WEBVTT 00:00.166 --> 00:02.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% - Welcome to UW Space Place. 00:02.566 --> 00:05.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Tonight is our monthly guest speaker night 00:05.666 --> 00:09.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and tonight I'm pleased to introduce Brenna Holzhauer, 00:09.433 --> 00:14.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% who is with the Aldo Leopold Nature Center here in Madison, 00:14.233 --> 00:17.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% not really too far away from Space Place, 00:17.100 --> 00:19.300 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% where she is the director 00:19.300 --> 00:23.300 align:start position:10% line:10% size:37.5% of exhibits and digital curricula. 00:23.300 --> 00:26.866 align:start position:10% line:10% size:52.5% And Brenna is an alum 00:26.866 --> 00:29.500 align:start position:10% line:10% size:32.5% of UW-Madison 00:29.500 --> 00:32.066 align:start position:10% line:10% size:52.5% and works, of course, on educational programs 00:32.066 --> 00:35.400 align:start position:10% line:10% size:47.5% at the Aldo Leopold Center, sometimes with us. 00:35.400 --> 00:38.833 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% We've collaborated with Aldo Leopold on a few programs. 00:38.833 --> 00:41.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% But her talk tonight is related to some 00:41.033 --> 00:42.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% of the educational programs and exhibits 00:42.666 --> 00:45.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:55% that they have over at the Aldo Leopold Center. 00:45.000 --> 00:46.633 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% So, if you haven't been there, 00:46.633 --> 00:48.833 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% I think she's got a brochure to hand out or something 00:48.833 --> 00:51.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% and I'm sure you can find Aldo Leopold Nature Center 00:51.033 --> 00:52.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:27.5% on the web. 00:52.533 --> 00:54.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, tonight, Brenna is going to talk 00:54.333 --> 00:56.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% about climate change from global to local. 00:56.533 --> 00:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% So, we should welcome her here. 00:58.500 --> 01:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% (applause) 01:03.500 --> 01:04.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% - Thank you. 01:04.533 --> 01:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% Can you hear me okay? 01:06.266 --> 01:07.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% I'll talk loudly. 01:07.866 --> 01:09.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So, thank you very much for having me. 01:09.800 --> 01:12.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I'm really excited to be here and talk to you a little bit 01:12.933 --> 01:15.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% about some of the climate education programs 01:15.000 --> 01:16.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% that we have at the Nature Center 01:16.466 --> 01:19.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and just some things that I've learned along the way 01:19.300 --> 01:21.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:30% as I've been developing curriculum. 01:22.600 --> 01:24.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, here's a really brief overview 01:24.766 --> 01:27.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% of what we'll be talking about tonight. 01:27.100 --> 01:28.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% First, I'll give a quick background and bio, 01:28.933 --> 01:31.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% so you know who I am and why I'm here. 01:31.633 --> 01:34.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% We'll talk very quickly about climate change basics, 01:34.333 --> 01:37.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% which is a challenge to cover in just a few minutes, 01:37.133 --> 01:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% but I'll do my best. 01:39.066 --> 01:41.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% We'll be talking about climate change locally, 01:41.166 --> 01:44.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% some of the impacts and what we're seeing in Wisconsin. 01:44.266 --> 01:47.266 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% And then I'll talk more about teaching about climate change 01:47.266 --> 01:48.633 align:start position:10% line:10% size:37.5% and some things that I've learned 01:48.633 --> 01:51.566 align:start position:10% line:10% size:47.5% and tips and tricks I have for teachers 01:51.566 --> 01:54.566 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% and educators and general citizens 01:54.566 --> 01:56.233 align:start position:10% line:10% size:52.5% who are interested in teaching about talking, 01:56.233 --> 01:57.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:37.5% sorry, teaching about climate change 01:57.533 --> 01:59.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% and talking about climate change. 01:59.733 --> 02:03.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% And then we'll just end with some things that we can all do 02:03.100 --> 02:05.200 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% and places we can learn more. 02:06.333 --> 02:09.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So, who am I and how did I get here? 02:09.600 --> 02:10.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% I was born in Milwaukee. 02:10.933 --> 02:13.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% I also grew up part-time on a farm 02:13.400 --> 02:16.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% in Gays Mills, Wisconsin, which is in the rural southwestern 02:16.900 --> 02:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% driftless area of the state. 02:19.533 --> 02:21.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And I also went to grad school in Washington, DC. 02:21.766 --> 02:25.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% So I've done a little bit of bopping around and ended up, 02:25.300 --> 02:27.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% I'm very happy to be back in Madison 02:27.566 --> 02:31.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% where I got my undergrad degree in anthropology. 02:31.200 --> 02:34.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% I changed majors several times and covered a whole spectrum 02:34.566 --> 02:36.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% of science and social science. 02:36.966 --> 02:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I ended up with anthropology 02:38.466 --> 02:40.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and then I worked a few different museums 02:40.233 --> 02:42.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% and educational centers in Milwaukee. 02:42.833 --> 02:44.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% I went to grad school 02:44.466 --> 02:47.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% at the George Washington University in D.C., 02:47.233 --> 02:50.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% where I got my master's in museum education, 02:50.700 --> 02:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% and then I moved back to, 02:52.233 --> 02:55.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% I worked at the U.S. Botanic Garden in D.C. 02:55.133 --> 02:56.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% I also was involved 02:56.500 --> 02:59.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% with the D.C. Environmental Education Consortium, 02:59.100 --> 03:02.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% and I managed the education department at Earth Day Network. 03:02.100 --> 03:03.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% And then I came back to Madison, 03:03.533 --> 03:05.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and I've been with the Aldo Leopold Nature Center 03:05.966 --> 03:09.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% for going on five years where I've been the director 03:09.666 --> 03:11.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% of exhibits and digital curriculum. 03:11.833 --> 03:14.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And I also have been coordinating Nature Net, 03:14.433 --> 03:17.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% which is a consortium of different environmental 03:17.233 --> 03:21.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% education sites and centers in south central Wisconsin. 03:21.600 --> 03:25.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And then I've, along the way, I've taken an interest 03:25.000 --> 03:28.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% in environmental issues, science, and, in particular, 03:28.633 --> 03:31.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% climate change and climate science. 03:31.000 --> 03:33.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So I've done a lot of education along the way 03:33.700 --> 03:35.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and then professional development. 03:35.500 --> 03:38.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% I took a graduate course through the Ohio State University. 03:38.933 --> 03:40.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% I've been very involved for several years 03:40.333 --> 03:43.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% in the NOAA Climate Stewards Education Project. 03:43.233 --> 03:45.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% I was a regional leader for a couple years 03:45.300 --> 03:47.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% in the central region. 03:47.166 --> 03:50.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And then I was selected last year to be trained 03:50.200 --> 03:52.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% by the Climate Reality Project where I learned a lot 03:52.833 --> 03:54.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% about communicating about climate change, 03:54.800 --> 03:58.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and I went to South Africa and did a three-day training, 03:58.266 --> 04:00.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% pretty intensive, which was a great experience. 04:00.766 --> 04:02.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% I got a lot of fresh perspectives 04:02.966 --> 04:04.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and a good global perspective. 04:04.800 --> 04:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I've been involved with WICCI, 04:06.233 --> 04:08.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, 04:08.366 --> 04:09.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and I'm currently on a committee 04:09.766 --> 04:13.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% with the Wisconsin Academy talking about climate 04:13.100 --> 04:16.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and energy initiatives in Wisconsin. 04:16.466 --> 04:19.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So, I think, I just wanted to mention all of those things 04:19.166 --> 04:22.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% because I think as climate change is such a broad topic 04:22.533 --> 04:25.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and it's constantly evolving and there's so much science, 04:25.100 --> 04:28.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and then when you add different educational approaches 04:28.600 --> 04:30.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and solutions and all the different things 04:30.566 --> 04:33.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% that are involved, it's really helpful for me 04:33.166 --> 04:35.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% to just keep on learning, making new connections 04:35.333 --> 04:39.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and partnerships and relying on a lot of the great experts 04:39.000 --> 04:42.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and resources that are out there. 04:42.233 --> 04:45.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So I work right now at the Aldo Leopold Nature Center 04:45.066 --> 04:47.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% where we, our mission is to teach the student 04:47.500 --> 04:50.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% to see the land, to understand what he sees, 04:50.066 --> 04:52.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and enjoy what he understands, which is a quote 04:52.833 --> 04:56.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% from the famed Wisconsin conservationist Aldo Leopold. 04:56.033 --> 04:58.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So we infuse his land ethic into all 04:58.900 --> 05:00.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% of our teachings and programs. 05:00.933 --> 05:02.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% We do a lot of hands-on guided, 05:02.866 --> 05:04.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% high-tech, high-touch experiences. 05:04.633 --> 05:06.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% Children and adults come to discover 05:06.466 --> 05:08.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and explore the wonders of the natural world. 05:08.700 --> 05:10.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% So, for about 20 years, 05:10.066 --> 05:12.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% we've been doing environmental education programs, 05:12.433 --> 05:15.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% mostly outdoors and then in our classroom spaces, 05:15.666 --> 05:18.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and about three years ago we did a big renovation 05:18.333 --> 05:21.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and added a whole new wing full of indoor exhibits 05:21.033 --> 05:24.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and technology to teach about climate and climate change. 05:24.200 --> 05:26.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So that's been my main project is developing the curriculum 05:26.733 --> 05:28.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% and all of the exhibits over there. 05:28.800 --> 05:31.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So, just a quick overview of what we have there 05:31.566 --> 05:34.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% so you know where I'm (laughs) coming from 05:34.266 --> 05:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% with all this information. 05:35.800 --> 05:38.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% We do all of our programs, no matter what, 05:38.366 --> 05:39.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% even if they use the indoor technology, 05:39.966 --> 05:42.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% we always have some connection with the outdoors. 05:42.600 --> 05:43.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% We're always getting kids involved 05:43.666 --> 05:45.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:27.5% in hands-on environmental learning. 05:45.933 --> 05:48.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And then now we have the capacity to do a lot 05:48.766 --> 05:52.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% of interactive investigations using touchscreens 05:52.466 --> 05:55.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and lots of hands-on indoor technology as well. 05:55.466 --> 05:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% We have a science on a sphere, 05:57.300 --> 05:59.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% which is an exhibit put together by NOAA, 05:59.566 --> 06:02.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 06:02.333 --> 06:05.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and it's basically a spherical, global projection system. 06:05.866 --> 06:07.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% So we have hundreds of data sets 06:07.466 --> 06:09.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% and real time satellite information 06:09.400 --> 06:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% and visualizations we can use 06:10.900 --> 06:15.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% to talk about all different kinds of Earth science and more. 06:15.600 --> 06:17.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% A new project that I've been working on, 06:17.466 --> 06:19.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% which will be opening in a couple weeks, 06:19.433 --> 06:22.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% I'm really excited about, is our immersion theater 06:22.033 --> 06:25.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% where we'll be able to have this immersive environment 06:25.500 --> 06:27.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% with a panoramic screen where we can show 06:27.600 --> 06:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% even more Earth science visuals 06:28.933 --> 06:31.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and then we're going to have a whole new suite 06:31.166 --> 06:34.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% of astronomy software as well, so that'll be really exciting. 06:34.000 --> 06:36.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% I hope all of you can come check it out. 06:36.133 --> 06:38.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And then we just have a whole bunch 06:38.366 --> 06:40.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% of different other hands-on exhibits 06:40.633 --> 06:44.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% kind of infused throughout this area. 06:44.233 --> 06:46.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So, now I'm going to talk a little bit 06:46.366 --> 06:47.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% about climate change basics. 06:47.933 --> 06:50.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% And I sort of use that term ironically 06:50.300 --> 06:52.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% because (laughs) it's really hard to talk 06:52.333 --> 06:53.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% about the basics of climate change. 06:53.900 --> 06:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% It's a very complicated topic. 06:55.900 --> 06:58.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% I know you can't necessarily read this chart, 06:58.400 --> 07:00.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% but I put it up here just so you can see. 07:00.666 --> 07:02.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% This is the framework that I developed 07:02.166 --> 07:05.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% when I was starting to put together a digital curriculum, 07:05.033 --> 07:06.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and I soon realized that there are 07:06.766 --> 07:09.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% so many interconnecting topics 07:09.100 --> 07:11.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% and different things to talk about 07:11.400 --> 07:13.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% and they're all overlapping with each other 07:13.933 --> 07:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% in so many different ways. 07:15.466 --> 07:19.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So the main themes that I broke out are climate, 07:19.033 --> 07:23.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% energy, green building, weather, renewable energy, 07:23.133 --> 07:25.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% phenology, which is the science of appearance, 07:25.966 --> 07:27.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% so observing and recording things 07:27.466 --> 07:29.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% that are happening in nature, 07:29.200 --> 07:32.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% humans and society, and then local stories. 07:32.300 --> 07:34.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So those were kind of the main themes 07:34.500 --> 07:38.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% that I wanted our visitors and our students to understand. 07:38.066 --> 07:40.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% And as you can see, they all sort of weave 07:40.233 --> 07:42.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% in and out of each other. 07:42.233 --> 07:44.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So, tonight I'm going to talk a little bit 07:44.200 --> 07:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% about some of the, 07:45.566 --> 07:48.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% I'm pulling some things out of our curriculum, 07:48.166 --> 07:50.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% namely focused on what is climate, 07:50.166 --> 07:53.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% how does climate work, how is it changing? 07:53.000 --> 07:55.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Then we'll talk a little bit about some local impacts, 07:55.666 --> 07:58.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% and we'll talk a little bit about solutions as well. 07:58.333 --> 08:01.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And if you want to learn about all the rest of the topics, 08:01.300 --> 08:03.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% you can come visit us at the nature center. 08:06.033 --> 08:11.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% So, as I'm talking, this is basically what I've put together 08:11.033 --> 08:13.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% as far as climate change basics. 08:13.100 --> 08:15.766 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% We mainly teach students. 08:15.766 --> 08:18.800 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% Our main focus is K-12, but we also have a lot of adult 08:18.800 --> 08:21.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% and upper level content as well. 08:21.733 --> 08:25.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% So, my apologies if I sound like I'm talking to kids 08:25.000 --> 08:27.600 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% because that's who I'm used to talking to most of the day. 08:27.600 --> 08:29.266 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% But I do think it's a great way 08:29.266 --> 08:30.600 align:start position:10% line:10% size:35% to kind of tie everything together 08:30.600 --> 08:31.933 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% and make sure people have 08:31.933 --> 08:35.333 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% a basic foundational understanding, even adults. 08:35.333 --> 08:36.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% So we've broken down a lot 08:36.800 --> 08:39.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% of these really complicated topics into something hopefully 08:39.433 --> 08:41.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% that's a little more easy to understand. 08:41.566 --> 08:44.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So, the way we've been defining climate 08:44.233 --> 08:47.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% is climate is made up of the weather of an area 08:47.066 --> 08:50.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% averaged out over months and seasons to many years. 08:50.333 --> 08:53.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Many scientists define climate as the averages 08:53.033 --> 08:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% over a period of 30 years. 08:55.600 --> 08:58.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And climate helps us understand what to expect in our area. 08:58.966 --> 09:01.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% It's a series of patterns and averages. 09:01.300 --> 09:03.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% It's large-scale and really complex. 09:03.533 --> 09:06.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% It has to do with the long-term condition of all parts 09:06.100 --> 09:08.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% of the Earth's system that are exchanging energy. 09:08.200 --> 09:10.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So that includes land, oceans, air, 09:10.833 --> 09:13.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% even things coming in from outer space. 09:13.333 --> 09:16.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Each of Earth's systems affects and is affected by the others. 09:16.333 --> 09:17.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% They're constantly changing, 09:17.733 --> 09:19.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% but overall they're largely balanced, 09:19.733 --> 09:24.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and they make up the conditions of our planet called Earth. 09:24.466 --> 09:27.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Another topic that we try to make sure people understand 09:27.133 --> 09:28.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% right off the bat is the difference 09:28.633 --> 09:33.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% between climate and weather, which can be very confusing 09:33.000 --> 09:34.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% because weather is a huge part of climate, 09:34.933 --> 09:37.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% but they're not necessarily the same thing. 09:37.366 --> 09:39.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So, weather is what's happening in the sky 09:39.333 --> 09:42.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and the air around us right now, and it's constantly changing. 09:42.466 --> 09:45.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% And when you add up all the weather that's happening 09:45.133 --> 09:47.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% for a long time across Earth, you get climate. 09:47.600 --> 09:49.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So we say climate is what you expect, 09:49.200 --> 09:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% weather is what you get. 09:51.000 --> 09:53.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And climate, another way that I think helps kids understand 09:53.900 --> 09:56.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% is climate helps you know what kind of clothes 09:56.033 --> 09:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% to have in your closet, 09:57.433 --> 10:00.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and weather helps you decide what to wear today. 10:00.733 --> 10:04.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% Another good analogy is climate is like a long book 10:04.200 --> 10:08.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% about the Earth, and weather is what you read on one page. 10:13.666 --> 10:17.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So, talking about how climate works, really, 10:17.033 --> 10:19.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% everything comes back to the energy 10:19.066 --> 10:21.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% that Earth receives from the sun. 10:21.300 --> 10:22.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% Earth receives a large amount of energy 10:22.900 --> 10:25.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% from the sun each day, and it's not distrusted evenly 10:25.700 --> 10:26.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% across the whole planet. 10:26.966 --> 10:29.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% It hits the equator more than it hits the poles. 10:29.333 --> 10:31.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So Earth's climate system is what distributes 10:31.333 --> 10:33.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and uses the energy through a variety 10:33.300 --> 10:35.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% of interacting cycles and systems. 10:35.966 --> 10:38.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So these are some of the many cycles and systems 10:38.300 --> 10:40.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% that are involved in the climate system. 10:40.633 --> 10:42.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% So we have the atmosphere, 10:42.866 --> 10:45.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% then when you have the atmosphere plus solar energy, 10:45.300 --> 10:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% you get the greenhouse effect. 10:47.333 --> 10:50.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% I'll talk more about all of these in just a minute. 10:50.300 --> 10:52.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% We talk about the carbon cycle. 10:52.033 --> 10:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% We talk about the water cycle. 10:53.900 --> 10:57.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% We talk about energy and how plants use energy 10:57.933 --> 11:01.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% and chemistry, energy from the sun, 11:01.433 --> 11:03.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% to make food for themselves which then feeds, 11:03.866 --> 11:07.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% through photosynthesis, feeds into the food chains 11:07.100 --> 11:09.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and relates to ecosystems. 11:09.066 --> 11:11.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So there's all of these different, broad things 11:11.666 --> 11:13.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that are happening all over our planet, 11:13.333 --> 11:15.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% but they're all interconnected. 11:15.900 --> 11:17.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, when we're talking about the atmosphere, 11:17.933 --> 11:19.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% we're talking about the air 11:19.100 --> 11:20.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% that surrounds us and the planet, 11:20.700 --> 11:23.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% and it helps to moderate solar energy and temperature. 11:23.733 --> 11:25.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% It's where the water cycle 11:25.100 --> 11:28.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and the energy cycle interact to make weather. 11:28.166 --> 11:30.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring layer 11:30.533 --> 11:34.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% of gases around Earth that are protective, insulating, 11:34.133 --> 11:36.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% and really help to regulate the temperature on our planet. 11:36.866 --> 11:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% They allow sunlight to enter, 11:38.200 --> 11:40.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and they trap heat on the way out, 11:40.066 --> 11:42.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% similar to the walls of a greenhouse. 11:42.766 --> 11:45.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% The carbon cycle, every living thing 11:45.633 --> 11:49.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and many nonliving things on our planet all contain carbon, 11:49.133 --> 11:51.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and it's, they all store energy in carbon 11:51.700 --> 11:55.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and release as they decompose, as they breathe, 11:55.400 --> 11:58.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% as they are burned, or as they're eaten. 11:58.933 --> 12:00.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% One of the basic physical properties 12:00.366 --> 12:03.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% of carbon dioxide is that it traps heat, 12:03.966 --> 12:07.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% which will come up later. (laughs) 12:07.633 --> 12:09.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% Then, when we talk about the water cycle, 12:09.866 --> 12:11.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% we always tell kids 12:11.000 --> 12:13.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% that Earth has a limited amount of water, 12:13.066 --> 12:14.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and it's always moving around the whole planet 12:14.800 --> 12:16.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% and changing forms. 12:16.333 --> 12:19.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% It's really important in our weather system, 12:19.333 --> 12:21.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and it's important in all of its different states. 12:21.533 --> 12:24.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So, liquid water obviously is a huge freshwater resource. 12:24.466 --> 12:28.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% It's also the oceans, which make up 70% of Earth's surface, 12:28.700 --> 12:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% play a very important role 12:30.066 --> 12:32.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% in regulating Earth's temperature, carbon levels, 12:32.700 --> 12:36.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% energy exchanges, weather and climate, 12:36.000 --> 12:38.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% ice helps regulate temperature, and then water 12:38.566 --> 12:41.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% in its gas or vapor form is a really key component 12:41.266 --> 12:45.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% of the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. 12:45.300 --> 12:47.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And then ecosystems, Earth is covered 12:47.466 --> 12:50.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% with an infinite number of overlapping ecosystems 12:50.533 --> 12:52.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% that connect its plants, animals, 12:52.400 --> 12:55.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and all the different specific ranges of habitat, 12:55.200 --> 12:57.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% including the land, air, and water. 12:57.633 --> 12:59.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, when we talk about climate change basics, 12:59.300 --> 13:03.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% we're pretty much (laughs) talking about everything. 13:03.400 --> 13:05.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So, just to take a closer look at atmosphere 13:05.666 --> 13:08.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and the greenhouse effect, 13:08.400 --> 13:11.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% because I think this is a key point to understand 13:11.200 --> 13:13.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% if you're going to understand what's happening 13:13.166 --> 13:15.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% with climate change and with global warming. 13:15.666 --> 13:18.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So, solar radiation in the form of light waves passes 13:18.833 --> 13:21.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% through the atmosphere, and light waves are shorter 13:21.466 --> 13:25.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% so they can penetrate the atmosphere. 13:25.500 --> 13:28.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% And then they enter Earth's system, 13:28.000 --> 13:31.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% they're absorbed by Earth's land and oceans, 13:31.033 --> 13:36.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and then some of it is radiated back into space 13:36.000 --> 13:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% in the form of infrared waves. 13:38.300 --> 13:41.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Infrared waves are longer than the light waves, 13:41.433 --> 13:44.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and so some of them bounce back out into space, 13:44.033 --> 13:45.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% but some of them get trapped 13:45.466 --> 13:47.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% by the atmosphere on the way out. 13:47.933 --> 13:49.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So, some of this outgoing radiation 13:49.933 --> 13:52.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% then stays around the Earth and starts to warm 13:52.600 --> 13:55.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans. 13:55.333 --> 13:59.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% I put this little tip because in my programs 13:59.266 --> 14:01.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% that I've been teaching, I started to realize 14:01.300 --> 14:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% that some people had no idea 14:02.933 --> 14:05.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% what the greenhouse effect was at all, 14:05.033 --> 14:07.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and some people have heard of the greenhouse effect 14:07.666 --> 14:10.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% but they think that it, in and of itself, is bad. 14:10.800 --> 14:12.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% And so I think it's important to point out 14:12.966 --> 14:15.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% that the greenhouse effect, in and of itself, is not bad. 14:15.966 --> 14:18.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% It's a major reason we have life on Earth, 14:18.266 --> 14:20.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% but when it's amplified is when it starts 14:20.300 --> 14:23.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% to have consequences on the other systems of our planet. 14:23.666 --> 14:24.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% So, without the greenhouse effect, 14:24.933 --> 14:27.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% Earth would just be a huge ice ball 14:27.000 --> 14:29.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% the same temperature as outer space. 14:31.900 --> 14:33.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% And because I'm speaking on Space Place, 14:33.900 --> 14:37.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I thought it would be good to show (laughs) some planets. 14:37.200 --> 14:38.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% But I think this is an interesting way 14:38.900 --> 14:43.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% to talk about how important Earth's atmosphere is. 14:43.433 --> 14:45.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Earth is sometimes called the Goldilocks planet 14:45.500 --> 14:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% because it's just right. 14:47.500 --> 14:49.433 align:start position:10% line:10% size:55% We have just the right amount of atmosphere 14:49.433 --> 14:51.566 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% and we're just the right distance from the sun 14:51.566 --> 14:54.400 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% that our temperature allows us to have life, 14:54.400 --> 14:56.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:47.5% and it allows us to have the water cycle 14:56.966 --> 14:59.300 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% and be home to the three different states of water 14:59.300 --> 15:02.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% so that we can house water in solid form, liquid form, 15:02.666 --> 15:04.833 align:start position:10% line:10% size:47.5% and gas form, which is really important 15:04.833 --> 15:08.500 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% for sustaining all of the other systems on our planet. 15:08.500 --> 15:12.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So we have, you can see here that Earth, 15:12.066 --> 15:14.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% on average, is about 15 degrees Celsius. 15:14.900 --> 15:16.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% Then our next neighbor over, Venus, 15:16.866 --> 15:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% is about 457 degrees Celsius. 15:19.833 --> 15:22.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And you might say that's because Venus is closer to the sun, 15:22.966 --> 15:24.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% but if we look at Mercury, 15:24.700 --> 15:27.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% you can see that it's not as hot as Venus, 15:27.000 --> 15:28.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and that's because Venus has a really, 15:28.666 --> 15:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% really thick atmosphere. 15:31.166 --> 15:36.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So the greenhouse effect on Venus is off the charts. 15:36.200 --> 15:39.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And I think an interesting fact is that Earth 15:39.233 --> 15:42.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and Venus have about the same amount of carbon dioxide, 15:42.533 --> 15:44.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% but on Earth the carbon is buried 15:44.666 --> 15:47.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and on Venus it's all in the atmosphere. 15:47.233 --> 15:52.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So it's just kind of an interesting case study we have. 15:52.066 --> 15:54.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And that image of Venus, I should point out, 15:54.666 --> 15:56.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% was actually taken by radar. 15:56.133 --> 15:57.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Because the atmosphere is so thick, 15:57.900 --> 16:00.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% we can't see the actual planet. 16:00.433 --> 16:04.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So, just an example of a run away greenhouse effect. 16:04.666 --> 16:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% And then I threw this picture on 16:06.633 --> 16:11.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% because I think it kind of helps to point out 16:11.133 --> 16:14.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% how fragile and thin our atmosphere is. 16:16.066 --> 16:19.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So, I've heard it compared to like the varnish 16:19.233 --> 16:22.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% on a globe or the skin on an apple, 16:22.033 --> 16:25.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% if you're comparing the atmosphere with the Earth. 16:25.333 --> 16:28.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% If you're driving a car at highway speeds straight up, 16:28.300 --> 16:31.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% you would reach the top of the sky in about five minutes. 16:31.266 --> 16:32.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So think about all the distances on Earth 16:32.933 --> 16:34.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you could cover in five minutes, 16:34.300 --> 16:36.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and then driving straight up helps you realize 16:36.600 --> 16:39.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% how vulnerable and fragile our atmosphere is. 16:43.866 --> 16:46.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Okay, so now we're going to talk a little bit 16:46.066 --> 16:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% about how climate is changing. 16:48.633 --> 16:52.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And it's good to note that changes are happening 16:52.366 --> 16:54.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% in all of Earth's systems. 16:54.700 --> 16:56.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% I'm gonna start out by talking about 16:56.433 --> 17:00.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% how kind of our energy cycle is changing. 17:00.733 --> 17:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% And that has to do with, 17:03.733 --> 17:06.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% (clears throat) excuse me, fossil fuels. 17:06.266 --> 17:08.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And so fossil fuels, many of you probably know, 17:08.533 --> 17:10.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% but they're the remains of plants and animals 17:10.200 --> 17:12.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% that have been trapped and pressurized 17:12.133 --> 17:13.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% for millions of years. 17:13.633 --> 17:16.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And so the carbon has been kind of locked away 17:16.000 --> 17:17.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% from the carbon cycle for all that time. 17:17.900 --> 17:19.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% But humans have figured out how 17:19.200 --> 17:21.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% to convert this concentrated stored energy 17:21.466 --> 17:23.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% into heat and electricity, 17:23.433 --> 17:25.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and now it's starting to be released 17:25.400 --> 17:28.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% through combustion into the atmosphere. 17:28.833 --> 17:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% So you can see, since 1850 17:31.166 --> 17:34.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% when the Industrial Revolution really took off, 17:34.066 --> 17:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% the global carbon emissions 17:35.666 --> 17:39.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% from fossil fuels have really increased. 17:39.866 --> 17:42.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% And you can see I have this graph 17:42.500 --> 17:47.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% which shows carbon dioxide concentration and temperature 17:47.433 --> 17:49.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% over a couple hundred thousand years, 17:49.666 --> 17:51.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and you can see they've ebbed and flowed over the years. 17:51.866 --> 17:53.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% There are these natural cycles. 17:53.700 --> 17:55.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% You can also see the red line is temperature, 17:55.533 --> 17:57.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% the blue line is CO2, 17:57.233 --> 18:00.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% and you can see the very close relationship between the two. 18:00.100 --> 18:01.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And then, it's a little hard to see, 18:01.933 --> 18:04.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% but if you look at today way over in the right-hand corner, 18:04.533 --> 18:06.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% you can see the blue line is off the chart, 18:06.933 --> 18:09.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and that's carbon dioxide concentrations. 18:11.866 --> 18:14.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% This, I know it's tiny, but I just wanted to mention 18:14.466 --> 18:16.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that we talk a lot about carbon dioxide, 18:16.133 --> 18:18.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% but there are other greenhouse gases that are released 18:18.866 --> 18:22.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% through our industry and technology as well, 18:22.433 --> 18:24.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% including methane and nitrous oxide, 18:24.400 --> 18:28.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and those are all sharply increasing at the same time. 18:28.266 --> 18:31.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And so, this figure, again I know these things are tiny, 18:31.366 --> 18:33.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% but I'm just gonna kind of move quickly. 18:33.666 --> 18:36.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% We can always go back if you have questions. 18:36.166 --> 18:38.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% This figure shows the amount of warming influence, 18:38.766 --> 18:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% which is all the red bars, 18:40.200 --> 18:43.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% or the cooling influence, which is the blue bars. 18:43.100 --> 18:46.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% And then it shows human influences, 18:46.100 --> 18:48.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% which is the top part of the chart, 18:48.333 --> 18:49.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and then there's that tiny little bar 18:49.766 --> 18:53.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% that shows natural influences, which is mostly solar, 18:53.366 --> 18:57.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and then you can see the very last bar is the total net. 18:57.633 --> 19:00.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% And so you can see that when you add 19:00.433 --> 19:02.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% all of those things together, the warming and the cooling 19:02.900 --> 19:04.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and the human and the natural, 19:04.766 --> 19:07.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% that red bar at the bottom shows the warming influences 19:07.233 --> 19:09.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% that humans are having. 19:09.633 --> 19:12.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And this is another way of looking at the information 19:12.533 --> 19:14.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% that you can read a little better. 19:14.733 --> 19:16.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% This is change in annual global temperature 19:16.900 --> 19:19.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% from 1880 to 2010. 19:19.733 --> 19:23.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So you can see every year fluctuates a little bit. 19:23.766 --> 19:25.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And we're talking average global temperature. 19:25.566 --> 19:27.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So this is all the local temperatures 19:27.066 --> 19:30.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% of all the different regions added together. 19:30.533 --> 19:32.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And some years are warmer, some years are colder, 19:32.866 --> 19:36.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% but in general you can definitely see a trend. 19:36.700 --> 19:40.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% And I think it's important, this is a good example 19:40.100 --> 19:43.333 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% of why it's important to look at long-term averages 19:43.333 --> 19:45.233 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% in order to paint a clear picture. 19:45.233 --> 19:48.933 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% If you just took a small chunk, like a decade or so, 19:48.933 --> 19:50.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% it would tell a different story 19:50.366 --> 19:53.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% than when you average out the entire time period. 19:56.400 --> 19:59.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So, we're gonna talk about how these changes are affecting 19:59.833 --> 20:02.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% all of the other systems on Earth. 20:02.766 --> 20:04.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So I mentioned we have natural warming 20:04.566 --> 20:06.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% from the greenhouse effect, and then now, 20:06.500 --> 20:09.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% because of carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases 20:09.900 --> 20:11.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% that we're adding to the atmosphere, 20:11.300 --> 20:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% we have amplified warming, 20:12.966 --> 20:15.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% which means the greenhouse effect, 20:15.700 --> 20:17.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% the atmosphere is doing a better job 20:17.433 --> 20:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% at keeping our planet warm. 20:20.100 --> 20:22.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And so then this has consequences 20:22.000 --> 20:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% for all of Earth's systems. 20:23.766 --> 20:28.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So we have consequences for the water cycle. 20:28.033 --> 20:31.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% So, first of all, as the atmosphere warms, 20:31.700 --> 20:34.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% then the oceans are also warming. 20:34.133 --> 20:35.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% They're helping to balance it out. 20:35.800 --> 20:37.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They're sucking a lot of heat. 20:37.233 --> 20:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% As water warms, it expands. 20:39.166 --> 20:42.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So this is causing sea level rises 20:42.733 --> 20:44.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and also causing glaciers to melt, 20:44.733 --> 20:48.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% which then adds to sea level rise. 20:48.366 --> 20:50.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% There's also more energy in the water cycle 20:50.566 --> 20:53.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% because of all this extra heat and energy, 20:53.133 --> 20:55.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% which is flowing around and contributing 20:55.766 --> 20:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% to more extreme weather. 20:57.733 --> 21:01.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And with each additional degree Celsius of temperature, 21:01.533 --> 21:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% the atmosphere's capacity 21:02.833 --> 21:06.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% to hold water vapor increases by 7%, 21:06.100 --> 21:08.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% which is why we're seeing a lot more 21:08.500 --> 21:12.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% extreme precipitation events and extreme weather. 21:15.500 --> 21:18.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% The oceans, in addition to helping to absorb heat, 21:18.866 --> 21:21.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% they're also helping to absorb all the extra carbon 21:21.433 --> 21:23.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% that's in the atmosphere right now, 21:23.633 --> 21:26.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% which is having consequences on marine life, 21:26.200 --> 21:28.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and all the carbon in the oceans is starting 21:28.800 --> 21:33.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% to acidify the oceans and having, 21:33.166 --> 21:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% it's starting to eat away 21:34.400 --> 21:38.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% at hard-bodied marine life such as corals. 21:38.466 --> 21:41.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So there's having a lot of impact on marine ecosystems 21:41.033 --> 21:43.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% and then also ecosystems on land. 21:43.500 --> 21:45.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% You can see these different colors represent 21:45.566 --> 21:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% different forest types, 21:47.500 --> 21:49.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% and you can see how they're shifting northwards. 21:49.633 --> 21:53.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So, in the recent past, from 1960 to 1990, 21:53.633 --> 21:55.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% Wisconsin and some of the northern states 21:55.600 --> 21:57.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and the southern states had very different 21:57.933 --> 22:01.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% forest composition than they will 22:01.033 --> 22:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% by the end of the 21st century. 22:03.600 --> 22:05.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% And so with those forests changing, 22:05.866 --> 22:08.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% you can imagine all the other plants and animals 22:08.166 --> 22:10.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% that live in those ecosystems are going to have to 22:10.766 --> 22:14.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% either migrate or adapt or die off. 22:16.066 --> 22:19.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% Arctic ecosystems are especially sensitive 22:19.866 --> 22:21.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% because they rely on the cold, 22:21.966 --> 22:23.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and all of those animals have adapted 22:23.966 --> 22:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% to their habitats being cold 22:25.733 --> 22:28.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and they can't go any further north, 22:28.266 --> 22:30.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% or south of they're on the South Pole. 22:30.666 --> 22:33.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And so those ecosystems are especially vulnerable. 22:35.433 --> 22:38.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And then, of course, this is just a few of the changes, 22:38.300 --> 22:41.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% but all of these impacts are effecting humans 22:41.866 --> 22:43.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% and society as well. 22:44.766 --> 22:47.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% So now we're going to talk a little bit about climate change 22:47.833 --> 22:50.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% in Wisconsin and how some of these changes 22:50.566 --> 22:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% are happening close to home. 22:53.033 --> 22:54.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% So, this maps shows changes 22:54.800 --> 22:58.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% in average temperature from 1950 to 2006. 22:58.733 --> 23:00.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% And here's the temperature scale. 23:00.400 --> 23:02.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So you can see not every part of the state 23:02.866 --> 23:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% is being affected equally. 23:04.466 --> 23:07.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% The northwestern parts are warming up, 23:07.900 --> 23:10.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% or have been warming up a little more quickly. 23:10.733 --> 23:15.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% But you can see that the Madison area has increased 23:15.666 --> 23:20.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% by about one degree over the past 50 or so years. 23:20.633 --> 23:22.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% Then this second map shows how much 23:22.333 --> 23:24.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% the average temperature is predicted 23:24.366 --> 23:28.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% to increase from 1980 to 2055. 23:29.933 --> 23:32.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And then, again, talking about those ecosystem shifts 23:32.566 --> 23:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and the different forest types, 23:34.100 --> 23:37.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% this is a snapshot of kind of the Midwest and the northeast, 23:37.333 --> 23:40.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and you can see how those have been changing already 23:40.133 --> 23:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% and are predicted to change. 23:42.666 --> 23:47.566 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% And so, if you extrapolate those forest changes 23:47.566 --> 23:50.466 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% to other types of plants, if you're a gardener or a farmer, 23:50.466 --> 23:53.566 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% you know that if the plant zones are projected 23:53.566 --> 23:57.633 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% to shift one half to one full zone every 30 years, 23:57.633 --> 23:59.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% then we're going to have to change the plants 23:59.733 --> 24:00.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% that we're planting. 24:00.966 --> 24:03.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% It'll change crop yields. 24:03.100 --> 24:06.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% It'll change the hardiness of different species. 24:06.366 --> 24:08.866 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% This is another local example. 24:08.866 --> 24:11.333 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% We're fortunate here at the University of Wisconsin. 24:11.333 --> 24:13.133 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% We have one of the longest running 24:13.133 --> 24:15.266 align:start position:10% line:10% size:40% ice covered data sets in the world. 24:15.266 --> 24:18.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And so, scientists at the university have 24:18.166 --> 24:21.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% been keeping track of ice-on and ice-off 24:21.000 --> 24:25.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% dates each winter since the late 1850s. 24:25.633 --> 24:28.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And so, over the course of those records, 24:28.566 --> 24:31.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% we now have about a month fewer days of ice 24:31.533 --> 24:34.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% in the winter on Lake Mendota. 24:34.233 --> 24:36.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% And, actually, I think Lake Monona is even more. 24:36.133 --> 24:39.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% I think it's about 36 or 38 days. 24:39.033 --> 24:40.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% So that's just a good example 24:40.866 --> 24:43.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% of a very gradual shift that's happening. 24:43.033 --> 24:46.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Some of you who are older might remember the days 24:46.300 --> 24:49.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% when there was more ice or you could do more ice fishing. 24:49.266 --> 24:51.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And I always hear of these things anecdotally, 24:51.433 --> 24:54.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% but it's nice to see some actual graphical information 24:54.700 --> 24:57.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% that shows this. 24:57.333 --> 24:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% And I want to point out, 24:58.766 --> 25:01.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% because this is another question that I get a lot, 25:01.000 --> 25:05.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% so we're talking about one degree or six degrees of change, 25:05.600 --> 25:07.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and that doesn't seem like a lot to some people. 25:07.766 --> 25:10.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I bet the temperature changed six degrees outside today 25:10.533 --> 25:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% (laughs) just with our weather, 25:13.133 --> 25:16.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% but it's just good to reiterate that we're talking 25:16.066 --> 25:19.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% about averages over long periods of time. 25:19.133 --> 25:22.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And so those little, those small increments 25:22.166 --> 25:24.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% can really add up and make a big difference. 25:24.266 --> 25:26.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So the length of time that Lake Mendota is covered 25:26.433 --> 25:28.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% by ice each year has decreased 25:28.266 --> 25:31.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% by six days per decade since 1956. 25:31.966 --> 25:33.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% The average temperature during this time 25:33.333 --> 25:35.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% has increased less than two degrees. 25:35.800 --> 25:38.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So that two-degree difference is having 25:38.866 --> 25:41.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% that bigger difference on the ice cover 25:41.766 --> 25:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and all the other systems. 25:50.000 --> 25:52.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So, just a couple more changes I'm going to run through 25:52.700 --> 25:55.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that are happening here in Wisconsin. 25:57.100 --> 25:59.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So we talked a little bit about temperature changes. 25:59.500 --> 26:02.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So our hotter summers that we can expect 26:02.300 --> 26:05.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% will make the Midwest feel more like the South. 26:05.666 --> 26:08.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So, averaging 15 different climate models 26:08.333 --> 26:12.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% with a middle of the road carbon dioxide emission scenario, 26:12.166 --> 26:15.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% WICCI, the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, 26:15.133 --> 26:17.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% has predicted that by around the middle of the century, 26:17.933 --> 26:19.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% Madison's climate will be similar 26:19.333 --> 26:22.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% to that of present day central Illinois. 26:22.433 --> 26:24.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And then because changes are even more extreme 26:24.133 --> 26:25.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% in the northern part of the state, 26:25.866 --> 26:27.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% using the same modeling tool and parameters, 26:27.833 --> 26:30.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% a location near Minocqua, which is northern Wisconsin, 26:30.966 --> 26:32.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% is predicted to have a climate similar 26:32.466 --> 26:34.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% to that of Whitewater, Wisconsin, 26:34.333 --> 26:36.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% which is far southern Wisconsin. 26:38.666 --> 26:41.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So that will have impacts on all the ecosystems 26:41.766 --> 26:43.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% we talked about, all the different species. 26:43.566 --> 26:47.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% It'll also have impacts on the drought that we're seeing 26:47.066 --> 26:49.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and all the different temperature scales. 26:49.533 --> 26:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% These are just a quick example 26:51.266 --> 26:52.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of some of the different species 26:52.666 --> 26:56.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% that are especially vulnerable to climate changes. 26:56.666 --> 26:59.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Some species, like the deer tick, are actually thriving 26:59.933 --> 27:01.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% because of some of these climate changes. 27:01.800 --> 27:04.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So they have different impacts on different species. 27:04.800 --> 27:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% And they're leading to an issue 27:06.566 --> 27:09.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% that we are calling ecosystem mismatch, 27:09.500 --> 27:11.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% where some species are reacting differently 27:11.333 --> 27:13.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% to the climate changes, some species are able to migrate 27:13.966 --> 27:16.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and some aren't, and so we're starting to find 27:16.266 --> 27:20.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% that some species are blooming earlier in the spring 27:20.266 --> 27:23.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% but the birds that eat them haven't migrated yet, 27:23.600 --> 27:26.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% and so there's all these different mismatches 27:26.233 --> 27:29.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% that are happening that are having myriad impacts 27:29.166 --> 27:33.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% on different ecosystems. 27:33.033 --> 27:36.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, we talked a little bit about hotter summers, 27:36.000 --> 27:38.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% but winters are actually going to be, 27:38.900 --> 27:41.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% the changes we're going to see are even more drastic. 27:41.566 --> 27:43.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, you can see the predicted change 27:43.866 --> 27:48.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% in winter average temperature from 1980 to 2055 is anywhere 27:48.266 --> 27:52.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% from about six to nine degrees. 27:52.566 --> 27:58.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% One change we've been noticing is decline in our lake levels. 27:58.100 --> 28:01.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So this is a graph from Lake Michigan, 28:01.400 --> 28:03.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% which also feeds into Lake Huron, 28:03.033 --> 28:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% so they average it all together. 28:05.666 --> 28:08.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% And the annual average lake level, 28:08.700 --> 28:11.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% you can see in recent decades, is much lower, 28:11.866 --> 28:14.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and that's because there's a lot less ice cover 28:14.000 --> 28:17.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% on the lakes, and warmer water evaporates faster. 28:17.866 --> 28:20.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% And, on average, as temperatures are increasing, 28:20.033 --> 28:22.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% it has less time to replenish itself 28:22.666 --> 28:26.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% and spends more time evaporating. 28:26.033 --> 28:28.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% And so we can think about how these changes 28:28.200 --> 28:31.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% are going to impact our culture around Wisconsin, 28:31.033 --> 28:35.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% our lifestyles, our livelihoods, and our economics. 28:35.166 --> 28:39.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Just some other examples I don't have up there, 28:39.366 --> 28:44.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% besides recreation, we can talk about fishing and hunting, 28:44.566 --> 28:49.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% we can talk about maple syruping, maple sugaring. 28:49.933 --> 28:51.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% Maple trees are especially susceptible 28:51.766 --> 28:54.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% to changes in weather and changes in climate. 28:54.566 --> 28:56.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% There's a crucial period in early spring 28:56.466 --> 28:57.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% where they have to freeze at night 28:57.966 --> 29:00.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and thaw during the day to get the sap running, 29:00.566 --> 29:02.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and a lot of times in recent years 29:02.533 --> 29:05.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% it sort of skipped right from winter into spring. 29:05.266 --> 29:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Spring is coming earlier, 29:07.233 --> 29:12.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and so that's changing our maple sugaring season. 29:12.000 --> 29:15.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Lake levels are impacting fishing and shipping. 29:15.800 --> 29:17.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% So there's a lot of impacts, 29:17.033 --> 29:18.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and I'm happy to talk more about that, 29:18.866 --> 29:20.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:27.5% if you have questions at the end. 29:20.800 --> 29:23.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So, now I'm just going to talk a little bit about teaching 29:23.866 --> 29:26.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% about climate change, and some of the things I've learned 29:26.066 --> 29:29.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% with different ages and audiences that I've worked with. 29:29.000 --> 29:33.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So here are just a couple things I wanted to point out. 29:36.966 --> 29:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% And this is a common theme 29:38.233 --> 29:41.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% when you are learning about climate change. 29:41.266 --> 29:45.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% A lot of times you'll see really scary graphics 29:45.033 --> 29:48.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and extreme things that are happening. 29:48.600 --> 29:51.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% And there are a lot of really terrifying statistics 29:51.500 --> 29:52.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% when it comes to climate change. 29:52.933 --> 29:55.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% There are a lot of scary things that are happening. 29:55.566 --> 29:58.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% I think one of my favorite scary statistics 29:58.400 --> 30:01.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% is from James Hansen, the former director 30:01.400 --> 30:04.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% of the NASA Goddard Space Institute, 30:04.933 --> 30:06.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and he said that the energy trapped 30:06.633 --> 30:09.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% by manmade global warming pollution is now equivalent 30:09.700 --> 30:14.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% to exploding 400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day. 30:14.700 --> 30:17.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, there's tons of statistics like that, 30:17.866 --> 30:19.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and sometimes they're really impactful 30:19.500 --> 30:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% depending on your audience. 30:20.966 --> 30:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% They can give a sense of urgency 30:22.900 --> 30:26.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and encourage people to act quickly, 30:26.533 --> 30:28.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% but it also depends on your audience. 30:28.733 --> 30:32.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And my audience tends to be kids a lot, 30:32.000 --> 30:34.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and so this stuff doesn't work as well. 30:34.766 --> 30:39.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% It's tempting to lay all the harsh realities on the table. 30:39.066 --> 30:41.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Talking about extinction and extreme weather 30:41.666 --> 30:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and all these ways that people 30:44.666 --> 30:47.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% and animals are going to be impacted, 30:47.333 --> 30:49.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% but you have to take a slightly different approach 30:49.300 --> 30:51.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% with younger people. 30:51.666 --> 30:53.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And I think it's also important to factor, 30:53.933 --> 30:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% this is something I learned 30:55.233 --> 30:57.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% from the Climate Reality Project, 30:57.166 --> 31:00.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% we talked a lot about factoring our audiences' various budgets. 31:00.433 --> 31:02.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And some audiences have different time budgets. 31:02.833 --> 31:04.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% You might only have five minutes with them, 31:04.766 --> 31:06.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% so you're going to talk about different things 31:06.666 --> 31:08.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% than if you have a full hour. 31:08.400 --> 31:10.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% Some audiences have different complexity budgets 31:10.900 --> 31:14.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% where they understand science and more complicated issues. 31:14.666 --> 31:17.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And then some audiences have a different hope budget, 31:17.400 --> 31:19.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% which I think is something that's really important. 31:19.000 --> 31:21.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And kids' hope budget is completely different 31:21.733 --> 31:26.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% than different audiences of adults. 31:28.566 --> 31:32.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So, when I'm teaching about climate change with young kids, 31:32.866 --> 31:35.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% these are some of the things I try to keep in mind. 31:35.366 --> 31:37.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I think it's really important to cover the basics. 31:37.733 --> 31:39.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% There's so many technical details 31:39.366 --> 31:42.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and it's good to remind myself 31:42.100 --> 31:43.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that I'm not going to cover everything 31:43.700 --> 31:47.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% in the one-hour program that I have with some first graders. 31:47.200 --> 31:49.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% So I just pick a couple basic concepts 31:49.500 --> 31:51.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that I really want to hit home, 31:51.733 --> 31:55.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% try to keep things multidisciplinary, 31:55.166 --> 31:57.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% keep them interesting and fun and engaging. 31:57.933 --> 32:00.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% It's also helpful to keep things standards based. 32:00.933 --> 32:02.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So whether you're a classroom teacher 32:02.400 --> 32:04.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:30% and you have curricular standards 32:04.000 --> 32:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% to follow in your classroom, 32:05.333 --> 32:08.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% or you can find other frameworks that exist, 32:08.400 --> 32:10.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% I used the climate literacy frameworks a lot, 32:10.833 --> 32:12.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:32.5% which was put together by a bunch 32:12.766 --> 32:14.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% of different federal agencies, 32:14.333 --> 32:18.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and it's the essential principles of climate science 32:18.200 --> 32:21.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% that they recommend can be used for individuals 32:21.433 --> 32:23.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and communities of all different ages and backgrounds. 32:23.866 --> 32:25.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% So it's just nice to have kind of a framework 32:25.966 --> 32:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% with benchmarks so you know 32:27.300 --> 32:29.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% what your learning objectives are. 32:29.833 --> 32:32.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% It's great to use visuals, metaphors, and models. 32:32.533 --> 32:35.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% A lot of this stuff is either invisible or happening 32:35.266 --> 32:36.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% at such a scale that it's really hard 32:36.966 --> 32:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% to show concrete examples. 32:39.500 --> 32:42.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% And as environmental educators, we're very used to, 32:42.366 --> 32:43.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% when we're talking about aquatic insects, 32:43.866 --> 32:46.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% we just go to the pond and scoop some up 32:46.100 --> 32:48.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and have concrete examples right there. 32:48.666 --> 32:51.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% But that doesn't work as well with a lot of these topics. 32:51.200 --> 32:54.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So it's important that we have technology 32:54.000 --> 32:57.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% where we can show a lot of visuals, models. 32:57.666 --> 32:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% This is our ecosphere exhibit 32:59.433 --> 33:01.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% that we have at the nature center. 33:01.366 --> 33:04.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And it's completely sealed off, self-contained ecosystem. 33:04.600 --> 33:07.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And there are shrimp, and there's algae in there. 33:07.500 --> 33:10.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And so everything balances and there's great examples 33:10.800 --> 33:15.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% of food chains, photosynthesis, carbon and oxygen balance, 33:15.233 --> 33:19.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% water cycle, and so we can kind of scale things down. 33:19.033 --> 33:20.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:37.5% Kids really get this when they know 33:20.666 --> 33:23.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% we don't have air holes in it. 33:23.000 --> 33:24.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% They really start thinking about how life works 33:24.966 --> 33:27.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% and how everything is working together, 33:27.033 --> 33:28.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% and then we can scale it out 33:28.666 --> 33:30.833 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% and compare it to how our planet works. 33:30.833 --> 33:32.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% The only thing coming in 33:32.033 --> 33:34.166 align:start position:10% line:10% size:47.5% from the outside is energy from the sun, 33:34.166 --> 33:36.066 align:start position:10% line:10% size:57.5% much like planet Earth. 33:36.066 --> 33:38.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:55% So it's a great model. 33:38.366 --> 33:41.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:40% We also use just very basic stories. 33:41.100 --> 33:42.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% Sometimes we'll talk about, 33:42.666 --> 33:44.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:57.5% especially with really, really young kids, 33:44.366 --> 33:46.200 align:start position:10% line:10% size:40% we'll talk about Earth being sick 33:46.200 --> 33:48.433 align:start position:10% line:10% size:57.5% or Earth having a fever and the different symptoms 33:48.433 --> 33:53.133 align:start position:10% line:10% size:52.5% and what we can do to make Earth feel better. 33:53.133 --> 33:55.133 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% We use real data. 33:55.133 --> 33:57.500 align:start position:10% line:10% size:50% I just pulled up our Science on a Sphere 33:57.500 --> 33:59.700 align:start position:10% line:10% size:42.5% where we can show real satellite data, 33:59.700 --> 34:01.466 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% which is really impactful. 34:01.466 --> 34:03.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% We can pull up current events and things 34:03.433 --> 34:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% that are happening with weather. 34:04.900 --> 34:06.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% So if it's something current, 34:06.400 --> 34:08.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% kids are more likely (laughs) to remember it 34:08.266 --> 34:10.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and know what we're talking about, 34:10.466 --> 34:12.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% so we can draw those connections. 34:12.733 --> 34:14.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And then, again, being experiential, 34:14.966 --> 34:16.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% having active learning, 34:16.500 --> 34:19.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% getting kids outside measuring the weather that's happening, 34:19.100 --> 34:21.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% measuring wind speed, and then comparing that 34:21.000 --> 34:23.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% to other records over time. 34:23.633 --> 34:26.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And just keeping things age appropriate 34:26.000 --> 34:29.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% with content and vocabulary that we're using. 34:29.300 --> 34:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% And then, I mentioned before, 34:31.166 --> 34:34.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% avoiding kind of the doom and gloom scenario 34:34.200 --> 34:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and being too overwhelming 34:35.600 --> 34:37.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% because I think kids just get really depressed 34:37.466 --> 34:39.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% and shut down. (laughs) 34:42.533 --> 34:43.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% And so some more types. 34:43.933 --> 34:46.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Just lay good foundation and get kids familiar 34:46.266 --> 34:48.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% with concepts and with vocabulary 34:48.366 --> 34:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% that you can build on later. 34:50.700 --> 34:53.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Connecting with kids and things that they're interested in 34:53.100 --> 34:55.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% and that are affecting them. 34:55.366 --> 34:57.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% Kids, especially like upper elementary, 34:57.233 --> 34:59.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% really start to understand fairness and empathy. 34:59.766 --> 35:02.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So you can talk about kind of environmental justice 35:02.766 --> 35:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% and working together, 35:06.233 --> 35:08.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% integrating across subject areas. 35:08.100 --> 35:10.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% It doesn't always have to be a science lesson. 35:10.200 --> 35:12.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% You can bring up all these different topics 35:12.333 --> 35:16.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% in other curricular areas. 35:16.033 --> 35:17.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% If you're not sure about something, 35:17.300 --> 35:20.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% if you're a teacher and you don't feel qualified 35:20.566 --> 35:22.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% to talk about climate science, 35:22.066 --> 35:24.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% there are tons of outside resources and experts, 35:24.566 --> 35:26.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% or you can go on field trips, 35:26.066 --> 35:28.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% like to the Aldo Leopold Nature Center 35:28.033 --> 35:31.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% where we're happy to talk about it for you. (laughs) 35:31.466 --> 35:32.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% You can also use controversy 35:32.633 --> 35:34.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and questions as teachable moments. 35:34.733 --> 35:37.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Build open communication, encourage inquiry. 35:37.766 --> 35:41.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% These are just some other tips that I've kind of come across. 35:41.566 --> 35:43.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% It's important to explain how averages and probability work. 35:43.766 --> 35:45.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% That's a concept that's sometimes difficult 35:45.333 --> 35:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% for young kids. 35:47.400 --> 35:51.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, flipping coins and talking about things like, 35:51.733 --> 35:54.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% one metaphor that I came across that I liked is 35:54.233 --> 35:56.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% if a baseball player is on steroids, we can't be sure 35:56.933 --> 35:59.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% that every single home run he hits is due to this, 35:59.633 --> 36:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% but we can say that the steroids 36:01.400 --> 36:04.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% definitely increase the likelihood of big hits. 36:04.366 --> 36:08.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The same can be said for extreme weather events and climate. 36:09.500 --> 36:11.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% Climate science is very non-intuitive. 36:11.833 --> 36:15.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% We're talking about large scales and complex interactions. 36:15.733 --> 36:18.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% Lots of cycles and nonlinear processes, 36:18.433 --> 36:20.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% which is difficult to grasp for kids. 36:20.700 --> 36:23.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% It's abstract and it also extends beyond their lifespan. 36:23.166 --> 36:24.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% So if we're talking about things 36:24.833 --> 36:26.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% that happened a couple decades ago, 36:26.800 --> 36:30.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% they can't really comprehend what that even means. 36:30.366 --> 36:33.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So, spend extra time discussing this and making comparisons. 36:33.766 --> 36:35.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And then, again, hands-on learning really sticks. 36:35.766 --> 36:37.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So get them outside collecting data 36:37.400 --> 36:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% or talking with older folks 36:39.466 --> 36:41.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and hearing anecdotes and stories. 36:44.300 --> 36:47.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% I also think it's important to listen to your audience 36:47.300 --> 36:50.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and learn what they already know or what they think they know 36:50.933 --> 36:54.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% so you have a good starting point of what you need to teach 36:54.233 --> 36:55.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% and any misconceptions 36:55.433 --> 36:59.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that need to clear up right off the bat. 36:59.100 --> 37:02.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And always allow for open discussion and communication, 37:02.066 --> 37:03.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% get various perspectives, 37:03.900 --> 37:06.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% appreciate people's different values and assumptions, 37:06.600 --> 37:09.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% don't get bogged down presenting both sides. 37:09.666 --> 37:11.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% I have that little graphic showing 37:11.200 --> 37:13.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that 97 out of 100 climate experts think 37:13.866 --> 37:15.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% that humans are causing global warming, 37:15.866 --> 37:19.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% so I think it's safe for us to consider that 37:19.500 --> 37:22.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% when we're (laughs) talking about the science. 37:22.866 --> 37:26.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Use reputable sources and sound science, stick with facts, 37:26.466 --> 37:28.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and let students draw their own conclusions. 37:28.700 --> 37:30.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% It's also important to acknowledge all 37:30.166 --> 37:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% the natural cycles. 37:31.566 --> 37:33.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% There are tons of things going on 37:33.533 --> 37:35.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% that are outside of human control, 37:35.200 --> 37:37.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% but there are some human factors, 37:37.200 --> 37:39.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and those are the ones that we need to focus on 37:39.833 --> 37:42.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% because that's what we do have control over. 37:42.100 --> 37:44.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% And then focusing on the big picture. 37:46.400 --> 37:49.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So, these are just a couple quick examples I threw in 37:49.366 --> 37:53.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% that we use in our digital curriculum. 37:53.566 --> 37:56.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% So, we talk a lot with younger kids 37:56.300 --> 37:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% about systems and cycles. 37:58.866 --> 38:01.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% Again, clearing up that basic foundation 38:01.433 --> 38:03.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% of the difference between weather and climate. 38:03.500 --> 38:05.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% We talk a lot about the nature of science 38:05.866 --> 38:08.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and how scientists use tools and technology 38:08.333 --> 38:11.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% and models and observing and recording what they see. 38:11.566 --> 38:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% We talk about the relationship 38:12.966 --> 38:16.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% between Earth and humans, which goes both ways. 38:16.066 --> 38:18.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% We talk a lot about what we can do. 38:18.500 --> 38:21.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% We're very solutions and choices focused. 38:21.400 --> 38:24.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% We talk about adaptation versus mitigation, 38:24.333 --> 38:28.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% and also just innovation and technology. 38:28.166 --> 38:30.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% And then we integrate games and quizzes 38:30.266 --> 38:33.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% to kind of reinforce a lot of the content. 38:37.666 --> 38:39.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So when we're talking about climate change, 38:39.966 --> 38:41.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% so I've mostly been talking right now 38:41.433 --> 38:43.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% about talking to kids and students, 38:43.766 --> 38:46.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% but I think it's really important just for adults 38:46.533 --> 38:48.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and general population to be talking 38:48.633 --> 38:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% about climate change too. 38:51.900 --> 38:55.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Oh, it looks like this graphic didn't show up. 38:55.533 --> 38:57.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% I had a graphic that shows 38:57.533 --> 38:59.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% that there was a recent study done 38:59.600 --> 39:03.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% by the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 39:03.433 --> 39:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% and they showed that 67% 39:06.566 --> 39:09.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% of Americans strongly or somewhat trust their family 39:09.766 --> 39:11.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and friends when it comes to climate change 39:11.400 --> 39:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% and global warming, 39:12.766 --> 39:16.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and that was second under climate scientists. 39:16.266 --> 39:20.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% There was a whole list of other weather reporters, 39:20.666 --> 39:24.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% the president, like all different celebrities 39:24.466 --> 39:26.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% and media personalities 39:26.133 --> 39:29.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% and other kinds of scientists, family doctors. 39:29.200 --> 39:31.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% But, basically, family and friends 39:31.366 --> 39:35.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% was their second most trusted source above all those people. 39:35.466 --> 39:39.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% So, more Americans trust you than nearly any other source 39:39.666 --> 39:42.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% for information about global warming. 39:42.600 --> 39:44.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% But the other graphic that didn't show up 39:44.866 --> 39:49.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% showed that 61% hear people they know talking 39:49.666 --> 39:53.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% about global warming one time per year or less. 39:53.366 --> 39:56.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So even though it's a very trusted source of information, 39:56.733 --> 39:59.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% they're just not really hearing it. 39:59.333 --> 40:02.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, hopefully these (laughs) show up now. 40:02.500 --> 40:05.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% But the point of all that was to just show 40:05.466 --> 40:08.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% that I think this should just be an ongoing conversation 40:08.400 --> 40:11.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% that is really prevalent in our daily lives, 40:11.033 --> 40:14.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and you can bring it up anytime, anywhere. 40:14.133 --> 40:15.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% And specifically when we're talking 40:15.433 --> 40:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% about our families and friends, 40:17.466 --> 40:20.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% I think it's important to just get kids outside 40:20.033 --> 40:23.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% and connected with the environment using anecdotes 40:23.800 --> 40:25.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% and personal stories, 40:25.300 --> 40:28.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% things that might just come up organically in conversation, 40:28.766 --> 40:31.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and using that as a starting point for your discussion, 40:31.766 --> 40:35.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% asking questions and learning together. 40:35.766 --> 40:38.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% If there's something you don't know, 40:38.133 --> 40:40.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% you can look it up together. 40:40.000 --> 40:42.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% You can do research, you can explore the topic. 40:42.833 --> 40:44.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% I don't think many people know 40:44.966 --> 40:46.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% every single thing there is to know 40:46.533 --> 40:48.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% about climate or climate change. 40:48.666 --> 40:51.200 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% So, it's okay to learn together. 40:53.600 --> 40:56.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% So, moving on to what we can do. 40:58.766 --> 41:00.066 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% I threw this graphic in here. 41:00.066 --> 41:02.600 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% This is the Blue Marble, 41:02.600 --> 41:06.500 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% which is the most recent human-taken space photo. 41:06.500 --> 41:11.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% It was from December 7, 1972, by the crew of Apollo 17, 41:11.200 --> 41:14.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% and it's called the Blue Marble photo by NASA. 41:14.200 --> 41:16.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% And this photo was really important 41:16.500 --> 41:19.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% for kind of showing all of us Earthlings 41:19.566 --> 41:22.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% how our planet looked from outer space 41:22.566 --> 41:25.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% just floating in the big black void, 41:25.766 --> 41:28.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and kind of showing how precious and fragile our planet is 41:28.733 --> 41:32.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% and how important it is that we take care of it. 41:32.300 --> 41:35.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, when we're talking about solutions 41:35.666 --> 41:40.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and things we can do, it's really important, 41:40.033 --> 41:43.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% especially for kids, that they take action 41:43.266 --> 41:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% so they can feel in control. 41:45.833 --> 41:49.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And so these are just some examples we use with the kids. 41:49.133 --> 41:51.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And it's really important to focus on things 41:51.066 --> 41:54.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% that families can do together, like changing light bulbs, 41:54.266 --> 41:56.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% turning off lights when you leave a room, 41:56.166 --> 41:58.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% planting a garden, composting. 41:58.266 --> 41:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Maybe you could do research 41:59.533 --> 42:01.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% into installing solar panels on your house. 42:01.966 --> 42:04.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% You can get kids involved in school. 42:04.600 --> 42:07.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% They could join or start environmental clubs 42:07.033 --> 42:09.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% or make small changes in their cafeteria. 42:09.300 --> 42:11.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So, getting kids very active in the solutions 42:11.700 --> 42:15.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% helps them feel like they have some input in what's happening. 42:15.566 --> 42:17.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% And the most important thing is to talk about 42:17.566 --> 42:19.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% why you're doing all these things. 42:19.033 --> 42:21.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% You can show by example and you can instill good habits 42:21.600 --> 42:24.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% in your kids, but it's important to explain to them 42:24.066 --> 42:26.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% why they're doing what they're doing. 42:26.266 --> 42:27.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% So, thinking about all of our actions 42:27.933 --> 42:29.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% is part of a bigger picture. 42:29.566 --> 42:32.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Where do things come from? Where do they go? 42:32.000 --> 42:34.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% What is the life cycle of a product 42:34.166 --> 42:37.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% that you're using from cradle to grave? 42:37.100 --> 42:38.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% And talking about the pros and cons 42:38.800 --> 42:41.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% of upfront costs versus long-term tradeoffs. 42:41.900 --> 42:46.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% It's also helpful to involve technology in the process, and, 42:46.300 --> 42:48.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% in addition to getting kids outside in the natural world, 42:48.966 --> 42:52.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% you can also use a lot of tools and resources, 42:52.000 --> 42:55.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% citizen science projects, and mobile apps 42:55.500 --> 42:57.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and iPads and cell phones. 42:57.333 --> 42:58.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% You can look up species. 42:58.700 --> 43:01.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% You can record and analyze data really easily. 43:01.400 --> 43:03.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So it's a great way to have conversations together 43:03.800 --> 43:06.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% and just have an ongoing conversation 43:06.100 --> 43:09.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% where your actions and behavior changes 43:09.066 --> 43:11.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% and conversations are always evolving. 43:11.300 --> 43:12.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% Talk about what you know 43:12.500 --> 43:16.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and learn more about what you don't know. 43:16.100 --> 43:17.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% And then I'm going to, 43:17.633 --> 43:19.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% I think there's just another minute or two left, 43:19.600 --> 43:21.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% so I'll go through these really quickly. 43:21.733 --> 43:24.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% But there are so many great resources out there, 43:24.433 --> 43:25.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% if you want to learn more. 43:25.766 --> 43:27.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% I know I covered things really quickly, 43:27.866 --> 43:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and I'm happy to keep in touch. 43:29.733 --> 43:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% My information's in the back, 43:31.766 --> 43:33.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% if you'd like more information on any of this. 43:33.666 --> 43:37.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% But there's also tons of other resources you can find. 43:37.700 --> 43:39.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% This is a booklet by the Wisconsin DNR 43:39.866 --> 43:42.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% that has great lesson plans and hands-on activities 43:42.733 --> 43:45.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% for teaching a lot of the concepts I talked about today. 43:45.766 --> 43:50.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% Paradise Lost is a program that infuses art 43:50.300 --> 43:53.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% in teaching about climate change in the Great Lakes region. 43:53.400 --> 43:55.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% There's the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, 43:55.666 --> 43:57.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% which I've mentioned a couple times, 43:57.766 --> 44:00.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% they put together a huge report 44:00.066 --> 44:01.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% on how climate change is impacting 44:01.966 --> 44:06.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% all these different sectors of Wisconsin, 44:06.233 --> 44:08.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% different lifestyle categories 44:08.233 --> 44:10.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and all the different environmental sectors 44:10.166 --> 44:11.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% and municipal sectors, 44:11.733 --> 44:14.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and suggestions for adaptations to those changes. 44:14.900 --> 44:17.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So they have really great resources online. 44:17.333 --> 44:19.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:37.5% Of course, Aldo Leopold Nature Center, 44:19.066 --> 44:21.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% we have our exhibit area and we have tons 44:21.166 --> 44:24.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% of great family programs and information on climate change 44:24.733 --> 44:29.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and also just kind of environmental and nature issues. 44:29.433 --> 44:32.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% The Will Steger Foundation, they're based in Minnesota 44:32.466 --> 44:34.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:40% but a lot of the information is the same, 44:34.566 --> 44:36.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and they talk a lot about the same habitats 44:36.766 --> 44:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% and species that we have, 44:38.233 --> 44:40.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and they have really great curriculum. 44:40.100 --> 44:44.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% There's the Wisconsin K-12 Energy Education Program. 44:44.100 --> 44:46.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% The US Energy Information Administration 44:46.866 --> 44:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% has a great kids page on energy. 44:49.766 --> 44:54.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% The NASA Global Climate Change Climate Kids web page, 44:54.000 --> 44:57.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% the Northern Great Lakes Visitor Center 44:57.233 --> 44:59.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% in northern Wisconsin put together 44:59.333 --> 45:04.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% a really great curriculum called G-WOW, which stands for, 45:04.366 --> 45:07.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% I'm going to botch this, but it's an Ojibwe phrase 45:07.766 --> 45:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% "Gikinoo'wizhiwe Onji Waaban" 45:09.933 --> 45:11.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% which means guiding for tomorrow, 45:11.466 --> 45:14.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and they talk about climate change is impacting 45:14.400 --> 45:17.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% all these different native lifeways 45:17.633 --> 45:20.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and different species and cultural traditions. 45:20.833 --> 45:22.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Then there's the US Global Change Research Program, 45:22.966 --> 45:26.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% which has really great global and regional information. 45:26.700 --> 45:29.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% The EPA has a student's guide to global climate change, 45:29.666 --> 45:33.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% which is good for all different ages of students. 45:33.366 --> 45:36.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% ClimateWisconsin.org is a great website. 45:36.866 --> 45:38.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% They worked with WICCI, 45:38.333 --> 45:40.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, 45:40.833 --> 45:43.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and the ECB, the Educational Communications Board, 45:43.700 --> 45:46.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% and they put together this really great online resource 45:46.166 --> 45:48.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% where they kind of pulled out different stories 45:48.333 --> 45:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% that were in the WICCI report, 45:50.700 --> 45:52.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and they interviewed different people 45:52.000 --> 45:53.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:42.5% from all walks of life around Wisconsin, 45:53.933 --> 45:55.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% and it talked about some of these impacts 45:55.900 --> 45:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% that are happening. 45:57.300 --> 46:01.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% And then CLEAN and the NOAA education. 46:01.166 --> 46:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% CLEAN stands for 46:02.500 --> 46:05.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% the Climate Literacy and Energy Awareness Network, 46:05.433 --> 46:07.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% and that has a whole plethora of information 46:07.966 --> 46:12.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% all divided by age level and curriculum and topic. 46:12.000 --> 46:15.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So those are some great resources that I recommend, 46:15.133 --> 46:19.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% and I'm happy to share more information on any of those. 46:19.033 --> 46:21.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And, at this point, I'd like to say thank you very much 46:21.633 --> 46:22.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% for having me. 46:22.966 --> 46:24.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's been great talking to you, 46:24.633 --> 46:27.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and I look forward to answering your questions. 46:27.333 --> 46:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% (applause)