 14:13.566 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
by Polistes paper wasps

14:13.666 --> 14:17.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that build their own
paper nests, right?

14:17.333 --> 14:18.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
So all of this is from,

14:18.800 --> 14:20.266 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
not Polistes paper wasps

14:20.366 --> 14:22.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
but closely related
vespid wasps.

14:23.000 --> 14:26.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And so the paper,
is simply masticated

14:26.933 --> 14:28.933 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
or chewed up, dead wood.

14:29.966 --> 14:32.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
You find a log, chew it up,

14:32.300 --> 14:34.133 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
add salivary agents,

14:34.233 --> 14:36.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
and then lay layer after layer,

14:36.300 --> 14:39.766 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
sometimes you'll see
multiple colors in the paper.

14:39.866 --> 14:42.666 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, they make that as the basis

14:42.766 --> 14:45.633 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
for holding
their young, their offspring,

14:45.733 --> 14:47.000 align:left position:35%,start line:5% size:55%
holding food,

14:47.100 --> 14:50.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and sometimes as a
protective envelope.

14:50.700 --> 14:53.000 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Well, this gentleman looked

14:53.100 --> 14:54.633 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
at this a couple
of centuries ago,

14:54.733 --> 14:56.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and said hey, we
can learn from that.

14:57.066 --> 14:59.666 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
And that was the
inspiration, years later,

14:59.766 --> 15:02.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
but the inspiration
for using paper.

15:06.133 --> 15:06.966 align:left position:45%,start line:5% size:45%
Food!

15:09.133 --> 15:12.333 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
So, in some parts of the
world this is a staple.

15:12.433 --> 15:14.133 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
If you think of,

15:14.233 --> 15:16.866 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
some of you eat beef and pork.

15:16.966 --> 15:18.800 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Inefficiency, I yell!

15:18.900 --> 15:21.833 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Because the amount of
protein per dry mass,

15:21.933 --> 15:23.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
is ridiculously low.

15:23.600 --> 15:25.633 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Some cases 16 percent or so.

15:25.733 --> 15:29.500 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
But dry up, pulverize a
cricket or a grasshopper,

15:29.600 --> 15:31.433 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
or a giant water bug?

15:31.533 --> 15:34.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
You might have 40,
60 percent protein.

15:34.966 --> 15:36.166 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
And if you have termites,

15:36.266 --> 15:37.633 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
and I've got some up here,

15:37.733 --> 15:39.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
if you'd like to check them out.

15:39.400 --> 15:41.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
You've got a lot of
lipids and fatty acids,

15:41.933 --> 15:44.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
that could be great calorically,

15:44.400 --> 15:46.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
if you're in a
desert for example.

15:46.733 --> 15:49.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80%
So, food can be super important,

15:49.833 --> 15:53.366 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
from a human perspective
looking at insects.

15:53.466 --> 15:54.833 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
So, this Man Eating Bugs

15:54.933 --> 15:56.733 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
is a couple that travels
around the world,

15:56.833 --> 15:58.533 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
and looks at the
different dishes,

15:58.633 --> 16:02.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
traditionally
incorporating insects.

16:02.466 --> 16:04.900 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
And this runs through
the beneficial,

16:05.000 --> 16:07.600 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
nutrients, micronutrients,
protein counts

16:07.700 --> 16:09.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
of different insect groups.

16:14.266 --> 16:15.600 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
This is a real thing!

16:15.700 --> 16:20.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
So, future prospects of looking
at worldwide consumption.

16:20.300 --> 16:22.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Their sustainable, potentially.

16:24.000 --> 16:26.066 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
And they can feed communities

16:26.166 --> 16:30.200 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
that can't afford other
Proteinus sources of food.

16:30.300 --> 16:32.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
So there are movements
around the world,

16:33.033 --> 16:36.200 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
for creating mass
product of ground up

16:37.500 --> 16:39.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
or pulverized insects as food.

16:40.000 --> 16:41.766 align:left position:27.5%,start line:89% size:62.5%
And I have to ask,

16:41.866 --> 16:44.166 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
who here has eaten an insect?

16:45.966 --> 16:48.433 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Raise your hand high.

16:48.533 --> 16:50.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Okay, now all of you
raise your hands,

16:50.433 --> 16:51.766 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
'cause you've all eaten insects

16:51.866 --> 16:53.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
whether you know it or not!

16:53.400 --> 16:55.900 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
If you've drunken glass of
orange juice for example,

16:56.000 --> 16:58.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
the Food and Drug Administration
allows a certain parts

16:58.700 --> 17:00.333 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
of fruit flies and the rest,

17:00.433 --> 17:02.900 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
within that respected
glass of orange juice.

17:03.000 --> 17:04.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And that's the same
across the board,

17:04.500 --> 17:06.166 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
you've all eaten insects.

17:06.266 --> 17:10.600 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
Vegans, carnivores alike
have eaten insects.

17:10.700 --> 17:15.100 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
And, that can include not
just the little random bits,

17:15.200 --> 17:17.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
but the natural coloring agents.

17:18.066 --> 17:20.833 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
If you look at the
final ingredient,

17:20.933 --> 17:23.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
of something that looks scarlet.

17:23.833 --> 17:25.666 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
It may be carmine,

17:25.766 --> 17:29.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
or cochineal, or
cochineal extract.

17:29.500 --> 17:32.333 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
And I've got a lot of it here.

17:32.433 --> 17:33.933 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Cochineal extract,

17:35.066 --> 17:38.700 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
is simply the pulverized
bodies of true bugs

17:40.400 --> 17:43.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
that feed in Sonora, Mexico

17:43.133 --> 17:45.700 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
on opuntia, prickly pear cacti.

17:47.233 --> 17:50.466 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So, they feed and the females
are just basically blobs.

17:50.566 --> 17:52.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
You don't see legs,
you don't see ey--

17:52.366 --> 17:53.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
they're almost nothing.

17:53.533 --> 17:55.100 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So people for centuries
thought they were worms,

17:55.200 --> 17:56.833 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
that are called
vermes or kermes,

17:56.933 --> 17:58.366 align:left position:35%,start line:5% size:55%
or seeds.

17:58.466 --> 18:00.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Until someone saw oh
there's a winged male,

18:00.533 --> 18:02.066 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
that's flying and
mating with a female.

18:02.166 --> 18:05.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So you've got these
little gloppy insects,

18:05.633 --> 18:09.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
that if you crush just
with your fingers,

18:09.100 --> 18:11.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
you'll get this
bright-reddish scarlet.

18:11.533 --> 18:13.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And that's been used to
dye a number of things.

18:13.733 --> 18:15.266 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
The Navajo rugs for example,

18:15.366 --> 18:18.100 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
have extracted
tinctured fabrics,

18:20.800 --> 18:22.033 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
for their rugs.

18:24.366 --> 18:25.433 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
So, Mauna La'i,

18:25.533 --> 18:27.366 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Ruby Red grapefruit drink,

18:27.466 --> 18:31.066 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
a lot of beverages can
include cochineal extract,

18:31.166 --> 18:34.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and we'll come back to
cochineal in a moment.

18:36.166 --> 18:37.400 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
My mother's here,

18:37.500 --> 18:38.833 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
as a gift to my wife,

18:38.933 --> 18:42.366 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
she gave the Game of
Thrones recipe cookbook.

18:42.466 --> 18:44.033 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
And what is one page?

18:44.133 --> 18:46.466 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Locusts, as he seized the bowl

18:46.566 --> 18:49.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and began to crunch
them by the handful!

18:49.500 --> 18:51.633 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So, even in this
fictitious realm,

18:51.733 --> 18:53.966 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
insects are being consumed.

18:57.366 --> 18:59.166 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
Other products.

18:59.266 --> 19:01.966 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Cochineal coupled with lac,

19:02.066 --> 19:04.966 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
as in shellac from lac bugs.

19:05.066 --> 19:07.066 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So you can find
on certain plants,

19:07.166 --> 19:09.100 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
these true bugs,

19:09.200 --> 19:13.500 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
that will exude this
protective layer of lac.

19:13.600 --> 19:15.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
Scrape that off, you can use it.

19:15.900 --> 19:17.066 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Traditionally anyway,

19:17.166 --> 19:19.566 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
now shellac is made
of different things,

19:19.666 --> 19:23.166 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
but that's what made
these albums, the LP.

19:24.166 --> 19:26.066 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
There is some cochineal,

19:26.166 --> 19:29.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
dying sausage,
cosmetics, lacquers,

19:30.500 --> 19:31.766 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
all manner of things.

19:31.866 --> 19:34.266 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Traditionally, the
British Redcoats.

19:34.366 --> 19:37.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Red, because of this
rare organic dye

19:37.933 --> 19:40.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
from the New World.

19:40.100 --> 19:41.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
There was something
far less potent

19:41.733 --> 19:45.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
in root feeding true
bugs in the Old World.

19:45.400 --> 19:48.900 align:left position:27.5%,start line:83% size:62.5%
So, to capitalize
on this royal red,

19:49.000 --> 19:50.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
it was very expensive.

19:50.533 --> 19:52.166 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
And upon penalty of death,

19:52.266 --> 19:54.133 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
no one could
extract the secrets,

19:54.233 --> 19:56.133 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
let alone the physical bodies,

19:56.233 --> 19:58.900 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
the manifestations
of this scarlet.

19:59.000 --> 20:01.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
It was only until 1777,

20:01.466 --> 20:03.500 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
that a Frenchman snuck out some

20:03.600 --> 20:05.633 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
of these cochineal
with a Puntia.

20:05.733 --> 20:07.800 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
And he tried to place
them in different areas,

20:07.900 --> 20:10.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and it only stuck in
the Canary Islands.

20:10.566 --> 20:14.733 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So you'll find some cochineal
being reared elsewhere.

20:17.166 --> 20:19.966 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Medicines, whether
folk remedies,

20:20.066 --> 20:22.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
or tried and true remedies.

20:22.533 --> 20:26.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Here are some supposed
anti-cancer medicines,

20:27.800 --> 20:28.666 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
based on insects.

20:28.766 --> 20:30.700 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
At least anti-bacterials.

20:35.966 --> 20:39.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Then you can co-opt
the very sensitive,

20:40.766 --> 20:43.166 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
sensory modalities of insects,

20:43.266 --> 20:44.433 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
to your favor.

20:45.533 --> 20:47.300 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So, for example in this case,

20:47.400 --> 20:51.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
you can use honey bees
that smell so well,

20:51.700 --> 20:55.133 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
that they can be trained
to detect anything

20:55.233 --> 20:58.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
from gasses emitted
by landmines,

20:59.366 --> 21:03.100 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
to in this case the
presence of tuberculosis.

21:04.266 --> 21:08.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
There has been a German
airport that has boxes

21:08.600 --> 21:10.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
with three honey bees,

21:11.066 --> 21:14.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
used to sniff out
bomb making material

21:14.600 --> 21:17.933 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
that comes through
the luggage security.

21:22.466 --> 21:25.933 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
You could invest
in the VASOR 136,

21:26.033 --> 21:29.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
in order to have 34 cartridges
filled with honeybees,

21:29.900 --> 21:31.800 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
to find whatever
you train them to.

21:31.900 --> 21:33.800 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And it's pretty
easy to train a bee.

21:33.900 --> 21:37.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Basically, you give
them sugar water,

21:37.166 --> 21:38.133 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
tap it to their antenna,

21:38.233 --> 21:39.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
they'll extend their tongue.

21:40.033 --> 21:41.600 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Now, couple that with an odor,

21:41.700 --> 21:42.833 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
what do you have?

21:42.933 --> 21:44.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
You've got a Pavlovian
response eventually,

21:45.066 --> 21:46.533 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
when you remove the sugar water

21:46.633 --> 21:48.333 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
and just present the odor,

21:48.433 --> 21:49.433 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
and bloop!

21:49.533 --> 21:50.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Instead of drooling,

21:50.466 --> 21:51.866 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
they stick out their tongues.

21:51.966 --> 21:53.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Well, if you see a bee
stick out her tongue,

21:54.000 --> 21:56.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
if you trained it
to a landmine odor,

21:56.433 --> 21:58.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and you present it
with landmine odor,

21:58.400 --> 21:59.866 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
ding ding!

21:59.966 --> 22:04.133 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
It's a good indicator that
you've got a landmine.

22:06.000 --> 22:07.133 align:left position:40%,start line:5% size:50%
Aw, man!

22:07.233 --> 22:10.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
This is just a, really
a teeny short list.

22:10.466 --> 22:14.066 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
We could focus the entire
time on biomimetics,

22:14.166 --> 22:16.366 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
engineering inspiration,

22:16.466 --> 22:19.200 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
from insect morphology
and physiology.

22:19.300 --> 22:20.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
In the upper right,

22:20.366 --> 22:23.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
you've got
micro-flying machines,

22:24.200 --> 22:27.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
hexapodal robots
out of Georgia Tech

22:27.166 --> 22:29.066 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
and other places.

22:29.166 --> 22:32.366 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
To the left you've
got forensics,

22:32.466 --> 22:37.266 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
say detectives basing the
age of a decomposing body

22:37.366 --> 22:40.733 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
on what arthropod
stages are found present

22:40.833 --> 22:42.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
on or in that body.

22:43.533 --> 22:46.200 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
This has helped
solve many a crime.

22:48.233 --> 22:50.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And then, you've got
on the lower right,

22:51.066 --> 22:53.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
a means of staving off elephants

22:55.033 --> 22:57.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
from tromping through villages.

22:57.400 --> 22:59.066 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Set up a honey bee colony.

22:59.166 --> 23:00.466 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
And that buzz,

23:00.566 --> 23:02.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
the sound of the bees,

23:02.166 --> 23:04.766 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
keeps the elephants away.

23:04.866 --> 23:08.533 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Next, look at these
freshwater dwelling,

23:08.633 --> 23:10.000 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
immature insects.

23:10.100 --> 23:13.433 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
These can be really
excellent indicators,

23:13.533 --> 23:16.533 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
as for the quality
of the waterways.

23:22.033 --> 23:24.033 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
How about sports?

23:24.133 --> 23:25.566 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
Recreation.

23:25.666 --> 23:27.600 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Warfare, defense.

23:27.700 --> 23:28.733 align:left position:35%,start line:5% size:55%
In this case,

23:28.833 --> 23:31.833 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
legend has it an Asian prince,

23:31.933 --> 23:34.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
witnessed a mantid with
the speed and strength

23:35.000 --> 23:38.133 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
grabbing a cicada and
then consuming it.

23:38.233 --> 23:41.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So, he adopted that
speed and strength

23:41.700 --> 23:42.900 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
in a martial art,

23:43.000 --> 23:44.400 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
and there are different forms

23:44.500 --> 23:46.500 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
of mantis style kung-fu.

23:47.833 --> 23:50.133 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
Now, the legs on a
mantis are thin and weak,

23:50.233 --> 23:52.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
so he added monkey style legs.

23:52.833 --> 23:54.366 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
So mantis style kung-fu,

23:54.466 --> 23:55.833 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
is really fasc--

23:55.933 --> 23:57.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
You wanna come up, I'll
show you what to say.

23:57.933 --> 23:59.000 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
You sure?

23:59.100 --> 24:00.200 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
On mantis style kung-fu?

24:00.300 --> 24:01.500 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
Come on up here.

24:01.600 --> 24:03.366 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
Come on up and punch me.

24:03.466 --> 24:04.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
You know you wanted to.

24:04.966 --> 24:05.700 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
You sure?

24:05.800 --> 24:06.533 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
You wanna come up?

24:06.633 --> 24:07.533 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Alright, come on.

24:07.633 --> 24:08.700 align:left position:45%,start line:89% size:45%
Okay.

24:08.800 --> 24:11.800 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
So, if you're practicing
monkey style legs,

24:11.900 --> 24:13.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
it'll be very different
from what I'll show,

24:13.700 --> 24:14.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
so I'll just stand up straight.

24:14.900 --> 24:16.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
But if you punch me,

24:16.100 --> 24:18.366 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
so one thing I can do is
just parry that, right?

24:18.466 --> 24:20.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And I can grab that
and pull forward.

24:20.700 --> 24:22.333 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So this raptorial foreleg,

24:22.433 --> 24:25.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
is incapacitating this arm,

24:25.300 --> 24:27.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and then you can do all
kinds of things, right?

24:27.800 --> 24:29.700 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
So it's this first sparring,

24:29.800 --> 24:33.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and this grab that
mimics that mantid.

24:33.533 --> 24:35.133 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Now, you're on TV.

24:35.233 --> 24:37.500 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
(laughing)

24:37.600 --> 24:38.966 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So, mantis style kung-fu,

24:39.066 --> 24:42.100 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
just one of many ways
that insects have affected

24:42.200 --> 24:44.266 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
how we physically behave.

24:47.766 --> 24:48.966 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Here's one of my favorites.

24:49.066 --> 24:52.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
So, founded the Boy Scouts,

24:52.133 --> 24:53.866 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
famous individual.

24:53.966 --> 24:57.733 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Here's a book, My
Adventures As A Spy.

24:57.833 --> 24:59.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
So during war-times,

24:59.600 --> 25:01.566 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
what did Sir Powell do?

25:02.600 --> 25:04.433 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
He would collect butterflies,

25:04.533 --> 25:06.066 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
he would collect insects.

25:06.166 --> 25:08.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Nobody thought twice
about it, right?

25:08.866 --> 25:11.633 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Even if he approached
fortresses.

25:12.500 --> 25:15.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
So his sketches in his notebook,

25:15.400 --> 25:17.500 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
innocuous sketches
of Lepidoptera,

25:17.600 --> 25:20.300 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
the order of moths
and butterflies.

25:20.400 --> 25:23.100 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Were actually quite precise

25:23.200 --> 25:26.300 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
ground plans of
different fortresses.

25:27.566 --> 25:31.100 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
With symbols representing
fortress guns,

25:31.200 --> 25:33.300 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
field guns, machine guns.

25:34.233 --> 25:36.666 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So he could very easily exit,

25:37.933 --> 25:40.066 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
even if his field
notebooks were examined,

25:40.166 --> 25:43.566 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
with all their beautiful
insect drawings.

25:47.433 --> 25:49.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Humans using insects for evil.

25:51.000 --> 25:53.133 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Well, maybe not evil.

25:53.233 --> 25:57.000 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Then we can think about
lessons of social insects.

25:57.100 --> 25:59.000 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
If you look at,

25:59.100 --> 26:02.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
say tens of millions
of years of evolution,

26:03.900 --> 26:06.533 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
honing the traffic
plans of ants,

26:07.933 --> 26:10.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
the foraging plans of bees,

26:11.300 --> 26:14.366 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
the swarming behavior
and efficiency

26:14.466 --> 26:17.166 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
of finding a new hole
in a distant tree

26:17.266 --> 26:18.600 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
to start a home.

26:19.966 --> 26:21.533 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
Then maybe we can
better understand

26:21.633 --> 26:23.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
how to more efficiently
organize our cities,

26:24.000 --> 26:25.500 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
our traffic plans.

26:26.933 --> 26:30.066 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
And so you've got a number
of papers that do this,

26:30.166 --> 26:32.233 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Ant traffic rules, above.

26:33.666 --> 26:37.633 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
And these are models based
on natural, empirical data.

26:39.466 --> 26:41.033 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Then you've got
Thomas Seeley's book,

26:41.133 --> 26:42.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Honeybee Democracy,

26:42.600 --> 26:44.500 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
which the final chapter,

26:44.600 --> 26:46.100 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
cleverly examines,

26:47.066 --> 26:49.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
not only how honeybees operate,

26:49.300 --> 26:52.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
but how humans operate
in certain respects,

26:53.000 --> 26:57.066 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
and what are the similarities
in decision making.

26:59.366 --> 27:03.500 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Wisdom of Bees, can we
learn from social insects?

27:05.933 --> 27:06.766 align:left position:45%,start line:5% size:45%
Okay.

27:08.133 --> 27:09.133 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
Why insects?

27:10.100 --> 27:12.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
The final category,

27:12.133 --> 27:13.866 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
I'm sure we could all come up

27:13.966 --> 27:15.700 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
with many more categories,

27:15.800 --> 27:17.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
is the aesthetic sense,

27:17.933 --> 27:20.133 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
the beauty that
comes with insects

27:20.233 --> 27:21.300 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
inspiring us.

27:22.500 --> 27:26.100 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
So, I'm gonna take a
biologist's approach

27:26.200 --> 27:27.833 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
to this beauty.

27:27.933 --> 27:29.233 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So, why do flowers exist?

27:29.333 --> 27:31.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
It's not for humans.

27:31.133 --> 27:33.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
It's to attract pollinators.

27:33.400 --> 27:35.300 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Opportunistically
we love flowers,

27:35.400 --> 27:36.666 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
we tend to breed flowers

27:36.766 --> 27:38.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
because we really are attracted,

27:38.966 --> 27:40.566 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
to what has evolved,

27:41.433 --> 27:44.000 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
to attract different species.

27:44.100 --> 27:47.166 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
Well, if we look at
gorgeous insects out there,

27:47.266 --> 27:50.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
iridescent wings of
a Morpho butterfly,

27:50.566 --> 27:53.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
the multiple colors
of a grasshopper,

27:53.933 --> 27:58.033 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
the orange, black, white
banded Monarch butterfly.

27:58.133 --> 27:59.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
What are we looking at?

27:59.800 --> 28:02.600 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
We're looking at
either something,

28:02.700 --> 28:05.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
that is display for courtship,

28:06.966 --> 28:09.666 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
for sexual selection purposes.

28:09.766 --> 28:12.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
We could be looking at
camouflage, crypsis.

28:12.866 --> 28:14.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Looking like your environment,

28:14.300 --> 28:16.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
so you look like a leaf
or something like that.

28:16.533 --> 28:19.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Or, aposematism,
warning coloration.

28:20.833 --> 28:23.666 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
You'll remember
yellow-black bands,

28:23.766 --> 28:26.600 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
or red, or high
contrast patterns.

28:28.066 --> 28:31.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
If you take a nibble
and it tastes awful.

28:32.033 --> 28:35.966 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, if you sequester noxious
chemicals in your body,

28:36.066 --> 28:40.100 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
and you can just display
that willy-nilly,

28:40.200 --> 28:41.533 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
you can potentially be safe,

28:41.633 --> 28:43.966 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
if organisms that would
serve as potential predators,

28:44.066 --> 28:46.166 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
avoid you and your kin,

28:46.266 --> 28:50.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
or at least those
belonging to a similar ilk.

28:51.700 --> 28:53.766 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
You can procure benefits,

28:57.600 --> 29:01.833 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
by looking like others that
are chemically defended,

29:03.100 --> 29:05.233 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
even if you're not
chemically defended yourself.

29:05.333 --> 29:06.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And we can find beauty

29:06.700 --> 29:08.966 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
in these patterns
and these colors.

29:09.066 --> 29:11.666 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, do you confer benefits?

29:11.766 --> 29:15.266 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
Let's look at a couple
of human derived examples

29:15.366 --> 29:17.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
inspired by insects.

29:18.200 --> 29:21.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Anybody guess what that
insect is on the left?

29:21.333 --> 29:25.100 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
This is from a thousands
year old petroglyph.

29:32.333 --> 29:34.500 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So think four bigger legs,

29:36.400 --> 29:38.833 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
and raptorial teeny forelegs.

29:39.933 --> 29:41.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
What do you think those
circles represent?

29:41.433 --> 29:42.800 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
They're not wings,

29:42.900 --> 29:45.666 align:left position:30%,start line:83% size:60%
at least by some
interpretations.

29:48.700 --> 29:50.433 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Ripples on the water?

29:51.566 --> 29:54.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Maybe Gerridae, family
of water striders.

29:56.500 --> 29:57.666 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
So this is really ancient,

29:57.766 --> 30:00.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
on the right you've got
Joan Miro's le crayon,

30:00.966 --> 30:01.966 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
The Cricket.

30:03.100 --> 30:06.566 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
An abstract piece
based on the cricket.

30:06.666 --> 30:08.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And we happen to
be fortunate enough

30:08.966 --> 30:11.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
to have the world's
greatest artist in the room,

30:11.833 --> 30:13.133 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
happens to be my
mother right there.

30:13.233 --> 30:15.600 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And she produced
this mars beetle.

30:15.700 --> 30:19.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
So inspired thinking cosmically,

30:19.133 --> 30:22.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
with respect to
insects as symbols.

30:24.866 --> 30:28.366 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
Then you've got Max
Ernst and Salvador Dali.

30:28.466 --> 30:31.733 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Thinking in terms of
surrealism and dreams,

30:31.833 --> 30:34.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
and how influences from insects,

30:35.000 --> 30:37.400 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
can permeate a dream.

30:37.500 --> 30:39.266 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So I don't know if
you can spot it,

30:39.366 --> 30:43.166 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
but right above that
pomegranate on the lower right

30:43.266 --> 30:45.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
of that Salvador Dali image,

30:45.533 --> 30:46.966 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
what do you have?

30:48.000 --> 30:50.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
You've got a little honey bee,

30:50.533 --> 30:54.100 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
which purportedly
inspired her whole dream.

31:01.066 --> 31:04.233 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So an artist can
have great impact

31:04.333 --> 31:06.066 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
in a variety of ways.

31:06.166 --> 31:08.100 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
Cornelia Hesse-Honegger,

31:08.200 --> 31:09.600 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
from Switzerland,

31:10.566 --> 31:11.666 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
is an artist,

31:12.633 --> 31:13.933 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
she's an environmentalist,

31:14.033 --> 31:15.466 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
she's an activist,

31:15.566 --> 31:17.633 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
and she's become
somewhat of a scientist,

31:17.733 --> 31:19.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
at least an amateur scientist.

31:19.900 --> 31:21.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
What she looks for,

31:22.000 --> 31:24.433 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
is mutated insects primarily.

31:25.600 --> 31:27.833 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Sometimes leaves of oaks,

31:27.933 --> 31:31.100 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
but primarily mutant insects.

31:31.200 --> 31:34.500 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
That had been
distorted physically,

31:34.600 --> 31:38.333 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
by radiation output
according to her studies,

31:39.466 --> 31:41.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
produced by nuclear
power plants.

31:41.633 --> 31:43.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Even the cleanest ones,

31:43.700 --> 31:44.866 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
as in Switzerland.

31:44.966 --> 31:47.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
But she's gone to Three
Mile Island, Chernobyl,

31:47.733 --> 31:50.700 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
and collected insects and shown

31:50.800 --> 31:52.500 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
that you've got
a number of them,

31:52.600 --> 31:54.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
that have been
affected adversely.

31:54.633 --> 31:56.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80%
What does that say about humans?

31:56.666 --> 31:58.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So she makes claims,

31:58.866 --> 32:00.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
to try to affect
our decision making

32:00.866 --> 32:05.033 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
in terms of sustainability
in our energy choices.

32:08.933 --> 32:11.033 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Bill Logan in New Jersey,

32:11.133 --> 32:13.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
produces these
exquisite fly ties.

32:15.133 --> 32:16.866 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
When I first saw one,

32:17.700 --> 32:19.800 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
a friend of mine just said,
"Here, look at these photos.

32:19.900 --> 32:21.200 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
You gotta go to
this art exhibit."

32:21.300 --> 32:23.300 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
And I looked and said, "Well,
these are beautiful photos

32:23.400 --> 32:24.566 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
of stone flies."

32:24.666 --> 32:26.566 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
And I thought there must
be something more to it.

32:26.666 --> 32:28.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80%
And I looked through the photos,

32:28.566 --> 32:31.033 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and then one showed
a ventral view

32:31.133 --> 32:32.966 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
with a big hook.

32:33.066 --> 32:36.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So he'll spend over
a hundred hours,

32:37.366 --> 32:39.200 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
traditional fly tying methods

32:39.300 --> 32:43.100 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
to produce these hyper
realistic fly ties.

32:43.200 --> 32:45.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And he'll make them
look really realistic

32:45.500 --> 32:47.233 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
in terms of some damage.

32:47.333 --> 32:48.566 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Like that circus,

32:48.666 --> 32:51.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that posterior
appendage on the right,

32:51.533 --> 32:54.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
broken off as you
might see in nature.

32:54.733 --> 32:56.133 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Conscious choice.

33:01.700 --> 33:02.966 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
Kazuo Kadonaga,

33:03.066 --> 33:05.900 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Japanese artist who
looks at sericulture,

33:06.000 --> 33:09.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
traditional methods
of producing silk

33:09.566 --> 33:13.500 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
and in this case he
produced 110,000 cocoons

33:13.600 --> 33:15.566 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
that he heat treated or killed,

33:15.666 --> 33:18.100 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
after moving those
crates all around

33:18.200 --> 33:19.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
so they'd be evenly distributed

33:20.033 --> 33:23.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
to make commentary
about sericulture,

33:23.500 --> 33:25.000 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
and human culture.

33:27.400 --> 33:30.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Then you've got Steven
Kutcher in California,

33:30.100 --> 33:32.233 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and he'll dip the
tarsi of beetles

33:32.333 --> 33:33.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
and other insects in paints,

33:34.000 --> 33:37.133 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
and he'll collaborate
with his insect friends.

33:37.233 --> 33:39.833 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
And create these canvases
of abstract works,

33:39.933 --> 33:42.166 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
that he can somewhat
manipulate by presenting light

33:42.266 --> 33:43.700 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
and other things.

33:47.266 --> 33:50.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
One of my favorites
Harry or Henry Dalton,

33:50.333 --> 33:52.633 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
was a Victorian microscopist.

33:52.733 --> 33:53.666 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
And what he did,

33:53.766 --> 33:55.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
was he'd take a pig bristle,

33:56.000 --> 33:58.366 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
and pick individual scales,

33:58.466 --> 34:02.000 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
these are modified, seedy,
hair-like structures

34:02.100 --> 34:04.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
on another insect
that form the scales

34:05.066 --> 34:07.600 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
that form the color
patterns on butterfly wings.

34:07.700 --> 34:09.933 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
He'd take individual
scales with a pig bristle

34:10.033 --> 34:13.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
and arrange them with
diatoms and still lives

34:13.466 --> 34:16.266 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
with no adhesive on slides.

34:16.366 --> 34:18.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And some of these
exist in the world,

34:18.533 --> 34:21.000 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
they were shown at the
Museum of Jurassic Technology

34:21.100 --> 34:23.400 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
and here are some of those
still lives close up,

34:23.500 --> 34:24.600 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
and far away.

34:29.700 --> 34:33.866 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
Jan Fabre produces these
works made of entire insects.

34:35.300 --> 34:37.800 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
So instead of just the paint
tracings by Steven Kutcher

34:37.900 --> 34:41.166 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
or the individual scales
as in Harry Dalton's work.

34:41.266 --> 34:43.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Here, Jan Fabre will
take entire beetles

34:43.933 --> 34:46.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and form these
exquisite displays.

34:46.733 --> 34:48.666 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Jennifer Angus at UW-Madison,

34:48.766 --> 34:51.033 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
produces geometric displays

34:51.133 --> 34:52.766 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
with entire insects as well.

34:52.866 --> 34:54.766 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
And she has a present display

34:54.866 --> 34:57.300 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
in the Smithsonian right now.

35:01.100 --> 35:02.666 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Catherine Chalmers.

35:04.166 --> 35:05.166 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
When this was published

35:05.266 --> 35:07.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
this painted American cockroach,

35:07.766 --> 35:09.800 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Periplaneta americana
on the right,

35:09.900 --> 35:12.466 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
as the cover of Art in America,

35:13.766 --> 35:15.166 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
I thought oh, this
is interesting,

35:15.266 --> 35:17.633 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
well, let's see what letters
come up in the next issue.

35:17.733 --> 35:19.933 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
And all the letters that
were published were like

35:20.033 --> 35:21.733 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
how could you do
that to a cockroach?

35:21.833 --> 35:24.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
I thought, wow probably people
who wouldn't think twice

35:24.833 --> 35:26.900 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
about crushing the
same cockroach.

35:27.000 --> 35:29.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
But, something about her work,

35:30.033 --> 35:31.433 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
brings a humanity,

35:31.533 --> 35:33.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
to these very distant relatives,

35:33.866 --> 35:35.300 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
these cockroaches.

35:35.400 --> 35:37.600 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
Such that whether or not
she's painting an insect

35:37.700 --> 35:41.233 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
or creating faux
executions of cockroaches,

35:42.666 --> 35:45.166 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
no cockroach was harmed
in any of these exhibits,

35:45.266 --> 35:46.966 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
she switches it out
at the last minute

35:47.066 --> 35:49.400 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
with a carcass of an insect.

35:50.800 --> 35:54.566 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
But, people respond really
strongly, viscerally.

35:56.700 --> 35:59.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Because they see a
humanity in an insect.

35:59.566 --> 36:01.933 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And if you fear
honeybees for example,

36:02.033 --> 36:03.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
it's a different
scene if you put a dab

36:03.933 --> 36:04.766 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
of paint on one,

36:04.866 --> 36:07.466 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
and watch that individual.

36:07.566 --> 36:10.666 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
Then it becomes more
of a soap opera.

36:12.333 --> 36:14.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And then there's Hubret
Duprat in France,

36:14.866 --> 36:18.100 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and he takes individual
caddisfly larvae

36:18.200 --> 36:20.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
that often times build,

36:20.566 --> 36:21.800 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
depending on the species,

36:21.900 --> 36:24.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
these protective cases
around their bodies.

36:25.000 --> 36:25.900 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
Sometimes out of pebble,

36:26.000 --> 36:27.333 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
sometimes out of sticks,

36:27.433 --> 36:28.266 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
and what he'll do

36:28.366 --> 36:29.700 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
is he'll take the back end off,

36:29.800 --> 36:33.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and poke the posterior
end of the larva.

36:33.400 --> 36:35.133 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
She'll wiggle out,

36:35.233 --> 36:37.000 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
ditch that case,

36:37.100 --> 36:40.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and now offer gold
spangles and pearls.

36:41.866 --> 36:44.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
I know it's a tough
collaboration,

36:44.400 --> 36:46.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
because as you can
see in the upper left,

36:46.500 --> 36:48.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
they can be really finicky.

36:48.300 --> 36:49.400 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
So, uhh forget that one.

36:49.500 --> 36:50.766 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
Ugh, forget that one,

36:50.866 --> 36:52.000 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
and then maybe this one.

36:52.100 --> 36:54.833 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
I'll incorporate with
cephalic silk glands

36:54.933 --> 36:57.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
to glue it essentially,

36:57.400 --> 37:00.300 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
or sew it on my
cloak, on my case.

37:02.933 --> 37:04.100 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
Hubert Duprat.

37:05.300 --> 37:07.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
The Stouts in the U.S.
do a similar operation

37:07.600 --> 37:10.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
out of their garage
producing earrings.

37:14.700 --> 37:16.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
And Yukinori Yanagi,

37:16.533 --> 37:19.466 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
World Flag Ant Farm
and other projects,

37:19.566 --> 37:21.300 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
are linked ant farms,

37:23.700 --> 37:25.700 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
made with colored sands,

37:26.900 --> 37:28.066 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
to form flags.

37:29.400 --> 37:31.700 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
The ants will distribute,

37:31.800 --> 37:33.766 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
the colors of those flags.

37:33.866 --> 37:36.233 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Breaking down the
political boundaries,

37:36.333 --> 37:39.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that we've artificially
imposed upon ourselves,

37:39.533 --> 37:40.566 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
in the world.

37:46.800 --> 37:50.433 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
You also have insects
inspiring music,

37:50.533 --> 37:52.033 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
dance, literature.

37:54.333 --> 37:55.500 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60%
And in a moment,

37:55.600 --> 37:58.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
you're going to hear a
traditional folk song,

37:58.166 --> 37:59.800 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
by the Dong in China.

37:59.900 --> 38:03.800 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
(singing in foreign language)

38:16.900 --> 38:17.733 align:left position:45%,start line:89% size:45%
Okay.

38:20.466 --> 38:24.133 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
What insects do you
think they're mimicking?

38:25.566 --> 38:28.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
The heat of the
summer in the trees.

38:28.733 --> 38:29.833 align:left position:40%,start line:89% size:50%
Cicadas.

38:29.933 --> 38:31.100 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
(singing in foreign language)

38:31.200 --> 38:34.000 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Males calling with
tymbals, females.

38:37.900 --> 38:40.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Lower right, modern
dance in China.

38:40.700 --> 38:44.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
Center, a theatrical performance

38:44.133 --> 38:46.233 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
of Kafka's Metamorphosis.

38:47.866 --> 38:51.533 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
On the left, made into a
film directed by Teshigahara

38:51.633 --> 38:53.800 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
is Kobo Abe's
Woman of the Dunes,

38:53.900 --> 38:55.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
one of my favorites.

38:55.166 --> 38:58.600 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
An entomologist roams
the deserts in Japan.

38:59.766 --> 39:02.666 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
I won't send any
spoilers your way.

39:02.766 --> 39:05.100 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
And then music Syd Barrett.

39:05.200 --> 39:07.000 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
(singing in foreign language)

39:07.100 --> 39:10.566 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
Graeme Revell actually
incorporating insect songs

39:10.666 --> 39:13.033 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
in his electronic music.

39:13.133 --> 39:14.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
And then I put that up,

39:14.533 --> 39:16.833 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
just because one of
my favorite artists.

39:16.933 --> 39:18.600 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
You've got Tessa Farmer,

39:18.700 --> 39:20.800 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
with her little fairies
made out of insect wings

39:20.900 --> 39:22.166 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
and vine roots,

39:23.833 --> 39:26.266 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
forming these spear wielding,

39:28.033 --> 39:29.900 align:left position:30%,start line:5% size:60%
tirade or hoard,

39:30.000 --> 39:32.466 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
atop other insects or animals.

39:32.566 --> 39:36.400 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
(singing in foreign language)

39:37.700 --> 39:39.100 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
(classical music)

39:39.200 --> 39:40.066 align:left position:45%,start line:5% size:45%
Film!

39:40.166 --> 39:41.233 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
There are hundreds of films

39:41.333 --> 39:44.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that feature insects
central role.

39:44.733 --> 39:46.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Ladislas Starevich,

39:46.733 --> 39:49.133 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
a Russian who produced
these beautiful,

39:49.233 --> 39:51.266 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
stop-motion animations.

39:51.366 --> 39:53.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
So imagine insects
with wire armatures,

39:53.800 --> 39:55.366 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
he moved them do-do-do-do-do,

39:55.466 --> 39:56.700 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
frame-by-frame-by-frame.

39:56.800 --> 39:58.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And he'd have
these little scenes

39:58.333 --> 40:00.433 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
like this grasshopper
painting a scene,

40:00.533 --> 40:03.566 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and these tragic
tales at Christmas,

40:03.666 --> 40:06.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
you can find all of
these on YouTube.

40:09.466 --> 40:11.233 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
(crickets chirping)

40:11.333 --> 40:15.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
I'll only show a bit of
Isabella Rossellini's

40:15.633 --> 40:16.633 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
Green Porno.

40:17.800 --> 40:19.233 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
- A queen bee.

40:19.333 --> 40:21.066 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
I would be very fat,

40:21.166 --> 40:24.600 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and do nothing
else but lay eggs.

40:24.700 --> 40:27.366 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
(eggs bouncing)

40:28.466 --> 40:30.200 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
The unfertilized eggs,

40:30.300 --> 40:31.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
will hatch my sons.

40:31.733 --> 40:33.300 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
The fertilized eggs,

40:33.400 --> 40:35.733 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
will hatch my daughters.

40:35.833 --> 40:37.000 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
If I were a daughter,

40:37.100 --> 40:38.700 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
I will be sterile

40:38.800 --> 40:41.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
and I would do all the work.

40:41.300 --> 40:44.566 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
- She has a whole series of
these inspired by insects.

40:44.666 --> 40:46.766 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
We can also think
about how insects

40:46.866 --> 40:48.500 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
have affected education.

40:48.600 --> 40:51.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
How can you use insects
to talk about behavior,

40:51.800 --> 40:53.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
ecology, evolution,

40:54.000 --> 40:56.900 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
principles in a
generalizable way.

40:57.000 --> 41:01.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, a field guide I
illustrated with John Abbot.

41:01.400 --> 41:04.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Looking at bees' knees,
orchid bees' knees,

41:04.433 --> 41:07.100 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
to distinguish you can educate,

41:07.200 --> 41:08.533 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
using insect models.

41:08.633 --> 41:10.833 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Lorenzo Possenti in Italy,

41:10.933 --> 41:13.066 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
produces these exquisite
gigantic insects,

41:13.166 --> 41:15.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
he devotes his life to this.

41:15.300 --> 41:17.833 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
In order to teach about
insect not only morphology,

41:17.933 --> 41:22.100 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
but diversity and sometimes
in ecological contexts.

41:25.400 --> 41:26.766 align:left position:40%,start line:5% size:50%
Science!

41:26.866 --> 41:28.666 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Insects as model organisms.

41:28.766 --> 41:31.300 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
Of course there's
drosophila melanogaster,

41:31.400 --> 41:32.666 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
the fruit fly.

41:32.766 --> 41:34.400 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
That has been the staple

41:34.500 --> 41:36.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
for better
understanding genetics,

41:36.933 --> 41:38.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
including in humans,

41:38.433 --> 41:42.166 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
because so many of our
genes have been conserved.

41:44.100 --> 41:48.200 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
Alright, it's time to focus
on the Driftless zone,

41:48.300 --> 41:51.366 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
to bring the relevance locally.

41:51.466 --> 41:54.066 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
So how are insects
really relevant,

41:54.166 --> 41:55.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
right around this area.

41:55.933 --> 41:57.433 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And I just picked a
handful of examples,

41:57.533 --> 42:00.433 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
I could've included a lot more.

42:01.266 --> 42:03.666 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
The first, we talk
about bee products.

42:03.766 --> 42:07.933 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
So, bees are kept all around
the Driftless zone area.

42:09.200 --> 42:10.733 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Pollination is very important,

42:10.833 --> 42:11.833 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
honey is very important,

42:11.933 --> 42:13.033 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
wax can be very important,

42:13.133 --> 42:14.866 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and even deodorant
can be very important.

42:14.966 --> 42:16.133 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
This is a local company

42:16.233 --> 42:19.233 align:left position:27.5%,start line:83% size:62.5%
that includes bee
products like wax.

42:20.833 --> 42:24.566 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
And it comes in an
unscented variety.

42:24.666 --> 42:27.600 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Sports, taking on
the image of a swarm

42:27.700 --> 42:31.233 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
because who wants to face
a swarm of anything, right?

42:31.333 --> 42:35.500 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
And, this national lacrosse
team outside of St. Paul,

42:37.366 --> 42:39.533 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
existed from 2004 to 2015.

42:44.000 --> 42:46.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
But, obviously they
swarmed off to Georgia.

42:46.866 --> 42:50.933 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
So, we no longer have that
in the Driftless zone.

42:53.400 --> 42:55.600 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
But we do have mayflies.

42:55.700 --> 42:59.366 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
And I've been snapping
my fingers in dismay,

43:00.500 --> 43:02.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
every summer I'm
doing work in Panama

43:02.433 --> 43:03.566 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
and people write me and said,

43:03.666 --> 43:05.500 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
have you seen this it
appears on a radar,

43:05.600 --> 43:07.300 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
there's so many mayflies.

43:07.400 --> 43:12.166 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
And I snapped photos of
them filling gas stations.

43:12.266 --> 43:14.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
Piles and piles of mayflies.

43:15.000 --> 43:16.800 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
Order Ephemeroptera,

43:16.900 --> 43:19.566 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
short-lived, winged insects.

43:19.666 --> 43:22.333 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
Because in some cases
while they may live weeks,

43:22.433 --> 43:24.333 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
months, as immatures.

43:24.433 --> 43:26.166 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
It can be as short as a day,

43:26.266 --> 43:27.600 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
as an adult.

43:27.700 --> 43:31.366 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So, they better reproduce
and reproduce fast.

43:32.933 --> 43:36.300 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, I looked up through the
National Weather Service,

43:36.400 --> 43:38.400 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
what they say about
mayflies and I love it.

43:38.500 --> 43:40.400 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
They show the mayfly,
they talk about it,

43:40.500 --> 43:41.900 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
and I put a star here,

43:42.000 --> 43:45.800 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
mayflies are sensitive to
gross organic pollution,

43:45.900 --> 43:48.866 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and their presence is
good news ecologically

43:48.966 --> 43:51.200 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
because it means that
pollution such as sewage,

43:51.300 --> 43:53.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
is not present in large amounts.

43:53.900 --> 43:57.866 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
So, again here's an insect
serving as a bio-indicator,

43:57.966 --> 44:00.266 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
and kudos to the
National Weather Service

44:00.366 --> 44:02.233 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
to point out the attributes,

44:02.333 --> 44:06.166 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
even it's from a human
perspective of insects.

44:07.400 --> 44:09.100 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So what does that affect?

44:09.200 --> 44:11.400 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
Well local recreation, fishing.

44:11.500 --> 44:15.033 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
So, some of you may
have passed this nearby,

44:15.133 --> 44:16.866 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
the Driftless Angler.

44:18.533 --> 44:20.733 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
You can hire people
to take you on tours

44:20.833 --> 44:23.666 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
in the Driftless
zone for fishing.

44:28.566 --> 44:32.066 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
And this culminates in
a beautiful piece of art

44:32.166 --> 44:35.266 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
in the form of both a
science and an art book,

44:35.366 --> 44:38.700 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
based on mayflies of
the Driftless zone.

44:39.800 --> 44:42.833 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
So, before I totally wrap up,

44:42.933 --> 44:45.300 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
a project that I'm
really excited about,

44:45.400 --> 44:47.066 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
and it's a long term project,

44:47.166 --> 44:51.166 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
involves a database on
cultural entomology.

44:51.266 --> 44:54.200 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
So students of mine
are helping me build

44:54.300 --> 44:57.500 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
what I hope will be the
largest resource online,

44:57.600 --> 45:00.166 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
focusing on all these
different categories

45:00.266 --> 45:03.000 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
of how insects affect humans

45:03.100 --> 45:05.600 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
and have throughout history
and across the world.

45:05.700 --> 45:06.433 align:left position:32.5%,start line:89% size:57.5%
The idea is,

45:06.533 --> 45:08.166 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
that maybe an historian,

45:08.266 --> 45:10.833 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
a student, a teacher,
a scientist, an artist,

45:10.933 --> 45:13.100 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
can search by insect.

45:13.200 --> 45:16.000 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Popular common name
or scientific name,

45:16.100 --> 45:17.433 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
region of the world.

45:17.533 --> 45:19.066 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
Maybe you wanna
look up mosquito,

45:19.166 --> 45:22.333 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Africa, World War II
and see what comes up.

45:22.433 --> 45:25.300 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
Either in art or politics.

45:25.400 --> 45:29.633 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
The idea is you'll have
this potential Wiki,

45:29.733 --> 45:31.900 align:left position:12.5%,start line:5% size:77.5%
where people can
contribute en masse someday

45:32.000 --> 45:33.233 align:left position:32.5%,start line:5% size:57.5%
in the future.

45:33.333 --> 45:34.766 align:left position:22.5%,start line:5% size:67.5%
So, that's what
we're working on now

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to bring all this together.

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So, at the end after questions,

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you're more than welcome,

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I'd love to give
you a little tour

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of a teeny sample of tangible,

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cultural entomology
items I've brought.

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But I'd love to take questions,

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and your thoughts
about how insects

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have affected your lives.

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Thanks a lot for
coming, first of all.

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Really appreciate it.

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(applause)