1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,535 cc >> Beth Lemke: Welcome to 2 00:00:02,535 --> 00:00:04,738 the Wisconsin Historical Museum, ladies and gentlemen. 3 00:00:04,738 --> 00:00:07,207 Today we're here to listen to Mike Jacobs look at his 4 00:00:07,207 --> 00:00:12,512 perspectives of immigration, both past and present, and the 5 00:00:12,512 --> 00:00:16,316 propaganda relating to it. So if you could please give me a 6 00:00:16,316 --> 00:00:21,521 warm welcome for Mike Jacobs. [APPLAUSE] 7 00:00:25,025 --> 00:00:27,327 >> Mike Jacobs: So we're going to take a look at the propaganda 8 00:00:27,327 --> 00:00:31,931 through the course of at least 150 years and 9 00:00:31,931 --> 00:00:36,236 see how the nativist faction has tried to support its agenda. 10 00:00:36,236 --> 00:00:39,939 But by emphasizing the similarities of this propaganda, 11 00:00:39,939 --> 00:00:43,843 what I'm hoping to do is to demonstrate that the fears have 12 00:00:43,843 --> 00:00:48,081 neither changed nor diminished. And I'm trying to assure both 13 00:00:48,081 --> 00:00:52,719 sides, whichever side you are on, that our current debate is 14 00:00:52,719 --> 00:00:57,190 neither epic nor final. And that's really my most 15 00:00:57,190 --> 00:01:04,464 important point to you. Demographic changes in British 16 00:01:04,464 --> 00:01:09,002 North America occurred rapidly during the 18th century, and 17 00:01:09,002 --> 00:01:12,105 anti-immigrant sentiment existed even before this country 18 00:01:12,105 --> 00:01:14,741 existed. The principal consideration at 19 00:01:14,741 --> 00:01:17,711 the time, though, was not immigration but the kind of 20 00:01:17,711 --> 00:01:20,313 immigrant, the kind of people that were coming. 21 00:01:20,313 --> 00:01:23,350 Many British North American colonists were concerned about 22 00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:27,354 the importation of convicted criminals, Irish papists and 23 00:01:27,354 --> 00:01:31,524 German separatists. But that's not the focus of 24 00:01:31,524 --> 00:01:35,729 today's presentation so let's start with the United States. 25 00:01:35,729 --> 00:01:39,366 The United States did not have a uniform policy regarding 26 00:01:39,366 --> 00:01:42,402 immigration. Traditionally the federal 27 00:01:42,402 --> 00:01:45,005 government placed neither restrictions nor parameters on 28 00:01:45,005 --> 00:01:47,974 immigration, and federal policies encouraged or 29 00:01:47,974 --> 00:01:50,810 discouraged immigration indirectly through laws that 30 00:01:50,810 --> 00:01:55,682 pertained to citizenship rather than actual travel or entry. 31 00:01:55,682 --> 00:02:00,487 In 1798 the federal government passed the Alien Enemies Act 32 00:02:00,487 --> 00:02:04,691 which were the first national restrictions on immigration. 33 00:02:04,691 --> 00:02:07,794 Rather they were the first national restrictions on 34 00:02:07,794 --> 00:02:11,097 immigrants not immigration. As these laws did not prevent 35 00:02:11,097 --> 00:02:14,067 immigration but threatened immigrants with deportation or 36 00:02:14,067 --> 00:02:16,936 imprisonment if they didn't behave in accordance with the 37 00:02:16,936 --> 00:02:21,408 current administration's wishes. These laws were clearly partisan 38 00:02:21,408 --> 00:02:27,714 and subjective and arbitrary, and thus they were unpopular. 39 00:02:27,714 --> 00:02:32,619 This 1798 cartoon depicts a fight that broke out on the 40 00:02:32,619 --> 00:02:36,122 floor of the United States House of Representatives between 41 00:02:36,122 --> 00:02:39,359 Matthew Lyon, an Irish immigrant, republican 42 00:02:39,359 --> 00:02:42,762 Congressman from Vermont, and Roger Griswold, an American-born 43 00:02:42,762 --> 00:02:46,433 federalist from Connecticut. The democratic republicans 44 00:02:46,433 --> 00:02:50,670 decried this unpopular federalist legislation to rally 45 00:02:50,670 --> 00:02:53,807 support to their party. That's how they attracted 46 00:02:53,807 --> 00:02:57,911 immigrants to them. Such was the earliest 47 00:02:57,911 --> 00:03:00,980 controversy regarding immigration. 48 00:03:00,980 --> 00:03:03,783 That controversy surrounded the kind of immigrant, rather than 49 00:03:03,783 --> 00:03:06,553 immigration itself, comes as little surprise to me studying 50 00:03:06,553 --> 00:03:09,389 this. The United States has almost 51 00:03:09,389 --> 00:03:13,827 always had a dearth in labor. When there hasn't been, 52 00:03:13,827 --> 00:03:16,996 immigration has slowed. If you take a look at this 53 00:03:16,996 --> 00:03:20,100 chart, you will see that the slowest years are during the 54 00:03:20,100 --> 00:03:24,037 Great Depression. We have this idea or we purport 55 00:03:24,037 --> 00:03:27,574 this idea that people come to America for political freedom or 56 00:03:27,574 --> 00:03:30,477 religious freedom, and that is certainly true for a very small 57 00:03:30,477 --> 00:03:35,181 minority. Unless you're going to make the 58 00:03:35,181 --> 00:03:38,318 argument that suddenly in the 1930s places around the world 59 00:03:38,318 --> 00:03:41,087 were offering religious freedom and political freedom, therefore 60 00:03:41,087 --> 00:03:43,790 people weren't coming. If you're familiar with fascist 61 00:03:43,790 --> 00:03:46,893 Spain, fascist Portugal, fascist Germany, fascist Italy, those 62 00:03:46,893 --> 00:03:49,662 arguments aren't that easy to make. 63 00:03:49,662 --> 00:03:52,866 The reality is that the vast majority of the people who've 64 00:03:52,866 --> 00:03:55,702 come to America have come for opportunity, particularly 65 00:03:55,702 --> 00:03:58,805 economic opportunity. And you can see in the 1930s 66 00:03:58,805 --> 00:04:03,043 that did not exist. And speaking of migrations, Beth 67 00:04:03,043 --> 00:04:05,812 had mentioned that we had both moved here from Indiana to 68 00:04:05,812 --> 00:04:10,517 Wisconsin, a migration because I found Wisconsin appealing. 69 00:04:10,517 --> 00:04:13,386 I'd be curious what kind of migrations happened regarding 70 00:04:13,386 --> 00:04:19,826 Wisconsin pertaining to what's going on outside. 71 00:04:19,826 --> 00:04:23,329 As the United States started to supply belligerence engaged in 72 00:04:23,329 --> 00:04:26,866 World War II, the need for labor in America was revitalized. 73 00:04:26,866 --> 00:04:30,603 All were welcome, as depicted in this cartoon from the Detroit 74 00:04:30,603 --> 00:04:35,842 Free Press. In fact, at this time the United 75 00:04:35,842 --> 00:04:38,812 States was desperate for unskilled labor and inaugurated 76 00:04:38,812 --> 00:04:42,682 the Bracero Program with Mexico which brought hundreds of 77 00:04:42,682 --> 00:04:47,087 thousands of Mexicans across the border to work in American 78 00:04:47,087 --> 00:04:50,457 enterprises that needed labor, particularly in agriculture and 79 00:04:50,457 --> 00:04:55,628 railroads. While the Braceros were major 80 00:04:55,628 --> 00:04:59,165 contributors to the American war effort and economy, they did not 81 00:04:59,165 --> 00:05:03,003 always meet with acceptance in this country. 82 00:05:03,003 --> 00:05:06,006 But the immigrants were deemed valuable enough that the Bracero 83 00:05:06,006 --> 00:05:09,676 Program was continued even after the war ended for two decades 84 00:05:09,676 --> 00:05:13,179 and maintained by the American government and the Mexican 85 00:05:13,179 --> 00:05:17,984 government until 1964. If you were to look at illegal 86 00:05:17,984 --> 00:05:20,887 immigration to the United States from Mexico, 1964 is when it 87 00:05:20,887 --> 00:05:24,524 happens, when the program that had allowed for workers to come 88 00:05:24,524 --> 00:05:27,727 here ended. It ended Mexico's incentive to 89 00:05:27,727 --> 00:05:30,864 guard the border. They used to guard the border 90 00:05:30,864 --> 00:05:33,266 not wanting people to move back and forth unless they could tax 91 00:05:33,266 --> 00:05:35,635 them. But that incentive disappeared 92 00:05:35,635 --> 00:05:38,972 with that program. World War II was not the first 93 00:05:38,972 --> 00:05:42,175 time labor influenced American's opinions regarding the 94 00:05:42,175 --> 00:05:46,112 desirability of immigration. This engraving from an 1855 book 95 00:05:46,112 --> 00:05:50,183 by J Wayne Laurens called The Crisis; or The Enemies of 96 00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:54,721 America Unmasked depicts a labor demonstration outside New York 97 00:05:54,721 --> 00:05:59,159 City's city hall demanding relief for the unemployed during 98 00:05:59,159 --> 00:06:03,730 the panic of 1854. This presentation here of 99 00:06:03,730 --> 00:06:07,667 foreign labor demonstrators, mostly Irish and German, was 100 00:06:07,667 --> 00:06:11,671 meant to alarm readers. It's one of the very few 101 00:06:11,671 --> 00:06:14,841 antebellum images of organized labor and tame by the standards 102 00:06:14,841 --> 00:06:20,046 of anti-immigrant propaganda. During the post bellum era, 103 00:06:20,046 --> 00:06:23,350 immigrant laborers were not a threat to capital but to other 104 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:26,753 laborers. Native labor organized against 105 00:06:26,753 --> 00:06:29,789 cheap immigrant labor that might drive down their wages or 106 00:06:29,789 --> 00:06:32,592 replace them. In both of these pieces 107 00:06:32,592 --> 00:06:36,062 emanating from California, the Chinese are the culprits and the 108 00:06:36,062 --> 00:06:39,833 prescribed solution is clear: physically remove the Chinese by 109 00:06:39,833 --> 00:06:46,639 force or political action. And the story hasn't changed. 110 00:06:46,639 --> 00:06:50,410 Labor is warning Americans of the danger of illegitimate 111 00:06:50,410 --> 00:06:54,080 immigrant labor. But the demonization of 112 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,951 immigrant labor has gone beyond organized labor and become a 113 00:06:57,951 --> 00:07:05,258 grassroots campaign as Americans fear for their economic future. 114 00:07:05,258 --> 00:07:10,196 And corporate America has shouldered the blame. 115 00:07:10,196 --> 00:07:15,535 And corporate executives and upper middle-class Americans 116 00:07:15,535 --> 00:07:19,606 have warned about the presence of such undocumented workers. 117 00:07:19,606 --> 00:07:23,109 But that has not stopped such segments from using and 118 00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:32,052 benefiting from that very labor. The Bush Administration 119 00:07:32,052 --> 00:07:35,555 supported continued practice of moderate immigration enforcement 120 00:07:35,555 --> 00:07:42,562 and was criticized for the apparent motive. 121 00:07:42,562 --> 00:07:46,332 As this cartoon suggests, it is compassionate to assist these 122 00:07:46,332 --> 00:07:49,703 poor immigrants with any work and useful for the American 123 00:07:49,703 --> 00:07:54,674 economy. The competing forces at work are 124 00:07:54,674 --> 00:07:58,678 displayed here on the page of June 8, 2006, edition of 125 00:07:58,678 --> 00:08:03,750 the San Antonio Express. The top article, Texans proposal 126 00:08:03,750 --> 00:08:07,587 would make some deportations easier saying that how they 127 00:08:07,587 --> 00:08:11,358 could get rid of undocumented or undesirable immigrants. 128 00:08:11,358 --> 00:08:15,562 The second article suggests that President Bush believed that 129 00:08:15,562 --> 00:08:20,066 immigrants were useful, but they should conform to the American 130 00:08:20,066 --> 00:08:23,470 macroculture. My favorite is the bottom 131 00:08:23,470 --> 00:08:26,172 article. At the bottom of the page brings 132 00:08:26,172 --> 00:08:29,509 the issue full circle by pointing out that 25% of those 133 00:08:29,509 --> 00:08:32,479 who are cleaning up New Orleans after hurricane Katrina lack 134 00:08:32,479 --> 00:08:37,484 proper papers. As much as people who do not 135 00:08:37,484 --> 00:08:40,854 want them here, as much as the president would like to strip 136 00:08:40,854 --> 00:08:43,556 them of their historic culture, these people are helping America 137 00:08:43,556 --> 00:08:49,062 and Americans. This desire for cheap and 138 00:08:49,062 --> 00:08:52,565 abundant labor has even compromised homeland security 139 00:08:52,565 --> 00:08:55,802 measures according to this piece of propaganda. 140 00:08:55,802 --> 00:08:59,339 Click to enlarge indicates that even this formula is flexible as 141 00:08:59,339 --> 00:09:04,644 needed. Nativist forces were quick to 142 00:09:04,644 --> 00:09:07,981 link America's immigration policy with the 9/11 terrorist 143 00:09:07,981 --> 00:09:13,420 attacks. Even Osama bin Laden is able to 144 00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:18,024 enter the United States in this 2003 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 145 00:09:18,024 --> 00:09:24,397 cartoon by Stuart Carlson. And nativist forces on the 146 00:09:24,397 --> 00:09:32,572 ground picked up on that notion. And fears can be worn on your 147 00:09:32,572 --> 00:09:41,848 sleeve or jacket or lapel. But in many cases the terrorist 148 00:09:41,848 --> 00:09:45,685 bugaboo is simply a cat's paw for other objectives. 149 00:09:45,685 --> 00:09:51,591 The message here is morphed to suit other tastes. 150 00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:56,062 And they transform the message and images to appeal to older 151 00:09:56,062 --> 00:09:59,366 generations of Americans as well. 152 00:09:59,366 --> 00:10:05,271 Every avenue is explored and exploited. 153 00:10:05,271 --> 00:10:08,975 Neither the ploys nor the fears were new. 154 00:10:08,975 --> 00:10:12,912 Post-World War I cartoons suggested that America's liberal 155 00:10:12,912 --> 00:10:16,349 immigration policies opened doors to those who would destroy 156 00:10:16,349 --> 00:10:21,788 us. The jingoism is particularly 157 00:10:21,788 --> 00:10:26,426 noticeable in this cartoon from the Memphis Commercial Appeal. 158 00:10:26,426 --> 00:10:29,996 Now Memphis has little history as an immigrant city. 159 00:10:29,996 --> 00:10:34,300 In 1920 only 3.6% of its population was foreign-born, 160 00:10:34,300 --> 00:10:39,472 ranking it 47th among America's 50th largest cities. 161 00:10:39,472 --> 00:10:44,411 Yet they still have a concern about what is going to happen. 162 00:10:44,411 --> 00:10:50,083 And the remedy did not change either. 163 00:10:50,083 --> 00:10:53,453 Nativists warned Americans about those determined to destroy us 164 00:10:53,453 --> 00:10:57,824 long before World War I as this 1892 New York publication 165 00:10:57,824 --> 00:11:04,197 demonstrates. And the loyalty question has 166 00:11:04,197 --> 00:11:07,067 surfaced as well. Even if these new immigrants are 167 00:11:07,067 --> 00:11:10,704 bent on America's destruction, they seem to have a dual 168 00:11:10,704 --> 00:11:17,444 loyalty. The clinging to traditions is 169 00:11:17,444 --> 00:11:20,714 more easily understood when one considers the transitory nature 170 00:11:20,714 --> 00:11:24,417 of some migrations. For example, prior to the 171 00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:30,390 immigration act of 1924 as many as 60% of Italians who came to 172 00:11:30,390 --> 00:11:34,728 America returned to Italy within five years. 173 00:11:34,728 --> 00:11:38,465 America would be a temporary place to earn money or to test 174 00:11:38,465 --> 00:11:44,804 to see if they like. Almost a hundred years ago 175 00:11:44,804 --> 00:11:48,975 Woodrow Wilson warned Americans of such people who clung to the 176 00:11:48,975 --> 00:11:55,048 traditions of their birth place. During World War I, 177 00:11:55,048 --> 00:11:58,818 German-American immigrants particularly faced prejudice. 178 00:11:58,818 --> 00:12:02,355 In 1918 Life magazine ran this cartoon with the accompanying 179 00:12:02,355 --> 00:12:05,658 jingle of My Country 'Tis of Thee. 180 00:12:05,658 --> 00:12:09,629 My country over sea, Deutschland is sweet to me, to thee I cling. 181 00:12:09,629 --> 00:12:13,566 For thee my honor died, for thee I spied and lied, so that from 182 00:12:13,566 --> 00:12:21,141 every side culture might ring. But it didn't require the United 183 00:12:21,141 --> 00:12:25,045 States to be at war to inspire such fears as instructed by 184 00:12:25,045 --> 00:12:32,552 Uncle Sam in 1915 to cut off that hyphen. 185 00:12:32,552 --> 00:12:35,955 The term hyphenated American entered the American slang in 186 00:12:35,955 --> 00:12:39,659 the early 1890s referring to immigrants who had not fully or 187 00:12:39,659 --> 00:12:45,331 satisfactorily acculturated. In this 1899 cartoon from Puck, 188 00:12:45,331 --> 00:12:48,968 Uncle Sam inquires "why should I let these freaks cast whole 189 00:12:48,968 --> 00:12:55,275 ballots when they are only half Americans?" 190 00:12:55,275 --> 00:12:57,877 One of the first concerns regarding dual loyalty had 191 00:12:57,877 --> 00:13:00,347 little to do with foreign national powers. 192 00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:04,217 It was the Catholic church that nativists feared. 193 00:13:04,217 --> 00:13:09,155 In this 1853 Currier & Ives lithograph Pope Pius IX lands on 194 00:13:09,155 --> 00:13:12,025 American soil with a cross in one hand and a sword in the 195 00:13:12,025 --> 00:13:15,295 other. One of the Bishops hooks the 196 00:13:15,295 --> 00:13:20,467 boat ashore by a shamrock, suggesting that the Irish are in 197 00:13:20,467 --> 00:13:23,570 complicity in making this happen those who are already in 198 00:13:23,570 --> 00:13:26,940 America. Brother Jonathan who was a 199 00:13:26,940 --> 00:13:30,510 precursor to Uncle Sam is whittling in the back and fails 200 00:13:30,510 --> 00:13:33,680 to act. Therefore, it is up to the youth 201 00:13:33,680 --> 00:13:40,420 of America to challenge this religious invasion. 202 00:13:40,420 --> 00:13:44,357 This 1870 cover of Harper's Weekly sends a similar message 203 00:13:44,357 --> 00:13:48,128 of the Catholic church's sights on America. 204 00:13:48,128 --> 00:13:51,364 Note the skeletal face of the priest on the far right and the 205 00:13:51,364 --> 00:13:59,973 raised weapons in the rear preparing for their strike. 206 00:13:59,973 --> 00:14:03,810 This 1873 cartoon from Harper's Weekly suggests that Catholics 207 00:14:03,810 --> 00:14:07,981 are to subvert American institutions such as schools. 208 00:14:07,981 --> 00:14:11,284 Students at the right are forced to worship at non-Christian 209 00:14:11,284 --> 00:14:14,521 alters and are being indoctrinated in Asian 210 00:14:14,521 --> 00:14:20,460 philosophies and religions. Thomas Nast, the most famous 211 00:14:20,460 --> 00:14:24,064 cartoonist in American history, produced one of the most 212 00:14:24,064 --> 00:14:27,567 infamous anti-immigrant works of the 19th century with his 213 00:14:27,567 --> 00:14:31,338 warning of Catholic invasions. Notice the crocodiles that are 214 00:14:31,338 --> 00:14:35,575 coming to shore are actually Bishops. 215 00:14:35,575 --> 00:14:39,212 The Vatican has taken over the government in the background. 216 00:14:39,212 --> 00:14:42,482 The public school is falling apart. 217 00:14:42,482 --> 00:14:45,919 The American flag is inverted. Catholic-Irish thugs are hauling 218 00:14:45,919 --> 00:14:49,522 away a woman at the top of the cliff, and the gallows are 219 00:14:49,522 --> 00:14:55,829 prepared in the upper right-hand corner. 220 00:14:55,829 --> 00:14:59,666 And into the 20th century the fear had not subsided. 221 00:14:59,666 --> 00:15:03,003 A deadly Catholic Bishop replaces the Statue of Liberty 222 00:15:03,003 --> 00:15:06,940 because Americans are not sufficiently on guard. 223 00:15:06,940 --> 00:15:09,776 But there was an antidote realized in the 1920s. 224 00:15:09,776 --> 00:15:14,814 The Klan would be America's savior from foreign menaces. 225 00:15:14,814 --> 00:15:19,886 It's a good thing that religious bigotry and superstition has 226 00:15:19,886 --> 00:15:22,789 gone by the wayside and no longer enters into the 227 00:15:22,789 --> 00:15:29,462 immigration debate. In the early part of the 19th 228 00:15:29,462 --> 00:15:33,033 century, Catholic and Irish were used interchangeably in many 229 00:15:33,033 --> 00:15:36,036 parts of America. Not only was their religion in 230 00:15:36,036 --> 00:15:39,005 question, but their economic situation was feared to be a 231 00:15:39,005 --> 00:15:44,511 burden for America. And this concern about 232 00:15:44,511 --> 00:15:50,250 immigrants has not changed as this bumper sticker suggests. 233 00:15:50,250 --> 00:15:56,056 This 1852 plate considers the physiognomy of the Irish, 234 00:15:56,056 --> 00:16:00,627 likening them to dogs. This type of pseudoscience 235 00:16:00,627 --> 00:16:04,397 encouraged people to treat immigrants as less than human. 236 00:16:04,397 --> 00:16:10,136 This 1882 cartoon from Puck depicts the Irish as subhuman. 237 00:16:10,136 --> 00:16:14,808 Uncle Sam reprimands him "look here you everybody else is quiet 238 00:16:14,808 --> 00:16:18,678 and peaceable and you're all the time a kicking up a row." 239 00:16:18,678 --> 00:16:22,782 The editorial that accompanied the cartoon asserted "the raw 240 00:16:22,782 --> 00:16:26,519 Irish in America is a nuisance. His son is a curse. 241 00:16:26,519 --> 00:16:29,756 They never assimilate. The second generation simply 242 00:16:29,756 --> 00:16:33,693 shows an intensification of all the bad qualities of the first. 243 00:16:33,693 --> 00:16:38,064 They are a burden and a misery to this country." 244 00:16:38,064 --> 00:16:41,368 Such characterizations led to the popularization and general 245 00:16:41,368 --> 00:16:45,939 acceptance of no Irish need apply or NINA as some newspaper 246 00:16:45,939 --> 00:16:51,144 ads proclaimed. Or as Puck suggested in this 247 00:16:51,144 --> 00:16:55,749 1889 cartoon, the Irish simply are not mixable. 248 00:16:55,749 --> 00:17:01,988 Chinese immigrants would face even greater discrimination than 249 00:17:01,988 --> 00:17:05,191 the Irish. Columbia here guards the weary 250 00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:09,529 Chinese immigrant in this 1874 engraving from Harper's Weekly. 251 00:17:09,529 --> 00:17:13,933 She warns the Irish pursuers that America "means fair play 252 00:17:13,933 --> 00:17:17,404 for all men." Notice the barbaric faces on 253 00:17:17,404 --> 00:17:20,640 the Irish and all the anti-Chinese propaganda on the 254 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:25,378 wall behind. Secretary of State James G 255 00:17:25,378 --> 00:17:29,416 Blaine protects the African American and says no to the 256 00:17:29,416 --> 00:17:33,953 apparently high-cultured Chinese. 257 00:17:33,953 --> 00:17:37,524 Less than two years later, Harper's Weekly changed its 258 00:17:37,524 --> 00:17:40,493 editorial policy towards Chinese immigration. 259 00:17:40,493 --> 00:17:44,130 This propaganda on the wall depicts whites pushing American 260 00:17:44,130 --> 00:17:48,735 Indians west and Chinese pushing Americans east. 261 00:17:48,735 --> 00:17:52,972 The American Indian observes "pale face 'fraid you crowd him 262 00:17:52,972 --> 00:17:57,911 out as he did me." You can see this up here. 263 00:17:57,911 --> 00:18:05,218 Go west and go east. And the Chinese immigration 264 00:18:05,218 --> 00:18:08,355 issue could prevent the freefall of the democratic tiger on the 265 00:18:08,355 --> 00:18:12,058 left or pull both parties down as Thomas Nast suggests on the 266 00:18:12,058 --> 00:18:17,564 right. Frank Leslie's illustrated 267 00:18:17,564 --> 00:18:21,067 newspaper warned the working man of the coming of the destructive 268 00:18:21,067 --> 00:18:27,040 Chinese labor in 1877. This montage of cartoons by 269 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,810 Joseph Keppler called the Chinese invasion from an 1880 270 00:18:30,810 --> 00:18:34,514 issue of Judge warned that the Chinese would push others from 271 00:18:34,514 --> 00:18:38,218 the workforce and the center they are clinging to the life 272 00:18:38,218 --> 00:18:45,125 preservers offered by Columbia. The WASP magazine, from 273 00:18:45,125 --> 00:18:48,128 California, warned that the immigrant Chinese sought 274 00:18:48,128 --> 00:18:51,731 monopolies in certain trades, especially laundries, cigar 275 00:18:51,731 --> 00:18:57,337 making, dry goods and manufacturing. 276 00:18:57,337 --> 00:19:00,373 Chinese came to dominate the laundry trade in a number of 277 00:19:00,373 --> 00:19:04,077 cities, and they became a target because of the competition. 278 00:19:04,077 --> 00:19:07,347 In this trade card, Columbia points to the wall no more 279 00:19:07,347 --> 00:19:12,752 Chinese cheap labor. Business owners tried to depict 280 00:19:12,752 --> 00:19:16,389 themselves as patriotic by finding ways of replacing the 281 00:19:16,389 --> 00:19:19,392 Chinese. In this trade card, Uncle Sam is 282 00:19:19,392 --> 00:19:22,495 kicking the Chinese back to the sea, replacing them with the 283 00:19:22,495 --> 00:19:31,204 George D Company's magic washer. To the satisfaction of so many 284 00:19:31,204 --> 00:19:34,708 Americans depicted here, Columbia is escorting the 285 00:19:34,708 --> 00:19:37,677 immigrant Chinese from the school. 286 00:19:37,677 --> 00:19:44,017 Note the ironing board and opium pipe carried in his hands. 287 00:19:44,017 --> 00:19:47,754 Indeed, Chinese immigration proved a rallying point for a 288 00:19:47,754 --> 00:19:51,658 disparate group of Americans. Emanating from the new Statue of 289 00:19:51,658 --> 00:19:59,432 Liberty is filth, immorality, and ruin to white labor. 290 00:19:59,432 --> 00:20:03,503 The WASP hope to stop the threats on both shores: Chinese 291 00:20:03,503 --> 00:20:08,908 from the Pacific and communists from the Atlantic. 292 00:20:08,908 --> 00:20:13,046 When the fear of Chinese immigration was halted by 293 00:20:13,046 --> 00:20:16,816 restricted immigration policies directed at that country, a new 294 00:20:16,816 --> 00:20:20,954 threat from Asia emerged. The tide of turbans failed to 295 00:20:20,954 --> 00:20:24,991 materialize, as the nativists claimed it would, but the 296 00:20:24,991 --> 00:20:30,764 propaganda machine was prepared. And during World War II Japanese 297 00:20:30,764 --> 00:20:38,538 immigrants or natives were targets of American jingoism. 298 00:20:38,538 --> 00:20:41,941 Immigrant Asians are no longer singled out as a threat to 299 00:20:41,941 --> 00:20:45,011 American wages and taxes but Americans are still warned about 300 00:20:45,011 --> 00:20:53,820 migrant labor. And migrant labor, or labor 301 00:20:53,820 --> 00:20:57,023 wasn't the only concern of the nativist, but they have to use 302 00:20:57,023 --> 00:21:00,293 it to advantage. In this turn of the century 303 00:21:00,293 --> 00:21:03,997 drawing from Judge magazine, the caption warns "our peaceful 304 00:21:03,997 --> 00:21:07,634 world districts as they are liable to be infest if this 305 00:21:07,634 --> 00:21:14,941 Russian exodus of the persecuted Hebrews continues much longer." 306 00:21:14,941 --> 00:21:19,646 This 1896 cartoon published in The Ram's Horn indicates the 307 00:21:19,646 --> 00:21:22,882 assortment of undesirable baggage brought by immigrants 308 00:21:22,882 --> 00:21:27,220 including Sabbath desecration, anarchy, poverty, superstition, 309 00:21:27,220 --> 00:21:33,760 and disease. This 1883 F Grats cartoon warns 310 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:37,263 of health hazards, specifically cholera, entering the country 311 00:21:37,263 --> 00:21:44,337 through immigration. This more recent cartoon 312 00:21:44,337 --> 00:21:47,907 suggests American immigration policy is more strict on 313 00:21:47,907 --> 00:21:51,411 potentially contaminated beef than humans with serious 314 00:21:51,411 --> 00:21:58,351 communicable diseases. But Chinese, Irish, Catholics 315 00:21:58,351 --> 00:22:02,055 and communicable diseases are not at the forefront of the 316 00:22:02,055 --> 00:22:09,996 current immigration debate. It is clear where nativists 317 00:22:09,996 --> 00:22:12,999 believe the problem originates. 318 00:22:26,813 --> 00:22:30,150 And what the end result could mean. 319 00:22:30,150 --> 00:22:32,585 And they will employ scare tactics to achieve their 320 00:22:32,585 --> 00:22:38,191 objective. And nativists have criticized 321 00:22:38,191 --> 00:22:43,596 the policies of the most recent past president. 322 00:22:47,367 --> 00:22:51,705 Some have their own martial remedies. 323 00:22:56,443 --> 00:23:00,647 They try to instill fear in the American public that the new 324 00:23:00,647 --> 00:23:03,817 immigrants from south of the border will overwhelm existing 325 00:23:03,817 --> 00:23:11,257 peoples and political systems. One theory widely held by 326 00:23:11,257 --> 00:23:15,028 Americans that has assuaged fears of immigrants unique 327 00:23:15,028 --> 00:23:18,398 habits, traditions, qualities, and beliefs is that the 328 00:23:18,398 --> 00:23:22,102 differences will disappear in the great American melting pot. 329 00:23:22,102 --> 00:23:26,239 But the melting pot idea, as historian Leonard Dinnerstein 330 00:23:26,239 --> 00:23:29,909 has noted, is a more recent ideal than a historical 331 00:23:29,909 --> 00:23:33,580 expectation. He writes one must not ignore 332 00:23:33,580 --> 00:23:36,850 the prevalent American view that existed for centuries. 333 00:23:36,850 --> 00:23:40,887 America should remain a white protestant nation and all others 334 00:23:40,887 --> 00:23:44,090 must either assimilate or be relegated to a permanent 335 00:23:44,090 --> 00:23:47,527 inferior status. That is not to say the melting 336 00:23:47,527 --> 00:23:50,897 pot is not the end result. Whatever the ingredients, a 337 00:23:50,897 --> 00:23:55,669 standardized formula emerges, according to this cartoon. 338 00:23:55,669 --> 00:23:59,773 Dinnerstein adds most second and third generation Americans of 339 00:23:59,773 --> 00:24:03,576 foreign ancestry are not anxious to remain ethnic as they are to 340 00:24:03,576 --> 00:24:08,381 blend into the dominate society. Consider first generation 341 00:24:08,381 --> 00:24:12,185 letters back to the old country. Did second and third generations 342 00:24:12,185 --> 00:24:15,522 follow suit and maintain the traditions? 343 00:24:15,522 --> 00:24:18,625 Do any such letters to the old country exist for fourth 344 00:24:18,625 --> 00:24:22,228 generations? Fourth generations are more 345 00:24:22,228 --> 00:24:25,799 likely to have anonymous overseas pen pals than to write 346 00:24:25,799 --> 00:24:31,271 their families back overseas. But historically, even this 347 00:24:31,271 --> 00:24:36,676 recipe, as a path for immigrant, acceptance has come under fire. 348 00:24:36,676 --> 00:24:40,814 Some groups simply were not assimilable. 349 00:24:40,814 --> 00:24:45,952 The remedy? Close the chute. 350 00:24:45,952 --> 00:24:49,589 Perhaps it had gone too far while Uncle Sam had his back 351 00:24:49,589 --> 00:24:53,159 turned, as this 1921 Gale cartoon, Spoiling the Broth, 352 00:24:53,159 --> 00:24:58,798 insinuates. Pouring too many immigrants into 353 00:24:58,798 --> 00:25:02,902 the mix has been a detriment to the country, according to the 354 00:25:02,902 --> 00:25:08,274 Saturday Evening Post in 1930. So this bumper sticker is 355 00:25:08,274 --> 00:25:12,278 nothing new. In fact it's less pungent than 356 00:25:12,278 --> 00:25:16,249 the propaganda of earlier generations. 357 00:25:16,249 --> 00:25:20,120 But some still hold out hope, as this 2006 editorial cartoon 358 00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:26,326 suggests. For good or for not, I'm not 359 00:25:26,326 --> 00:25:30,563 altogether certain that there's not a melting pot of some sort 360 00:25:30,563 --> 00:25:34,000 as three generations of recent immigrants from Afghanistan 361 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:40,173 demonstrate the Macarena. [LAUGHTER] 362 00:25:40,173 --> 00:25:44,277 One thing that has changed over the course of the last century 363 00:25:44,277 --> 00:25:47,047 regarding American's attitudes towards immigrants is that 364 00:25:47,047 --> 00:25:50,116 many want immigrants to speak English. 365 00:25:50,116 --> 00:25:53,420 Ethnic ghettos and villages were so common and insulated in the 366 00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:56,856 19th century that speaking English might not be deemed 367 00:25:56,856 --> 00:26:00,393 necessary or even desirable for some. 368 00:26:00,393 --> 00:26:06,066 Notice the ironic land of the free flag in the background. 369 00:26:06,066 --> 00:26:09,436 That changed in the 20th century. 370 00:26:09,436 --> 00:26:13,039 And not only did many Americans want new arrivals to speak 371 00:26:13,039 --> 00:26:16,142 English, they wanted them literate. 372 00:26:16,142 --> 00:26:19,245 In this 1914 cartoon from Puck called The Undesirables, Abraham 373 00:26:19,245 --> 00:26:22,415 Lincoln, the martyred president pleads, "I stand among you, good 374 00:26:22,415 --> 00:26:26,052 people, my father could never have passed." 375 00:26:26,052 --> 00:26:29,522 And standardization became a rallying cry in the land of the 376 00:26:29,522 --> 00:26:38,631 free. Americans are ordered to speak 377 00:26:38,631 --> 00:26:45,005 American in this poster issued by the American government 378 00:26:45,005 --> 00:26:48,808 during World War II. Using non-English languages, 379 00:26:48,808 --> 00:26:52,012 especially German, Italian and Japanese, was considered 380 00:26:52,012 --> 00:26:55,415 disloyal. And efforts to serve and/or 381 00:26:55,415 --> 00:26:58,752 accommodate non-English speaking immigrants has been ridiculed 382 00:26:58,752 --> 00:27:07,627 recently. And opposition to a polyglot 383 00:27:07,627 --> 00:27:20,740 nation has become vitriolic. And fears have been codified. 384 00:27:20,740 --> 00:27:24,477 Insulated Iowa with just 3.1% foreign-born population in 385 00:27:24,477 --> 00:27:27,814 the census of 2000 passed a law that made English its official 386 00:27:27,814 --> 00:27:33,486 language. While once concerned that 387 00:27:33,486 --> 00:27:38,124 immigrants would the not adapt to America, would not appreciate 388 00:27:38,124 --> 00:27:41,428 American institutions such as suffrage, many nativists fear 389 00:27:41,428 --> 00:27:44,798 the opposite, that immigrants will participate in the 390 00:27:44,798 --> 00:27:51,938 political process. Some outspoken people such as 391 00:27:51,938 --> 00:27:54,941 Pat Buchanan have tried to use this issue to rise to national 392 00:27:54,941 --> 00:27:58,878 providence, if not national office. 393 00:27:58,878 --> 00:28:02,982 Disgruntled nativists accused the last president of pandering 394 00:28:02,982 --> 00:28:08,788 to this potential constituency. To them, Bush has compromised 395 00:28:08,788 --> 00:28:14,194 America's sovereignty for his own political future. 396 00:28:14,194 --> 00:28:21,568 Or to achieve another unrelated political agenda. 397 00:28:21,568 --> 00:28:25,171 However upset those forces are with the former President Bush, 398 00:28:25,171 --> 00:28:29,075 their propaganda leaves little doubt with which party they 399 00:28:29,075 --> 00:28:32,212 believe they have the best chance of achieving their goals. 400 00:28:32,212 --> 00:28:35,682 In this 2006 flyer, nativists propose that by voting 401 00:28:35,682 --> 00:28:38,985 democratic you are cooperating with the wishes of the Mexican 402 00:28:38,985 --> 00:28:43,223 people. There's little doubt immigration 403 00:28:43,223 --> 00:28:47,093 will be a highly contested issue in our future major election 404 00:28:47,093 --> 00:28:53,199 cycles. And it's not the first time such 405 00:28:53,199 --> 00:28:56,770 battles were waged. California senator and famed 406 00:28:56,770 --> 00:29:00,473 opponent of Japanese immigration James Phelan's campaign poster 407 00:29:00,473 --> 00:29:04,544 promised to stop the silent invasion. 408 00:29:04,544 --> 00:29:09,482 Riffraff immigrants might subvert the political process, 409 00:29:09,482 --> 00:29:14,387 damage our ideas, institutions, as Uncle Sam fears here. 410 00:29:14,387 --> 00:29:20,994 And this concern predates the 20th and 21st century. 411 00:29:20,994 --> 00:29:24,731 "What weight can my vote have against this flood of ignorance, 412 00:29:24,731 --> 00:29:28,068 stupidity and fraud," the American citizen asks in this 413 00:29:28,068 --> 00:29:31,571 1896 cartoon from The Ram's Horn. 414 00:29:31,571 --> 00:29:35,575 In this election day fiasco, liquor-drinking Irish and German 415 00:29:35,575 --> 00:29:38,812 immigrants run off with the ballot box to determine the 416 00:29:38,812 --> 00:29:43,483 election's victor. Finally, in this cartoon dubbed 417 00:29:43,483 --> 00:29:48,188 the naturalization mill, judges and party hacks grind immigrants 418 00:29:48,188 --> 00:29:53,093 into democratic votes. Whether or not they will be 419 00:29:53,093 --> 00:29:57,731 participating in politics, the sheer volume of immigration is a 420 00:29:57,731 --> 00:30:00,734 concern to nativists. 421 00:30:05,638 --> 00:30:08,675 But 80 years ago, the Ku Klux Klan warned America of the same 422 00:30:08,675 --> 00:30:14,180 phenomenon in its pamphlet on immigration. 423 00:30:14,180 --> 00:30:16,483 And the Klan was carrying on a strong tradition of the nativist 424 00:30:16,483 --> 00:30:20,920 concern about the volume as well as the character of immigration. 425 00:30:25,225 --> 00:30:30,563 In this 1891 cartoon from Judge, senator Henry Cabot Lodge 426 00:30:30,563 --> 00:30:33,299 lectures Uncle Sam, "If immigration was properly 427 00:30:33,299 --> 00:30:35,769 restricted you would no longer be troubled with anarchy, 428 00:30:35,769 --> 00:30:39,539 socialism, the mafia and such kindred evils." 429 00:30:39,539 --> 00:30:42,642 The caption on the sign in the background reads "Entry for 430 00:30:42,642 --> 00:30:45,945 immigrants, baggage the only requisite." 431 00:30:45,945 --> 00:30:49,082 Captions on immigrants include "Polish vagabond, Italian 432 00:30:49,082 --> 00:30:52,385 brigand, English convict, Russian anarchist, 433 00:30:52,385 --> 00:30:57,590 Irish pauper." In this 1893 Life magazine 434 00:30:57,590 --> 00:31:00,894 lithograph contains the caption "An interesting question: 435 00:31:00,894 --> 00:31:03,797 how long will it be before the rats own the garden 436 00:31:03,797 --> 00:31:07,133 and the man gets out?" Uncle Sam has nodded off 437 00:31:07,133 --> 00:31:12,472 permitting the vermin to take command of the American garden. 438 00:31:12,472 --> 00:31:16,209 This F Beard cartoon is called Columbia's Unwelcomed Guest. 439 00:31:16,209 --> 00:31:19,612 As immigrants emerge from the sewers of other countries, if 440 00:31:19,612 --> 00:31:24,184 you see in the background. In this early piece of 441 00:31:24,184 --> 00:31:26,986 propaganda, the pied piper leads the rats across the ocean to 442 00:31:26,986 --> 00:31:29,823 America. Notice the Statue of Liberty in 443 00:31:29,823 --> 00:31:34,060 the background and the rats swimming toward it. 444 00:31:34,060 --> 00:31:37,297 Today's propaganda remains with the patriotic theme by employing 445 00:31:37,297 --> 00:31:42,635 images of Uncle Sam. More tangible efforts are 446 00:31:42,635 --> 00:31:48,575 suggested as well. Not that all concerns are 447 00:31:48,575 --> 00:31:51,945 groundless, but certainly some of the alarmists lack rational 448 00:31:51,945 --> 00:31:54,748 arguments. For example, note this sign in 449 00:31:54,748 --> 00:31:58,518 Tennessee, a state that ranks 33rd in the percentage of 450 00:31:58,518 --> 00:32:02,922 immigrants, approximately two-thirds below the national 451 00:32:02,922 --> 00:32:08,828 average. The volume of current 452 00:32:08,828 --> 00:32:11,898 immigration, some nativists suggest, will overwhelm the 453 00:32:11,898 --> 00:32:15,969 United States. So great that the new immigrants 454 00:32:15,969 --> 00:32:19,906 will not assimilate but will hoist their culture upon the 455 00:32:19,906 --> 00:32:24,411 existing one, wrecking the traditions known to most 456 00:32:24,411 --> 00:32:30,417 Americans. The American will become a 457 00:32:30,417 --> 00:32:35,555 novelty, as with this 1922 James Montgomery Flagg cartoon 458 00:32:35,555 --> 00:32:41,394 portrays the last American in captivity. 459 00:32:41,394 --> 00:32:44,798 Flagg copied the idea from the Last Yankee, first published in 460 00:32:44,798 --> 00:32:48,068 Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper in 1888 but reprinted 461 00:32:48,068 --> 00:32:51,905 frequently over the next 30 years. 462 00:32:51,905 --> 00:32:55,442 Uncle Sam is literally devoured by Irish and Chinese immigrants 463 00:32:55,442 --> 00:32:59,879 in this early depiction. This is the first cartoon of a 464 00:32:59,879 --> 00:33:05,218 three-part series. Let's see how it ends. 465 00:33:10,857 --> 00:33:13,293 America has drawn so many immigrants because it is the 466 00:33:13,293 --> 00:33:15,662 land of opportunity, a land of bounty. 467 00:33:15,662 --> 00:33:19,299 In this 1880 Joseph Keppler cartoon called Welcome to All, 468 00:33:19,299 --> 00:33:23,303 Uncle Sam welcomes immigrants of all nationalities and a sign 469 00:33:23,303 --> 00:33:27,040 lauds America's features: political freedom and economic 470 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:32,445 opportunity. A Judeo-Christian theme is 471 00:33:32,445 --> 00:33:37,650 utilized in this Puck cartoon in which Uncle Sam plays Moses 472 00:33:37,650 --> 00:33:42,288 leading immigrants from oppression and intolerance to a 473 00:33:42,288 --> 00:33:46,059 new day that is America. Today immigrants choose America 474 00:33:46,059 --> 00:33:51,264 for the same reasons: opportunities. 475 00:33:51,264 --> 00:33:54,701 But nativists today are less liberal and not prepared to 476 00:33:54,701 --> 00:34:00,407 share the opportunities of this great country. 477 00:34:00,407 --> 00:34:03,910 Now comparatively, United States is not alone among English 478 00:34:03,910 --> 00:34:07,280 speaking nations in limiting access to resources as well as a 479 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:12,152 means to discourage immigration as this 1899 cartoon from 480 00:34:12,152 --> 00:34:15,021 New South Wales, Australia, indicates. 481 00:34:15,021 --> 00:34:18,191 "A white colony" and "mineral wealth" are guarded against 482 00:34:18,191 --> 00:34:22,262 "black labor" and "minority rule." 483 00:34:22,262 --> 00:34:27,067 And in England, God save the King. 484 00:34:27,067 --> 00:34:33,273 And even more recently in nearby Canada. 485 00:34:33,273 --> 00:34:38,745 And there is little difference in the warning. 486 00:34:38,745 --> 00:34:41,581 And America should heed a warning too. 487 00:34:41,581 --> 00:34:44,984 English speaking countries haven't been the only ones in 488 00:34:44,984 --> 00:34:48,455 the world who discourage particular people from living 489 00:34:48,455 --> 00:34:51,891 among them. And America's immigrant policy 490 00:34:51,891 --> 00:34:55,362 has had foreign policy ramifications. 491 00:34:55,362 --> 00:34:58,665 The Japanese considered exclusion of their nationals as 492 00:34:58,665 --> 00:35:05,739 an insult to their national honor. 493 00:35:05,739 --> 00:35:09,576 This 1915 cartoon suggests that America's doors are open to just 494 00:35:09,576 --> 00:35:13,013 about any kind of immigrant except the Japanese. 495 00:35:13,013 --> 00:35:17,183 The link to Pearl Harbor is not as direct as the treatment of 496 00:35:17,183 --> 00:35:22,389 Irish-Catholic immigrants in the America army in the 1840s. 497 00:35:22,389 --> 00:35:26,526 Several hundred of them deserted the American army and fought for 498 00:35:26,526 --> 00:35:30,597 Mexico in the Mexican-American War. 499 00:35:30,597 --> 00:35:34,534 The Los San Patricios are officially celebrated in both 500 00:35:34,534 --> 00:35:41,775 Ireland and in Mexico. Nativists designed laws that 501 00:35:41,775 --> 00:35:45,445 discriminated against immigrant Irish and prevented Japanese 502 00:35:45,445 --> 00:35:48,882 immigration. Recent complaints by nativists 503 00:35:48,882 --> 00:35:52,085 argue that the laws in place are not enforced. 504 00:35:52,085 --> 00:35:55,155 Indeed, salutary neglect has been America's policy towards 505 00:35:55,155 --> 00:35:58,992 illegal immigration from Central America. 506 00:35:58,992 --> 00:36:02,696 Bush's plan to legitimize illegal immigration came under 507 00:36:02,696 --> 00:36:08,735 fire from nativists as well. Those most responsible for 508 00:36:08,735 --> 00:36:13,006 securing the borders have been criticized also. 509 00:36:13,006 --> 00:36:16,843 The INS shirked its principal function and has been complicit 510 00:36:16,843 --> 00:36:20,246 in this disregard for the law according to these recent 511 00:36:20,246 --> 00:36:23,249 characterizations. 512 00:36:27,954 --> 00:36:30,457 Legal measures have been taken before trying to curb 513 00:36:30,457 --> 00:36:37,530 immigration in 1921. And again three years later. 514 00:36:37,530 --> 00:36:42,702 In 1924, the Ku Klux Klan tried to take credit for a restrictive 515 00:36:42,702 --> 00:36:45,538 legislation. The Klan is still active in the 516 00:36:45,538 --> 00:36:51,678 nativist movement. Other national right wing 517 00:36:51,678 --> 00:36:54,581 organizations, such as the national socialist movement, 518 00:36:54,581 --> 00:36:58,718 also feed on anti-immigrant sentiment. 519 00:36:58,718 --> 00:37:02,355 Most ultra-conservatives know that the history of those two 520 00:37:02,355 --> 00:37:05,725 groups preclude them from effectiveness or even being part 521 00:37:05,725 --> 00:37:09,029 of the national dialogue. So they created the Minuteman 522 00:37:09,029 --> 00:37:12,565 Project, employing patriotic symbols to rally people to their 523 00:37:12,565 --> 00:37:17,103 cause. Even more bland is US English. 524 00:37:17,103 --> 00:37:20,674 This organization pushes for immigration restriction and 525 00:37:20,674 --> 00:37:24,177 English as the official language of the United States. 526 00:37:24,177 --> 00:37:27,313 Madison Grant, the vice president of the Immigration 527 00:37:27,313 --> 00:37:30,717 Restriction League, was best known for his warnings in the 528 00:37:30,717 --> 00:37:34,387 passing of the great race and the introduction to fellow 529 00:37:34,387 --> 00:37:37,524 restrictionist Lathrop Stoddard's The Rising Tide of 530 00:37:37,524 --> 00:37:41,461 Color Against World White Supremacy. 531 00:37:41,461 --> 00:37:44,731 And before the Immigration Restriction League there was the 532 00:37:44,731 --> 00:37:50,670 Order of United Americans. And the short-lived political 533 00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:55,241 party the American party. Its precursor, the Native 534 00:37:55,241 --> 00:37:58,578 American party, commonly known as the no nothings or the don't 535 00:37:58,578 --> 00:38:03,216 knows. Two aspects of the immigration 536 00:38:03,216 --> 00:38:06,653 debate have degenerated. For one the message was formally 537 00:38:06,653 --> 00:38:11,524 less vehement. And the isolationists were on 538 00:38:11,524 --> 00:38:17,630 the fringe of American society. But in the 21st century, 539 00:38:17,630 --> 00:38:21,668 nativism has obtained mainstream status, including young, old, 540 00:38:21,668 --> 00:38:26,239 and middle-class. And the message has lost all 541 00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:32,312 polish. The message has become 542 00:38:32,312 --> 00:38:46,126 malicious. Venomous. 543 00:38:46,126 --> 00:38:48,528 The irony of American's immigration policies have not 544 00:38:48,528 --> 00:38:54,401 been lost on previous generations. 545 00:38:54,401 --> 00:38:57,203 Hendrik van Loon asks in this 1924 cartoon, what if the 546 00:38:57,203 --> 00:39:01,441 original Americans opposed immigration? 547 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:39,379 Even the debate on terrorism has been put into perspective. 548 00:39:39,379 --> 00:39:42,749 "Give me your tired, poor, your huddled masses yearning 549 00:39:42,749 --> 00:39:45,552 to breathe free, the wretched refuse of the teeming shore. 550 00:39:45,552 --> 00:39:48,221 Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my 551 00:39:48,221 --> 00:39:54,761 lamp beside the golden door!" Do the nativists, the 552 00:39:54,761 --> 00:39:56,830 defenders of America's traditions, want to revise 553 00:39:56,830 --> 00:39:59,833 America's traditional promise? 554 00:40:02,769 --> 00:40:05,772 They wouldn't be the first, as this 1921 Lute Pease cartoon 555 00:40:05,772 --> 00:40:11,211 indicates. Even to implement the nativist 556 00:40:11,211 --> 00:40:16,216 popular solution to halt immigration seems rather ironic. 557 00:40:20,620 --> 00:40:23,623 On both sides of the border. 558 00:40:28,361 --> 00:40:30,730 And it is not without historic precedent. 559 00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:33,767 In this 19th century work, the immediate descendants of 560 00:40:33,767 --> 00:40:38,338 immigrants are doing the work of building the wall. 561 00:40:41,307 --> 00:40:47,213 Recent immigrants have been more vocal than in the past. 562 00:40:47,213 --> 00:40:55,789 Demanding a measure of equality. I see it's just about 1:00, 563 00:40:55,789 --> 00:41:00,060 so I will open it up for questions. 564 00:41:00,060 --> 00:41:02,629 [APPLAUSE]