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- Scott Sanford 
is a distinguished 
Outreach Specialist

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with the Extension 
Ag, Engineering

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at the UW-Wisconsin,

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in the Biological 
Systems Engineering.

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Scott is a lead rural 
energy program person,

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and they look at ways 
to reduce energy usage,

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increase energy utilization 
and agricultural enterprises,

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and produce renewable energy.

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So, Scott has had a 
very diverse background.

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He came out of the Hudson 
Valley of New York.

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Grew up there.

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Got a bachelor's degree 
and a master's degree

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from Cornell University,

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and then spent 17 years in 
the dairy equipment industry.

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So, he worked for a 
number of different

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dairy equipment companies 
in private sector,

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and is now involved,

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has been at the 
UW-Madison since 2002,

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and works in many 
aspects of agriculture:

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working the energy side,

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working with dairy farmers 
and renewable fuels,

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and most recently, 
has been on the board

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for the Wisconsin 
Farm Technology Days.

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Please welcome Scott, 
Scott Sanford, thank you.

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(audience applauds)

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- Morning.

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So, my task this morning 
is we're gonna talk about

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managing grain and storage.

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I'm gonna talk about 
the mechanical side,

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and PJ, who's gonna follow me,

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is gonna talk about 
the buggy side.

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I thought that'd get a rise.

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Anyway...

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So with storage there's...

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six things that can cause 
problems in storage.

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The first is having too many 
fines and foreign matter,

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so, when you put it in I 
always recommend screening,

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and we'll talk a 
little more about that.

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The other is too warm.

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We've gotta keep it within

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a few degrees of the 
outdoor temperature.

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One, so it doesn't sweat,

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but also the colder we can 
get it the longer it'll last.

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Too wet.

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If we get too wet, 
that's obvious, we're 
gonna get heating.

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Uneven grain temperatures.

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You can get convection 
currents within the grain bin,

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which can lead to 
problems in there.

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And then the 
storage not cleaned,

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and this is where the 
buggy part comes in.

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We need to sanitize 
that, or clean that,

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between grain crops, 
basically to reduce our load.

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And then the other is

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just not checking the 
grain often enough.

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If we check it, we 
can find out problems,

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we can mitigate 'em.

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But if we never look at it,

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then you're not gonna know 
that you have a problem.

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So, the first is too 
much foreign matter.

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So, I recommend screening 
before you dry it.

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So, screening it 
before you put it in.

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A lot of people don't do that.

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It's hard to separate 
out the bee's wings,

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'cause they kinda 
stick to the corn,

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but if you can get as 
much as you can out,

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that can be very helpful.

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Then, the other would be,

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if you're using a separate 
dryer from your bin,

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to screen it before you 
put it into storage.

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And a lot of people do that.

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Because the fines 
are what attract,

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one, it reduces airflow,

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but it's also the 
place where the bugs,

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if you got cracked 
kernels and stuff,

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some bugs can't get 
through the endosperm...

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of the corn unless it's cracked.

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So, you can starve 'em if 
you don't have as many fines,

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and PJ will talk 
more about that.

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Now, on the other 
hand, what we can do is

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put a spreader in there to 
spread the fines out evenly.

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That way the airflow is 
not impeded in one spot,

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because if we get one spot 
that doesn't get the airflow,

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that's usually where the 
problems are gonna be.

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So, it has to do 
with airflow also,

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as well as basically getting

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the foreign matter out of there.

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Grain too warm.

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We'd really like it to be within

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10 to 15 degrees of the 
average outdoor temperature.

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And this is basically 
so it doesn't sweat,

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especially on the 
walls of the bin.

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And that's tough some days.

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And that's the average 
daily temperature,

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not the peaks and valleys.

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But try to get it close to that,

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and so you gotta look at the 
forecasts and kinda plan ahead.

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For summer storage 
in the Upper Midwest

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we'd like to keep 
it at 50 degrees,

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and that can be tough.

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If you're gonna keep 
it through the summer

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you may have to do some 
nighttime aeration,

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when the air is colder.

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Southern US, we can 
go a little higher,

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basically 'cause we're not gonna 
be able to keep it that cool.

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For wintertime, depending on 
where you are in Wisconsin,

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basically if you can get it down

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around freezing that's optimal.

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With December this year that was

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maybe a little tougher 
than a normal year.

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But, trying to get 
the temperature down.

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And we usually do that in steps.

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So here's kind of a pictorial 
of what the suggested

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wintertime temperatures are,

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depending on where you 
are in the Upper Midwest.

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To do that temperature 
we can use probes.

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So this is a manual probe,

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you can walk out an 
push into the grain.

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They come in different lengths.

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The other is to put a 
temperature cable in there,

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so you can see the grain at 
different levels in the bin,

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versus just the top, 
whatever you can reach.

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One of the issues here is:

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To find a problem it can be only

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a couple degrees difference 
that you may see,

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between every two 
weeks or every month,

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temperature change that 
may indicate a problem.

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'Cause one of the 
problems is corn

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doesn't conduct heat very well.

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So, your problem if it's 
away from that sensor,

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it may be only a few degrees

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temperature difference over time

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that may indicate a problem.

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So, typically what 
you're gonna do is,

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you need to keep 
track of your data.

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On a month, every time you 
go out and measure that,

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you keep track of your data,

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and look for changes.

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And this top one, seven and 
eight aren't in the grain,

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they're above the grain level,

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but you can see on the second 
one I've got the red marks.

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The five six, or, 
four, five, and six.

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That indicates that a...

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a case where we've got 
some rising temperatures.

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And you can see, they're subtle,

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but that would indicate that

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we've got a hot-spot 
in there someplace.

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So if we have a hot-spot 
we need to aerate

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to try to mitigate that.

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The maximum grain temperature,

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or grain moisture percentage,

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recommended for 
grains will depend on

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how long you're gonna keep it.

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And you have to think about 
the end user, not just you.

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You may only be keeping 
it for six months,

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but if the next 
guy's gonna keep it

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for another six months, you 
gotta look at that

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to figure out where 
you need to put it.

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So, typically with corn,

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if we get it down to 15%,

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that's up to six months,

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so if we sell it by 
May, May or June,

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if we're gonna 
keep it past that,

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we need to get that down to 
14% when we put it in storage.

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And if we're gonna keep 
it longer than that,

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we wanna bring it down to 13%.

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And that gives some safety 
factor to make it last.

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So, I talked about uneven 
grain temperatures,

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convection currents.

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You can get those, 'cause we 
got cooling on the outside,

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so you get airflows 
in the grain.

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And what'll happen is we'll 
get this temperature rise

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through the middle of the grain,

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and we'll get a 
moisture accumulation 
right in the center,

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that's on the top,

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and that's usually where 
you have the problem

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if you're gonna have a problem.

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'Cause that's usually where a 
lot of the fines are as well.

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So this is one reason we want to

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try to get rid of those fines.

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And another way to get rid of 
the fines is to core it out.

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So, after you fill the 
bin you core it out.

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You take some grain 
out and you could...

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screen that and put it 
back in a bin or use it.

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But that can be another 
problem, the cool temperatures.

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Especially, we're 
having really cold now,

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it's gonna get warm 
the next couple days,

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and then it's gonna 
cool down again.

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So all that kind of weather

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will cause some convection 
currents within the grain.

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So aeration is the...

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best method to solve 
some of these problems.

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And, basically we 
want a level surface

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on the top of the grain.

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If we don't have a level surface

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we're gonna get shortcutting.

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So, if you've got 
high in the middle

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and low in the sides you're 
gonna get more airflow

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through the grain, the 
low part of the pack

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than the high part of the pack.

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Aeration...

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The rate, or the cfm per 
bushel is gonna dictate

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how fast you can cool the grain.

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More is usually better.

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So you can take advantage of 
cool nights, for instance.

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So, here's an example.

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If we've got 0.05 
cfm's per bushel

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it's gonna take us 208 hours 
versus 140 if we double that.

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Typically to get 
the cooling front,

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or warming front, depending 
on what time of year it is,

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to go through the grain.

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Typically we're 
recommending 0.1,

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but a little higher 
wouldn't be bad either.

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And as I said,

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higher airflow rates 
can take advantage of

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short term cold temperatures.

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The other recommendation is

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to cover the fans 
to keep rodents out,

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and it'll reduce convection 
currents within the grain.

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So they do make covers 
that you can put over,

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or you can make your own, 
just a plastic sheet,

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with some kind of band around 
the outside, to cover that up.

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So, when you go to 
change a temperature,

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you're gonna start the air,

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and you're gonna 
get a cooling front

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that's gonna go up 
through that grain pack.

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And it doesn't matter 
which way your fan is,

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some are negative pressure 
some are positive pressure,

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but it's gonna push 
the air through that,

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so that air front's either 
gonna come up or down,

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depending on which 
way your airflow is.

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So this is gonna be a typical 
setting from the fall,

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so you're gonna dry this or 
cool this corn down in steps.

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So this is showing 150 
hours to cool the grains.

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You're gonna come down 
in steps as you get down,

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and when you get down to 
December it should be cool,

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hopefully we had cooler 
weather than this year.

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you'll get it down and cool it,

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and then it'll basically 
maintain it through the winter.

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So, here it is, looking at 
how it affects the bug issues.

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So, and I'm sure PJ is gonna 
dwell on this some more,

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but when we get above 70,

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we're optimal for insects, 
molds, and spoilage.

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If we get it down below 70,

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you reduce insect reproduction.

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Below 50, insects 
start to go dormant.

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And if we get down to 
around the 32 degree mark,

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basically most insects won't 
last through the winter there.

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PJ's gonna go through 
this a little more,

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00:12:25,966 --> 00:12:28,733
but it's important that 
we clean out the bins.

250
00:12:28,833 --> 00:12:30,400
Basically to...

251
00:12:32,233 --> 00:12:34,633
try not to reinfect the bins.

252
00:12:37,133 --> 00:12:39,233
Temperature controls and fans.

253
00:12:39,333 --> 00:12:42,533
There are all kinds of 
computerized controls,

254
00:12:42,633 --> 00:12:44,833
or you can do manually.

255
00:12:44,933 --> 00:12:47,533
We can have thermostats with...

256
00:12:49,733 --> 00:12:51,133
Well, one thing I 
recommend is you

257
00:12:51,233 --> 00:12:53,000
put an hour meter on your fans,

258
00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:55,233
so you know how 
many hours it's run.

259
00:12:55,333 --> 00:12:58,933
That'll give you better feedback 
on how long it's run and where

260
00:12:59,033 --> 00:13:02,733
the cooling front might 
be in your grain pack.

261
00:13:02,833 --> 00:13:04,433
They also have 
computerized controls

262
00:13:04,533 --> 00:13:07,666
that'll look at the temperature 
and stuff, and the humidity,

263
00:13:07,766 --> 00:13:10,866
and turn the fans on when 
it's optimal for cooling.

264
00:13:10,966 --> 00:13:12,666
Or, if you're trying 
to dry something,

265
00:13:12,766 --> 00:13:14,066
that'd be the other thing,

266
00:13:14,166 --> 00:13:18,000
if you're trying to 
take some moisture out.

267
00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:19,933
And they have systems that'll

268
00:13:20,033 --> 00:13:22,100
control multiple bins and stuff.

269
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:25,500
So, that's another example of

270
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:30,200
technology you can use 
to make your job easier.

271
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:32,433
So here's kind of a checklist:

272
00:13:32,533 --> 00:13:34,966
Warm weather, we want to check 
it every one to two weeks,

273
00:13:35,066 --> 00:13:38,566
and cold weather every 
three to four weeks.

274
00:13:38,666 --> 00:13:41,966
Want to turn the 
aeration fans on.

275
00:13:42,066 --> 00:13:44,033
Ensure they're running properly,

276
00:13:44,133 --> 00:13:46,066
ensure we got static pressure.

277
00:13:46,166 --> 00:13:47,466
You should have a 
static pressure gauge

278
00:13:47,566 --> 00:13:49,000
someplace in the system,

279
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:52,333
so you can make sure 
you're getting good airflow

280
00:13:52,433 --> 00:13:55,100
and there's no shortcuts.

281
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:56,666
Climb up and look 
inside the bin.

282
00:13:56,766 --> 00:13:59,633
Are we getting condensation 
under the roof?

283
00:13:59,733 --> 00:14:02,333
Wet, we have snow cover.

284
00:14:02,433 --> 00:14:04,133
If you got some snow in there

285
00:14:04,233 --> 00:14:08,100
you may have to run the 
fans to drive off that snow.

286
00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:09,633
Check for odors.

287
00:14:09,733 --> 00:14:13,433
That's an indication 
of mold or spoilage.

288
00:14:13,533 --> 00:14:15,033
Look for crusting.

289
00:14:16,066 --> 00:14:18,700
And measure the temperature 
at several locations,

290
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:24,166
if you don't have the 
temperature cables.

291
00:14:24,266 --> 00:14:27,300
Look for signs of 
insect activity.

292
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:29,033
Log things.

293
00:14:29,133 --> 00:14:31,500
You might remember 
there are bugs in there,

294
00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:33,766
but did that happen a 
week ago, two weeks ago,

295
00:14:33,866 --> 00:14:35,266
or six weeks ago?

296
00:14:36,266 --> 00:14:39,200
Things have a way of 
escaping us as far as time,

297
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:43,266
so, recording that's good.

298
00:14:43,366 --> 00:14:45,600
And then you can compare, 
it allows you to compare

299
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:48,166
readings and findings 
from this year,

300
00:14:48,266 --> 00:14:51,333
but also in successive 
years as well.

301
00:14:51,433 --> 00:14:53,400
And then take any 
corrective action

302
00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:55,300
and then record that as well,

303
00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:57,466
so you know what you did 
to solve the problem,

304
00:14:57,566 --> 00:15:01,433
and indicate whether 
it actually solved it.

305
00:15:03,433 --> 00:15:05,633
Here's a new technology 
that's out there,

306
00:15:05,733 --> 00:15:07,700
I thought I'd throw 
a slide in for this.

307
00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:10,933
It's using ozone 
for grain treatment.

308
00:15:11,033 --> 00:15:17,033
Ozone is a great use 
for killing things,

309
00:15:17,133 --> 00:15:20,000
basically oxidizes things.

310
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:24,033
So, that's a technology that 
is kinda new in the market.

311
00:15:24,133 --> 00:15:28,400
It doesn't have residual 
base, but it can help.

312
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:32,266
I know the potato growers 
are using it in potatoes.

313
00:15:32,366 --> 00:15:35,400
We use it in hot 
tubs, we use it in...

314
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,500
I think the organic growers 
can use ozone for...

315
00:15:42,733 --> 00:15:44,233
purifying water.

316
00:15:44,966 --> 00:15:47,666
So it's a great option.

317
00:15:49,366 --> 00:15:51,300
But probably not cheap.

318
00:15:52,433 --> 00:15:54,900
So yeah, it can kill bacteria,

319
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,600
or insects, we don't 
worry about bacteria.

320
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:02,266
It claims to be able to 
reduce microtoxin levels,

321
00:16:02,366 --> 00:16:04,000
stop mold growth,

322
00:16:05,266 --> 00:16:07,966
but it won't stop heating.

323
00:16:08,066 --> 00:16:11,633
Basically, that's 
usually a moisture issue.

324
00:16:11,733 --> 00:16:14,566
The other thing I want to 
remind people is safety.

325
00:16:14,666 --> 00:16:16,600
We have people get killed 
in bins every year,

326
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:21,433
because they don't adhere 
to safety protocols.

327
00:16:21,533 --> 00:16:24,600
Basically lock out your 
controls before you go in,

328
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:28,133
so nobody can start it 
while you're in there.

329
00:16:29,466 --> 00:16:32,333
If you've already 
cored out and stuff,

330
00:16:32,433 --> 00:16:36,100
be aware there could be cavities 
that you could fall into.

331
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,566
It's recommended use a 
harness and a respirator,

332
00:16:38,666 --> 00:16:41,100
in case there's mold in there.

333
00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:43,933
And if you have to go in,

334
00:16:44,033 --> 00:16:47,600
make sure you got 
somebody else there.

335
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:50,566
And let me point out, 
tying a rope on you,

336
00:16:50,666 --> 00:16:54,666
and having somebody tying it 
to the edge isn't gonna help.

337
00:16:54,766 --> 00:16:57,566
All it's gonna do is help 
the rescuers find out,

338
00:16:57,666 --> 00:16:59,666
they can follow the rope to you.

339
00:16:59,766 --> 00:17:02,400
You need a harness with 
something that's gonna

340
00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:04,966
hold you up if...

341
00:17:06,533 --> 00:17:09,533
what you're walking on 
collapses underneath your feet.

342
00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:15,033
So here are some resources.

343
00:17:15,133 --> 00:17:17,100
One of the best 
resources is this,

344
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:19,466
Managing Dry Grain in Storage.

345
00:17:19,566 --> 00:17:21,833
It's a Midwest Plan 
Service publication.

346
00:17:21,933 --> 00:17:23,933
And then they have 
a series of others,

347
00:17:24,033 --> 00:17:27,333
but that one specifically 
covers what we covered today.

348
00:17:27,433 --> 00:17:30,500
And there's a few others 
on here that I put,

349
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:35,100
and I think they're in 
the publication as well.

350
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:38,233
And here's some stuff 
about the ozone treatment,

351
00:17:38,333 --> 00:17:40,866
so some of the papers that 
are out there that you might

352
00:17:40,966 --> 00:17:44,966
refer if you wanna read 
some more on that topic.

353
00:17:46,133 --> 00:17:47,300
So, with that.

354
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:50,300
We have any questions?

355
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,366
(audience applauds)