1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,000 cc 2 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:02,000 >> Norma Saldivar: Good evening. 3 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:03,000 Thank you so much 4 00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:04,000 for being with us this evening. 5 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:05,000 It's my distinct pleasure to 6 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:07,000 introduce this evening's 7 00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:09,000 Hilldale Lecturer. 8 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:11,000 The Hilldale Lecture Series was 9 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:13,000 inaugurated in 1973, and is 10 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,000 sponsored by the four divisional 11 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:18,000 committees of the faculty. 12 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:19,000 Through the Hilldale Lecture 13 00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:21,000 Series, we are given the 14 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,000 opportunity to hear from 15 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:24,000 distinguished thinkers who have 16 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:25,000 contributed to contemporary 17 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:27,000 culture and science, and have 18 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:28,000 received international 19 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,000 recognition and acclaim. 20 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:31,000 This evening's guest is most 21 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,000 definitely a man of distinction, 22 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,000 and undeniably worthy to be with 23 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:36,000 us tonight as the Hilldale 24 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:38,000 Lecturer. 25 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:39,000 A journalist and writer, our 26 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:41,000 guest began his distinguished 27 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,000 career here in Madison as a true 28 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:45,000 cub reporter while still in high 29 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:47,000 school, reporting on the local 30 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:49,000 war protests. 31 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:51,000 He is currently Associate Editor 32 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:52,000 at the Washington Post, where he 33 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:54,000 has worked since 1977. 34 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,000 In 1993, he won his first 35 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:58,000 Pulitzer Prize for National 36 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:00,000 Reporting, for his work on the 37 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,000 life and times of Bill Clinton. 38 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:04,000 In 2008, he was part of the team 39 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,000 of reporters who won the 40 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:07,000 Pulitzer for coverage of the 41 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:09,000 Virginia Tech tragedy. 42 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,000 That same year, the 2008 43 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,000 Pulitzer Gold Medal Award went 44 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,000 to the team reporting on Walter 45 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:17,000 Reed Medical Center, for which 46 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:20,000 he served as editor. 47 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,000 In addition, he has been a 48 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:23,000 Pulitzer finalist twice for his 49 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:24,000 achievements in journalism and 50 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:26,000 then again for his book, They 51 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,000 Marched Into Sunlight, the 52 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:29,000 inspiration for the Sunlight 53 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:31,000 Project and Symposium. 54 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:32,000 Tonight's distinguished guest 55 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,000 has also written on a variety of 56 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,000 subjects, which include 57 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:37,000 critically acclaimed and best 58 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:39,000 selling books, First in his 59 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:41,000 Class, a biography about Bill 60 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,000 Clinton; Rome 1960: When the 61 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,000 World Stirred at the Summer 62 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:47,000 Olympics; Clemente: The Passion 63 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:48,000 and Grace of Baseball's Last 64 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:51,000 Hero; and When Pride Still 65 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:52,000 Mattered: A Life of Vince 66 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:54,000 Lombardi, which incidentally, 67 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:56,000 has been adapted to the stage 68 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,000 and opened this past October on 69 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:00,000 Broadway at Circle in the Square 70 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:02,000 Theater, starring Dan Lauria and 71 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,000 Judith Light. 72 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:06,000 His latest book released in 73 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:08,000 January is an anthology of his 74 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,000 newspaper articles entitled Into 75 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,000 the Story: A Writer's Journey 76 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:13,000 Through Life, Politics, Sports 77 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,000 and Loss. 78 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:17,000 His current work is a 79 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,000 multi-generational biography of 80 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,000 Barack Obama entitled Out of 81 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:23,000 This World, to be published in 82 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:25,000 2012. 83 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:27,000 Our guest is a fellow of a 84 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:28,000 Society of American Historians. 85 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,000 He's the son of a newspaper 86 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:31,000 editor, a husband to 87 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,000 environmentalist Linda, father 88 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,000 to Andre and Sarah, grandfather 89 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:39,000 to Heidi and Eva, and a resident 90 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,000 of Washington, DC, and his 91 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:44,000 hometown Madison, Wisconsin. 92 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:46,000 He's a man of distinction who's 93 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:47,000 written works of great detail, 94 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000 revelation, depth and humanity. 95 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,000 In reading his writing, and then 96 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,000 meeting our guest, I'm reminded 97 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:55,000 of a wonderful quote by the 98 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:57,000 great American playwright 99 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:58,000 Tennessee Williams, who once 100 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:01,000 said, "If the writing is honest, 101 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:02,000 it cannot be separated from the 102 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,000 man who wrote it." 103 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:06,000 Ladies and gentlemen, I am very 104 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:07,000 pleased to present to you, this 105 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:09,000 evening's Hilldale Lecturer, 106 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:10,000 David Maraniss. 107 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,000 [APPLAUSE] 108 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:25,000 >> David Maraniss: Thank you, 109 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:27,000 Norma, Andrew and all of the 110 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:29,000 people who made this conference 111 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,000 possible, and the Memorial 112 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,000 Union, of which I am now on the 113 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:35,000 Board of Directors, largely 114 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,000 because I used to hang out here 115 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,000 and not go to class, and to 116 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:42,000 Dean Sheehan, and everyone 117 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:45,000 who made this possible. 118 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,000 In Madison, again, we live in 119 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:49,000 interesting times. 120 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,000 I grew up here. 121 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:54,000 So did my wife. 122 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:56,000 We went to school here. 123 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:58,000 We came back to do research for 124 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:00,000 the book about which this 125 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,000 conference is about, They 126 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:06,000 Marched Into Sunlight, in 2001, 127 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,000 and realized that we could come 128 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:10,000 home again. 129 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:11,000 So we bought a house here and 130 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:14,000 spend as much time as my work 131 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,000 allows, and to be honest, as 132 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:17,000 much time as the weather allows 133 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,000 here. 134 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,000 But Madison, as you all know, is 135 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,000 a special place, really, unlike 136 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:27,000 almost anywhere else in America. 137 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,000 Part of it is the natural 138 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:31,000 beauty. 139 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:33,000 Part of it is the progressive 140 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:36,000 tradition of this city and of 141 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:38,000 this university. 142 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,000 The sifting and winnowing in 143 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:42,000 search of truth. 144 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,000 And most of it really has to do 145 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:46,000 with the people, who are 146 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:48,000 incredibly startlingly friendly, 147 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:49,000 first of all. 148 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:51,000 When you come from Washington, 149 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:52,000 my wife said that the first 150 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,000 encounter she had when we landed 151 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:56,000 on Wednesday was in the Women's 152 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,000 room at the airport, where two 153 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:01,000 women were in a fight over who 154 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:02,000 was more sorry for whatever they 155 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,000 were doing. 156 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,000 I'm sorry. 157 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:07,000 No, I'm sorry. 158 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:08,000 No, I'm sorry. 159 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,000 And that's Madison. 160 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:12,000 So it's startling friendliness, 161 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,000 and intelligence, and a 162 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:17,000 progressive political awareness 163 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,000 that is always welcoming and 164 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:22,000 uplifting to come back to, 165 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:24,000 especially from Washington. 166 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,000 I wish I'd been here a few weeks 167 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:28,000 ago, during the uprising at the 168 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:30,000 capitol. 169 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,000 But even now, this is a 170 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:34,000 fascinating time to be back, and 171 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,000 to be here dealing with the 172 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:38,000 subjects of our discussions, and 173 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,000 our dances of these two days, 174 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:45,000 which connect so interestingly 175 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:48,000 to what's going on in the past. 176 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:50,000 I emphasize these dances, 177 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:52,000 because they're really want 178 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:53,000 brought me here. 179 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:55,000 You know, I'm honored to be able 180 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:57,000 to speak and be called a 181 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,000 Hilldale Lecturer, and I'm 182 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,000 fascinated by the panel 183 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,000 discussions that are going on. 184 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,000 But it's the dance that really 185 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,000 is where my heart is right now. 186 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,000 Several years ago, a great 187 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:14,000 choreographer and friend of mine 188 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,000 named Robin Becker called me and 189 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,000 said that she wanted to try to 190 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,000 something with the book that 191 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:24,000 she'd read, They Marched Into 192 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:27,000 Sunlight. 193 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:29,000 My standing joke is that all of 194 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:31,000 my books are in various stages 195 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:34,000 of not being made into movies. 196 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:36,000 One of them actually is a play 197 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:38,000 on Broadway right now, Lombardi, 198 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:40,000 which is great fun. 199 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:42,000 But of all the different 200 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:44,000 possible art forms, there's 201 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:46,000 something about modern dance, 202 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:47,000 and a transformation of a book 203 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,000 into dance that I just found 204 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:51,000 fascinating and actually 205 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,000 thrilling. 206 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,000 I've been to several of the 207 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,000 workshops of this particular 208 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:00,000 dance in New York City at the 209 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,000 92nd Street Y. 210 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:05,000 I have not seen Jin-Wen's dance 211 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:06,000 yet, but I know that that will 212 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,000 be fabulous, too. 213 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,000 But all of this, and we're 214 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,000 actually going to show one scene 215 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:15,000 from Robin Becker's dance during 216 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,000 my speech, because as I said, 217 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,000 I'm not here to talk, I'm here 218 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:20,000 to be part of this larger 219 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,000 effort. 220 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,000 One dance is really worth a 221 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,000 thousand words, especially of my 222 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:30,000 words. 223 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,000 You know, in some ways, the 224 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:34,000 Madison of today resonates with 225 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,000 the Madison of 1967, the time of 226 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:42,000 my book and of these dances. 227 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,000 Both were years of intensifying 228 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,000 public protest, of people 229 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,000 standing up against powerful 230 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:52,000 interests, challenging the 231 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,000 government and corporate 232 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:56,000 interests, questioning the 233 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:58,000 morality and legality of an 234 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:00,000 action. 235 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:02,000 Then, it was the war in Vietnam. 236 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,000 Now, it's the war against public 237 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,000 workers, teachers. 238 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:10,000 All public movements, all great 239 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:12,000 movements, when you boil it down 240 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:16,000 to the essence, they are a 241 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:18,000 combination of at least two 242 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:20,000 important things. 243 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,000 One is idealism. 244 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:26,000 And the other is self-interest. 245 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,000 That's not putting self interest 246 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:30,000 in a negative light, it's just 247 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:32,000 what can drive people to these 248 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:33,000 moments. 249 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,000 You always wonder, when was 250 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:37,000 Madison going to come back and 251 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:39,000 be what it was in the 1960s. 252 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,000 And unfortunately or fortunately 253 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:43,000 in some ways, it took something 254 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:45,000 of this magnitude. 255 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,000 But when you look at any of the 256 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:48,000 great movements in American 257 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:50,000 history, and world history, but 258 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,000 in America, you have the civil 259 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:54,000 rights movement, the women's 260 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:56,000 feminist movement. 261 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:57,000 Around the world, the fall of 262 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,000 Eastern Europe, the revolutions 263 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:01,000 that started spreading from 264 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:04,000 Tunisia to Egypt and through the 265 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:07,000 Middle East. 266 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:08,000 All of these have that same 267 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,000 combination, a yearning for 268 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:12,000 freedom and idealism, and also a 269 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,000 feeling of people that they're 270 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,000 getting a raw deal, and that's 271 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,000 the self-interest. 272 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:21,000 In Madison, not only the 273 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:25,000 combination of jobs, the value 274 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:29,000 of real work, the worth of 275 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:33,000 teachers and labor unions, 276 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:35,000 questions about a society where 277 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:38,000 a pair of billionaires can 278 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:41,000 mettle with and try to undo the 279 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,000 great progressive traditions of 280 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:47,000 this state, what one of the 281 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,000 great professors here, Bill 282 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:52,000 Cronon, called a radical break 283 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,000 from the progressive traditions 284 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,000 of this state, what this state 285 00:09:56,000 --> 00:10:01,000 stands for. 286 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,000 The combination in the '60s 287 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,000 really was a yearning for peace, 288 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,000 a distaste for this war, and 289 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:11,000 also the self-interest was the 290 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:12,000 draft. 291 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000 It's the largest difference, 292 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:17,000 whenever you analyze what 293 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:19,000 happened in Madison or around 294 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,000 this country in the 1960s and 295 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:23,000 the war in Vietnam, and what 296 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:24,000 happened starting with the 1991 297 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,000 invasion of Iraq and then 298 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,000 the wars of George W. Bush, 299 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:33,000 was the draft. 300 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:35,000 Every one of us, every guy my 301 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,000 age, every girlfriend of someone 302 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:42,000 my age, every mother and father, 303 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:45,000 had to deal with, what is that 304 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,000 person going to do. 305 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:49,000 Am I going to oppose the war? 306 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,000 Am I going to go to prison? 307 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:53,000 Am I going to burn my draft 308 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:54,000 card? 309 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:56,000 Am I going to go? 310 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,000 Am I going to try to get out of 311 00:10:58,000 --> 00:10:59,000 it some way? 312 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:01,000 You know, join the International 313 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000 Guard, or eating my way out of 314 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,000 it, or whatever. 315 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:06,000 Every single person, and I 316 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,000 didn't mean to make it flippant, 317 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:09,000 because it was a very serious 318 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,000 discussion. 319 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:13,000 It was the fuel of that whole 320 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,000 movement. 321 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:16,000 So you shouldn't denigrate that 322 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:18,000 notion of self-interest, because 323 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:19,000 it can fuel idealism in very 324 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:22,000 powerful ways. 325 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:24,000 It touched everyone, because of 326 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,000 that, in a way that it doesn't 327 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:27,000 today. 328 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:29,000 The soldiers who come home 329 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,000 today, it'd be as though 330 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:34,000 the 99.8% of society had no clue 331 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,000 what they'd endured. 332 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,000 There are many serious 333 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:40,000 differences, of course, between 334 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:42,000 then and now. 335 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:43,000 And one of the interesting ones, 336 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,000 which is a positive today, is 337 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,000 that when you looked at the 338 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,000 anti-war movement from the time 339 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,000 of this book, one of the goals 340 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,000 of so many people who were 341 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,000 leading the movement, 342 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:56,000 particularly on college campuses 343 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,000 like Madison, was to try to 344 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,000 spread it into the larger 345 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:03,000 community. 346 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:04,000 That was a constant discussion 347 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:06,000 about how do you get people 348 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,000 outside of this campus to see 349 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,000 what's going on, and to be part 350 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,000 of this. 351 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,000 It was largely unsuccessful in 352 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,000 many ways. 353 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,000 Today, it's inherently 354 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,000 successful. 355 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,000 The coalition that's built in 356 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:24,000 the last month or so, six weeks, 357 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000 in Wisconsin, it's fully joined. 358 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,000 You have the fire fighters, 359 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,000 the teachers, the laborers, 360 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:37,000 the janitors, the students, 361 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,000 the teaching assistants, and 362 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:41,000 the professors, and people of 363 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,000 all stripes being bound in this 364 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,000 single cause. 365 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,000 Then of course, part of the 366 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:52,000 story of my book, which takes 367 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:57,000 place on October 19, 1967, was 368 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,000 the behavior of Madison police 369 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,000 when they marched into the 370 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,000 Commerce Building, now Ingraham 371 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,000 Hall, stormed into that building 372 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,000 wielding batons and bashing 373 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:14,000 heads. 374 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:16,000 Now, in this remarkable 375 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,000 sensibility of today, you find 376 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,000 mostly, the police at the state 377 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,000 capitol, I wish I were there, 378 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,000 but I've heard many reports that 379 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:28,000 the police were neutral, or 380 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,000 sympathetic, or would take off 381 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:31,000 their uniforms and be part of 382 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,000 it. 383 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:34,000 So there was a wholly different 384 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,000 sociological sensibility at 385 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:39,000 work. 386 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:41,000 When They Marched Into Sunlight 387 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,000 came out in 2003, I would say 388 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:46,000 that it was about a time when 389 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:49,000 Americans were fighting and 390 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,000 dying in a place where they 391 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,000 didn't know the language or the 392 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:55,000 culture, where they didn't know 393 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,000 who was a friend or who was an 394 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,000 enemy, they were fighting a war 395 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,000 that was started under very 396 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,000 questionable circumstances, and 397 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,000 that no one seemed to know how 398 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,000 to end. 399 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:09,000 There were also these profound 400 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,000 questions about the meaning of 401 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,000 patriotism, and the role of 402 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:18,000 dissent in American life. 403 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:19,000 It was about Vietnam, that I was 404 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,000 talking, but it had a very 405 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:25,000 familiar ring, it echoes several 406 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:27,000 years ago, unfortunately, as it 407 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,000 still does today. 408 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,000 My book and these dances are 409 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,000 about war and peace. 410 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,000 The book is a non-fiction 411 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,000 account of two days in October, 412 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,000 1967, when the war was raging in 413 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,000 Vietnam, and the anti-war 414 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,000 movement was raging here at 415 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:47,000 home. 416 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:49,000 In Vietnam, a battalion of the 417 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,000 First Infantry Division, the 418 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:53,000 Black Lions Battalion, marched 419 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:56,000 off into the jungle on what was 420 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,000 called a search and destroy 421 00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,000 mission. 422 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:04,000 The strategy of the war machine 423 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,000 at that point was to search and 424 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:09,000 destroy the North Vietnamese and 425 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:10,000 the Viet Cong and they'll win 426 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,000 the war, just a battle of 427 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:13,000 attrition. 428 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:15,000 Go out and find them and kill 429 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,000 them, and it's over. 430 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,000 This battalion marched into the 431 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:20,000 jungle 44 miles northwest of 432 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,000 Saigon. 433 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,000 Unknowingly marching into an 434 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,000 ambush, 160 American soldiers, 435 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,000 1200 Viet Cong, the First Viet 436 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,000 Cong Division. 437 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,000 The men of that battalion saw 438 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,000 the worst that man could do to 439 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:38,000 man that day. 440 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,000 Sixty of them were killed, the 441 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:41,000 other 60 wounded in that single 442 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,000 battle. 443 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:46,000 At the same time, here at the 444 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,000 University of Wisconsin, the Dow 445 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,000 protest was underway against Dow 446 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,000 Chemical Company, the makers of 447 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:55,000 Napalm and Agent Orange, who 448 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,000 came to the campus to recruit. 449 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:00,000 In that protest, the sit down 450 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,000 strike at the Commerce building 451 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,000 turned into the first violent 452 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,000 confrontation on a college 453 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,000 campus of the Vietnam War, when 454 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,000 the police went in there and 455 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,000 essentially started their own 456 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,000 riot. 457 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,000 And in Washington at that very 458 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,000 moment, Lyndon Johnson had no 459 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,000 clue how to deal with the war or 460 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,000 the antiwar. 461 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,000 At the very moment, there's a 462 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,000 12-hour time difference between 463 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,000 Vietnam and Washington, DC, 464 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:35,000 it was 8:30 in the morning in 465 00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,000 Vietnam when this battalion left 466 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:41,000 their night perimeter, their 467 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,000 base camp, and marched into the 468 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,000 jungle, largely to their deaths. 469 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:47,000 It was 8:30 at night, the 470 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:49,000 previous night, in Washington. 471 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:51,000 Johnson was meeting with his war 472 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:52,000 council and turned to his 473 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,000 Secretary of Defense, Robert 474 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,000 McNamara, and uttered the words, 475 00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:01,000 "How are we ever going to win?" 476 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:05,000 Those are the specifics 477 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,000 of the story, much of which 478 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:10,000 is conveyed in these dances. 479 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,000 But the themes are really what 480 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:13,000 drive my book, and what 481 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:16,000 energized Robin's amazing dance 482 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,000 and Jin-Wen's dance, as well. 483 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,000 As different as these soldiers 484 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,000 and students were, young 485 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,000 protesters, on the surface, 486 00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:27,000 really more bound them together 487 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,000 than separated them. 488 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:30,000 It's the commonality of the 489 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,000 human experience that the dances 490 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,000 evoke, and that fascinate me and 491 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,000 are at the core of my book. 492 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:39,000 The fears, the questions, people 493 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,000 facing the unknown. 494 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:43,000 Young soldiers and young 495 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,000 protesters, not equivalent in 496 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,000 terms of the consequences of 497 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:49,000 what might happen to them that 498 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,000 day, but equivalent in terms of 499 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,000 the choices they had to make. 500 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,000 What do you do? 501 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:56,000 Whom do you trust? 502 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:57,000 What are the consequences 503 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:58,000 of your actions? 504 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:00,000 Where's the line drawn between 505 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:04,000 self preservation and virtue? 506 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,000 Heading off to the unknown. 507 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:07,000 Young versus old. 508 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,000 The young being betrayed 509 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,000 by the old. 510 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:12,000 Brother versus brother. 511 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000 Love and hate. 512 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:16,000 The meaning of loyalty 513 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,000 and patriotism. 514 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:21,000 And the eternal sorrow of war. 515 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:16,000 ♪ ♪ 516 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,000 ( applause ) 517 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:08,000 >> That's Joe and Yoko 518 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,000 from Robin Becker's amazing 519 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,000 dance troupe. 520 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,000 Thank you. 521 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,000 ( applause ) 522 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,000 Dance, obviously, is an 523 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:30,000 expression of the body. 524 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:34,000 It's the language. 525 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:38,000 Body is a language. 526 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,000 Robin and I both, I mean, I'm 527 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:42,000 not a choreographer. 528 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,000 It'd be laughable to see me try 529 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,000 to dance. 530 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,000 But we share this common view 531 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,000 that the issues of war and peace 532 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,000 can be told so powerfully in 533 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,000 terms of the body. 534 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:57,000 And when you think about it in 535 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:58,000 so many ways, I mean, think 536 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,000 of the images that stick in 537 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:02,000 your mind, that are etched in 538 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,000 your mind. 539 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,000 That naked girl running from the 540 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:10,000 napalm in Vietnam, the body. 541 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,000 In my book, the story that 542 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,000 haunts me the most is a very 543 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,000 little story of a kid named 544 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,000 Tom Coburn, the youngest member 545 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,000 of the Black Lions Battalion, 546 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:22,000 17 years old. 547 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,000 So skinny that he could hide 548 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:26,000 behind a rubber tree about this 549 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,000 thick. 550 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,000 In the midst of that battle, 551 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,000 there were Viet Cong up in the 552 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,000 trees, tied up into the trees. 553 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,000 And Tom Coburn had found a 554 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,000 moment of safety underneath the 555 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,000 tree. 556 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,000 And five yards away 557 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:44,000 was one of his comrades, 558 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,000 who was being shot at. 559 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,000 Tom Coburn had to deal with 560 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:53,000 what to do. 561 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:54,000 Should he go out there and try 562 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:57,000 to save that comrade and get 563 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,000 killed himself, or should he 564 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,000 try to preserve himself? 565 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:03,000 He's only 17 years old. 566 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:04,000 It's an unfair question to put 567 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,000 to any human being, and 568 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,000 especially a 17-year-old kid 569 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,000 in a strange country 570 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,000 fighting for he knows not what. 571 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,000 Coburn stayed where he was, 572 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,000 didn't move. 573 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,000 It's haunted him 574 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:21,000 his entire life. 575 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,000 When I first called him to 576 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,000 interview him for my book, he 577 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:29,000 was living in Pontiac, Michigan. 578 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:33,000 I told him that I was trying to 579 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,000 talk to every soldier from that 580 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:36,000 battalion who had survived 581 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,000 the battle. 582 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,000 About 20 seconds into what I was 583 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,000 saying, he started crying 584 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,000 and said, "I can't talk." 585 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,000 This was 28 years after the 586 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,000 battle. 587 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,000 So I marked down his name and 588 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:55,000 remembered that I would try to 589 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,000 reach him again, because there 590 00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,000 must be some story there. 591 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,000 Finally, three years later, 592 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,000 there was a reunion of the 593 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,000 soldiers, coming together 594 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:08,000 largely because I had found them 595 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,000 and brought them together. 596 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,000 Tom Coburn came to that reunion 597 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,000 out in Las Vegas. 598 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,000 The body. 599 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,000 He said he was ready to talk to 600 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,000 me, that he trusted me. 601 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:22,000 All of the soldiers had told him 602 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,000 to talk to me. 603 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:25,000 And he started telling me 604 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:26,000 that story that I just told you 605 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,000 about that moment when he froze, 606 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,000 and how all of these years after 607 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,000 that, any time he was in any 608 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:34,000 situation where he heard a loud 609 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:38,000 noise, it would freak him out, 610 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,000 and he couldn't hold jobs 611 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,000 because of that, and people 612 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,000 would make fun of him. 613 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,000 And when he had a job in a 614 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,000 moving company, some young kids 615 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,000 who worked there, punks, would 616 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,000 just make loud noises on purpose 617 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:54,000 to watch him run away. 618 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:56,000 He was telling me this story, 619 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:58,000 and telling me of being under 620 00:29:58,000 --> 00:29:59,000 that tree, and not being able to 621 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,000 move. 622 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,000 He was holding a glass of water 623 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:05,000 and the glass started shaking 624 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,000 more and more, until it spilled 625 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:08,000 all over his body while I was 626 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,000 talking to him. 627 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,000 That's the impact of war. 628 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,000 The body. 629 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,000 When my wife Linda and I went to 630 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,000 Illinois, as we were doing the 631 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:20,000 research, we went to a place the 632 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,000 Peace Hospital, which is full of 633 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,000 kids whose fathers from Vietnam 634 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:29,000 had fought in areas where there 635 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,000 were large swaths of Agent 636 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,000 Orange. 637 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,000 These children are deformed. 638 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:37,000 There was this little 639 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:40,000 15-year-old girl who was about 640 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,000 3-foot high. 641 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,000 She had drawn a painting that 642 00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:45,000 she gave to me. 643 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:46,000 There was another beautiful girl 644 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,000 who had black splotches all over 645 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,000 her body. 646 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,000 There were dozens, scores of 647 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,000 these kids at this hospital, all 648 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,000 of whom had felt a generational 649 00:30:56,000 --> 00:31:00,000 effect on the body of war. 650 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,000 And it continues into the new 651 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,000 century. 652 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,000 One of my best friends, Michael 653 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,000 Weisskopf, a fellow journalist 654 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:10,000 with whom I wrote a book, and 655 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:12,000 have worked for 30 years, went 656 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,000 to Iraq to cover it. 657 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,000 He was in a Humvee with 658 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,000 soldiers, something came into 659 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,000 the Humvee, he just 660 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,000 instinctively picked it up to 661 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:23,000 throw it out. 662 00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:24,000 He saved six lives and lost his 663 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,000 right arm. 664 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:31,000 He'll never have that arm again. 665 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,000 The story of Greg Gadson, who 666 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,000 was a football player 667 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,000 at West Point. 668 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,000 One of the characters in my 669 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,000 book, one of the scenes from 670 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,000 Robin's dance is called 671 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:46,000 Holleder's Run. 672 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,000 Donald Holleder was an 673 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:49,000 All American football player 674 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,000 at West Point. 675 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:52,000 He was a major in Vietnam. 676 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,000 He was in a helicopter when this 677 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,000 ambush got underway. 678 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,000 He landed the helicopter and 679 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,000 started running instinctively 680 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,000 toward the trouble. 681 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,000 He got shot down, running just 682 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:06,000 as he did as a quarterback for 683 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,000 the Army football team. 684 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,000 Thirty years later, Greg Gadson, 685 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,000 another great football player 686 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:16,000 from West Point is in Iraq. 687 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,000 In 2007, a roadside bomb goes 688 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,000 off, he loses both legs and one 689 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,000 arm. 690 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,000 He sort of became adopted by the 691 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,000 Black Lions who I had written 692 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,000 about in this book. 693 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,000 So, I go to visit Greg 694 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,000 at Walter Reed. 695 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,000 An incredible survivor, this 696 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,000 powerful black man from 697 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,000 Virginia, who had gone off to 698 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,000 fight in Iraq, and gave two legs 699 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,000 and an arm. 700 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,000 Just seeing him all the times I 701 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,000 did was a constant reminder of 702 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:56,000 war in the body. 703 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,000 I thought I'd turned Greg into a 704 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:00,000 Packers fan because I gave him a 705 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:02,000 copy of my Lombardi book. 706 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,000 I don't know if any of you 707 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,000 remember, but the next year when 708 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,000 the Packers played the New York 709 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,000 Giants in the NFL-NFC 710 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,000 championship game, Greg Gadson 711 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,000 is on the Giants' sideline, 712 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,000 their good luck charm. 713 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,000 So, I've always blamed him for 714 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:23,000 that loss. 715 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,000 The body and Walter Reed. 716 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,000 Two of my great friends at the 717 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:30,000 Washington Post, who I edited, 718 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,000 Dana Priest and Anne Hull, spent 719 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,000 many months going over to a 720 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,000 certain part of Walter Reed. 721 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,000 This is a vast medical center in 722 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:39,000 Washington. 723 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:42,000 Terrific medical care. 724 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:43,000 Greg Gadson was alive because of 725 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,000 the medical care, and how it's 726 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,000 changed since the era of 727 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:48,000 Vietnam. 728 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,000 He would've died in Vietnam. 729 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:51,000 So many of these soldiers in the 730 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,000 modern wars come home with these 731 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:56,000 incredible wounds. 732 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,000 Wounds of the body and of the 733 00:33:58,000 --> 00:33:59,000 soul. 734 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:01,000 So Walter Reed was great at 735 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:02,000 fixing them. 736 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,000 And then it could care less 737 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:05,000 about them, after that first 738 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,000 moment, if they're no longer of 739 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,000 any use to the Army, to the 740 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,000 military machine. 741 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,000 So there was this whole quarter 742 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,000 of Walter Reed Medical Center 743 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:16,000 that people didn't know about, 744 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:17,000 where they were warehousing, 745 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,000 essentially, these soldiers who 746 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,000 weren't ready to go back into 747 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,000 the military, were not ready to 748 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,000 go home, still recovering from 749 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:27,000 their wounds. 750 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:29,000 They were living in a hell hole 751 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,000 that had mold on the walls. 752 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,000 There were mice droppings 753 00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:34,000 everywhere. 754 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:38,000 That series of stories really 755 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:43,000 exposed decades of hypocrisy, of 756 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:48,000 sort of the military right wing 757 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:51,000 seizing the issue of patriotism 758 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,000 and making it theirs. 759 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:54,000 And it was all fine, except when 760 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:55,000 the soldiers were of no use to 761 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,000 them anymore, then they were 762 00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,000 housed at Walter Reed in this 763 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:03,000 godforsaken place. 764 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,000 And it was the body. 765 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,000 In 1967, Lyndon Johnson 766 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:15,000 was president. 767 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:16,000 Today, the president 768 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:17,000 is Barack Obama. 769 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,000 I'm writing a book 770 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,000 about Barack Obama. 771 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:22,000 I wrote a book in which LBJ 772 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,000 was a character. 773 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,000 It's fascinating and haunting to 774 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,000 me that really, Barack Obama is 775 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,000 president. 776 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,000 He wouldn't be president if not 777 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:34,000 for Lyndon Johnson. 778 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,000 We all have these contradictions 779 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,000 in us. 780 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:39,000 But it was exactly on Barack 781 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,000 Obama's third birthday, August 782 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,000 4, 1964, that the Senate passed 783 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:47,000 the final version of the Civil 784 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:51,000 Rights Act that made Barack 785 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,000 Obama possible. 786 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,000 It was that signing of that bill 787 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,000 on Barack Obama's birthday, when 788 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:01,000 Johnson turned to his aid Bill 789 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:03,000 Moyers and said, "We've lost. 790 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:04,000 The democratic party has lost 791 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:06,000 the country for a generation," 792 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:07,000 which for the most part 793 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:11,000 turned out to be true. 794 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,000 But it also produced, all those 795 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:14,000 years later, the first black 796 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,000 president in American history. 797 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:18,000 If you don't count Bill Clinton. 798 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,000 ( laughter ) 799 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:22,000 Despite all the falsehoods 800 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:25,000 and mythology, and boy, 801 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,000 do I get bombarded with it, 802 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:28,000 that the right wing has spread 803 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,000 about Obama, the birthers 804 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:32,000 and the whole notion 805 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:34,000 of where he was born. 806 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,000 I've been to Kenya. 807 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,000 He wasn't born there. 808 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:40,000 I've been to Hawaii. 809 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:41,000 To believe that he was not 810 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,000 born in Hawaii, you would 811 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:44,000 have to believe that there was 812 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:45,000 a conspiracy involving 813 00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,000 the newspapers in Honolulu 814 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:51,000 in August, 1961, that they knew 815 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,000 that this person was going to 816 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,000 grow up to be the first black 817 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:55,000 president of the United States, 818 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,000 and that he really wasn't born 819 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:57,000 there, so we're just going to 820 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:58,000 pretend, that we should put 821 00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,000 his birth announcement 822 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,000 in the newspaper. 823 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:05,000 Anyway, despite all of those 824 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:10,000 falsehoods, Barack Obama did 825 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:14,000 grow up in Hawaii in a very 826 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,000 different milieu than the 827 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,000 people of my generation, the 828 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,000 post-war baby boom generation. 829 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:23,000 He did grow up with a liberal, 830 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,000 antiwar mother, although she was 831 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:26,000 not in the United States for a 832 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,000 lot of the '60s, she was in 833 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:32,000 Indonesia. 834 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:34,000 But he also grew up in Honolulu. 835 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:37,000 A black kid in a place where 836 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:38,000 there were very few other 837 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,000 African Americans. 838 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,000 And the only other ones were in 839 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,000 the military at Hickam Air Force 840 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,000 Base, and at Schofield Barracks, 841 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,000 Pearl Harbor. 842 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,000 So Barack Obama was never 843 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,000 anti-military. 844 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:54,000 His first instinct was to see 845 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:55,000 the military as a place that was 846 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,000 something where people of his 847 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,000 color could go. 848 00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,000 Many people supported him in the 849 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,000 2008 election, I'm sure people 850 00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:07,000 in this room, because of what he 851 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,000 did in 2003, when he, in 852 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,000 Chicago, at the Federal Plaza, 853 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,000 gave a speech opposing the war 854 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,000 in Iraq before it started, the 855 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,000 downtown rally in Chicago. 856 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:21,000 But Barack Obama was very 857 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,000 cautious when he appeared at 858 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:24,000 that rally. 859 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,000 He was worried that his words 860 00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,000 would be misinterpreted. 861 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,000 His first words in that speech 862 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,000 were, "Let me begin by saying 863 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,000 that although this has been 864 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:35,000 billed as an antiwar rally, 865 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000 I stand before you as someone 866 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,000 who is not opposed to war 867 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:41,000 in all circumstances." 868 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:42,000 And he used that refrain 869 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:44,000 throughout the speech. 870 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,000 "I don't oppose all wars." 871 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:47,000 He went on to talk about the 872 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:48,000 civil war that drove away the 873 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,000 scourge of slavery, and World 874 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,000 War II, where his grandfather 875 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:55,000 fought against the Nazis, 876 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,000 and two of his great uncles, 877 00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,000 including one who walked into 878 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:00,000 one of the concentration camps, 879 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:02,000 Ohrdruf, right after it was 880 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,000 liberated. 881 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,000 Then going into Afghanistan and 882 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:16,000 9/11, he supported those, too. 883 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,000 We're still in Afghanistan, 884 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:24,000 ten years later. 885 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:25,000 That's 2-1/2 times the length 886 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,000 of World War II 887 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:31,000 and of the Civil War, 888 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,000 we've been in Afghanistan. 889 00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,000 Obama's entire life, as I've 890 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,000 studied it, has been an effort 891 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,000 to avoid traps. 892 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,000 He avoided the trap of life 893 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,000 without a father, his Kenyan 894 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,000 father and mother really never 895 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:53,000 lived together, not even for the 896 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:54,000 two years that you think they 897 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,000 might've. 898 00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,000 His father was never there. 899 00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,000 He avoided the trap of being 900 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,000 born what in Hawaii they call a 901 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:05,000 "Hapa," a mixed race kid, on an 902 00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:08,000 island further away from any 903 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:10,000 land mass than anywhere in the 904 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:13,000 world. 905 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,000 He avoided the trap of being 906 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:16,000 black in a white dominated 907 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,000 society. 908 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:21,000 The traps of the anger that can 909 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,000 overwhelm a young black man in 910 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:25,000 this society. 911 00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:26,000 The traps of politics in 912 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,000 Chicago, which is by definition 913 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,000 a trap, and the politics of 914 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,000 Springfield, Illinois, and of 915 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,000 Washington, DC. 916 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,000 But the traps of war are so 917 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:40,000 different from all of those 918 00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,000 others. 919 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,000 And he hasn't shown yet that 920 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:45,000 he's figured out how to avoid 921 00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:49,000 these traps or get around them. 922 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,000 From my study of him, I've said 923 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,000 for two years that I thought he 924 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,000 would figure it out. 925 00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,000 And now to be honest, I just 926 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,000 don't know. 927 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:01,000 It's a very difficult situation 928 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,000 for him. 929 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,000 One of the differences between 930 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,000 now and 1967 is the regard that 931 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,000 all of us, whether we opposed 932 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,000 the war in Afghanistan, the war 933 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:18,000 in Iraq, any wars that are going 934 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:20,000 on now, the regard that we give 935 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:23,000 the soldiers. 936 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:24,000 It wasn't that way in the 937 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,000 Vietnam War. 938 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,000 And any Vietnam vet will tell 939 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,000 you. 940 00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:30,000 You know, whether they got spit 941 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,000 on when they came home, some of 942 00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:34,000 that is mythology, but it's real 943 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:35,000 in the sense that it represents 944 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,000 the sensibility that they felt 945 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:38,000 they were facing, that the 946 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:40,000 country could not care less 947 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:42,000 about them. 948 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:44,000 That's changed, and that's great 949 00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:47,000 and very important. 950 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:48,000 It's important to the body of 951 00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:51,000 these soldiers, to their souls. 952 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:53,000 But there's a way to honor 953 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:55,000 soldiers without falling into 954 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,000 the trappings of militaristic 955 00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,000 nationalism. 956 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:01,000 That's something that, in my 957 00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,000 opinion, this university's most 958 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:05,000 brilliant history professor 959 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,000 ever, George Mosse, wrote about 960 00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,000 so powerfully. 961 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,000 It was an essay he wrote that I 962 00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:12,000 found, and it's in my book, 963 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,000 about military cemeteries. 964 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,000 He wrote, "What then are the 965 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,000 ways in which the tragic reality 966 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:22,000 of war was made manageable and 967 00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:23,000 acceptable. 968 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,000 Central to the confrontation 969 00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:28,000 with mass death, was the cult of 970 00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,000 the fallen soldier. 971 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,000 And like all the sacred in our 972 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,000 civilization, it was not 973 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,000 something new or invented for 974 00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:37,000 the purpose, but based upon 975 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:39,000 ancient religious feeling, the 976 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:41,000 adaptation of Christian piety to 977 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:43,000 the war experience. 978 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,000 The death of the fallen, their 979 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,000 sacrifices for the nation, was 980 00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,000 often linked to the passion and 981 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:50,000 resurrection of Christ. 982 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,000 This was symbolized, for example 983 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,000 by the design of English war 984 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:55,000 cemeteries, all of which contain 985 00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:57,000 the cross of sacrifice, the 986 00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,000 cross upon which a sword was 987 00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:01,000 superimposed. 988 00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,000 Sometimes, such a cross faced a 989 00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,000 chapel of resurrection. 990 00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:07,000 Such linking of national 991 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:09,000 sacrifice and Christian 992 00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,000 sacrifice no doubt made it 993 00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,000 easier to come to terms with the 994 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,000 tragedy of war. 995 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:17,000 Military cemeteries symbolized 996 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:18,000 this confrontation with mass 997 00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,000 death. 998 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:21,000 As places of national and 999 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:22,000 Christian worship, they made it 1000 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,000 easier to accept death by 1001 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:25,000 transcending it. 1002 00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:27,000 But even while continuing to 1003 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:29,000 honor the memory of the fallen, 1004 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:32,000 we must never lose our horror, 1005 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:35,000 never try to integrate war and 1006 00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:36,000 its consequences into our 1007 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:38,000 longing for the sacred. 1008 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:40,000 If we confront mass death 1009 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,000 naked," as these dances do and 1010 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:46,000 will, "stripped of all myth, we 1011 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:48,000 may finally have more of a 1012 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:49,000 chance to avoid making the 1013 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:51,000 devil's pact with that 1014 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,000 aggressive nationalism, whose 1015 00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:57,000 blood trail marked our century." 1016 00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:58,000 That was George Mosse 1017 00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,000 writing in the 1960s. 1018 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,000 And it still prevails today. 1019 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:05,000 So blessed are the peacemakers 1020 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:07,000 and the dancers. 1021 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,000 Thank you very much. 1022 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:13,000 ( applause )