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cc

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>> It's my great pleasure to

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introduce my colleague, Claudia

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Card, who is a UW Alum.

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I'm not going to tell you

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exactly when she graduated, but

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she's one of ours.

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After having taken her

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undergraduate degree here, she

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went off to Harvard to earn her

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PhD.

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During the point at which she

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was completing her PhD she came

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back to her Alma Mater and began

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teaching for us, and has been

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doing for about 47 years.

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Not only is Professor Card a

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member of our department, she's

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also affiliated with the Jewish

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Studies program, the Women's

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Studies program, the Institute

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for Environmental Studies and

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the LGBTQ Studies program as

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well.

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She's the author of four books.

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She's edited six more.

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She's the author of over 90

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articles, many of which are

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reprinted in anthologies and

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translated into a variety of

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languages.

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Professor Card has delivered

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over 300 talks in her career.

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She's currently working on two

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books, an introduction to

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feminist philosophy, and a third

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in a trilogy on evil.

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This first two installments of

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which were published to great

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acclaim, <i>The Atrocity Paradigm,</i>

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that was published by Oxford

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University Press in 2006 and

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<i>Confronting Evils</i> published by

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Cambridge in 2010.

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Professor Card has earned a

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number of awards including the

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Distinguished Woman Philosopher

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of the Year in 1996, and the

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NEH, an ACLS award.

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She's been a resident fellow

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with the Institute for Research

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and Humanities here, as well as

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a senior fellow.

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And she's won the university's

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Hilldale Award, a kind of

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capstone career award for

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excellence in teaching service

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and research.

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She's been a past-president of

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the Central Division of the

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American Philosophical

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Association.

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And her work has been the

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subject of three volumes of

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collected essays by those who've

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been impressed by her impact

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within the field.

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Professor Card has been an

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influential mentor to

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generations of graduate students

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here at UW.

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She is renowned for her

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groundbreaking work in feminist

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philosophy, and in moral

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philosophy more generally.

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She's been quite generous with

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her time, giving dozens of

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public lectures.

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This is only the latest of

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which, and over 20 times she's

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been invited to talk on the

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radio and on television.

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I hope you'll join me

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enthusiastically in welcoming my

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colleague, Claudia Card, who

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will be talking this night about

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genocide and social death.

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[applause]

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>> Thank you, Russ, for that

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generous introduction.

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Genocide has become the

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paradigm atrocity of our time.

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Etymologically, the word

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"genocide" which was coined less

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than a century ago, should mean

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the killing of a tribe.

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But most victims of genocide

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today are not what we would

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naturally call tribes.

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For this reason, among others,

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not everyone understands

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genocide in the same way.

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The International Association of

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Genocide Scholars asks on its

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membership application form,

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what definition of genocide do

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you use in your work?

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Here are some questions commonly

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asked by those who think about

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genocide and those who may have

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obligations to respond to

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genocides.

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The basic philosophical question

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would naturally be, what is a

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genocide?

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Under that, widely discussed

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questions are, how does it

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differ from non-genocidal

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mass-murder, such as the

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Oklahoma City bombing or the

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Tokyo subway gassing, the

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bombings of 9/11, or even the

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Columbine High School massacre?

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Is mass murder even necessary

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for genocide?

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As a crime, is genocide

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redundant, given the already

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existing war crimes and crimes

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against humanity?

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That is, does it identify

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something new?

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Is genocide the worst crime, or

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the most evil, that you can

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imagine?

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Against what kinds of groups can

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genocide be committed?

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Could there, for example, be a

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gay genocide?

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Would femicide be a kind of

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genocide?

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What about people with

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disabilities?

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What about evil groups?

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What kinds of acts can be

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genocidal?

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What underlies the judgment that

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genocide is never justifiable or

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even excusable?

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I begin with the idea that

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genocide is the murder of a

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people or other significant

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community.

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My hypothesis is that social

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death is utterly central to the

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idea of murdering a people.

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Social death is a concept I

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borrow from historian Orlando

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Patterson's book, <i>Slavery and</i>

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<i>Social Death,</i> which was

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published in 1982.

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You'll see on your handout, on

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the back, there's a bibliography

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of works, some of which I will

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refer to, and others of which I

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have found helpful.

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Patterson used the concept of

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social death to describe the

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plight of slaves who were

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captured in Africa and survived

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the middle passage to the

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Americas.

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They were torn from their roots,

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chained together with others who

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spoke different languages.

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And in the New World they were

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robbed of the security of even

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their own family connections by

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the practice of selling off

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children, spouses, and other

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kin.

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In the Americas, Patterson

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argued, relationships among

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slaves had no social security,

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and so slaves, he

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concluded, were socially dead.

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Later generations of slaves who

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were born to a condition of

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social death were said by

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Patterson to be natally

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alienated, cut off from social

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ties in both directions, both to

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their ancestors and to their

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progeny.

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These are controversial

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hypotheses among historians of

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slavery in the Americas who take

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seriously the idea of a slave

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culture.

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To the extent that those critics

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are right about slave culture,

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genocides may offer clearer

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instances of social death than

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slavery offered, at least,

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slavery in the Americas.

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To understand social death,

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I start with the idea of social

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vitality, and then understand

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social death as a deprivation or

06:45.400 --> 06:47.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
loss of social vitality.

06:47.900 --> 06:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
By social vitality I understand

06:50.133 --> 06:51.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
the meanings, shapes, and

06:51.866 --> 06:53.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
contents given to the lives of

06:53.600 --> 06:55.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
individuals by social

06:55.433 --> 06:58.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
relationships, both personal and

06:58.000 --> 07:00.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
institutional, contemporary and

07:00.300 --> 07:02.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
intergenerational, that unite

07:02.766 --> 07:04.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
them into a people or other

07:04.766 --> 07:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
significant community.

07:06.966 --> 07:08.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Social vitality takes many

07:08.366 --> 07:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
forms.

07:09.833 --> 07:11.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Linguistic, educational,

07:11.700 --> 07:13.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
political, economic, artistic,

07:13.766 --> 07:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and religious institutions all

07:15.666 --> 07:17.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
contribute, as do friendship and

07:17.733 --> 07:19.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
kinship networks.

07:19.866 --> 07:21.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Major loss of social vitality is

07:21.866 --> 07:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
a loss of social identity, and

07:23.766 --> 07:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
consequently, a serious loss of

07:25.633 --> 07:28.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
meaning for your existence.

07:28.200 --> 07:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Putting social death at the

07:29.600 --> 07:32.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
center takes the focus off body

07:32.133 --> 07:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
counts, and puts it instead on

07:34.566 --> 07:36.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the kinds of relationships that

07:36.200 --> 07:37.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
give meaning to the lives of

07:37.966 --> 07:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
individuals.

07:39.866 --> 07:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Social death, so understood, has

07:41.366 --> 07:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
degrees, and as we will see, it

07:43.500 --> 07:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
typically has stages.

07:47.300 --> 07:48.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Sometimes, social vitality is

07:48.766 --> 07:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
recoverable or re-creatable in

07:50.400 --> 07:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
new forms.

07:51.800 --> 07:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Often it is not.

07:54.166 --> 07:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Social death sounds like

07:55.566 --> 07:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
something suffered by a group.

07:57.300 --> 07:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
It is.

07:58.900 --> 08:00.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
But what makes social death

08:00.333 --> 08:01.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
morally significant is that it

08:01.800 --> 08:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
is suffered by individuals,

08:03.733 --> 08:05.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
members of the group, in virtue

08:05.733 --> 08:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
of their group membership.

08:07.800 --> 08:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It robs their lives of meaning,

08:10.033 --> 08:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
or robs them of the ability to

08:12.133 --> 08:14.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
give meaning to their lives, and

08:14.033 --> 08:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
in so doing, robs them of

08:15.666 --> 08:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
fundamental aspects of their

08:17.166 --> 08:19.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
humanity.

08:19.000 --> 08:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The social death of individuals

08:20.533 --> 08:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
can have other sources than

08:22.433 --> 08:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
genocide; slavery, banishment,

08:24.333 --> 08:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
disfigurement, illness, even

08:27.333 --> 08:29.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
self-chosen isolation, becoming

08:29.666 --> 08:31.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
a hermit.

08:31.100 --> 08:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But in most of these cases, one

08:33.000 --> 08:34.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is not ordinarily cut off from a

08:34.966 --> 08:36.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
shared language, history,

08:36.733 --> 08:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
traditions, and so on.

08:39.033 --> 08:40.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
In genocide, social death is

08:40.833 --> 08:42.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
extreme.

08:42.900 --> 08:44.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I take seriously Nietzsche's

08:44.400 --> 08:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
observation that only what has

08:46.133 --> 08:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
no history is definable, that

08:48.733 --> 08:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
is, in terms of necessary and

08:50.400 --> 08:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
sufficient conditions.

08:52.233 --> 08:53.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And so, I want to leave the

08:53.666 --> 08:55.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
notion of being "utterly

08:55.066 --> 08:57.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
central" relatively undefined.

08:57.900 --> 08:59.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But when I say that social death

08:59.500 --> 09:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
is utterly central, I mean at

09:01.200 --> 09:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
least that it is a salient

09:03.400 --> 09:04.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
characteristic of most paradigm

09:04.800 --> 09:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
instances.

09:06.433 --> 09:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Also, that it is a useful

09:07.833 --> 09:09.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
concept for appreciating the

09:09.600 --> 09:14.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
kind of evil that genocide is.

09:14.033 --> 09:15.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Social death enables us to

09:15.400 --> 09:16.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
distinguish genocide from other

09:16.966 --> 09:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
mass atrocities.

09:18.733 --> 09:20.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It is useful for explaining in

09:20.500 --> 09:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
what sense genocide is a form of

09:22.433 --> 09:24.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
murder and how it differs from

09:24.400 --> 09:25.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
other murders.

09:25.966 --> 09:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It helps for identifying the

09:27.466 --> 09:29.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
sorts of human groups that can

09:29.166 --> 09:31.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
be victims of genocide, which is

09:31.533 --> 09:32.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
a matter of some consequence in

09:32.833 --> 09:34.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
international law.

09:34.833 --> 09:36.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
It should be useful for

09:36.033 --> 09:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
identifying a

09:37.133 --> 09:38.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
genocide-in-progress, where

09:38.400 --> 09:39.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
intervention might interrupt it

09:39.900 --> 09:42.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
before it ran its course.

09:42.366 --> 09:43.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It is a gross understatement to

09:43.933 --> 09:46.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
say genocide is wrong.

09:46.566 --> 09:48.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Genocide is not just wrong.

09:48.600 --> 09:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It is an evil, and not in the

09:50.700 --> 09:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
popular loose sense of "evil"

09:53.233 --> 09:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that applies to anything bad or

09:55.233 --> 09:57.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
wrong but in that stricter,

09:57.800 --> 10:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
narrower, more specific sense in

10:00.200 --> 10:01.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
which "evil" is a very strong

10:01.700 --> 10:03.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
term of approbrium.

10:03.633 --> 10:06.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
According to some, including my

10:06.166 --> 10:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
teacher, Emeritus Professor

10:07.600 --> 10:09.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Marcus Singer, it is the

10:09.266 --> 10:10.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
strongest term of approbrium

10:10.933 --> 10:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
available to us.

10:13.233 --> 10:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
For the past decade and a half,

10:15.133 --> 10:16.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I have focused my research and

10:16.633 --> 10:18.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
writing on evils and the concept

10:18.233 --> 10:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
of evil.

10:19.500 --> 10:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
In doing so, I have taken on two

10:21.166 --> 10:22.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
tasks.

10:22.466 --> 10:24.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
First, I try to distinguish

10:24.500 --> 10:26.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
evils from lesser wrongs and

10:26.533 --> 10:28.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
lesser bads.

10:28.033 --> 10:29.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Evils, on my view, are not just

10:29.633 --> 10:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
worse, they are also more

10:31.400 --> 10:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
complex.

10:32.866 --> 10:34.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The second kind of task has been

10:34.766 --> 10:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to work through some tough moral

10:36.633 --> 10:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
and conceptual questions

10:39.000 --> 10:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
regarding particular evils,

10:40.133 --> 10:42.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
especially, torture, terrorism,

10:42.400 --> 10:44.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
and genocide.

10:44.400 --> 10:46.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
To give you a quick overview, I

10:46.500 --> 10:48.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
come to different conclusions

10:48.266 --> 10:49.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
regarding terrorism, torture,

10:49.866 --> 10:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
and genocide.

10:51.266 --> 10:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
In the case of terrorism, I

10:53.000 --> 10:54.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
found I had to allow the

10:54.433 --> 10:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
possibility that in some

10:56.166 --> 10:58.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
circumstances, in response to

10:58.300 --> 11:00.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
some atrocities, there are forms

11:00.400 --> 11:03.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of terrorism that are not evils,

11:03.300 --> 11:05.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
even if they are wrong, but

11:05.833 --> 11:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
those forms do not include

11:07.666 --> 11:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
torture or genocide.

11:10.033 --> 11:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And by the way, genocide tends

11:11.466 --> 11:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to include both torture and

11:13.166 --> 11:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
terrorism.

11:14.933 --> 11:16.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The reason I find some forms of

11:16.966 --> 11:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
terrorism not evils is not that

11:19.133 --> 11:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
they are not extremely harmful,

11:20.800 --> 11:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
obviously they are, but that

11:22.733 --> 11:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
they can be if not justifiable,

11:25.366 --> 11:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
then at least partly excusable.

11:28.366 --> 11:30.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
In the case of torture, I defend

11:30.133 --> 11:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the view that torture is an evil

11:31.600 --> 11:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that should never be on the

11:33.133 --> 11:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
table as a permissible option,

11:34.933 --> 11:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
whether for an individual or a

11:37.166 --> 11:38.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
government, whether for a

11:38.566 --> 11:40.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
particular act or as a policy,

11:40.666 --> 11:43.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
even though, like slavery,

11:43.233 --> 11:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
torture is not wrong by

11:44.600 --> 11:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
definition.

11:46.033 --> 11:47.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We can construct logically

11:47.733 --> 11:49.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
possible cases in which all the

11:49.166 --> 11:51.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
alternatives appear worse.

11:51.766 --> 11:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I appeal, rather, to the moral

11:53.233 --> 11:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
costs of torture as well as to

11:55.566 --> 11:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
empirical probabilities

11:57.266 --> 11:59.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
regarding what we can know and

11:59.100 --> 12:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
what we can control.

12:01.333 --> 12:02.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Because neither torture nor

12:02.966 --> 12:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
terrorism is wrong by

12:04.233 --> 12:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
definition, there is room for

12:05.666 --> 12:06.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
argument about their

12:06.733 --> 12:09.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
justifiability or excusability.

12:09.600 --> 12:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
In contrast, if genocide is

12:11.933 --> 12:13.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
understood as the murder of a

12:13.400 --> 12:15.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
people, there is no room for

12:15.033 --> 12:16.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
argument regarding its

12:16.266 --> 12:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
justifiability.

12:17.900 --> 12:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Murder is, by definition,

12:19.533 --> 12:20.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
wrongful.

12:20.866 --> 12:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Homicide can be justified, in

12:22.866 --> 12:24.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
self-defense, for example,

12:24.800 --> 12:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
murder cannot.

12:26.300 --> 12:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Killing in justifiable

12:27.533 --> 12:29.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
self-defense is not murder.

12:29.566 --> 12:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
In this respect, the philosopher

12:31.500 --> 12:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
who confronts the phenomena of

12:33.000 --> 12:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
genocide is in a position

12:34.566 --> 12:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
analogous to that of the

12:36.400 --> 12:37.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
philosopher who confronts the

12:37.833 --> 12:39.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
phenomena of rape.

12:39.766 --> 12:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The question is not when, if

12:41.366 --> 12:43.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
ever, it is justified.

12:43.266 --> 12:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The questions are, rather, how

12:45.366 --> 12:47.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we are to recognize instances of

12:47.200 --> 12:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
it and how it might be morally

12:49.333 --> 12:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
justifiable to respond.

12:51.933 --> 12:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And yet, it might seem an

12:53.300 --> 12:56.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
arbitrary stipulation, it seemed

12:56.200 --> 12:58.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
so to some of my first year FIG

12:58.200 --> 13:00.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
students a couple years ago, to

13:00.300 --> 13:02.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
say that genocide is wrong by

13:02.266 --> 13:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
definition.

13:03.666 --> 13:05.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So I'll have more to say about

13:05.033 --> 13:07.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that and in defense of my view

13:07.133 --> 13:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that it is not an arbitrary

13:09.033 --> 13:10.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
stipulation.

13:10.566 --> 13:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
No scholars or politicians that

13:12.033 --> 13:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I know of who have tried to

13:13.800 --> 13:15.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
define genocide have taken the

13:15.966 --> 13:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
view that it could ever be

13:17.433 --> 13:19.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
anything but wrong.

13:19.266 --> 13:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The genocide convention of 1948

13:21.600 --> 13:23.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
took as its task the definition

13:23.733 --> 13:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
of a crime that had not

13:25.366 --> 13:27.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
previously been defined in

13:27.366 --> 13:29.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
international law.

13:29.133 --> 13:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Still, it is a philosophically

13:31.566 --> 13:34.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
interesting question how, apart

13:34.300 --> 13:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
from size of the target,

13:36.400 --> 13:39.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
destroying an evil group differs

13:39.200 --> 13:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
from genocide.

13:41.266 --> 13:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Consider, for example, the

13:42.933 --> 13:45.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
organization known in the 1940s

13:45.233 --> 13:47.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
as "Murder, Inc."

13:47.066 --> 13:49.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and later as "the Syndicate"

13:49.300 --> 13:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
and "the Mob."

13:51.066 --> 13:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
This organization was described

13:52.733 --> 13:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
by authors of the book

13:54.233 --> 13:57.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
<i>Murder, Inc. </i>as a "fantastic

13:57.033 --> 13:58.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
ring of killers and

13:58.833 --> 14:00.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
extortionists" that constituted

14:00.966 --> 14:03.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
organized crime in the United

14:03.300 --> 14:04.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
States.

14:04.700 --> 14:05.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
They report that in one

14:05.900 --> 14:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
decade, Murder, Inc. was

14:07.233 --> 14:09.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
responsible for a thousand

14:09.533 --> 14:10.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
murders "from New England to

14:10.633 --> 14:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
California."

14:11.900 --> 14:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
If you think this group was too

14:13.166 --> 14:14.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
small or too thin to constitute

14:14.733 --> 14:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
a people, then, consider the Ku

14:16.766 --> 14:18.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Klux Klan, a group much larger

14:18.466 --> 14:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
and more complex in its

14:20.066 --> 14:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
activities.

14:21.900 --> 14:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
When sociologist Kathy Blee

14:23.900 --> 14:25.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
interviewed women in Indiana who

14:25.900 --> 14:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
had been members of the Klan in

14:27.333 --> 14:29.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the 1920s, they described it

14:29.500 --> 14:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
nostalgically as a way to

14:31.166 --> 14:33.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
socialize with like-minded

14:33.033 --> 14:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
others.

14:34.566 --> 14:36.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Or, consider the Nazi Party.

14:36.866 --> 14:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
One reason I cite Murder, Inc.

14:39.066 --> 14:40.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and the Klan is that I don't

14:40.766 --> 14:44.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
like to always be citing Nazis.

14:44.000 --> 14:45.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[laughter]

14:45.266 --> 14:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It seems more appropriate for

14:46.533 --> 14:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
me, as an American, to mention

14:48.233 --> 14:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
homegrown evil organizations.

14:51.266 --> 14:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The vitality contributed to the

14:52.733 --> 14:54.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
lives of members of these

14:54.033 --> 14:55.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
organizations was easily as

14:55.800 --> 14:57.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
important to their lives as the

14:57.966 --> 14:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
vitality contributed by a

14:59.666 --> 15:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
national or religious culture.

15:02.533 --> 15:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Many mass atrocities are

15:04.233 --> 15:05.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
recognized as genocides even

15:05.966 --> 15:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
though it is not clear that

15:07.533 --> 15:09.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
their victims are, strictly

15:09.766 --> 15:10.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
speaking, a people.

15:10.833 --> 15:12.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The Cambodian genocide, for

15:12.300 --> 15:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
example, in which both

15:13.933 --> 15:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
perpetrators and victims

15:15.866 --> 15:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
belonged to the same people.

15:19.133 --> 15:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
On the view that social death is

15:20.566 --> 15:22.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
central to genocide, it should

15:22.000 --> 15:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
be natural to ask whether it

15:23.833 --> 15:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
would be committing genocide to

15:25.500 --> 15:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
destroy an <i>evil </i>group that gave

15:27.533 --> 15:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
meaning to the lives of its

15:28.933 --> 15:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
members.

15:30.400 --> 15:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If it were, we could no longer

15:32.433 --> 15:33.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60%
define "genocide" as the
"<i>murder</i>

15:33.666 --> 15:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of a people" but would have to

15:35.666 --> 15:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
allow the possibility of

15:37.300 --> 15:39.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
justified genocides.

15:39.633 --> 15:41.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
I regard this as

15:41.233 --> 15:42.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
"the Murder, Inc. problem,"

15:42.966 --> 15:45.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
and I will return to it.

15:45.400 --> 15:46.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
To show that genocide is always

15:46.933 --> 15:48.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
an evil, it is necessary first

15:48.800 --> 15:50.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to say something about what

15:50.966 --> 15:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
conception of evil is in play

15:53.300 --> 15:57.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
here, and I turn to that next.

15:57.033 --> 16:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Mine, of course.

16:01.200 --> 16:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
In my first evil book,

16:03.066 --> 16:05.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
<i>The Atrocity Paradigm,</i>

16:05.000 --> 16:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I developed a theory of evil

16:06.200 --> 16:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that takes large-scale mass

16:07.533 --> 16:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
atrocities as paradigms.

16:09.933 --> 16:11.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
By a "paradigm," I mean an

16:11.800 --> 16:14.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
uncontroversial instance,

16:14.266 --> 16:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
something that is

16:15.700 --> 16:17.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
uncontroversially an evil.

16:17.633 --> 16:19.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If large-scale mass atrocities

16:19.233 --> 16:20.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
are not evils, I cannot imagine

16:20.600 --> 16:22.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
what would be.

16:22.300 --> 16:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
My approach is secular.

16:24.166 --> 16:25.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
I do not presuppose a

16:25.433 --> 16:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
theological context, although my

16:27.300 --> 16:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
approach is compatible with most

16:29.100 --> 16:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
aspects of the theological

16:31.433 --> 16:34.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
problem of evil, which ponders

16:34.333 --> 16:36.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
how an omnipotent and perfectly

16:36.300 --> 16:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
good creator could create a

16:38.033 --> 16:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
world as flawed by evils as

16:40.366 --> 16:43.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
ours.

16:43.000 --> 16:46.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
My initial definition was that

16:46.200 --> 16:47.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
evils are, "reasonably

16:47.600 --> 16:49.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
foreseeable intolerable harms,

16:49.066 --> 16:50.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
produced, maintained,

16:50.366 --> 16:52.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
aggravated, supported, and so on

16:52.833 --> 16:54.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
by culpable wrongdoing."

16:54.866 --> 16:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I changed "culpable wrongdoing"

16:57.300 --> 16:59.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to "inexcusable wrongs" in my

16:59.233 --> 17:02.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
second evil book, that is,

17:02.333 --> 17:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
<i>Confronting Evils: Terrorism,</i>

17:04.900 --> 17:06.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
<i>Torture, and Genocide</i>.

17:06.366 --> 17:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The resulting revised definition

17:07.700 --> 17:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
is that evils are reasonably

17:09.833 --> 17:14.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
foreseeable intolerable harms,

17:14.233 --> 17:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
produced, maintained,

17:15.333 --> 17:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
aggravated, supported, and so on

17:17.333 --> 17:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
by inexcusable wrongs.

17:19.900 --> 17:21.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So understood, evils have two

17:21.500 --> 17:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
basic, irreducibly distinct

17:24.100 --> 17:26.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
component, an agency component

17:26.533 --> 17:28.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and a harm component, connected

17:28.666 --> 17:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
by reasonably foreseeable

17:30.533 --> 17:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
causality.

17:32.066 --> 17:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Notice that I take the noun

17:33.700 --> 17:35.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
"evils," plural, as the basic

17:35.833 --> 17:37.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
concept.

17:37.633 --> 17:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I am not interested in the idea

17:39.333 --> 17:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
of evil as a mysterious or

17:41.033 --> 17:43.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
metaphysical force.

17:43.200 --> 17:45.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
I treat adjectival uses of

17:45.166 --> 17:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
"evil" as derivative from the

17:46.533 --> 17:48.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
noun use.

17:48.166 --> 17:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
An evil intention, for example,

17:50.133 --> 17:52.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is an intention, without excuse,

17:52.800 --> 17:54.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
to do reasonably foreseeable

17:54.133 --> 17:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
intolerable harm.

17:55.933 --> 17:57.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
An evil practice is one that

17:57.400 --> 17:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
inexcusably does reasonably

17:59.133 --> 18:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
foreseeable intolerable harm.

18:01.466 --> 18:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
A practice that is inexcusable

18:04.833 --> 18:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
today might have been excusable

18:06.600 --> 18:09.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
in the past, not then an evil

18:09.533 --> 18:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
but an evil today.

18:11.266 --> 18:13.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Perhaps some forms of slavery

18:13.700 --> 18:15.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
My motivating interest is in

18:15.366 --> 18:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
identifying deeds, practices,

18:17.200 --> 18:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and institutions that are evils,

18:19.366 --> 18:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
not in labeling perpetrators,

18:21.633 --> 18:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
even though I think that can

18:23.066 --> 18:24.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
sometimes be done.

18:24.900 --> 18:26.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I want to highlight more the

18:26.400 --> 18:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
plight of victims and resist

18:27.933 --> 18:29.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
becoming immersed in perpetrator

18:29.833 --> 18:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
psychology.

18:31.633 --> 18:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
This is an ethical conception of

18:33.366 --> 18:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
evils in that it presupposes the

18:35.200 --> 18:37.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
idea of moral wrongs.

18:37.466 --> 18:39.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Atrocities do not include

18:39.433 --> 18:41.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
natural catastrophes, although

18:41.600 --> 18:43.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
natural catastrophes can be just

18:43.166 --> 18:44.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
as harmful.

18:44.800 --> 18:46.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
I will not try to define

18:46.166 --> 18:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
"wrongs."

18:47.333 --> 18:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But my definition of evils is

18:49.000 --> 18:50.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
compatible with many

18:50.266 --> 18:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
non-utilitarian theories of the

18:52.266 --> 18:53.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
distinction between right and

18:53.766 --> 18:55.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
wrong.

18:55.200 --> 18:57.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Key concepts that require

18:57.200 --> 18:58.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
clarification then are

18:58.233 --> 19:00.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
"intolerable" in the

19:00.266 --> 19:02.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
"intolerable harm," and

19:02.066 --> 19:03.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
"inexcusable" in "inexcusable

19:03.900 --> 19:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
wrongs."

19:07.666 --> 19:10.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
To show that social death is

19:10.233 --> 19:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
necessarily evil I need to

19:12.466 --> 19:14.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to show that it's intolerably

19:14.433 --> 19:15.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
harmful.

19:15.966 --> 19:17.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I take it that's obvious, so I'm

19:17.366 --> 19:18.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
not going to spend any time on

19:18.633 --> 19:20.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
that.

19:20.033 --> 19:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
That it's always wrong.

19:21.400 --> 19:22.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
There's where I'm going to focus

19:22.666 --> 19:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
my attention.

19:23.900 --> 19:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And that there's no excuse for

19:25.166 --> 19:26.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5%
it.

19:26.200 --> 19:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
To show that there's no excuse

19:27.466 --> 19:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
for it would require me to get

19:29.000 --> 19:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
into perpetrator psychology in a

19:31.433 --> 19:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
way that I don't want to do

19:32.766 --> 19:34.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
tonight.

19:38.500 --> 19:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
By intolerable harms what I

19:42.433 --> 19:46.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
mean is substantial deprivations

19:46.333 --> 19:47.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of basics that are ordinarily

19:47.900 --> 19:49.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
necessary for a life or a

19:49.800 --> 19:51.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
death to be decent.

19:51.733 --> 19:53.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
That is, decent for the person

19:53.133 --> 19:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
whose life or death

19:54.400 --> 19:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
it is.

19:55.100 --> 19:56.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Such basics, in the case of a

19:56.500 --> 19:59.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
life include such things as

19:59.700 --> 20:01.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
access to non-toxic air, water,

20:01.566 --> 20:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and food, the ability to move

20:03.600 --> 20:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
your limbs, to sit, stand, or

20:06.033 --> 20:07.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
lie down, to make choices and

20:07.433 --> 20:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
act on some of them, to have

20:09.166 --> 20:11.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
affective bonds with others and

20:11.000 --> 20:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
interaction with some of them,

20:13.166 --> 20:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to be free from severe and

20:15.066 --> 20:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
unremitting pain or humiliation,

20:17.200 --> 20:18.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
and so on.

20:18.266 --> 20:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
These are things that cut across

20:19.766 --> 20:21.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
cultural differences and stem

20:21.366 --> 20:23.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
from our common needs, not only

20:23.433 --> 20:26.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
as members of a species but

20:26.133 --> 20:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
as mammals.

20:27.933 --> 20:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
How much deprivation?

20:29.900 --> 20:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Enough to make a life or death

20:31.600 --> 20:33.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
indecent, and so intolerable,

20:33.633 --> 20:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
for the person whose life or

20:35.166 --> 20:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
death it is.

20:36.700 --> 20:38.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
What makes a harm intolerable is

20:38.433 --> 20:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
not primarily a matter of

20:39.866 --> 20:41.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
subjective preference, even if

20:41.600 --> 20:43.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
subjective preference is not

20:43.133 --> 20:45.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
totally eliminable.

20:45.066 --> 20:46.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
This is a normative conception

20:46.966 --> 20:48.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of the intolerable, not what

20:48.933 --> 20:50.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you cannot in fact tolerate but

20:50.533 --> 20:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
more like what you shouldn't

20:51.800 --> 20:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
have to.

20:53.033 --> 20:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Millions tolerate the

20:54.500 --> 20:56.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
intolerable daily.

20:56.866 --> 20:59.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Next, let's consider inexcusable

20:59.866 --> 21:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
wrongs.

21:01.466 --> 21:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Wrongs can be inexcusable in

21:02.933 --> 21:05.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
either of two ways, and evils

21:05.166 --> 21:07.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
are inexcusable in both.

21:07.166 --> 21:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
First, what I call a

21:08.800 --> 21:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
metaphysical excuse exists when

21:11.033 --> 21:12.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
you act under diminished

21:12.433 --> 21:14.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
capacity, such as physical

21:14.633 --> 21:17.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
disability or mental illness.

21:17.833 --> 21:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Second, what I call a moral

21:19.366 --> 21:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
excuse exists when you have a

21:21.533 --> 21:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
partial moral justification.

21:23.766 --> 21:25.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
There is some excuse, morally

21:25.433 --> 21:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
speaking, when you have some

21:27.300 --> 21:28.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
good moral reason for what you

21:28.600 --> 21:30.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
did, even though that reason is

21:30.700 --> 21:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
not good enough to justify your

21:32.900 --> 21:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
deed on the whole.

21:35.166 --> 21:36.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What is justified, of course,

21:36.666 --> 21:38.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
needs no excuse.

21:38.266 --> 21:39.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
There is usually some reason for

21:39.733 --> 21:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
any deed.

21:41.033 --> 21:42.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But not every reason carries

21:42.400 --> 21:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
moral weight.

21:43.600 --> 21:45.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
When it does not, if the deed is

21:45.066 --> 21:46.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
wrong, there is no <i>moral</i> excuse

21:46.400 --> 21:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
for it.

21:47.666 --> 21:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Evils, on my view, are

21:49.000 --> 21:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
inexcusable both metaphysically

21:50.933 --> 21:52.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
and morally.

21:52.500 --> 21:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Perhaps it is too strong to say

21:54.000 --> 21:56.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
there is absolutely no moral or

21:56.133 --> 21:58.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
metaphysical excuse for an evil.

21:58.633 --> 22:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It may be more plausible to say

22:00.800 --> 22:02.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there is nothing approaching a

22:02.200 --> 22:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
very good moral reason, allowing

22:03.933 --> 22:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that there may be trivial ones,

22:06.333 --> 22:08.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and there is no significantly

22:08.166 --> 22:10.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
diminished capacity to act,

22:10.133 --> 22:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
allowing for the possibility of

22:11.666 --> 22:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
some degree of difficulty.

22:13.500 --> 22:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Those are basically friendly

22:15.300 --> 22:16.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
amendments.

22:16.800 --> 22:18.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Further, as I understand a moral

22:18.400 --> 22:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
reason, a reason that carries

22:20.100 --> 22:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
some moral weight for some deeds

22:21.633 --> 22:23.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
may carry none at all for

22:23.566 --> 22:25.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
other deed.

22:25.933 --> 22:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
For example, the fact that

22:27.300 --> 22:28.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
someone's feelings would be hurt

22:28.600 --> 22:29.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
if you did or didn't do

22:29.866 --> 22:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
something carries some moral

22:31.633 --> 22:33.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
weight as a reason to not always

22:33.900 --> 22:36.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
speak frankly, but carries no

22:36.233 --> 22:38.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
moral weight at all as a reason

22:38.500 --> 22:40.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
to kill someone.

22:40.900 --> 22:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The etymology of "genocide"

22:43.833 --> 22:45.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
leaves open the question whether

22:45.433 --> 22:48.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
it is necessarily an evil.

22:48.133 --> 22:50.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
The word "genocide," as I

22:50.000 --> 22:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
mentioned, is of relatively

22:51.533 --> 22:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
recent origin.

22:52.700 --> 22:54.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It was not a crime charged at

22:54.200 --> 22:56.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Nuremberg in 1945.

22:56.733 --> 22:58.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But scholars tend to agree that

22:58.233 --> 22:59.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the practice is ancient,

22:59.833 --> 23:01.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
extending at least back to the

23:01.500 --> 23:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
5th century destruction of the

23:03.933 --> 23:06.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
people of the island of Melos by

23:06.166 --> 23:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
the Athenians.

23:07.833 --> 23:09.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Archeological evidence suggests

23:09.533 --> 23:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that it goes probably further

23:11.466 --> 23:13.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
back than recorded history.

23:13.900 --> 23:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
By the way, although the

23:15.066 --> 23:15.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
destruction of the people of the

23:15.966 --> 23:17.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
island of Melos is generally

23:17.700 --> 23:20.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
regarded as a genocide, the

23:20.266 --> 23:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Athenians did not kill everyone.

23:22.433 --> 23:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
They killed the men, and

23:23.666 --> 23:25.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
enslaved women and children

23:25.966 --> 23:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
which was a common practice at

23:27.500 --> 23:28.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
the time.

23:28.900 --> 23:30.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The result was that the people

23:30.166 --> 23:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of the island was destroyed as a

23:31.766 --> 23:33.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
people.

23:33.733 --> 23:35.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
The hybrid term "genocide"

23:35.533 --> 23:37.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
was coined by Raphael Lemkin

23:37.933 --> 23:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
who was a Polish Jewish attorney

23:39.833 --> 23:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
who came to the United States

23:41.266 --> 23:43.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
as a refugee from Hitler.

23:43.100 --> 23:45.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
He combined the Greek "genos"

23:45.333 --> 23:47.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
which meant tribe or race,

23:47.733 --> 23:50.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
with the Latin "cide," killing,

23:50.233 --> 23:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to form the hybrid "genocide,"

23:52.233 --> 23:53.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the "killing, or cutting down,

23:53.400 --> 23:54.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
of a people."

23:54.666 --> 23:55.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Genocide is one of those

23:55.833 --> 23:58.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Greek/Latin hybrid concepts,

23:58.466 --> 24:00.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
like homosexual, where "homo"

24:00.333 --> 24:02.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
means "same," as in Greek, not

24:02.266 --> 24:04.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
"man," as in Latin;

24:04.133 --> 24:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
anthropocentric, human centered,

24:05.800 --> 24:07.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
is another.

24:07.433 --> 24:09.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The Latin "cide" is from a verb

24:09.066 --> 24:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that meant "to cut down."

24:10.466 --> 24:11.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It could be applied cutting

24:11.766 --> 24:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
down trees but was also used to

24:13.933 --> 24:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
mean "to kill."

24:15.133 --> 24:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I have to thank to my colleagues

24:17.500 --> 24:19.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
who read Latin for this bit of

24:19.266 --> 24:20.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
information, Steve Nadler and

24:20.866 --> 24:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
Paula Gottlieb.

24:22.566 --> 24:23.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And so, etymology seems to leave

24:23.866 --> 24:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
open the question of

24:25.166 --> 24:26.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
justifiability, which means that

24:26.900 --> 24:29.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
more needs to be said to justify

24:29.233 --> 24:31.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
understanding genocide as not

24:31.466 --> 24:33.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
just a kind of destruction but

24:33.166 --> 24:34.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
as a kind of murder.

24:34.833 --> 24:36.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Knowing something of the history

24:36.333 --> 24:37.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
of Lemkin's coinage of this

24:37.866 --> 24:39.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
concept is helpful.

24:39.733 --> 24:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Lemkin began agitating for an

24:41.333 --> 24:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
international recognition of the

24:43.833 --> 24:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
crime of genocide in the 1930s.

24:46.833 --> 24:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
His paradigm was the Turks'

24:48.200 --> 24:49.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
slaughter of the Armenian

24:49.566 --> 24:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Christians in 1915, under cover

24:52.200 --> 24:55.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of WWI and led by Talat Pasha,

24:55.866 --> 24:57.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
one of the leaders of the

24:57.566 --> 24:59.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Committee of Union and Progress

24:59.633 --> 25:00.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that controlled the Ottoman

25:00.900 --> 25:02.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Empire during the First

25:02.233 --> 25:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
World War.

25:04.233 --> 25:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The slaughter of the Armenians

25:05.800 --> 25:08.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
was also a paradigm for Hitler,

25:08.533 --> 25:09.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
who asked, "Who today speaks of

25:09.900 --> 25:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
the Armenians?"

25:11.900 --> 25:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
To this day, Turkey denies

25:13.466 --> 25:14.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that the slaughter of the

25:14.733 --> 25:16.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Armenians was a genocide, and

25:16.633 --> 25:18.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the United States officially

25:18.066 --> 25:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
agrees, presumably to maintain

25:20.100 --> 25:22.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
good relations with Turkey.

25:22.633 --> 25:23.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
But there appears to be

25:23.800 --> 25:25.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
consensus among genocide

25:25.100 --> 25:27.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
scholars that it was.

25:27.800 --> 25:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Lemkin's issue was this: Piracy

25:29.733 --> 25:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
was a crime under international

25:31.700 --> 25:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
law, but there was no crime for

25:33.933 --> 25:35.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
which Talat Pasha could be

25:35.433 --> 25:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
prosecuted under international

25:37.533 --> 25:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
law for master-minding the

25:40.200 --> 25:42.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
slaughter of the Armenians.

25:42.200 --> 25:44.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
This struck Lemkin as absurd;

25:44.533 --> 25:45.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
surely, the extermination of a

25:45.866 --> 25:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
people is worse than an act of

25:47.333 --> 25:49.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
piracy.

25:49.566 --> 25:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Eventually, Talat Pasha was

25:51.000 --> 25:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
assassinated by a young Armenian

25:52.700 --> 25:55.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
survivor, Soghomon Tehlirian who

25:55.733 --> 25:57.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
was then tried and acquitted on

25:57.500 --> 25:59.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
grounds that we would call today

25:59.800 --> 26:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
"temporary insanity."

26:02.500 --> 26:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Again, Lemkin was outraged.

26:04.466 --> 26:08.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
This time he was outraged that

26:08.766 --> 26:11.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
it could be a prosecutable crime

26:11.000 --> 26:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
for Tehlirian to assassinate

26:12.700 --> 26:14.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Talat Pasha but not a crime for

26:14.766 --> 26:16.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Talat Pasha to have the

26:16.100 --> 26:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Armenians slaughtered, and that

26:18.300 --> 26:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the only way to hold Talat Pasha

26:20.300 --> 26:23.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
accountable was assassination,

26:23.000 --> 26:24.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
rather than due process of law.

26:24.733 --> 26:27.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And so Lemkin agitated for years

26:27.633 --> 26:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
for an international convention

26:29.100 --> 26:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to define the crime of genocide.

26:31.400 --> 26:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
It took place in 1948.

26:38.133 --> 26:39.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The 1948 Genocide Convention

26:39.400 --> 26:41.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
was accepted by the U.N. the

26:41.166 --> 26:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
same month as the International

26:42.933 --> 26:45.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Declaration of Human Rights.

26:45.233 --> 26:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Its definition is the most

26:47.000 --> 26:49.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
widely cited.

26:49.166 --> 26:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
"Genocide means any of the

26:51.933 --> 26:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
following acts committed with

26:54.000 --> 26:56.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the intent to destroy, in whole

26:56.366 --> 26:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
or in part, a nation, ethnical,

26:59.200 --> 27:01.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
racial, or religious group, as

27:01.133 --> 27:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
such--

27:02.533 --> 27:06.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And here are the following acts;

27:06.733 --> 27:09.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
killing members of the group,

27:09.066 --> 27:10.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
causing serious bodily or mental

27:10.833 --> 27:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
harm to members of the group,

27:12.700 --> 27:14.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
deliberately inflicting on the

27:14.100 --> 27:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
group conditions of life

27:15.866 --> 27:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
calculated to bring about its

27:17.300 --> 27:19.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
physical destruction in whole or

27:19.033 --> 27:21.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
in part, imposing measures

27:21.666 --> 27:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
intended to prevent births

27:23.466 --> 27:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
within the group, and forcibly

27:25.033 --> 27:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
transferring children of the

27:26.433 --> 27:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
group to another group."

27:28.633 --> 27:30.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Not until the 1990s was this

27:30.666 --> 27:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Convention actually enforced.

27:33.400 --> 27:34.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The United States did not ratify

27:34.700 --> 27:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
it until the late 1980s under

27:37.300 --> 27:38.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
President Reagan.

27:38.966 --> 27:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Wisconsin Senator William

27:40.366 --> 27:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Proxmire had made a speech to

27:42.433 --> 27:44.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the Senate every day for 19

27:44.200 --> 27:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
years urging its ratification.

27:48.300 --> 27:49.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Every clause of the U.N.

27:49.500 --> 27:50.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
definition has been

27:50.966 --> 27:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
controversial: the scope and

27:53.233 --> 27:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
content of "intent," the meaning

27:55.233 --> 27:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of "in whole or in part," and

27:58.333 --> 27:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
the scope of the whole

27:59.533 --> 28:01.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
definition: is it too narrow

28:01.700 --> 28:03.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
because it names only four kinds

28:03.233 --> 28:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of groups and only five kinds of

28:05.366 --> 28:06.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
activity?

28:06.900 --> 28:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Does it threaten to be too

28:08.033 --> 28:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
broad, because of the

28:09.233 --> 28:11.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
non-homicidal acts it includes

28:11.333 --> 28:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
as apparently sufficient when

28:13.133 --> 28:14.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
coupled with the right sort of

28:14.233 --> 28:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
intent?

28:15.933 --> 28:17.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Let's start with intent.

28:17.733 --> 28:19.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If intent is understood narrowly

28:19.933 --> 28:22.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
to mean aim, then the

28:22.066 --> 28:23.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
destruction of a people as a

28:23.733 --> 28:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
reasonably foreseeable

28:25.166 --> 28:27.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
consequence that was neither an

28:27.000 --> 28:29.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
aim nor a means to an aim would

28:29.433 --> 28:32.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
not count, on this definition,

28:32.200 --> 28:33.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
as genocide.

28:33.633 --> 28:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It would be merely

28:35.200 --> 28:36.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
"collateral damage".

28:36.900 --> 28:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And so, for example, the deaths

28:38.466 --> 28:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of millions of Native Americans

28:40.366 --> 28:41.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
from diseases brought over by

28:41.833 --> 28:43.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Europeans would not count as

28:43.700 --> 28:45.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
genocides except where those

28:45.600 --> 28:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
deaths were aimed at.

28:47.633 --> 28:49.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Using this narrow understanding

28:49.800 --> 28:52.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of "intent," Hugo Adam Bedau

28:52.500 --> 28:53.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
who is known for his campaign

28:53.833 --> 28:55.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
against the death penalty wrote

28:55.833 --> 28:57.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
an essay defending the United

28:57.100 --> 28:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
States in Vietnam against the

28:58.900 --> 29:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
charge of genocide raised by the

29:01.433 --> 29:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Jean-Paul Sartre/Bertrand

29:03.500 --> 29:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Russell genocide convention that

29:05.333 --> 29:06.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
was held-- I'll bet you didn't

29:06.500 --> 29:07.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
know about that.

29:07.966 --> 29:09.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
That was held in 1967 in

29:09.366 --> 29:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Stockholm and Copenhagen.

29:12.033 --> 29:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
But if we understand more

29:14.066 --> 29:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
broadly as part of one's intent

29:16.600 --> 29:18.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the reasonably foreseeable

29:18.100 --> 29:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
consequences that one is

29:19.666 --> 29:21.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
prepared to accept as the price

29:21.133 --> 29:23.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of attaining one's aim, even

29:23.500 --> 29:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
though they are not instrumental

29:25.000 --> 29:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
toward its attainment, then

29:27.066 --> 29:28.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
maybe the case of at least some

29:28.733 --> 29:30.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of the Native American nations

29:30.566 --> 29:32.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that died from European diseases

29:32.266 --> 29:34.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
is not so clear.

29:34.033 --> 29:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
On this broader understanding of

29:35.600 --> 29:38.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
intent, it has been argued that

29:38.100 --> 29:40.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Josef Stalin's economic policies

29:40.866 --> 29:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that resulted in the starvation

29:42.633 --> 29:43.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
of millions of Ukrainian

29:43.966 --> 29:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
peasants in 1932-33 were

29:47.400 --> 29:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
genocidal, because those

29:49.100 --> 29:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
consequences were utterly

29:50.600 --> 29:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
foreseeable by those who were

29:52.266 --> 29:53.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
responsible.

29:53.700 --> 29:55.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It was not a means but a price

29:55.400 --> 29:57.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that Stalin was willing to pay

29:57.500 --> 29:59.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
to achieve his aims.

29:59.600 --> 30:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I'll save, for the moment, the

30:01.333 --> 30:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
questions regarding "in whole or

30:02.933 --> 30:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
in part," because addressing

30:04.466 --> 30:06.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
those questions will lead me to

30:06.100 --> 30:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Lemkin's alternative definition

30:07.700 --> 30:10.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
of genocide.

30:10.366 --> 30:12.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Regarding the scope of the U.N.

30:12.433 --> 30:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
definition, the question of

30:13.866 --> 30:15.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
narrowness has been raised both

30:15.500 --> 30:17.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
in regard to the acts and in

30:17.000 --> 30:19.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
regard to the groups enumerated.

30:19.600 --> 30:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
In regard to acts, some have

30:21.400 --> 30:23.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
asked why only these and not

30:23.500 --> 30:26.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
others, such as forcible

30:26.533 --> 30:28.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
expulsion or rape aimed at

30:28.600 --> 30:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
enforced pregnancy?

30:31.166 --> 30:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
But the U.N. definition, as

30:32.433 --> 30:34.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
stated, does not preclude a

30:34.500 --> 30:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
continuation of the list of

30:35.733 --> 30:36.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
acts.

30:36.733 --> 30:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It doesn't say these are the

30:37.733 --> 30:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
only ones.

30:39.000 --> 30:40.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Since the 1990s wars in the

30:40.600 --> 30:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
former Yugoslavia, it has come

30:42.466 --> 30:44.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
to be widely understood that

30:44.200 --> 30:46.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
mass rape can be among acts

30:46.633 --> 30:48.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
constitutive of genocide.

30:48.766 --> 30:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
That war also raises the

30:50.300 --> 30:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
question of mass expulsion,

30:52.200 --> 30:53.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
which should get us to think

30:53.433 --> 30:54.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
about whether Spain's expulsions

30:54.900 --> 30:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of the Jews in the late 15th

30:57.000 --> 30:58.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
century and of the Moriscos in

30:58.733 --> 31:01.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the 17th century were instances

31:01.033 --> 31:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
of genocide.

31:03.100 --> 31:05.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Depending on how it is done,

31:05.266 --> 31:06.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
mass expulsion has the potential

31:06.800 --> 31:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
to become genocidal.

31:09.033 --> 31:10.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Expulsion of the Armenian

31:10.400 --> 31:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Christians could be argued to be

31:12.000 --> 31:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
genocidal not only because of

31:14.066 --> 31:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the shootings but because of the

31:16.133 --> 31:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
well-known harsh environmental

31:17.766 --> 31:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
conditions under which the

31:19.500 --> 31:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Armenians were forced to flee.

31:22.900 --> 31:24.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
In regard to groups named, many

31:24.966 --> 31:26.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
have asked, why limit possible

31:26.400 --> 31:28.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
targets of genocide to

31:28.833 --> 31:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
"national, ethnical, racial, or

31:31.400 --> 31:32.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
religious" groups?

31:32.933 --> 31:34.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Why not include political

31:34.000 --> 31:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
groups?

31:35.666 --> 31:36.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And what about targeting the

31:36.966 --> 31:38.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
disabled?

31:38.000 --> 31:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
What about gays?

31:39.033 --> 31:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
females?

31:39.866 --> 31:40.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
evil groups?

31:40.933 --> 31:42.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Whether to include political

31:42.233 --> 31:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
groups was controversial during

31:43.500 --> 31:45.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
the convention.

31:45.233 --> 31:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Political commitments are as

31:46.666 --> 31:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
important and definitive for

31:48.066 --> 31:49.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
some people as religious

31:49.500 --> 31:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
commitments are for others.

31:51.900 --> 31:53.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Political communities as well as

31:53.333 --> 31:54.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
religious communities give

31:54.800 --> 31:56.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
meaning and shape to the lives

31:56.000 --> 31:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
of their members.

31:57.466 --> 31:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Some have argued that the

31:58.900 --> 32:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
definition should include only

32:00.366 --> 32:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
groups into which you are born,

32:02.466 --> 32:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
about which you have no choice.

32:04.500 --> 32:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But that is not necessarily true

32:06.266 --> 32:08.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of religious groups and national

32:08.233 --> 32:09.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
groups.

32:09.966 --> 32:11.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Some prefer the term

32:11.166 --> 32:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
"politicide" for elimination of

32:13.366 --> 32:16.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
political groups, even if the

32:16.966 --> 32:18.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
elimination is massively

32:18.566 --> 32:20.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
homicidal, and "ethnicide" for

32:20.266 --> 32:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
cultural genocides that are not

32:21.633 --> 32:23.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
massively homicidal.

32:23.633 --> 32:26.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
A commonly cited example of

32:26.033 --> 32:27.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
"politicide" is Josef Stalin's

32:27.800 --> 32:30.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
purges of his perceived

32:30.766 --> 32:32.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
political opponents.

32:32.566 --> 32:34.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
A commonly cited example of

32:34.033 --> 32:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
cultural genocide is the

32:35.600 --> 32:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
transportation and reeducation

32:37.333 --> 32:38.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
of children, as was done to

32:38.966 --> 32:40.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Native American children in this

32:40.333 --> 32:42.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
country, and to mixed race

32:42.266 --> 32:44.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
children in Australia.

32:44.333 --> 32:45.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The apparent objective in each

32:45.800 --> 32:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
case was assimilation into a

32:47.766 --> 32:49.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
cultural group other than their

32:49.400 --> 32:51.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
culture of origin, and the

32:51.500 --> 32:53.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
policies included such measures

32:53.566 --> 32:54.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
as forbidding the children to

32:54.933 --> 32:56.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
use their native language or

32:56.733 --> 32:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
communicate with their families

32:58.333 --> 33:00.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
of origin.

33:00.133 --> 33:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Those who favored including

33:01.366 --> 33:03.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
"politicides" in the definition

33:03.133 --> 33:04.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
lost at the 1948 convention

33:04.866 --> 33:06.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
whereas those who favored

33:06.733 --> 33:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
including forced cultural

33:08.800 --> 33:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
assimilations won their point.

33:11.666 --> 33:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
That inclusion means that, on

33:13.133 --> 33:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
this definition, a genocide need

33:14.933 --> 33:16.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
not be massively homicidal.

33:20.933 --> 33:22.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
A philosophically interesting

33:22.366 --> 33:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
question that the convention

33:23.666 --> 33:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
apparently did not consider is

33:25.733 --> 33:28.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
the Murder, Inc. problem.

33:28.333 --> 33:30.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
What about evil groups?

33:30.800 --> 33:32.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If a group is so evil that its

33:32.233 --> 33:33.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
destruction appears to be

33:33.433 --> 33:35.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
justified, why should that

33:35.100 --> 33:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
destruction not count as a

33:36.633 --> 33:38.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
genocide?

33:38.133 --> 33:39.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
When the Southern Poverty Law

33:39.400 --> 33:40.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Center destroys white

33:40.933 --> 33:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
supremacist groups by

33:42.300 --> 33:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
bankrupting them, why is it not

33:44.666 --> 33:46.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
committing genocide?

33:46.300 --> 33:48.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Why was de-Nazification not a

33:48.133 --> 33:50.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
genocidal process?

33:50.333 --> 33:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Dismantling of those groups

33:51.900 --> 33:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
might sound like condition "c"

33:54.166 --> 33:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
of the U.N. definition:

33:55.633 --> 33:57.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
deliberately imposing conditions

33:57.233 --> 33:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
of life calculated to bring

33:59.133 --> 34:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
about the group's destruction.

34:02.933 --> 34:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
A first response is that these

34:05.500 --> 34:07.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
ways of destroying evil

34:07.166 --> 34:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
organizations still respected

34:08.900 --> 34:10.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the human rights of the members

34:10.533 --> 34:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
of those organizations.

34:12.200 --> 34:13.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Genocides do not.

34:13.600 --> 34:15.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
And that is true.

34:15.500 --> 34:17.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
A second response might be that,

34:17.700 --> 34:19.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
aside from the truth or falsity

34:19.266 --> 34:21.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of things attributed to members

34:21.000 --> 34:23.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of a people, a people cannot be

34:23.366 --> 34:26.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
evil because a people is not

34:26.066 --> 34:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the kind of group that can act

34:27.500 --> 34:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
and so cannot be guilty of

34:29.600 --> 34:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
inexcusable wrongs.

34:31.766 --> 34:33.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
I think that is also true.

34:33.733 --> 34:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And yet, some targets of

34:35.166 --> 34:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
genocide have been groups that

34:36.633 --> 34:38.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
can act: the ancient city of

34:38.766 --> 34:41.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Carthage, for example, and the

34:41.100 --> 34:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
inhabitants of the island of

34:42.500 --> 34:44.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Melos who refused to pay tribute

34:44.700 --> 34:47.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
to the Athenians.

34:47.266 --> 34:48.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Here is another way to think

34:48.800 --> 34:50.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
about what distinguishes the

34:50.000 --> 34:51.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
destruction of evil groups from

34:51.600 --> 34:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
genocides.

34:53.233 --> 34:54.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It is not just that these groups

34:54.633 --> 34:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
are too small or too thin to

34:55.933 --> 34:57.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
constitute a people, although

34:57.366 --> 34:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
they are.

34:58.866 --> 35:00.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Some peoples are larger and

35:00.600 --> 35:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
richer, more layered, than

35:02.533 --> 35:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
others.

35:03.933 --> 35:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Sometimes the "tribe" targeted

35:05.333 --> 35:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
by a genocide is better thought

35:06.966 --> 35:09.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of simply as a community that

35:09.133 --> 35:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
significantly gives meaning and

35:10.900 --> 35:13.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
identity to its members.

35:13.333 --> 35:14.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We might get an interesting

35:14.666 --> 35:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
answer it we can explain the

35:16.666 --> 35:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
following disanalogy between

35:18.300 --> 35:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
killing an evil person and

35:20.566 --> 35:23.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
destroying an evil group.

35:23.166 --> 35:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Killing an evil person is still

35:24.866 --> 35:27.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
murder, unless it is done in

35:27.000 --> 35:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
self-defense, understood fairly

35:28.700 --> 35:30.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
narrowly.

35:30.166 --> 35:32.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The fact that you are evil is

35:32.033 --> 35:33.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
not sufficient to justify

35:33.500 --> 35:35.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
someone in killing you.

35:35.533 --> 35:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But it can be justifiable to

35:37.133 --> 35:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
destroy an evil group, as the

35:38.900 --> 35:40.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Southern Poverty Law Center does

35:40.900 --> 35:42.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
when it bankrupts white

35:42.333 --> 35:43.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
supremacist groups with

35:43.666 --> 35:45.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
lawsuits.

35:45.466 --> 35:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Why is killing an evil group not

35:47.300 --> 35:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
murder, if killing an evil

35:49.233 --> 35:51.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
individual is?

35:51.433 --> 35:53.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
A possible rationale is that the

35:53.633 --> 35:55.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
principles or projects that a

35:55.166 --> 35:56.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
person endorses at a particular

35:56.566 --> 35:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
time do not define or determine

35:58.900 --> 36:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the value of the person.

36:01.333 --> 36:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The person is someone who has

36:02.466 --> 36:04.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the capacity to evaluate such

36:04.433 --> 36:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
things, to adopt or reject them,

36:07.933 --> 36:09.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to discover errors, correct

36:09.300 --> 36:11.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
mistaken judgments and identify

36:11.100 --> 36:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
other mistakes.

36:12.766 --> 36:14.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Persons have the capacity to

36:14.433 --> 36:16.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
correct or improve themselves,

36:16.166 --> 36:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
even when they don't do it.

36:18.200 --> 36:19.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
With a different set of

36:19.400 --> 36:21.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
principles and projects, you are

36:21.100 --> 36:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
still the same person, morally

36:22.566 --> 36:24.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
speaking, who did what you did

36:24.433 --> 36:25.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
when you espoused a different

36:25.933 --> 36:28.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
set of principles and projects.

36:28.500 --> 36:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
You may feel like a new person.

36:30.533 --> 36:31.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But you are responsible for all

36:31.733 --> 36:33.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
of it.

36:33.900 --> 36:35.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But, for some human groups, for

36:35.966 --> 36:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
example, some evil organizations

36:38.233 --> 36:39.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
principles and projects really

36:39.800 --> 36:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
do define the organization.

36:42.633 --> 36:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
There is no way to reject those

36:43.900 --> 36:45.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
defining principles while

36:45.033 --> 36:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
preserving the organization.

36:47.333 --> 36:48.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Other human groups, such as

36:48.800 --> 36:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
states that have a constitution

36:50.300 --> 36:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and organized religions that

36:52.233 --> 36:54.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have processes for re-evaluating

36:54.333 --> 36:56.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
and re-interpreting their

36:56.266 --> 36:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
positions or policies, are, like

36:58.766 --> 37:00.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
individuals, capable of

37:00.733 --> 37:02.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
self-correction.

37:02.766 --> 37:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
A people has within itself

37:04.833 --> 37:06.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
resources for evaluating

37:06.733 --> 37:08.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
positions taken by some of its

37:08.133 --> 37:09.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
members, and the value of a

37:09.466 --> 37:11.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
people, somewhat like the value

37:11.333 --> 37:13.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of a person, is not a function

37:13.033 --> 37:14.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
of particular projects that

37:14.900 --> 37:17.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
might be found within it.

37:17.133 --> 37:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But organizations like Murder,

37:18.800 --> 37:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Inc. have as their

37:20.733 --> 37:22.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
raisons d'etre the perpetration

37:22.400 --> 37:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
of such deeds as murder for

37:24.233 --> 37:26.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
hire and extortion.

37:26.633 --> 37:28.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
There was no way to eliminate

37:28.066 --> 37:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
those policies without the

37:29.366 --> 37:30.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
organization's ceasing to have

37:30.966 --> 37:32.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
its reason for existing.

37:32.933 --> 37:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
There is no meaningful

37:34.100 --> 37:35.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
distinction to be drawn here

37:35.833 --> 37:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
between the principles and

37:37.166 --> 37:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
projects that define the

37:38.900 --> 37:40.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
organization and the

37:40.333 --> 37:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
organization itself.

37:41.900 --> 37:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The German state under Third

37:43.500 --> 37:45.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Reich had too little capability

37:45.900 --> 37:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
of self-correction.

37:47.500 --> 37:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
People within Germany tried to

37:49.233 --> 37:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
get rid of Hitler.

37:51.000 --> 37:52.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
There were at least 13 failed

37:52.500 --> 37:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
attempts, according to one

37:53.900 --> 37:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
documentary on this topic.

37:56.766 --> 37:58.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
But there was no effective

37:58.300 --> 37:59.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
internal mechanism, such as

37:59.733 --> 38:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
impeachment, for doing so.

38:03.066 --> 38:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What is destroyed when such a

38:04.466 --> 38:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
group is destroyed are,

38:05.766 --> 38:07.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
basically, the inhumane projects

38:07.466 --> 38:09.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
to which it is committed.

38:09.266 --> 38:11.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Likewise with Murder, Inc.

38:11.233 --> 38:12.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and, I suspect, with the Ku Klux

38:12.233 --> 38:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
Klan.

38:13.933 --> 38:16.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
If there is any plausibility in

38:16.100 --> 38:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
this kind of explanation, then

38:18.166 --> 38:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to be a potential target of

38:19.666 --> 38:21.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
genocide, it would not be enough

38:21.233 --> 38:23.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that the relationships defining

38:23.366 --> 38:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the group in question gave

38:25.166 --> 38:26.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
meaning, shape, and content to

38:26.600 --> 38:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the lives of their members.

38:28.366 --> 38:30.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They must give a decent sort of

38:30.566 --> 38:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
meaning, shape, and content.

38:32.866 --> 38:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The group must, at any rate, not

38:34.533 --> 38:37.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
have as its raison d'etre an

38:37.233 --> 38:39.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
evil project or set of evil

38:39.100 --> 38:40.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
projects.

38:40.766 --> 38:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
A people is a kind of group that

38:42.433 --> 38:44.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
evolves, not something that is

38:44.200 --> 38:45.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
ordinarily deliberately

38:45.533 --> 38:46.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
constituted, the way an

38:46.933 --> 38:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
organization is deliberately

38:48.333 --> 38:49.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
created.

38:49.800 --> 38:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
A people as such is not the kind

38:51.333 --> 38:52.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of group that can be said to

38:52.800 --> 38:54.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have defining projects, although

38:54.533 --> 38:56.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
a state might have them.

38:56.200 --> 38:58.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But not all peoples have states.

38:58.566 --> 39:00.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The Diaspora Jews and the Sinti

39:00.233 --> 39:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and Roma of Europe during the

39:01.766 --> 39:03.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
reign of Hitler were peoples

39:03.300 --> 39:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
without states.

39:05.766 --> 39:07.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Perhaps the idea that it is not

39:07.300 --> 39:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
necessarily evil to destroy an

39:09.000 --> 39:11.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
evil group might partly explain

39:11.833 --> 39:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
how some ordinary Germans, not

39:15.333 --> 39:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Nazis or members of the

39:16.600 --> 39:18.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
government or military, could be

39:18.600 --> 39:20.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
as complicit as so many were in

39:20.633 --> 39:23.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Hitler's Final Solution.

39:23.633 --> 39:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Nazi propaganda portrayed the

39:25.366 --> 39:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Jews as an evil people, and

39:27.933 --> 39:29.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
paranoid propaganda portrayed

39:29.866 --> 39:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that people as embarked on a

39:31.500 --> 39:33.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
project of world domination.

39:33.866 --> 39:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I don't think the idea of an

39:35.266 --> 39:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
evil people makes sense; it

39:37.333 --> 39:38.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
presupposes that a people can be

39:38.666 --> 39:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
an agent.

39:40.133 --> 39:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
But a people does not have

39:41.333 --> 39:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
enough internal cohesion for

39:42.833 --> 39:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
that to be the case.

39:44.366 --> 39:46.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
That point aside, Nazi

39:46.233 --> 39:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
propaganda portraying the Jews

39:48.200 --> 39:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
as an evil people could at best

39:50.133 --> 39:52.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
only partly explain the

39:52.366 --> 39:54.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
complicity of ordinary Germans.

39:54.766 --> 39:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
For it matters when a group is

39:56.300 --> 39:58.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
destroyed how that is done.

39:58.633 --> 40:00.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Individual members of even an

40:00.566 --> 40:02.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
evil group would still have

40:02.033 --> 40:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
human rights.

40:03.766 --> 40:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The Southern Poverty Law Center

40:05.433 --> 40:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
does not kill white

40:06.600 --> 40:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
supremacists.

40:07.733 --> 40:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It bankrupts their

40:08.833 --> 40:10.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
organizations.

40:10.000 --> 40:12.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And so, even the misguided and

40:12.266 --> 40:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
confused belief by ordinary

40:13.800 --> 40:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Germans that the Jews were an

40:15.300 --> 40:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
evil people would not explain

40:17.500 --> 40:20.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
their complicity in the killing

40:20.000 --> 40:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
of individual Jews.

40:22.566 --> 40:24.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I want to move on now from the

40:24.433 --> 40:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
non-arbitrariness of

40:25.566 --> 40:27.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
understanding genocide as a kind

40:27.000 --> 40:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of murder, which I don't think

40:30.400 --> 40:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
it is arbitrary, to consider

40:31.700 --> 40:33.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
some other groups that are not

40:33.433 --> 40:34.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
mentioned in the U.N.

40:34.633 --> 40:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
definition.

40:35.800 --> 40:36.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
What about the idea of a gay

40:36.833 --> 40:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
genocide?

40:38.233 --> 40:42.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Would that idea make sense?

40:42.066 --> 40:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Gays are not a people or any

40:43.833 --> 40:45.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
kind of tribe.

40:45.800 --> 40:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If the question is about all the

40:47.033 --> 40:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
gays in the world, they do not

40:48.333 --> 40:50.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
form a community and never have,

40:50.433 --> 40:51.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
although there have been many

40:51.700 --> 40:53.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
gay communities.

40:53.066 --> 40:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Men who were identified as

40:54.400 --> 40:56.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
homosexuals and forced to wear

40:56.066 --> 40:57.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the "pink triangle" in Nazi

40:57.500 --> 40:59.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
camps suffered losses of social

40:59.766 --> 41:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
vitality specific to their being

41:01.766 --> 41:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
gay if they had been members of

41:03.866 --> 41:05.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
gay communities.

41:05.866 --> 41:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Gay communities can shape and

41:07.333 --> 41:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
animate the lives of their

41:09.000 --> 41:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
members in positive ways which

41:11.266 --> 41:12.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
is especially important in the

41:12.666 --> 41:14.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
context of a larger social world

41:14.500 --> 41:16.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
that rejects them.

41:16.400 --> 41:18.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Does the forcibly imposed loss

41:18.766 --> 41:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
of such social vitality

41:20.966 --> 41:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
constitute a gay genocide?

41:22.933 --> 41:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The philosopher James Nickel, in

41:25.000 --> 41:26.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
an interesting essay on four

41:26.800 --> 41:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
ways of getting rid of groups,

41:29.100 --> 41:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
mentions the case of forcibly

41:31.033 --> 41:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
re-educating homosexuals as

41:33.100 --> 41:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
analogous to the forced

41:34.466 --> 41:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
assimilation of cultural groups,

41:37.133 --> 41:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
which he regards as not

41:38.866 --> 41:40.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
ordinarily genocidal.

41:40.766 --> 41:42.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
But the men of the pink

41:42.033 --> 41:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
triangles were persecuted and

41:43.500 --> 41:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
ostracized, not re-educated.

41:46.033 --> 41:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
They resemble victims of a

41:47.400 --> 41:49.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
genocide to the extent that

41:49.200 --> 41:50.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
their lives had importantly

41:50.766 --> 41:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
gained positive meaning from gay

41:52.700 --> 41:54.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
communities to which they

41:54.033 --> 41:56.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
belonged, which were destroyed.

41:56.233 --> 41:57.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Yet those communities were far

41:57.800 --> 42:01.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
younger, transitory, in flux and

42:01.300 --> 42:03.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
inevitably less richly textured

42:03.833 --> 42:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and layered than communities

42:06.933 --> 42:08.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
constituted by sharers of a

42:08.633 --> 42:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
natural language, religion, and

42:10.766 --> 42:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
multi-generational traditions.

42:13.366 --> 42:14.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Gay communities are like many

42:14.833 --> 42:16.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
political communities, and many

42:16.566 --> 42:18.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
are political communities,

42:18.100 --> 42:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
pockets of resistance to

42:19.700 --> 42:21.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
prevailing norms.

42:21.500 --> 42:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Still, those communities were

42:23.066 --> 42:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
only part of what gave shape and

42:25.000 --> 42:26.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
meanings to the lives of their

42:26.366 --> 42:27.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
members.

42:27.866 --> 42:29.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The members of gay communities

42:29.166 --> 42:31.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
also had many other communities

42:31.066 --> 42:32.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
of origin.

42:32.633 --> 42:34.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Gay communities can have a

42:34.033 --> 42:36.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
life-saving impact on those who

42:36.100 --> 42:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
are otherwise cultural rejects.

42:38.366 --> 42:41.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But many then as now did not

42:41.066 --> 42:43.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
belong to gay communities.

42:43.133 --> 42:44.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Many have been, and are today,

42:44.966 --> 42:46.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
married to someone of another

42:46.433 --> 42:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
sex.

42:50.400 --> 42:51.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
The men most likely to be

42:51.833 --> 42:53.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
rounded up and sent to

42:53.066 --> 42:54.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
concentration camps were those

42:54.366 --> 42:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
who met at gay bars or gay

42:55.633 --> 42:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
parties or were activists.

42:57.633 --> 42:58.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
The philosopher Ludwig

42:58.933 --> 43:00.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Wittgenstein's idea of family

43:00.633 --> 43:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
resemblance concepts is useful

43:03.500 --> 43:05.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
for thinking about the extent to

43:05.133 --> 43:07.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
which the idea of a gay genocide

43:07.000 --> 43:08.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
makes sense.

43:08.966 --> 43:11.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Destruction of gay communities

43:11.066 --> 43:12.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
is hardly a paradigm of

43:12.733 --> 43:13.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
genocide.

43:13.833 --> 43:15.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But it does bear some relevant

43:15.166 --> 43:17.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
similarities and so, when the

43:17.100 --> 43:18.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
assault is systematic, it might

43:18.833 --> 43:20.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
find a place in the extended

43:20.466 --> 43:23.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
family of genocidal assaults.

43:23.566 --> 43:24.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The way to think about it, on

43:24.833 --> 43:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the social death hypothesis, is

43:27.066 --> 43:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to consider to what extent the

43:29.033 --> 43:31.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
destroyed community had

43:31.300 --> 43:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
contributed meaning and identity

43:33.233 --> 43:35.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to its members and whether the

43:35.066 --> 43:36.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
loss of those meanings would

43:36.666 --> 43:38.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
leave those individuals socially

43:38.333 --> 43:41.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
dead.

43:41.166 --> 43:42.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The idea of a genocide of the

43:42.566 --> 43:44.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
disabled stretches the concept

43:44.866 --> 43:46.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
of genocide even further.

43:46.866 --> 43:48.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And yet, there are communities

43:48.700 --> 43:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
built around the needs and

43:50.033 --> 43:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
interests of persons with

43:51.566 --> 43:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
specific kinds of disabilities,

43:54.166 --> 43:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and it is not impossible that

43:55.900 --> 43:56.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
they might be targeted for

43:56.966 --> 43:58.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
elimination.

43:58.833 --> 44:00.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Hitler's euthanasia program

44:00.400 --> 44:01.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
targeted individuals with

44:01.966 --> 44:04.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
disabilities, not communities.

44:04.033 --> 44:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But were a tyrant with similar

44:05.500 --> 44:07.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
ambitions to come to power

44:07.000 --> 44:08.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
today, such communities might be

44:08.333 --> 44:10.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
targeted.

44:10.566 --> 44:12.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But what some feminist scholars

44:12.633 --> 44:15.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
call "femicide," the systematic

44:15.533 --> 44:17.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
murder of females, for example,

44:17.366 --> 44:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
by exposing infants, is not a

44:19.700 --> 44:21.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
form of genocide.

44:21.700 --> 44:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Females are a class, a category,

44:23.833 --> 44:26.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
but not a community.

44:26.233 --> 44:27.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Classes or categories are not

44:27.733 --> 44:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the right sorts of groups to be

44:29.600 --> 44:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
targets of genocide.

44:31.833 --> 44:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The class of all the individuals

44:33.400 --> 44:34.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
who were in the Twin Towers on

44:34.800 --> 44:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
9/11 does not define a group

44:37.133 --> 44:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that it would make any sense to

44:38.700 --> 44:41.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
regard as a target of genocide.

44:41.766 --> 44:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
When Marc Lépine entered a

44:43.600 --> 44:46.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
classroom in Montreal in 1989,

44:46.766 --> 44:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
announced that he was "fighting

44:48.066 --> 44:49.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
feminism," separated the men

44:49.666 --> 44:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
from the women, shot nine women,

44:51.566 --> 44:53.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
killing six, and then roamed the

44:53.366 --> 44:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
hallways shooting more women,

44:55.633 --> 44:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
14 all told, he became a mass

44:57.933 --> 44:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
murderer but not a perpetrator

44:59.966 --> 45:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
of genocide.

45:01.733 --> 45:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Feminist scholars rightly call

45:03.400 --> 45:04.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
this a femicide.

45:04.866 --> 45:07.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But femicide is not an instance

45:07.166 --> 45:09.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
of genocide.

45:09.466 --> 45:12.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Last month a cadet at the U.S.

45:12.500 --> 45:14.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Air Force Academy in Colorado

45:14.200 --> 45:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Springs posed the following

45:15.666 --> 45:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
question to me after I gave a

45:18.000 --> 45:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
version of this talk.

45:19.900 --> 45:21.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Was Hitler's destruction of the

45:21.666 --> 45:24.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Czech city of Lidice in response

45:24.366 --> 45:26.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
to the assassination of

45:26.000 --> 45:30.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Reinhard Heydrich, a genocide?

45:30.800 --> 45:32.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Was Hitler's destruction of the

45:32.033 --> 45:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
city of Lidice a genocide?

45:34.400 --> 45:35.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I thought that was an astute

45:35.566 --> 45:37.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
question.

45:37.066 --> 45:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
If the city of Carthage was a

45:38.866 --> 45:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
victim of genocide, why not the

45:41.366 --> 45:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
city of Lidice?

45:43.833 --> 45:45.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Again, I would say the way to

45:45.466 --> 45:47.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
think about it is to consider to

45:47.466 --> 45:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what extent that city defined

45:49.900 --> 45:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the social vitality of its

45:51.933 --> 45:53.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
members.

45:53.500 --> 45:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The city of Lidice was part of

45:55.100 --> 45:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the larger Czech state that was

45:57.633 --> 45:59.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
surely also a contributor to the

45:59.766 --> 46:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
social vitality of the

46:01.200 --> 46:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
inhabitants of its cities, which

46:03.100 --> 46:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
makes the case more complicated

46:05.366 --> 46:07.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
than that of Carthage.

46:07.466 --> 46:09.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
There is more to be said, but I

46:09.100 --> 46:11.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
want now to leave the worry that

46:11.433 --> 46:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the U.N. definition may be too

46:12.933 --> 46:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
narrow and turn to the worry

46:15.000 --> 46:16.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that it may be too wide, because

46:16.733 --> 46:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of the phrase "in whole or in

46:18.533 --> 46:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
part."

46:20.300 --> 46:22.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
On the commonest interpretation

46:22.233 --> 46:23.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
of "in whole or in part,"

46:23.933 --> 46:25.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
that phrase invites the

46:25.300 --> 46:26.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
question, how big does the part

46:26.800 --> 46:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
have to be?

46:28.566 --> 46:30.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
For example, how many need be

46:30.500 --> 46:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
killed?

46:31.566 --> 46:33.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
One person is a part of a group.

46:33.266 --> 46:35.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Yet the murder of one person is

46:35.500 --> 46:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
not a genocide, though it can be

46:37.533 --> 46:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
a hate crime.

46:39.333 --> 46:41.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And what if there are survivors?

46:41.133 --> 46:42.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Has a people really been killed

46:42.733 --> 46:44.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
if there are survivors?

46:44.166 --> 46:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And by the way, there are almost

46:45.500 --> 46:47.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
always some survivors.

46:47.700 --> 46:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
How severe must the harm be?

46:49.333 --> 46:51.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Must it be irreversible?

46:51.033 --> 46:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
how many need be harmed?

46:52.266 --> 46:53.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
How many children need be

46:53.333 --> 46:54.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
transferred?

46:54.200 --> 46:55.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Must they be permanently lost to

46:55.833 --> 46:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
their communities of origin?

46:57.433 --> 46:58.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
How much physical destruction

46:58.733 --> 46:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
must there be?

46:59.966 --> 47:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
How much birth prevention, and

47:01.366 --> 47:03.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
so on?

47:03.000 --> 47:04.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The U.N. definition invites

47:04.600 --> 47:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
these sorts of questions.

47:06.333 --> 47:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
One of the provisos with which

47:08.033 --> 47:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the United States eventually

47:09.200 --> 47:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
accepted the genocide convention

47:11.466 --> 47:12.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
was that the "part" had

47:12.900 --> 47:15.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to be "a substantial part."

47:15.433 --> 47:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
It seems there is no

47:16.766 --> 47:18.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
non-arbitrary way to draw a line

47:18.433 --> 47:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
between genocides and less

47:20.733 --> 47:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
massive atrocities.

47:23.766 --> 47:26.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
In contrast to the U.N.

47:26.166 --> 47:27.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
definition, Raphael Lemkin's

47:27.966 --> 47:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
approach, which fits well with

47:29.733 --> 47:31.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
my social death hypothesis, does

47:31.933 --> 47:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
not so naturally invite

47:34.200 --> 47:36.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
questions of "how many?"

47:36.133 --> 47:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
On his view, genocides victimize

47:38.366 --> 47:40.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
members of a group generally.

47:40.400 --> 47:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Instead of interpreting "in

47:42.133 --> 47:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
whole or in part" as a matter of

47:44.366 --> 47:46.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
how many individuals were killed

47:46.000 --> 47:47.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
or harmed, Lemkin looks at the

47:47.933 --> 47:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
kinds of relationships and the

47:49.600 --> 47:51.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
kinds of social institutions

47:51.500 --> 47:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that define a group as a people.

47:54.166 --> 47:55.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
For example, its educational

47:55.400 --> 47:57.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
institutions, it child-rearing

47:57.066 --> 47:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
practices, its language, its

47:58.866 --> 48:00.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
economic practices, its

48:00.400 --> 48:02.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
political practices, its

48:02.000 --> 48:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
religion or religions.

48:04.500 --> 48:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
These are what he regards as the

48:06.233 --> 48:08.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
group's essential foundations.

48:08.300 --> 48:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
He defines genocide as "a

48:10.033 --> 48:12.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
coordinated plan of different

48:12.233 --> 48:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
actions aiming at the

48:13.933 --> 48:15.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
destruction of these essential

48:15.633 --> 48:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
foundations of the life of

48:17.900 --> 48:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
national groups, with the aim of

48:19.833 --> 48:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
annihilating the groups

48:21.166 --> 48:22.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
themselves"

48:22.600 --> 48:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The aim of annihilating the

48:23.666 --> 48:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
group is attached, in Lemkin's

48:25.233 --> 48:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
definition, to the overall plan

48:26.933 --> 48:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that aims to destroy foundations

48:28.566 --> 48:31.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
of the life of the group.

48:31.466 --> 48:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
The U.N. definition, in

48:33.200 --> 48:34.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
contrast, attaches the aim of

48:34.833 --> 48:36.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
destroying the group to the

48:36.266 --> 48:38.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
enumerated kinds of actions,

48:38.500 --> 48:40.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
thereby inviting the question

48:40.500 --> 48:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
how many such actions need be

48:42.300 --> 48:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
performed?

48:44.133 --> 48:47.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
How many people need be killed,

48:47.066 --> 48:48.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
in order for that action to be

48:48.566 --> 48:50.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
constitutive of a genocide?

48:50.100 --> 48:52.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
On Lemkin's view, the group is

48:52.033 --> 48:53.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
destroyed by destroying the

48:53.366 --> 48:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
relationships, contemporary and

48:55.300 --> 48:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
intergenerational, personal and

48:57.933 --> 49:00.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
institutional, that are created

49:00.166 --> 49:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
by these social institutions

49:02.833 --> 49:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
fundamental to defining its

49:04.466 --> 49:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
members as a people.

49:06.266 --> 49:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
This destruction can, and

49:07.733 --> 49:08.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
typically does, take place in

49:08.933 --> 49:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
stages, over time, as social

49:11.900 --> 49:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
restrictions and prohibitions

49:13.466 --> 49:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
are imposed.

49:15.000 --> 49:16.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It's not as though religious,

49:16.933 --> 49:18.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
ethnical, and national groups

49:18.500 --> 49:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
are different kinds of targets

49:19.766 --> 49:21.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
of genocide.

49:21.300 --> 49:24.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Rather, religious, ethnic, and

49:24.400 --> 49:26.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
political institutions are all

49:26.000 --> 49:27.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
part of what bind individuals

49:27.733 --> 49:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
together into a people, and it

49:29.533 --> 49:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
is the people that is the

49:30.600 --> 49:32.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
target.

49:32.133 --> 49:33.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Like the U.N. definition,

49:33.966 --> 49:35.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Lemkin's understanding also

49:35.433 --> 49:36.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
allows for genocide to be a

49:36.800 --> 49:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
matter of degree.

49:38.466 --> 49:40.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
But on Lemkin's approach,

49:40.233 --> 49:42.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
degrees are the kinds and ranges

49:42.200 --> 49:44.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of social vitality destroyed,

49:44.433 --> 49:46.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
which tends to affect

49:46.300 --> 49:47.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
individuals in the group

49:47.533 --> 49:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
generally, not just a part of

49:48.866 --> 49:50.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
them, even if not all are

49:50.333 --> 49:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
affected in the same way or to

49:52.266 --> 49:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
the same degree.

49:54.000 --> 49:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Here is an illustration of the

49:55.300 --> 49:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
difference between the U.N.

49:56.700 --> 49:57.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
approach and the Lemkin

49:57.966 --> 49:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
approach.

49:59.200 --> 50:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Take the case of Rwanda.

50:01.000 --> 50:03.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
After the Rwandan genocide,

50:03.000 --> 50:04.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
President Clinton said he did

50:04.266 --> 50:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
not realize how many were being

50:05.666 --> 50:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
killed, as though that were key

50:07.266 --> 50:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
to defining genocide.

50:09.866 --> 50:11.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
He was thinking in terms of the

50:11.100 --> 50:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
U.N. definition.

50:13.233 --> 50:14.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But on Lemkin's approach, we

50:14.466 --> 50:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
would look for destruction of

50:16.133 --> 50:18.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
social vitality in terms of

50:18.133 --> 50:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
practices, institutions, and

50:19.833 --> 50:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
relationships.

50:21.900 --> 50:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Given what is commonly known and

50:23.833 --> 50:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
not known in the United States

50:25.333 --> 50:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
about the Rwandan genocide,

50:27.266 --> 50:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
it might appear, initially, to

50:28.866 --> 50:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
us as though Rwanda were a

50:30.033 --> 50:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
counter-example to my social

50:31.633 --> 50:33.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
death hypothesis.

50:33.300 --> 50:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
What seems most salient in the

50:35.200 --> 50:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
case of Rwanda is the rapid mass

50:37.333 --> 50:39.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
slaughter by machete.

50:39.366 --> 50:42.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Where is the social death?

50:42.000 --> 50:43.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
But, in fact, the mass

50:43.400 --> 50:44.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
slaughters were preceded by a

50:44.733 --> 50:46.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
series of social restrictions

50:46.600 --> 50:48.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and prohibitions that actually

50:48.266 --> 50:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
did destroy the social vitality

50:50.133 --> 50:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of those perceived as Tutsis,

50:52.266 --> 50:54.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
making it much easier for Hutus

50:54.200 --> 50:55.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
to kill them.

50:55.866 --> 50:57.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Samantha Powers writes in her

50:57.666 --> 51:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
historical survey which she

51:00.200 --> 51:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
titled <i>A Problem from Hell,</i> that

51:02.533 --> 51:04.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the Hutu newspaper Kangura

51:04.566 --> 51:06.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
published in December 1990 a

51:06.533 --> 51:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
list of "Ten Commandments of the

51:08.566 --> 51:10.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Hutu," governing relations

51:10.666 --> 51:12.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
between Hutu and Tutsi.

51:12.566 --> 51:15.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
They included such statements as

51:15.033 --> 51:17.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
that any Hutu who marries,

51:17.666 --> 51:19.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
befriends, or employs as a

51:19.100 --> 51:20.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
secretary or concubine a Tutsi

51:20.666 --> 51:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
woman shall be considered a

51:22.500 --> 51:24.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
traitor, and likewise for any

51:24.366 --> 51:25.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Hutu who makes a business

51:25.766 --> 51:27.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
partnership with a Tutsi,

51:27.833 --> 51:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
invests money in a Tutsi

51:30.033 --> 51:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
enterprise, or lends to or

51:31.633 --> 51:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
borrows money from a Tutsi, and

51:33.933 --> 51:35.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
the list goes on.

51:35.900 --> 51:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Similarly, she writes, in the

51:37.400 --> 51:39.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
town of Celinas in northern

51:39.966 --> 51:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Bosnia non-Serbs were given

51:41.266 --> 51:43.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
"special status" prior to

51:43.066 --> 51:44.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
expelling them or concentrating

51:44.333 --> 51:46.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
them in camps.

51:46.500 --> 51:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
A curfew was imposed from 4 PM

51:48.733 --> 51:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
to 6 AM.

51:50.733 --> 51:52.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Non-Serbs were prohibited from

51:52.666 --> 51:54.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
meeting in cafes, restaurants,

51:54.333 --> 51:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
or other public places, bathing

51:56.700 --> 51:58.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
or swimming in the nearby

51:58.400 --> 52:00.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
rivers, hunting or fishing,

52:00.566 --> 52:01.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
moving to another town without

52:01.900 --> 52:04.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
permission, carrying a weapon,

52:04.333 --> 52:06.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
driving or traveling by car,

52:06.300 --> 52:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and that list goes on as well.

52:08.566 --> 52:09.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
The restrictions were less

52:09.700 --> 52:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
dramatic and less visible to

52:11.533 --> 52:13.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
outsiders than were the mass

52:13.566 --> 52:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
slaughters that followed.

52:15.700 --> 52:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But what is most dramatic and

52:17.333 --> 52:19.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
most visible is not necessarily

52:19.233 --> 52:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
what is central to the evil of

52:21.266 --> 52:23.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
destroying a people.

52:23.300 --> 52:24.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
A similar point can be made

52:24.566 --> 52:25.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
regarding terrorism.

52:25.966 --> 52:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
What is dramatic and most

52:27.400 --> 52:29.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
visible is usually a spectacle,

52:29.300 --> 52:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
such as a bombing; but what is

52:31.600 --> 52:33.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
central to terrorism is a

52:33.566 --> 52:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
pattern, a systematic program of

52:35.666 --> 52:38.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
credible threats.

52:38.266 --> 52:39.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Lemkin also understands a

52:39.766 --> 52:42.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
genocide as having two phases:

52:42.000 --> 52:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the first phase consists in the

52:43.633 --> 52:45.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
destruction of a people, and the

52:45.266 --> 52:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
second phase consists in the

52:47.300 --> 52:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
imposition of a new people on

52:49.100 --> 52:51.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the land or individuals

52:51.200 --> 52:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
remaining after the first phase.

52:53.966 --> 52:55.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Destruction of a people does not

52:55.266 --> 52:57.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
always require mass slaughter.

52:57.766 --> 52:59.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Hitler reserved that measure

52:59.366 --> 53:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
only for those whom he

53:01.433 --> 53:03.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
considered un-Germanizable.

53:07.433 --> 53:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
In conclusion, let's return to

53:09.166 --> 53:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the some of opening questions.

53:11.533 --> 53:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Some of them have already been

53:13.133 --> 53:14.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
addressed at some length.

53:14.833 --> 53:17.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Take that first one.

53:17.000 --> 53:18.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
How do genocides differ from

53:18.833 --> 53:21.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
non-genocidal mass murders?

53:21.833 --> 53:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The idea of social death is

53:23.066 --> 53:24.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
helpful.

53:24.200 --> 53:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
First, the victim of genocide is

53:26.666 --> 53:28.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
a people or a substantial

53:28.266 --> 53:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
community, and the aim, or

53:30.600 --> 53:32.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
foreseeable consequence, is to

53:32.533 --> 53:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
destroy the social vitality made

53:34.533 --> 53:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
possible by social institutions

53:36.700 --> 53:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and connections that make of its

53:38.233 --> 53:40.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
members a people or community.

53:40.633 --> 53:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Mass murders can victimize

53:42.666 --> 53:44.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
aggregates of individuals, or

53:44.533 --> 53:46.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
categories or classes, who do

53:46.700 --> 53:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
not constitute a people or

53:48.066 --> 53:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
community.

53:49.600 --> 53:52.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Second, genocide need not be

53:52.166 --> 53:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
massively homicidal on either

53:54.233 --> 53:55.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
the U.N. definition or

53:55.700 --> 53:58.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Lemkin's definition.

53:58.166 --> 53:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Some genocide scholars think it

53:59.966 --> 54:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
stretches the concept of

54:01.366 --> 54:03.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
genocide too much if mass murder

54:03.533 --> 54:05.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
is not considered essential,

54:05.866 --> 54:07.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
with the result that genocide no

54:07.500 --> 54:10.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
longer seems as serious a crime.

54:10.566 --> 54:12.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
My view is, first, that it is

54:12.600 --> 54:14.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
not obvious that social death is

54:14.500 --> 54:15.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
less serious than physical

54:15.900 --> 54:18.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
death.

54:18.600 --> 54:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And second, that not all

54:19.666 --> 54:21.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
genocides are equal.

54:21.200 --> 54:22.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Some are much worse than others.

54:22.833 --> 54:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Much depends on how the death is

54:24.233 --> 54:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
brought about.

54:25.566 --> 54:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Consider the mass rapes aimed at

54:27.300 --> 54:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
enforced pregnancy perpetrated

54:29.100 --> 54:30.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
in the former Yugoslavia in the

54:30.900 --> 54:32.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
1990s.

54:32.266 --> 54:34.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
This atrocity left some female

54:34.133 --> 54:36.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
survivors little more than

54:36.200 --> 54:38.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
gestating corpses, social

54:38.000 --> 54:40.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
outcasts, unmarriageable, their

54:40.266 --> 54:42.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
offspring unassimilable.

54:42.233 --> 54:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
What had they to look forward to

54:43.866 --> 54:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
other than life-long Post

54:45.733 --> 54:47.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Traumatic Stress?

54:47.133 --> 54:48.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Would their fate have been worse

54:48.600 --> 54:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
if they had been killed?

54:50.300 --> 54:52.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The worst harm that Immanuel

54:52.300 --> 54:53.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Kant was able to imagine was to

54:53.533 --> 54:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
be treated merely as a means to

54:55.300 --> 54:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the ends of others, to have

54:57.300 --> 54:58.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
one's humanity utterly

54:58.666 --> 55:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
disrespected, devalued, to be

55:01.066 --> 55:02.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
treated as a thing.

55:02.966 --> 55:04.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Hannah Arendt identified an even

55:04.533 --> 55:06.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
worse harm, namely, to have

55:06.400 --> 55:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
one's humanity utterly

55:07.833 --> 55:09.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
destroyed.

55:09.600 --> 55:11.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Extreme social death comes close

55:11.333 --> 55:15.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
to that idea.

55:15.266 --> 55:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
What about the question

55:17.300 --> 55:18.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
is genocide redundant as a

55:18.600 --> 55:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
crime, given other war crimes

55:20.800 --> 55:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and crimes against humanity?

55:23.900 --> 55:25.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
The idea of crimes against

55:25.133 --> 55:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
humanity was defended as

55:26.666 --> 55:28.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
distinct from war crimes on the

55:28.533 --> 55:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
ground that it can be committed

55:30.600 --> 55:32.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
outside the context of war and

55:32.466 --> 55:33.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
against a country's own

55:33.766 --> 55:34.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
nationals.

55:34.900 --> 55:36.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
The idea of the crime of

55:36.300 --> 55:37.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
genocide can be defended as a

55:37.833 --> 55:39.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
special kind of crime against

55:39.300 --> 55:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
humanity that inflicts a harm,

55:41.633 --> 55:43.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
namely, social death, that is

55:43.366 --> 55:45.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
not captured by other crimes

55:45.433 --> 55:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
against humanity and that tends

55:47.100 --> 55:49.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to be more severe and pervasive

55:49.066 --> 55:53.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
in its effects.

55:53.066 --> 55:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What about the question whether

55:54.233 --> 55:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
genocide the worst crime or the

55:55.600 --> 55:58.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
greatest evil imaginable?

55:58.200 --> 56:00.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
If social death is central to

56:00.466 --> 56:02.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
one's understanding of genocide,

56:02.666 --> 56:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
how severe it is depends on the

56:04.466 --> 56:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
degree of the loss of social

56:06.033 --> 56:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
vitality, the forms those losses

56:08.066 --> 56:10.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
take, and whether any form of

56:10.000 --> 56:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
social vitality is recoverable.

56:13.166 --> 56:14.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Forced assimilation and

56:14.566 --> 56:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
transportation of children can

56:16.600 --> 56:19.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
result in very great losses of

56:19.266 --> 56:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
social vitality.

56:21.166 --> 56:22.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
But if there remains the

56:22.633 --> 56:24.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
possibility of regeneration, and

56:24.733 --> 56:27.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
if there remain remnants of

56:27.366 --> 56:28.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
social vitality, it would

56:28.966 --> 56:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
probably have been worse to kill

56:30.433 --> 56:32.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the children or to enslave them

56:32.033 --> 56:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
than to transport and try to

56:33.233 --> 56:35.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
assimilate them.

56:35.466 --> 56:36.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
By the way, on this

56:36.566 --> 56:37.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
understanding of genocide, we

56:37.900 --> 56:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
can view the kidnapping,

56:39.166 --> 56:40.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
selling, and transport of

56:40.266 --> 56:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Africans to the New World to be

56:42.300 --> 56:45.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
slaves as a genocidal project.

56:45.333 --> 56:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The destruction of the slaves'

56:46.833 --> 56:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
social vitality may not have

56:48.233 --> 56:50.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
been a by-product.

56:50.233 --> 56:51.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Even if it was, that destruction

56:51.766 --> 56:53.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
was a reasonably foreseeable and

56:53.766 --> 56:56.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
accepted price of having slaves

56:56.266 --> 56:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and so, I think, should count as

56:57.633 --> 56:59.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
part of the perpetrators'

56:59.233 --> 57:01.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
intent, broadly construed.

57:01.666 --> 57:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Even if not every genocide is

57:03.400 --> 57:05.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the worst imaginable crime, that

57:05.400 --> 57:06.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
does not preclude the judgment

57:06.766 --> 57:08.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that the Holocaust is the worst

57:08.666 --> 57:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
atrocity perpetrated within

57:10.300 --> 57:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
recorded history.

57:13.266 --> 57:15.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
If you take as central to

57:15.200 --> 57:16.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
defining the Holocaust the

57:16.466 --> 57:17.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
projects of its perpetrators,

57:17.966 --> 57:19.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the Holocaust was much more than

57:19.300 --> 57:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
a genocide.

57:20.566 --> 57:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
First, it was more than one

57:21.766 --> 57:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
genocide.

57:22.900 --> 57:24.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Second, it included terrorism,

57:24.600 --> 57:26.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
torture, and deprivations that

57:26.700 --> 57:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Primo Levi well-described as

57:28.700 --> 57:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
"useless violence," which were

57:30.866 --> 57:32.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
superfluous even for the aims of

57:32.500 --> 57:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
the genocides.

57:34.666 --> 57:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And so, even if genocide is not

57:37.400 --> 57:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
necessarily the worst imaginable

57:39.333 --> 57:41.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
crime, that does not mean that

57:41.233 --> 57:44.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
the Holocaust wasn't.

57:44.966 --> 57:47.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[applause]