WEBVTT 00:01.100 --> 00:03.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Our next speaker 00:01.100 --> 00:03.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is  00:01.100 --> 00:03.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% David Ruid 00:03.400 --> 00:05.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from, uh, USDA-APHIS. 00:05.400 --> 00:07.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% And he's gonna talk about 00:07.600 --> 00:10.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% integrated predator management concepts. 00:10.933 --> 00:12.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Thank you, David. 00:14.700 --> 00:15.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Thanks, Otto. 00:16.033 --> 00:18.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Thanks for having-- having me here today. 00:18.833 --> 00:21.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Thanks for coming here today. 00:21.333 --> 00:22.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Probably the bluegills are moving up 00:23.000 --> 00:24.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% into the shallows right now, and... 00:24.500 --> 00:26.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% [audience groans] [laughing] 00:26.133 --> 00:28.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [indistinct chatter] 00:28.466 --> 00:30.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It'd be a good day to be out there. 00:30.633 --> 00:33.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% I want to recognize my colleague Eric Fromm. 00:33.300 --> 00:35.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Eric Fromm does 00:35.300 --> 00:37.800 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% the lion's share of wolf and bear work 00:37.900 --> 00:40.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% in northwest Wisconsin, including Washburn County. 00:40.566 --> 00:43.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% So, Eric, raise your hand. Thank you. 00:43.666 --> 00:47.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Yeah, so we'll get going, uh, lickety-split. 00:47.766 --> 00:49.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So when we're talking about livestock predators 00:49.766 --> 00:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the state of Wisconsin, 00:49.766 --> 00:52.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  00:49.766 --> 00:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% imarily we're dealing 00:52.433 --> 00:54.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with wolves, black bears, 00:52.433 --> 00:54.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  00:52.433 --> 00:54.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d coyotes. 00:54.966 --> 00:57.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Very rarely 00:54.966 --> 00:57.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  00:54.966 --> 00:57.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 'll have bobcats maybe kill 00:57.966 --> 01:00.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a lamb or domestic fowl, 00:57.966 --> 01:00.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% bu  00:57.966 --> 01:00.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% t typically speaking-- 01:01.033 --> 01:03.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% this is Cow-Calf Workshop, 01:03.166 --> 01:05.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when we're talking about 01:03.166 --> 01:05.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% co  01:03.166 --> 01:05.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% w-calf wildlife predation, 01:05.666 --> 01:07.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we're dealing with wolves, 01:05.666 --> 01:07.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% bl  01:05.666 --> 01:07.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ack bears, and coyotes 01:07.833 --> 01:10.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the state of Wisconsin. 01:10.266 --> 01:13.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I'm primarily gonna talk 01:10.266 --> 01:13.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  01:10.266 --> 01:13.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out gray wolves today 01:13.433 --> 01:15.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and-- and our program 01:15.133 --> 01:18.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in dealing with-- 01:15.133 --> 01:18.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wi  01:15.133 --> 01:18.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% th gray wolf conflicts 01:18.266 --> 01:20.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in Wisconsin. 01:20.166 --> 01:24.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is a-- this-- this map 01:20.166 --> 01:24.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  01:20.166 --> 01:24.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the U.S. represents-- 01:24.333 --> 01:27.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% those green areas represent 01:24.333 --> 01:27.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  01:24.333 --> 01:27.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at most people feel 01:27.900 --> 01:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is suitable wolf habit 01:27.900 --> 01:31.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  01:27.900 --> 01:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the 48 states. 01:31.400 --> 01:35.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The black polygons represent 01:31.400 --> 01:35.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  01:31.400 --> 01:35.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ose suitable habitat areas 01:36.066 --> 01:39.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that currently 01:36.066 --> 01:39.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  01:36.066 --> 01:39.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e occupied by wolves. 01:39.233 --> 01:41.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And most recently, 01:39.233 --> 01:41.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  01:39.233 --> 01:41.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at we have seen is, 01:41.900 --> 01:44.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% there is now 01:41.900 --> 01:44.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  01:41.900 --> 01:44.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% breeding pack of wolves 01:44.733 --> 01:46.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that have moved 01:44.733 --> 01:46.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  01:44.733 --> 01:46.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to California. 01:46.966 --> 01:48.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Eastern Washington, Oregon 01:48.800 --> 01:51.066 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% have recently been colonized by wolves. 01:51.166 --> 01:52.900 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% So we're getting upwards of ten states 01:53.000 --> 01:55.166 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that have wolves in them, and there is 01:55.266 --> 01:57.633 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% some unoccupied suitable habitat 01:57.733 --> 02:00.733 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that still exists up in the Northeast. 02:01.933 --> 02:03.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But as you can see, 02:03.766 --> 02:06.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% our population of wolves is contiguous 02:06.866 --> 02:08.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with the three states. 02:08.333 --> 02:11.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And keep in mind, from a biological perspective, 02:11.500 --> 02:13.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% our gray wolf population is classified 02:13.833 --> 02:16.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as a federally endangered specie. 02:16.300 --> 02:18.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Remember, this is a contiguous population of wolves 02:18.966 --> 02:21.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that extends to the Arctic Circle. 02:21.633 --> 02:23.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That population is 70,000 to 80,000, 02:23.833 --> 02:25.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% maybe 90,000 animals 02:25.700 --> 02:28.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that exists from central Wisconsin 02:28.533 --> 02:32.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% up into the northern latitudes of Canada and Alaska. 02:34.400 --> 02:38.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we-- we'll talk about nonlethal abatement techniques 02:38.900 --> 02:42.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to try to resolve predator-- predator problems, 02:42.500 --> 02:45.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and one of-- you go back in time, 02:45.166 --> 02:48.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% this isn't a relatively recent phenomenon. 02:48.500 --> 02:50.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You go back to 1717; 02:50.666 --> 02:53.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the Cape Cod region 02:50.666 --> 02:53.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  02:50.666 --> 02:53.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Massachusetts, 02:53.733 --> 02:55.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% there was 02:53.733 --> 02:55.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  02:53.733 --> 02:55.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% proposed wolf fence 02:56.066 --> 02:58.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to protect livestock 02:56.066 --> 02:58.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fr  02:56.066 --> 02:58.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% om predators, 02:59.033 --> 03:01.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and that would have been 02:59.033 --> 03:01.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% be  02:59.033 --> 03:01.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ars, wolves, and coyotes, 03:01.433 --> 03:04.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but in 1717, 03:01.433 --> 03:04.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pe  03:01.433 --> 03:04.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ople were thinking about, 03:04.266 --> 03:07.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "How do I exclude my livestock 03:04.266 --> 03:07.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fr  03:04.266 --> 03:07.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% om predators?" 03:07.833 --> 03:09.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And interestingly enough, 03:09.766 --> 03:12.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% this proposal 03:09.766 --> 03:12.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  03:09.766 --> 03:12.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at was put forth, 03:12.500 --> 03:14.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it failed from complaints 03:14.133 --> 03:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the unprotected neighbors 03:14.133 --> 03:17.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ou  03:14.133 --> 03:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% tside the fence 03:17.466 --> 03:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who didn't want the wolves 03:17.466 --> 03:21.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% sh  03:17.466 --> 03:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ut out on them, 03:21.300 --> 03:25.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the proposal was 03:21.300 --> 03:25.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  03:21.300 --> 03:25.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% six-foot-high board fence. 03:25.466 --> 03:28.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Another technique that was used 03:25.466 --> 03:28.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wa  03:25.466 --> 03:28.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s vegetation management. 03:28.966 --> 03:30.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Woods burning was used 03:30.466 --> 03:33.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to reduce vegetative cover 03:30.466 --> 03:33.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ne  03:30.466 --> 03:33.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ar livestock. 03:33.300 --> 03:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There's an example of that 03:33.300 --> 03:37.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  03:33.300 --> 03:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the literature from 1928, 03:37.200 --> 03:39.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% uh, in Arkansas. 03:39.366 --> 03:42.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I would imagine 03:39.366 --> 03:42.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  03:39.366 --> 03:42.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lot of these techniques-- 03:42.466 --> 03:45.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they were used in conjunction with lethal control, 03:46.066 --> 03:50.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but nevertheless, these were some nonlethal efforts 03:50.266 --> 03:52.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to separate livestock from predators. 03:54.666 --> 03:58.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Some of the most early scientific literature 03:58.400 --> 04:00.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pertaining to this topic was 04:00.233 --> 04:03.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the USDA Forest Service in 1908 04:03.866 --> 04:06.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when they developed 04:03.866 --> 04:06.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  04:03.866 --> 04:06.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% predator-proof fence 04:06.233 --> 04:09.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in Oregon 04:06.233 --> 04:09.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  04:06.233 --> 04:09.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a 2,500-acre pasture, 04:10.066 --> 04:12.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and their results found that 04:12.566 --> 04:15.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they could successfully 04:12.566 --> 04:15.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fe  04:12.566 --> 04:15.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nce livestock 04:15.900 --> 04:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from pre-- from coyotes, 04:15.900 --> 04:18.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% bu  04:15.900 --> 04:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% t it was unsuccessful 04:18.566 --> 04:21.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in dealing with grizzly bears 04:18.566 --> 04:21.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  04:18.566 --> 04:21.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d black bears, 04:21.233 --> 04:23.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I would suspect 04:21.233 --> 04:23.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  04:21.233 --> 04:23.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at this 04:23.733 --> 04:25.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% was probably in an era 04:25.733 --> 04:27.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when wolves had likely 04:25.733 --> 04:27.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% be  04:25.733 --> 04:27.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en extirpated 04:27.900 --> 04:30.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from this particular region. 04:30.633 --> 04:32.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And how about this 04:30.633 --> 04:32.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  04:30.633 --> 04:32.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% r a farm labor rate? 04:32.633 --> 04:36.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Um, three bucks a day 04:32.633 --> 04:36.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pe  04:32.633 --> 04:36.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% r eight hours. 04:36.133 --> 04:39.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [indistinct chatter] 04:39.466 --> 04:40.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And what we've seen, folks, 04:40.966 --> 04:43.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when wolves began to colonize the state of Wisconsin, 04:43.300 --> 04:46.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they colonized some of the best suitable wolf habitat 04:46.566 --> 04:48.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the state, and these were big blocks 04:48.733 --> 04:50.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of contiguous public land 04:50.200 --> 04:52.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that had very, very little agriculture in it, 04:52.700 --> 04:54.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and there was very little conflict 04:54.366 --> 04:56.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% between wolves and livestock 04:56.166 --> 04:59.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in this earlier era of wolf recovery-- 04:59.500 --> 05:01.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% recolonization in Wisconsin, you know, 05:01.566 --> 05:05.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which was occurring from 1980 to, oh, the mid 1990s. 05:06.066 --> 05:09.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But what we started to see is, this wolf population expanded. 05:09.733 --> 05:11.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% They started to set-- 05:12.066 --> 05:14.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% establish territories 05:12.066 --> 05:14.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  05:12.066 --> 05:14.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% areas 05:14.566 --> 05:17.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that were becoming 05:14.566 --> 05:17.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% mo  05:14.566 --> 05:17.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% re fragmented. 05:17.400 --> 05:20.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It wasn't the big blocks 05:17.400 --> 05:20.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  05:17.400 --> 05:20.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% contiguous forestland. 05:20.400 --> 05:22.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% As you can see-- 05:20.400 --> 05:22.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  05:20.400 --> 05:22.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is black polygon represents 05:22.900 --> 05:24.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a wolf pack territory, 05:24.900 --> 05:27.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and those open areas, 05:24.900 --> 05:27.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  05:24.900 --> 05:27.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at's agriculture. 05:27.466 --> 05:31.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The north end of the wolf pack 05:27.466 --> 05:31.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wa  05:27.466 --> 05:31.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s forested public land, 05:31.133 --> 05:33.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the southern fringe 05:31.133 --> 05:33.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  05:31.133 --> 05:33.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that particular pack, 05:33.966 --> 05:37.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% um, started to-- 05:33.966 --> 05:37.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [s  05:33.966 --> 05:37.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% tammers] 05:37.166 --> 05:39.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It was fragmented 05:37.166 --> 05:39.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  05:37.166 --> 05:39.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d had livestock production, 05:39.833 --> 05:44.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so around the mid to late '90s, 05:39.833 --> 05:44.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  05:39.833 --> 05:44.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% were starting to see 05:44.166 --> 05:46.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf packs establishing 05:44.166 --> 05:46.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  05:44.166 --> 05:46.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these areas, 05:46.766 --> 05:49.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we really started to see 05:46.766 --> 05:49.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  05:46.766 --> 05:49.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% consistent trend 05:49.600 --> 05:52.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in wolves 05:49.600 --> 05:52.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ki  05:49.600 --> 05:52.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lling livestock annually. 05:52.866 --> 05:57.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And then, 05:52.866 --> 05:57.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as  05:52.866 --> 05:57.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% late as 2010, 2013, 05:58.033 --> 05:59.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% this is an actual example 06:00.066 --> 06:02.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of a wolf pack territory 06:00.066 --> 06:02.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  06:00.066 --> 06:02.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Marathon County, 06:02.866 --> 06:05.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you can see, 06:02.866 --> 06:05.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  06:02.866 --> 06:05.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% edominately, 06:05.200 --> 06:07.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that pack's territory 06:05.200 --> 06:07.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is  06:05.200 --> 06:07.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% agricultural land, 06:07.866 --> 06:09.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a lot of it being row crop, 06:09.533 --> 06:12.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but there is livestock 06:09.533 --> 06:12.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  06:09.533 --> 06:12.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% oduction included in that. 06:12.833 --> 06:14.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So as this-- as this 06:14.900 --> 06:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% really suitable habitat 06:14.900 --> 06:17.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ha  06:14.900 --> 06:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s been saturated, 06:17.466 --> 06:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we're starting to see 06:17.466 --> 06:19.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  06:17.466 --> 06:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lves spilling out 06:19.300 --> 06:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of the northern forest, 06:19.300 --> 06:21.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ce  06:19.300 --> 06:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ntral forest, 06:21.300 --> 06:23.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and establishing territories 06:21.300 --> 06:23.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  06:21.300 --> 06:23.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% this-- 06:23.966 --> 06:26.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% what we would call 06:23.966 --> 06:26.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% un  06:23.966 --> 06:26.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% suitable habitat, 06:26.566 --> 06:27.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% because generally speaking, 06:27.966 --> 06:30.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% when we do see wolves colonize areas like this, 06:30.933 --> 06:33.866 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% there's going to be conflicts with livestock. 06:36.566 --> 06:39.766 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% When we're investigating wolf complaints, 06:39.866 --> 06:43.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% we have to put these complaints into four categories. 06:43.333 --> 06:45.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And this comes from the-- 06:46.000 --> 06:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Wisconsin Wolf Management Plan, 06:48.633 --> 06:52.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and state law drives compensation in the state, 06:52.133 --> 06:54.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and so we have to package wolf complaints 06:54.133 --> 06:57.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we received from you into these four categories, 06:57.566 --> 06:59.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they're confirmed, probable, 06:59.433 --> 07:01.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% confirmed non-wolf-- 06:59.433 --> 07:01.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  06:59.433 --> 07:01.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at would-- 07:01.766 --> 07:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a confirmed non-wolf complaint 07:01.766 --> 07:04.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  07:01.766 --> 07:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% uld be, for instance, 07:05.033 --> 07:08.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a farmer calls us out 07:05.033 --> 07:08.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  07:05.033 --> 07:08.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out wolves killing a calf, 07:08.166 --> 07:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the evidence suggests 07:08.166 --> 07:09.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it  07:08.166 --> 07:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was coyotes 07:10.000 --> 07:11.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that caused the depredation. 07:11.633 --> 07:13.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Or unconfirmed. 07:13.300 --> 07:16.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It doesn't mean we don't know 07:13.300 --> 07:16.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  07:13.300 --> 07:16.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e reason the calf died. 07:16.866 --> 07:22.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It just means we know 07:16.866 --> 07:22.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  07:16.866 --> 07:22.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lves didn't kill the calf. 07:22.633 --> 07:24.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The interesting thing 07:22.633 --> 07:24.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  07:22.633 --> 07:24.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out this photograph, 07:24.800 --> 07:26.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you notice, 07:24.800 --> 07:26.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  07:24.800 --> 07:26.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ere's a magpie in it. 07:26.800 --> 07:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Eric took this picture 07:26.800 --> 07:28.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wi  07:26.800 --> 07:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% th a trail camera, 07:28.800 --> 07:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it has a magpie 07:28.800 --> 07:31.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  07:28.800 --> 07:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Douglas County. 07:31.400 --> 07:33.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [chuckles] 07:31.400 --> 07:33.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Th  07:31.400 --> 07:33.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at is rare. 07:34.066 --> 07:37.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [indistinct chatter] 07:37.133 --> 07:39.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So when we're 07:37.133 --> 07:39.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  07:37.133 --> 07:39.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% vestigating complaints, 07:39.800 --> 07:44.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you call us out to 07:39.800 --> 07:44.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  07:39.800 --> 07:44.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% vestigate a wolf complaint, 07:44.633 --> 07:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the policy says: 07:44.633 --> 07:48.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Ca  07:44.633 --> 07:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ll you back in 24 hours, 07:48.633 --> 07:50.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and if there is 07:48.633 --> 07:50.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  07:48.633 --> 07:50.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% livestock animal 07:50.966 --> 07:53.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in reasonable condition 07:50.966 --> 07:53.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  07:50.966 --> 07:53.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% examine, 07:53.133 --> 07:55.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we have to investigate it within 48 hours. 07:55.800 --> 07:57.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Generally speaking, 07:57.300 --> 07:58.866 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% by the time we receive a complaint 07:58.966 --> 08:00.600 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and we have boots on the ground 08:00.700 --> 08:03.000 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% looking at whatever it is that was called in 08:03.100 --> 08:05.333 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% is within the day-- oftentimes, 08:05.433 --> 08:07.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% less than three to four hours. 08:07.433 --> 08:09.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In the summer months, especially now 08:09.733 --> 08:11.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when things are starting to heat up, 08:11.433 --> 08:13.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's very, very important for us to get there 08:13.433 --> 08:16.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as quickly as possible so we can assess that evidence 08:16.266 --> 08:18.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% before decomposition is occurring. 08:18.533 --> 08:22.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Scavenging-- you know, eagles and ravens and crows, 08:22.200 --> 08:25.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they consume an awful lot of a depredated livestock animal, 08:25.800 --> 08:28.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and every time they consume that carcass, 08:28.333 --> 08:30.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we're losing evidence to classify it 08:30.333 --> 08:33.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% into one of those four categories. 08:33.333 --> 08:35.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So every complaint has a very detailed report 08:36.033 --> 08:38.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that accompanies it. 08:39.033 --> 08:41.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And while we're out there, we have to make sure 08:41.366 --> 08:42.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we're actually looking at predation. 08:42.866 --> 08:44.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, was the calf stillborn 08:44.433 --> 08:46.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and simply scavenged by predators, 08:46.100 --> 08:47.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or was it born alive and killed? 08:47.933 --> 08:50.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So things we're looking for is manure on the hoof, 08:50.600 --> 08:51.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% maybe its ear tag, 08:51.966 --> 08:54.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it has a emasculating band, 08:54.333 --> 08:56.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so we know that 08:54.333 --> 08:56.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  08:54.333 --> 08:56.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e animal was born alive 08:56.933 --> 08:58.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we're actually dealing 08:56.933 --> 08:58.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wi  08:56.933 --> 08:58.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% th predation 08:58.766 --> 09:00.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and not just scavenging. 09:00.533 --> 09:02.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% 'Cause producers aren't paid 09:02.700 --> 09:04.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for wolves 09:02.700 --> 09:04.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% sc  09:02.700 --> 09:04.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% avenging on livestock, 09:04.866 --> 09:07.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% only if they depredate 09:04.866 --> 09:07.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% li  09:04.866 --> 09:07.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% vestock. 09:07.466 --> 09:09.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% While we're there 09:07.466 --> 09:09.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  09:07.466 --> 09:09.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% vestigating complaint, 09:09.633 --> 09:11.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the evidence we're looking for, 09:11.533 --> 09:14.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you know, are-- are wolf-- 09:11.533 --> 09:14.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or  09:11.533 --> 09:14.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% predator tracks. 09:14.600 --> 09:17.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Wolf tracks, 09:14.600 --> 09:17.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ge  09:14.600 --> 09:17.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nerally speaking, 09:17.266 --> 09:19.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they're 4 inches long 09:17.266 --> 09:19.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by  09:17.266 --> 09:19.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 3 1/2 inches wide. 09:19.600 --> 09:21.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Coyote tracks are much smaller. 09:21.600 --> 09:24.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Uh, wolf scats-- 09:21.600 --> 09:24.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  09:21.600 --> 09:24.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ere's a big difference 09:24.100 --> 09:27.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% between wolf scat biomass and coyote scat, 09:27.333 --> 09:30.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and generally speaking, when we're dealing with bears, 09:30.100 --> 09:32.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% there's a lot of vegetation in bear scat 09:32.800 --> 09:36.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and not so much in predator scat. 09:36.233 --> 09:38.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, we're looking at where the animal was attacked. 09:38.766 --> 09:40.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The calf on the right, 09:41.033 --> 09:43.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% bitten dorsally 09:41.033 --> 09:43.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ov  09:41.033 --> 09:43.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% er the vertebrae, 09:43.400 --> 09:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's very classic of wolves 09:43.400 --> 09:46.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ki  09:43.400 --> 09:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lling young livestock, 09:47.066 --> 09:50.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% calves that are, you know, 09:47.066 --> 09:50.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% le  09:47.066 --> 09:50.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ss than three months of age. 09:50.633 --> 09:53.033 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Coyotes typically won't do that. 09:53.133 --> 09:57.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% The calf on the lower left with that ventral neck bite, 09:57.366 --> 09:59.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that's pretty signature of where coyotes 09:59.366 --> 10:02.066 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% might attack a livestock animal. 10:02.166 --> 10:04.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And the calf on the upper left, 10:04.333 --> 10:07.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that was-- that was a newborn beef calf-- 10:07.333 --> 10:09.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Red Angus calf that was attacked by coyotes 10:09.666 --> 10:10.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the flank region, 10:11.066 --> 10:13.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they-- they simply 10:11.066 --> 10:13.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ki  10:11.066 --> 10:13.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lled the animal 10:13.266 --> 10:16.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by stress, blood loss, 10:13.266 --> 10:16.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% sh  10:13.266 --> 10:16.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ock, and trauma. 10:18.133 --> 10:20.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So the-- I mean, when we're out there 10:20.266 --> 10:22.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we're looking at dead livestock, 10:22.100 --> 10:23.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these are the things that we're-- 10:23.733 --> 10:25.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we're looking for and looking at 10:26.000 --> 10:28.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to make sure we classify it correctly. 10:30.100 --> 10:33.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We also look at the canine puncture space 10:33.766 --> 10:37.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the hide of a depredated animal. 10:37.133 --> 10:39.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The lower right, you can see the spacing of that 10:39.466 --> 10:41.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is about a inch and 1/2, 10:39.466 --> 10:41.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  10:39.466 --> 10:41.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ch and 3/4. 10:41.933 --> 10:44.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That's very signature 10:41.933 --> 10:44.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  10:41.933 --> 10:44.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a wolf bite. 10:44.333 --> 10:46.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Fairly large diameter 10:44.333 --> 10:46.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pu  10:44.333 --> 10:46.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ncture holes-- 10:47.000 --> 10:49.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 3/8 of an inch 10:47.000 --> 10:49.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ge  10:47.000 --> 10:49.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nerally speaking. 10:49.500 --> 10:51.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Inch and 1/2 or greater is-- 10:51.666 --> 10:55.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is very signature of a wolf bite, 10:55.600 --> 10:57.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you can see all the hemorrhaging 10:57.433 --> 10:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and shock and trauma and blood loss. 10:59.100 --> 11:02.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That's evidence that obviously this animal was alive 11:02.333 --> 11:04.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% when it was bit. 11:05.000 --> 11:07.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And that just represents the canine tooth spacing 11:07.666 --> 11:09.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of a wolf right there 11:07.666 --> 11:09.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  11:07.666 --> 11:09.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that image. 11:09.500 --> 11:12.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's about an inch and 5/8. 11:12.200 --> 11:14.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Another technique that 11:12.200 --> 11:14.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  11:12.200 --> 11:14.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 've used-- 11:14.200 --> 11:17.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% sometimes successfully, 11:14.200 --> 11:17.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so  11:14.200 --> 11:17.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% metimes unsuccessfully-- 11:17.833 --> 11:20.366 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% we can collect saliva or tissue 11:20.466 --> 11:22.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% around those canine puncture holes, 11:22.666 --> 11:26.033 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and submit it to our National Wildlife Research Center. 11:26.133 --> 11:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And they can actually try to get genetic material 11:29.833 --> 11:33.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the saliva and classify by specie 11:33.633 --> 11:36.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% what saliva that has came-- what sal-- 11:36.466 --> 11:38.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% what specie that saliva came from. 11:38.633 --> 11:41.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's been used successfully. It's not 100%. 11:41.733 --> 11:45.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I would say right now, it's about 50/50. 11:48.466 --> 11:51.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Carcass location, consumption, drag trail, 11:52.066 --> 11:54.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% how much of the animal 11:52.066 --> 11:54.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wa  11:52.066 --> 11:54.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s consumed. 11:54.400 --> 11:56.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% If we know 11:54.400 --> 11:56.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  11:54.400 --> 11:56.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en it was killed, 11:56.300 --> 11:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we know when you found it, 11:56.300 --> 11:58.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ho  11:56.300 --> 11:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% w much of it was consumed? 11:58.866 --> 12:00.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Is it improbable for a coyote 12:00.700 --> 12:03.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to have consumed that much, 12:00.700 --> 12:03.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or  12:00.700 --> 12:03.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a bear? 12:03.533 --> 12:06.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Or how big-- 12:03.533 --> 12:06.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ho  12:03.533 --> 12:06.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% w large of an animal is it? 12:06.533 --> 12:08.066 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% And was it dragged? 12:08.166 --> 12:10.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% I mean, coyotes don't have the ability 12:10.333 --> 12:13.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% to drag carcasses as well as wolves or bears, 12:13.500 --> 12:15.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and maybe it was cached. 12:15.666 --> 12:21.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% It's not uncommon for bears to cover prey items. 12:21.500 --> 12:24.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Maybe it was a fawn or a livestock carcass... 12:24.266 --> 12:27.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% [stammers] Or, uh, a roadkill. 12:27.200 --> 12:29.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They'll drag a roadkill deer off the edge of the highway 12:29.866 --> 12:32.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then cache it with vegetation. 12:32.633 --> 12:34.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Wolves occasionally will do that 12:34.466 --> 12:37.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but fairly infrequently. 12:39.266 --> 12:41.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So when wolf recovery... [clears throat] 12:41.433 --> 12:45.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Was occurring from the '80s into the-- into the '90s 12:45.100 --> 12:47.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the early 2000s 12:47.600 --> 12:50.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is when we started to see 12:50.200 --> 12:51.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the number of wolf complaints increasing. 12:52.033 --> 12:53.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Those blue bars represent 12:53.866 --> 12:55.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf complaints 12:53.866 --> 12:55.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  12:53.866 --> 12:55.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 've received 12:55.733 --> 12:57.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the state of Wisconsin 12:57.666 --> 13:00.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where we actually went out 12:57.666 --> 13:00.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  12:57.666 --> 13:00.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d investigated. 13:00.300 --> 13:03.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Those red bars represent 13:00.300 --> 13:03.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  13:00.300 --> 13:03.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ose complaints 13:03.733 --> 13:07.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we classified 13:03.733 --> 13:07.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as  13:03.733 --> 13:07.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% confirmed or probable. 13:08.300 --> 13:10.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And obviously, 13:08.300 --> 13:10.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  13:08.300 --> 13:10.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e black line 13:10.300 --> 13:13.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is the trend 13:10.300 --> 13:13.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  13:10.300 --> 13:13.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the gray wolf population. 13:13.233 --> 13:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So there is a very strong 13:13.233 --> 13:16.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% st  13:13.233 --> 13:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% atistical relationship 13:16.733 --> 13:19.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that says, 13:16.733 --> 13:19.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as  13:16.733 --> 13:19.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves recovered 13:19.400 --> 13:21.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and their population increased, 13:21.466 --> 13:24.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so did complaints 13:21.466 --> 13:24.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  13:21.466 --> 13:24.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d verified complaints. 13:24.300 --> 13:27.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Some people have argued 13:24.300 --> 13:27.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  13:24.300 --> 13:27.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at necessarily more wolves 13:27.766 --> 13:30.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% does not mean 13:27.766 --> 13:30.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% mo  13:27.766 --> 13:30.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% re complaints. 13:30.400 --> 13:31.633 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% In the state of Wisconsin, 13:31.733 --> 13:35.000 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% there's a strong correlation that it does mean that. 13:36.266 --> 13:38.000 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% But-- this is important. 13:38.100 --> 13:39.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% These are the confirmed and probable 13:39.933 --> 13:44.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf complaints 13:39.933 --> 13:44.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  13:39.933 --> 13:44.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 've received since 2003. 13:44.400 --> 13:47.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So 2003, we have 35 verif-- 13:47.566 --> 13:50.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% confirmed or probable 13:47.566 --> 13:50.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  13:47.566 --> 13:50.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf complaints. 13:50.133 --> 13:52.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% In 2003, the wolf population, 13:52.866 --> 13:56.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the minimum count 13:52.866 --> 13:56.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wa  13:52.866 --> 13:56.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s about 350 animals. 13:57.400 --> 14:00.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And today, in-- 13:57.400 --> 14:00.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% la  13:57.400 --> 14:00.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% st year, in 2015, 14:00.666 --> 14:04.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we had 91 confirmed or probable 14:00.666 --> 14:04.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  14:00.666 --> 14:04.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf complaints, 14:04.533 --> 14:07.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but if you look at roughly 14:04.533 --> 14:07.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  14:04.533 --> 14:07.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ten-year average, 14:07.333 --> 14:11.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that trend is beginning 14:07.333 --> 14:11.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  14:07.333 --> 14:11.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% stabilize somewhat, 14:11.566 --> 14:14.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but there's nuances to this 14:11.566 --> 14:14.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% be  14:11.566 --> 14:14.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% cause there's been 14:14.333 --> 14:17.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on again/off again 14:14.333 --> 14:17.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ma  14:14.333 --> 14:17.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nagement scenarios 14:17.166 --> 14:19.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% based on the federal status 14:17.166 --> 14:19.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  14:17.166 --> 14:19.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves, 14:19.933 --> 14:23.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and also the new-- the state had the authority 14:23.933 --> 14:25.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in '12, '13, and '14 14:26.066 --> 14:28.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to have a recreational wolf harvest season, 14:28.900 --> 14:32.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we had an integrated program where we were-- 14:32.966 --> 14:35.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% had the authority to lethally remove wolves 14:35.800 --> 14:38.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that were causing depredations on farms. 14:42.433 --> 14:46.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So in 2015, while investigating wolf complaints, 14:46.533 --> 14:51.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we confirmed 46 of those 14:46.533 --> 14:51.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  14:46.533 --> 14:51.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d another 10% as probable. 14:51.700 --> 14:54.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So over 50% 14:51.700 --> 14:54.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  14:51.700 --> 14:54.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the investigations 14:54.200 --> 14:55.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that we conducted 14:55.700 --> 14:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% were classified 14:55.700 --> 14:58.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as  14:55.700 --> 14:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% confirmed or probable, 14:58.866 --> 15:02.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and 17% of those 14:58.866 --> 15:02.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  14:58.866 --> 15:02.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% re confirmed as non-wolf. 15:02.600 --> 15:06.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And generally speaking, 15:02.600 --> 15:06.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  15:02.600 --> 15:06.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en it's a non-wolf complaint, 15:06.266 --> 15:08.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's usually, coyotes 15:06.266 --> 15:08.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ha  15:06.266 --> 15:08.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ve killed a beef calf. 15:08.600 --> 15:12.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% These beef calves are fairly 15:08.600 --> 15:12.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% vu  15:08.600 --> 15:12.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lnerable to coyote predation 15:12.100 --> 15:14.866 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that first day or two of their life. 15:17.966 --> 15:19.533 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% And resource categories-- 15:19.633 --> 15:23.700 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% while we're investigating complaints, beef cattle 15:23.800 --> 15:28.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% makes up the majority of it 15:23.800 --> 15:28.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by  15:23.800 --> 15:28.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% over 50%. 15:28.200 --> 15:31.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 50% of the conflicts 15:28.200 --> 15:31.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  15:28.200 --> 15:31.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at we're looking at 15:31.300 --> 15:35.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% relates 15:31.300 --> 15:35.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  15:31.300 --> 15:35.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% cow-calf producers. 15:35.266 --> 15:39.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Dairy cattle is a fairly 15:35.266 --> 15:39.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% si  15:35.266 --> 15:39.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% gnificant portion at 12%, 15:39.766 --> 15:41.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then the next biggest 15:39.766 --> 15:41.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% co  15:39.766 --> 15:41.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% mponent 15:41.766 --> 15:43.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is dogs and hunting dogs. 15:47.266 --> 15:48.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Someone asked about a map 15:49.066 --> 15:51.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of wolf conflicts 15:49.066 --> 15:51.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  15:49.066 --> 15:51.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the state. 15:51.233 --> 15:54.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, I get 15:51.233 --> 15:54.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  15:51.233 --> 15:54.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is is kind of a wide scale, 15:54.233 --> 15:56.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but in 2015, 15:56.900 --> 15:59.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% those larger red dots 15:56.900 --> 15:59.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% re  15:56.900 --> 15:59.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% present 15:59.866 --> 16:02.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% those confirmed 15:59.866 --> 16:02.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  15:59.866 --> 16:02.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d probable conflicts. 16:02.433 --> 16:06.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The smaller dots represent 16:02.433 --> 16:06.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  16:02.433 --> 16:06.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e confirmed non-wolf 16:06.733 --> 16:09.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or the unconfirmed complaints 16:06.733 --> 16:09.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  16:06.733 --> 16:09.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the state. 16:09.766 --> 16:13.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And as you can see, it's mostly 16:09.766 --> 16:13.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  16:09.766 --> 16:13.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% northern forest system 16:13.233 --> 16:15.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the northern 16:13.233 --> 16:15.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  16:13.233 --> 16:15.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf harvest zones, 16:15.566 --> 16:17.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% uh, some 16:15.566 --> 16:17.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  16:15.566 --> 16:17.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the central forest, 16:17.766 --> 16:19.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and then some scattered out. 16:19.866 --> 16:24.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Notably is Crawford County 16:19.866 --> 16:24.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  16:19.866 --> 16:24.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% southwest Wisconsin. 16:24.800 --> 16:27.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A pack of wolves 16:24.800 --> 16:27.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ha  16:24.800 --> 16:27.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s established themselves 16:27.233 --> 16:28.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% down there, and they have 16:27.233 --> 16:28.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% de  16:27.233 --> 16:28.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% predated livestock 16:29.066 --> 16:31.333 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% two years in a row now. 16:33.633 --> 16:35.700 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Um, in 2015, 16:35.800 --> 16:39.766 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% we investigated wolf complaints in 35 counties. 16:39.866 --> 16:41.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we verified or classified them 16:41.366 --> 16:44.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as confirmed or probable in 23 counties of the state. 16:47.966 --> 16:50.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, this is-- this is an important statistic 16:50.600 --> 16:53.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we really keep track of in our program, 16:53.100 --> 16:55.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and that's the number of farms 16:53.100 --> 16:55.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  16:53.100 --> 16:55.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the state 16:55.200 --> 16:57.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where we verify wolves 16:55.200 --> 16:57.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ha  16:55.200 --> 16:57.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ve killed livestock. 16:57.866 --> 16:59.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% [clears throat] 16:57.866 --> 16:59.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Th  16:57.866 --> 16:59.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is excludes fowl. 16:59.700 --> 17:02.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% This is looking at sheep, 17:02.933 --> 17:06.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% cattle-- dairy cattle, 17:02.933 --> 17:06.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% be  17:02.933 --> 17:06.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ef cattle-- possibly horses. 17:06.100 --> 17:08.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Horse depredations 17:06.100 --> 17:08.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  17:06.100 --> 17:08.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e relatively rare, 17:08.766 --> 17:13.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but, um, in 2010, 17:08.766 --> 17:13.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wa  17:08.766 --> 17:13.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% s the most farms 17:13.933 --> 17:18.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we had ever verified 17:13.933 --> 17:18.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  17:13.933 --> 17:18.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf depredations on at 47, 17:18.266 --> 17:21.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then you can see 17:18.266 --> 17:21.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  17:18.266 --> 17:21.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at trend started to decline 17:21.400 --> 17:24.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from 47 to 40 17:21.400 --> 17:24.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  17:21.400 --> 17:24.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 32 to 28, 17:24.966 --> 17:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and during-- 17:24.966 --> 17:29.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  17:24.966 --> 17:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 2012, '13, and '14, 17:29.833 --> 17:32.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we had the recreational harvest 17:29.833 --> 17:32.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  17:29.833 --> 17:32.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves in the state, 17:32.800 --> 17:35.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and our program had 17:32.800 --> 17:35.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  17:32.800 --> 17:35.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e authority 17:35.200 --> 17:38.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to not only implement nonlethal abatement on farms 17:38.200 --> 17:40.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to try to prevent wolf depredations; 17:40.666 --> 17:42.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we had the authority 17:42.200 --> 17:44.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to set equipment on property, 17:44.333 --> 17:47.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and any wolves captured would be euthanized. 17:47.800 --> 17:51.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So in 2012, we had euthanized 57 wolves 17:51.966 --> 17:55.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that were causing conflict on different farms, 17:55.100 --> 17:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and producers, through shooting permits 17:59.100 --> 18:01.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and provisions of NR10.02 18:01.833 --> 18:04.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that allow livestock producers 18:04.266 --> 18:07.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to shoot wolves that are actively attacking livestock, 18:07.766 --> 18:10.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you know, there was an additional 17 animals removed 18:10.300 --> 18:13.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in 2012, in addition to the 57 that we removed. 18:13.966 --> 18:16.033 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% So we were beginning to remove wolves 18:16.133 --> 18:19.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that had become associated 18:19.300 --> 18:21.300 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% with depredating livestock, 18:21.400 --> 18:23.600 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and we started to see the number of farms 18:23.700 --> 18:27.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that wolves were killing livestock on decrease. 18:27.366 --> 18:30.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 2014 was the last year of recreational wolf harvest 18:30.900 --> 18:33.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and lethal control 18:33.400 --> 18:36.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for livestock depredation protection, 18:36.533 --> 18:40.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and that number of farms jumped up to 32 last year. 18:43.633 --> 18:46.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% [stammers] So as a livestock producer, 18:46.966 --> 18:48.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there's seasonal variation 18:48.466 --> 18:50.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in when you might expect wolves 18:50.966 --> 18:53.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to depredate livestock, 18:53.100 --> 18:56.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% especially cow-calf producers. 18:56.566 --> 18:58.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Beginning in January 18:56.566 --> 18:58.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  18:56.566 --> 18:58.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rough March, 18:59.066 --> 19:01.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's a relatively rare event. 19:01.133 --> 19:03.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You don't have many 19:01.133 --> 19:03.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% sm  19:01.133 --> 19:03.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% all animals on the farm. 19:03.433 --> 19:05.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% All your big animals 19:03.433 --> 19:05.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  19:03.433 --> 19:05.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e up around the hay ring 19:05.666 --> 19:06.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% near the buildings, 19:05.666 --> 19:06.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  19:05.666 --> 19:06.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d they're just-- 19:07.033 --> 19:09.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they're not very vulnerable. 19:09.200 --> 19:11.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, but what happens, 19:09.200 --> 19:11.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as  19:09.200 --> 19:11.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% soon as-- 19:11.200 --> 19:13.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as soon as you start to calve 19:13.233 --> 19:15.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and pasture greens up, 19:15.900 --> 19:18.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% your herds get dispersed 19:15.900 --> 19:18.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  19:15.900 --> 19:18.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% pasture; 19:18.233 --> 19:20.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they're in more remote areas 19:18.233 --> 19:20.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  19:18.233 --> 19:20.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the farm. 19:20.566 --> 19:22.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You have young animals. 19:22.266 --> 19:23.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You have wolves 19:22.266 --> 19:23.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  19:22.266 --> 19:23.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the landscape. 19:24.033 --> 19:25.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We start to see the uptick 19:24.033 --> 19:25.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  19:24.033 --> 19:25.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% depredation 19:26.033 --> 19:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% starting in end of March, 19:26.033 --> 19:29.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fi  19:26.033 --> 19:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rst of April, 19:29.833 --> 19:32.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then 19:29.833 --> 19:32.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  19:29.833 --> 19:32.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ound the middle of May, 19:33.000 --> 19:35.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% end of May, it kind of peaks, 19:35.166 --> 19:36.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then it starts 19:35.166 --> 19:36.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  19:35.166 --> 19:36.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% drop off. 19:36.833 --> 19:40.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And what's occurring is, 19:36.833 --> 19:40.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fa  19:36.833 --> 19:40.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wning has occurred, 19:40.133 --> 19:41.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and we see a decrease 19:41.800 --> 19:43.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the rate of wolves 19:41.800 --> 19:43.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% de  19:41.800 --> 19:43.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% predating livestock 19:43.800 --> 19:45.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% when they switch over 19:45.566 --> 19:48.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and there's this new 19:45.566 --> 19:48.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  19:45.566 --> 19:48.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% od resource that's available 19:48.233 --> 19:50.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on the landscape, 19:48.233 --> 19:50.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  19:48.233 --> 19:50.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d that's deer fawns. 19:50.733 --> 19:53.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so we see this-- 19:50.733 --> 19:53.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  19:50.733 --> 19:53.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is bimodal relationship 19:53.900 --> 19:55.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% where livestock conflicts 19:55.400 --> 19:58.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% get a little slower 19:55.400 --> 19:58.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  19:55.400 --> 19:58.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% June, July, 19:58.466 --> 20:01.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but as soon as we begin 19:58.466 --> 20:01.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  19:58.466 --> 20:01.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% approach August, 20:01.300 --> 20:04.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% end of July, first of August, middle of August, 20:04.500 --> 20:08.933 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% the wolf pups are weaned; they're away from the dens. 20:09.033 --> 20:11.933 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% They're old enough to travel with the adults, 20:12.033 --> 20:13.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and you can possibly 20:13.666 --> 20:17.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% end up with an entire pack of wolves 20:17.266 --> 20:19.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are called "rendezvousing," 20:19.133 --> 20:22.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or they have a rendezvous site near your farm. 20:22.466 --> 20:24.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The bioenergetics of the wolf pack 20:24.966 --> 20:26.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is increased tremendously 20:26.766 --> 20:29.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 'cause you not only have the two breeders 20:29.200 --> 20:31.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that need sustenance for survival; 20:31.933 --> 20:36.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the pups are also old enough to where they're depending 20:36.933 --> 20:39.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on meat for sustenance, 20:39.466 --> 20:42.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we see these depredations increasing 20:42.266 --> 20:44.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in August and September, 20:44.300 --> 20:46.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then towards the middle to end of October, 20:46.533 --> 20:48.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it starts to decline again, 20:48.366 --> 20:50.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and, you know, pasture could be 20:50.600 --> 20:52.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% froze off by that point; 20:52.766 --> 20:55.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% maybe your feeder calves have been shipped. 20:55.200 --> 20:56.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The vulnerability-- 20:56.500 --> 20:58.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the number of vulnerable animals out there 20:58.333 --> 21:00.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% just starts to decline, 21:00.333 --> 21:02.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and this rate of depredation drops off 21:02.600 --> 21:06.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to where when we get into November-- 21:06.233 --> 21:07.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% late November, December, 21:07.733 --> 21:11.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it becomes a fairly rare event. 21:11.133 --> 21:12.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% What we have seen 21:12.500 --> 21:15.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when livestock producers 21:12.500 --> 21:15.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% do  21:12.500 --> 21:15.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% have wolves 21:15.266 --> 21:18.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on their farms 21:15.266 --> 21:18.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% la  21:15.266 --> 21:18.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% te in the year 21:18.333 --> 21:20.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and depredations are occurring, 21:20.200 --> 21:22.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% those can be significant issues 21:20.200 --> 21:22.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  21:20.200 --> 21:22.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% r that producer, 21:22.966 --> 21:26.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 'cause those wolves are-- 21:22.966 --> 21:26.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [c  21:22.966 --> 21:26.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lears throat] 21:26.933 --> 21:30.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They're going to spend time 21:26.933 --> 21:30.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% at  21:26.933 --> 21:30.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that farm hunting livestock 21:30.500 --> 21:33.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because they've become 21:30.500 --> 21:33.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ac  21:30.500 --> 21:33.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% climated to doing it. 21:35.933 --> 21:38.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And, you know, 21:35.933 --> 21:38.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  21:35.933 --> 21:38.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at predisposes 21:38.333 --> 21:41.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% an individual farmer 21:38.333 --> 21:41.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  21:38.333 --> 21:41.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a livestock depredation-- 21:41.100 --> 21:43.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you know, I said earlier, 21:41.100 --> 21:43.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  21:41.100 --> 21:43.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ere's 32 farms last year 21:43.633 --> 21:46.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we verified 21:43.633 --> 21:46.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  21:43.633 --> 21:46.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lves killing livestock on. 21:46.666 --> 21:48.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We know that 21:46.666 --> 21:48.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it  21:46.666 --> 21:48.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% occurs more than that. 21:48.966 --> 21:51.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% [clears throat] 21:48.966 --> 21:51.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Th  21:48.966 --> 21:51.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ey may kill a calf, 21:51.666 --> 21:54.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% consume it, and the producer's 21:51.666 --> 21:54.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ne  21:51.666 --> 21:54.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ver aware that-- 21:54.900 --> 21:57.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% why the calf is missing; 21:54.900 --> 21:57.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  21:54.900 --> 21:57.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at has happened. 21:57.833 --> 22:02.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So that number of farms 21:57.833 --> 22:02.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is  21:57.833 --> 22:02.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% higher than 32, 22:02.266 --> 22:05.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but what predisposes a farm 22:02.266 --> 22:05.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  22:02.266 --> 22:05.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf predation 22:05.800 --> 22:09.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in Wisconsin is, generally, 22:05.800 --> 22:09.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it  22:05.800 --> 22:09.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 's a larger farm, 22:09.466 --> 22:11.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% usually has, you know, 22:11.800 --> 22:15.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 50 to a few hundred 22:11.800 --> 22:15.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% he  22:11.800 --> 22:15.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ad of cattle on it, 22:15.166 --> 22:17.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% more remote pastures, 22:17.700 --> 22:19.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and what happens, 22:17.700 --> 22:19.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  22:17.700 --> 22:19.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ese farms are just 22:20.033 --> 22:22.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% positioned on the landscape 22:20.033 --> 22:22.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  22:20.033 --> 22:22.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ere they butt up 22:22.700 --> 22:25.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% next to really good 22:22.700 --> 22:25.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  22:22.700 --> 22:25.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf habitat. 22:25.200 --> 22:27.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And this is an aerial image out of an aircraft 22:27.866 --> 22:31.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% flying from Ashland down along Highway 13. 22:31.866 --> 22:33.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So this would be right around 22:33.466 --> 22:35.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Marengo, High Bridge, 22:35.266 --> 22:37.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% York area 22:35.266 --> 22:37.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% lo  22:35.266 --> 22:37.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% oking south, 22:37.300 --> 22:39.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you can see 22:37.300 --> 22:39.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  22:37.300 --> 22:39.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at pastureland right there, 22:39.133 --> 22:42.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but that blue haze 22:39.133 --> 22:42.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  22:39.133 --> 22:42.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the background 22:42.133 --> 22:45.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is the Great Divide 22:42.133 --> 22:45.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Ra  22:42.133 --> 22:45.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nger District 22:45.200 --> 22:46.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the national forest. 22:46.533 --> 22:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There's county forest land 22:46.533 --> 22:48.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  22:46.533 --> 22:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ere. 22:48.633 --> 22:51.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And there's 22:48.633 --> 22:51.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  22:48.633 --> 22:51.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out a half a million acres 22:51.133 --> 22:53.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of really good wolf habitat 22:53.233 --> 22:56.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% right up next to 22:53.233 --> 22:56.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  22:53.233 --> 22:56.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is livestock production area, 22:56.866 --> 22:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and there's a lot 22:56.866 --> 22:58.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  22:56.866 --> 22:58.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% cow-calf operations 22:58.866 --> 23:00.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in this area. 23:00.466 --> 23:03.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And you simply have 23:00.466 --> 23:03.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  23:00.466 --> 23:03.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ur strands of barbed wire 23:03.866 --> 23:05.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% separating your animals 23:05.333 --> 23:07.900 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% from some of the best wolf habitat in the state, 23:08.000 --> 23:10.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and that's not-- that's not an abatement strategy. 23:10.666 --> 23:13.733 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Your fences are designed to confine livestock. 23:13.833 --> 23:17.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% They're not designed to keep predators out of your pastures. 23:19.133 --> 23:21.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And, you know, farm size can range-- 23:21.200 --> 23:22.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the biggest producer we deal with is-- 23:22.733 --> 23:26.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% he's got-- uh, about 1,200 acres. 23:27.000 --> 23:31.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And generally speaking, on a farm, and, uh-- 23:31.100 --> 23:33.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% generally speaking-- there are exceptions, 23:33.200 --> 23:36.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but the average number of calves killed per farm 23:36.100 --> 23:40.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% using our statistics is around two calves per farm. 23:40.600 --> 23:42.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There are situations, as you can see, 23:43.066 --> 23:45.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where one particular farm, we verify-- 23:45.400 --> 23:48.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we verified 12 calves were killed. 23:48.466 --> 23:51.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That particular producer had a fairly large 23:51.933 --> 23:54.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% missing livestock claim that year also. 23:54.666 --> 23:55.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [clears throat] 23:59.833 --> 24:02.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Cattle depredated by wolves. 24:02.300 --> 24:04.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Um, since they were listed 24:04.166 --> 24:07.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as an endangered specie 24:04.166 --> 24:07.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ba  24:04.166 --> 24:07.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ck in 1975, 24:07.700 --> 24:09.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we have verified 24:07.700 --> 24:09.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  24:07.700 --> 24:09.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lves have killed 24:09.666 --> 24:12.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 661 head of cattle 24:09.666 --> 24:12.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  24:09.666 --> 24:12.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the state. 24:12.566 --> 24:14.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Last year, it was 46. 24:17.000 --> 24:19.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Something that's not 24:17.000 --> 24:19.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ta  24:17.000 --> 24:19.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lked about 24:19.766 --> 24:21.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but is very important 24:22.066 --> 24:24.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are these 24:22.066 --> 24:24.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% no  24:22.066 --> 24:24.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% n-depredation impacts 24:24.333 --> 24:27.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that wolves can have 24:24.333 --> 24:27.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  24:24.333 --> 24:27.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% livestock production. 24:27.100 --> 24:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And, you know, Mr. Link 24:27.100 --> 24:30.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% hi  24:27.100 --> 24:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% t the nail on the head. 24:30.166 --> 24:33.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The instance-- 24:30.166 --> 24:33.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  24:30.166 --> 24:33.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 2015, 24:33.133 --> 24:36.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% there was an incident 24:33.133 --> 24:36.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  24:33.133 --> 24:36.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that particular property 24:36.333 --> 24:39.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where we didn't have 24:36.333 --> 24:39.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% go  24:36.333 --> 24:39.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% od abatement strategies, 24:39.833 --> 24:41.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the best solution was 24:41.333 --> 24:43.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% just to move the cattle 24:41.333 --> 24:43.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  24:41.333 --> 24:43.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% f of the-- 24:43.200 --> 24:45.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% off of that pasture. 24:45.133 --> 24:48.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And, to me, 24:45.133 --> 24:48.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  24:45.133 --> 24:48.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en that is the solution, 24:48.533 --> 24:50.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the program has failed, 24:50.466 --> 24:53.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because we weren't able to resolve that conflict 24:53.966 --> 24:56.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% using just nonlethal techniques. 24:56.633 --> 24:58.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We need to have an integrated approach 24:58.766 --> 25:02.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to resolving livestock depredations from wolves. 25:02.166 --> 25:05.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But some of these non-predation-related impacts 25:05.400 --> 25:07.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that wolves have had on livestock production 25:08.000 --> 25:09.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% includes weight loss. 25:09.700 --> 25:12.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% That Ramler et al. 2014 paper 25:12.800 --> 25:15.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is a scientific peer-reviewed paper 25:15.700 --> 25:18.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that looked at ranches in Montana 25:18.166 --> 25:23.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and compared feeder calf weights at the end of the season 25:23.200 --> 25:25.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on farms that had wolf depredations 25:25.366 --> 25:28.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and on farms that didn't have wolf depredations, 25:28.133 --> 25:30.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and those farms that had wolf depredations, 25:30.433 --> 25:33.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% their calf weights were 26 pounds lighter 25:33.433 --> 25:36.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% than the ranches without depredations, 25:36.200 --> 25:38.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and, you know, that year, 25:38.266 --> 25:41.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you look at, you know, 26 pounds per calf 25:41.100 --> 25:42.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% at a couple of bucks a pound, 25:42.866 --> 25:44.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that adds up to real money really quick. 25:44.900 --> 25:48.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I mean, and these are impacts that aren't compensated for. 25:48.900 --> 25:52.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Increased cattle vigilance, that Kluever paper, 25:52.666 --> 25:56.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% looked at cow-calf herds in the Southwest, 25:56.933 --> 25:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in Arizona and New Mexico, that were exposed 25:59.100 --> 26:00.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to the Mexican gray wolf, 26:01.000 --> 26:03.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and those animals... [clears throat] 26:03.400 --> 26:05.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Those animals on those allotments 26:05.966 --> 26:07.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that had the presence of wolves 26:07.900 --> 26:10.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% spent more time looking for-- 26:10.900 --> 26:12.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% presumably for predators 26:12.866 --> 26:16.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% than herds that didn't have wolves on the allotment. 26:16.333 --> 26:18.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Meaning, they spent more time grazing, 26:18.166 --> 26:19.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% putting weight on. 26:19.500 --> 26:22.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I mean, that's the goal of cow-calf production. 26:22.633 --> 26:24.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Cattle-- very difficult to handle, 26:24.733 --> 26:26.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that have been hunted 26:24.733 --> 26:26.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by  26:24.733 --> 26:26.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves. 26:26.633 --> 26:30.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Cattle have been stampeded 26:26.633 --> 26:30.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  26:26.633 --> 26:30.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rough fences. 26:30.466 --> 26:33.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There's the potential 26:30.466 --> 26:33.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  26:30.466 --> 26:33.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a disease transmitted 26:33.633 --> 26:36.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% between wolves-- 26:33.633 --> 26:36.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ot  26:33.633 --> 26:36.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% her canids. 26:36.100 --> 26:39.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Coyotes, farm dogs, 26:36.100 --> 26:39.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  26:36.100 --> 26:39.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% xes, and wolves 26:39.533 --> 26:41.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% can transmit Neospora caninum, 26:42.066 --> 26:45.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which can result 26:42.066 --> 26:45.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  26:42.066 --> 26:45.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the cow aborting a fetus. 26:45.400 --> 26:46.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Um, fence damage, 26:46.766 --> 26:49.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and time spent 26:46.766 --> 26:49.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% se  26:46.766 --> 26:49.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% arching for depredations. 26:49.633 --> 26:52.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% You know, these are some of these secondary impacts 26:52.566 --> 26:55.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that folks like you can have 26:55.333 --> 26:58.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% when wolves start hunting livestock on your farm. 26:58.933 --> 27:00.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So some nonlethal concepts. 27:01.000 --> 27:03.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Disruptive stimuli-- 27:01.000 --> 27:03.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  27:01.000 --> 27:03.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is is, you know, 27:03.966 --> 27:06.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% an undesirable stimuli 27:03.966 --> 27:06.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  27:03.966 --> 27:06.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% prevent or alter 27:06.433 --> 27:07.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the behavior of an animal, 27:08.066 --> 27:10.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to try to frighten it away. 27:10.733 --> 27:12.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Aversive stimuli-- 27:12.133 --> 27:14.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% stimuli that cause 27:12.133 --> 27:14.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% di  27:12.133 --> 27:14.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% scomfort or pain 27:14.700 --> 27:17.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's paired 27:14.700 --> 27:17.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wi  27:14.700 --> 27:17.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% th a specific behavior. 27:17.166 --> 27:18.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% When we talk 27:17.166 --> 27:18.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  27:17.166 --> 27:18.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out nonlethal concepts, 27:18.833 --> 27:21.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these are kind of 27:18.833 --> 27:21.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  27:18.833 --> 27:21.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e two boxes that we look at 27:21.466 --> 27:24.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when we're trying 27:21.466 --> 27:24.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  27:21.466 --> 27:24.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% prevent wolves 27:24.133 --> 27:26.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from killing livestock. 27:26.966 --> 27:29.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And some of those 27:26.966 --> 27:29.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% te  27:26.966 --> 27:29.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% chniques are fladry-- 27:29.966 --> 27:32.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we'll go over these 27:29.966 --> 27:32.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  27:29.966 --> 27:32.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en we go out to-- 27:33.033 --> 27:34.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when we go out 27:33.033 --> 27:34.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  27:33.033 --> 27:34.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Radzak farm. 27:35.033 --> 27:37.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Fladry, 27:35.033 --> 27:37.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ra  27:35.033 --> 27:37.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ndomly activated lights, 27:37.533 --> 27:40.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% electronic guards, 27:37.533 --> 27:40.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ra  27:37.533 --> 27:40.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% dio-activated guards, 27:40.366 --> 27:43.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and scare wires. 27:43.533 --> 27:44.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The image on the left, 27:45.033 --> 27:48.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's a scare wire 27:45.033 --> 27:48.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  27:45.033 --> 27:48.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a cow-calf operation. 27:48.600 --> 27:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's placed between the ground 27:48.600 --> 27:52.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  27:48.600 --> 27:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d the bottom barbed wired, 27:52.433 --> 27:55.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and it's electrified 27:55.233 --> 27:57.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with 12-volt fencers, 27:55.233 --> 27:57.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so  27:55.233 --> 27:57.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lar Parmak fencers, 27:57.400 --> 27:59.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or some other fencers. 27:59.200 --> 28:00.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Fairly high voltage. 28:00.766 --> 28:02.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's a technique 28:00.766 --> 28:02.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  28:00.766 --> 28:02.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at we're using 28:03.033 --> 28:04.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on a particular farm 28:03.033 --> 28:04.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  28:03.033 --> 28:04.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at has 28:05.066 --> 28:07.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a huge history 28:05.066 --> 28:07.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  28:05.066 --> 28:07.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf conflicts 28:07.666 --> 28:10.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to prevent wolves 28:07.666 --> 28:10.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fr  28:07.666 --> 28:10.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% om accessing pastures. 28:10.600 --> 28:12.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The image on the right, 28:12.133 --> 28:15.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's some of our staff 28:12.133 --> 28:15.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  28:12.133 --> 28:15.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% stalling fladry 28:15.233 --> 28:16.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on a farm in Douglas County 28:16.933 --> 28:20.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that had wolf depredations 28:16.933 --> 28:20.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  28:16.933 --> 28:20.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 2015. 28:23.500 --> 28:28.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In 2015, we had 17 major 28:23.500 --> 28:28.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% no  28:23.500 --> 28:28.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nlethal projects. 28:28.500 --> 28:32.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We installed 16-- 28:28.500 --> 28:32.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% al  28:28.500 --> 28:32.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% most 16 1/2 miles of fladry. 28:33.000 --> 28:34.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We put these 28:33.000 --> 28:34.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ra  28:33.000 --> 28:34.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% dio-activated guards-- 28:35.066 --> 28:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you'll see these 28:35.066 --> 28:37.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  28:35.066 --> 28:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is afternoon-- 28:37.200 --> 28:39.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out on three different 28:37.200 --> 28:39.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  28:37.200 --> 28:39.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% operties, 28:39.700 --> 28:43.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% installed over six miles 28:39.700 --> 28:43.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  28:39.700 --> 28:43.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% electrified poly-tape, 28:44.033 --> 28:45.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% used electronic guards 28:45.900 --> 28:49.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and various livestock husbandry 28:45.900 --> 28:49.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% re  28:45.900 --> 28:49.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% commendations. 28:52.000 --> 28:54.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, and some 28:52.000 --> 28:54.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  28:52.000 --> 28:54.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% imal husbandry practices 28:54.666 --> 28:58.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that might help prevent 28:54.666 --> 28:58.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  28:54.666 --> 28:58.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf depredations-- 28:58.133 --> 29:00.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you know, changing pastures, 28:58.133 --> 29:00.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ni  28:58.133 --> 29:00.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ght penning, 29:00.133 --> 29:02.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% changing birthing dates, 29:00.133 --> 29:02.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  29:00.133 --> 29:02.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d fencing. 29:02.866 --> 29:05.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Some other 29:02.866 --> 29:05.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% no  29:02.866 --> 29:05.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nlethal approaches 29:05.233 --> 29:06.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that have been used 29:05.233 --> 29:06.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  29:05.233 --> 29:06.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the past 29:06.800 --> 29:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% has been actually 29:06.800 --> 29:09.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  29:06.800 --> 29:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e sterilization of wolves. 29:10.000 --> 29:12.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They felt 29:10.000 --> 29:12.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% if  29:10.000 --> 29:12.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they weren't breeding 29:12.433 --> 29:13.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and they weren't raising pups, 29:14.066 --> 29:17.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the energy demands of the pack would be suppressed, 29:17.100 --> 29:20.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and therefore they wouldn't depredate livestock. 29:20.200 --> 29:24.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It wasn't proven scientifically with wolves, 29:24.866 --> 29:28.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but it was a technique used in Utah 29:28.933 --> 29:31.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with coyotes, where they were able 29:31.766 --> 29:35.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to actually reduce rates of predation on lambs 29:35.900 --> 29:38.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from sterilized coyote pairs. 29:38.866 --> 29:41.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Translocation of problem wolves-- 29:41.866 --> 29:46.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that was a technique we used prior to 2003. 29:46.200 --> 29:49.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There was 33 different wolves 29:49.700 --> 29:52.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that were caught from farms 29:52.466 --> 29:54.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that were suffering depredations from wolves, 29:54.666 --> 29:56.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we moved these long distances 29:56.566 --> 29:58.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and released them. 29:58.400 --> 30:01.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It didn't prove to be a very successful technique 30:01.566 --> 30:04.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because the majority of these animals died 30:04.466 --> 30:08.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% within the first six months of them being released, 30:08.133 --> 30:11.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but what it did do is, it stimulated nine county boards 30:11.300 --> 30:15.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to pass resolutions not wanting us or the-- 30:15.333 --> 30:17.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or the state of Wisconsin 30:17.800 --> 30:19.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% releasing wolves in those counties. 30:19.833 --> 30:22.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So it-- it was a unpopular technique. 30:22.300 --> 30:23.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [chuckles] Yeah. 30:26.933 --> 30:29.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - That's an image of a radio-activated guard. 30:29.633 --> 30:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's got a strobe light 30:29.633 --> 30:32.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  30:29.633 --> 30:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d some sirens, 30:32.566 --> 30:35.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it's activated 30:32.566 --> 30:35.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by  30:32.566 --> 30:35.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the presence 30:35.866 --> 30:37.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of a radio-collared wolf. 30:37.833 --> 30:41.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So it's more 30:37.833 --> 30:41.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  30:37.833 --> 30:41.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% an interactive tool. 30:41.333 --> 30:43.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's not going off all night. 30:43.166 --> 30:45.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% We know if the stimuli 30:45.666 --> 30:48.933 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% is going off repeatedly and consistently, 30:49.033 --> 30:52.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% animals will habituate to that fairly quickly. 30:52.566 --> 30:55.800 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% But this is-- it's an interaction-- 30:55.900 --> 30:58.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's an interaction based on proximity 30:58.966 --> 31:02.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% between wolves and this box from its radio collar 31:02.133 --> 31:05.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where it sends a signal, and it activates the device. 31:10.500 --> 31:13.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Potentially, calving nearer buildings 31:13.166 --> 31:14.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% might be something-- 31:14.500 --> 31:17.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a recommendation 31:14.500 --> 31:17.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  31:14.500 --> 31:17.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at you might consider. 31:17.700 --> 31:20.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It doesn't prove 31:17.700 --> 31:20.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  31:17.700 --> 31:20.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% be 100% effective. 31:20.933 --> 31:24.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We've had wolves kill livestock 31:20.933 --> 31:24.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ve  31:20.933 --> 31:24.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ry near buildings, 31:24.666 --> 31:27.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so to say 31:24.666 --> 31:27.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  31:24.666 --> 31:27.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at this is foolproof 31:28.000 --> 31:29.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% would be inaccurate, 31:29.800 --> 31:33.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but it's something 31:29.800 --> 31:33.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  31:29.800 --> 31:33.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at you might consider. 31:33.633 --> 31:35.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And Mike will talk 31:33.633 --> 31:35.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% mo  31:33.633 --> 31:35.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% re specifically 31:35.633 --> 31:37.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% about guarding animals. 31:40.566 --> 31:42.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, 31:40.566 --> 31:42.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I'  31:40.566 --> 31:42.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ve talked about 31:42.466 --> 31:44.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the importance of having 31:42.466 --> 31:44.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  31:42.466 --> 31:44.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% integrated approach 31:44.900 --> 31:47.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to resolving wolf conflicts. 31:47.400 --> 31:48.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And right now, 31:48.933 --> 31:50.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with the federal classification 31:48.933 --> 31:50.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  31:48.933 --> 31:50.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves 31:50.933 --> 31:52.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as federally endangered, 31:52.766 --> 31:54.866 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% we can only try to prevent depredations 31:54.966 --> 31:58.300 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% for folks like you using nonlethal abatement techniques. 31:58.400 --> 32:01.766 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% And this is a scenario that happened in 2010 32:01.866 --> 32:04.666 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% in Douglas and Bayfield County. 32:04.766 --> 32:06.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is-- that black line represents 32:06.933 --> 32:09.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the summer territory of a wolf 32:09.266 --> 32:11.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that Eric had radio-collared 32:11.433 --> 32:14.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in an attempt to use 32:14.600 --> 32:16.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a radio-activated guard, 32:16.166 --> 32:19.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I'll just walk you through 32:16.166 --> 32:19.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  32:16.166 --> 32:19.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at happens. 32:19.233 --> 32:21.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so the green represents 32:19.233 --> 32:21.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  32:19.233 --> 32:21.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rested cover. 32:21.733 --> 32:25.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The beige is-- is some type 32:21.733 --> 32:25.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  32:21.733 --> 32:25.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% agriculture, 32:25.266 --> 32:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the blue's 32:25.266 --> 32:28.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% se  32:25.266 --> 32:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lf-explanatory; 32:28.800 --> 32:32.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in the top of the screen 32:28.800 --> 32:32.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is  32:28.800 --> 32:32.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Lake Superior. 32:34.000 --> 32:38.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So on May 10th, 32:34.000 --> 32:38.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we  32:34.000 --> 32:38.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% had wolves kill a calf. 32:38.233 --> 32:40.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, we applied 32:38.233 --> 32:40.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so  32:38.233 --> 32:40.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% me nonlethal technique 32:41.066 --> 32:42.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to try to abate that situation, 32:42.833 --> 32:46.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% try to prevent wolves 32:42.833 --> 32:46.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fr  32:42.833 --> 32:46.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% om killing other calves. 32:46.433 --> 32:48.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Well, it worked there 32:46.433 --> 32:48.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  32:46.433 --> 32:48.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% r a few weeks, 32:48.466 --> 32:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but over on a neighboring farm, 32:48.466 --> 32:52.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  32:48.466 --> 32:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ey killed a calf. 32:52.433 --> 32:54.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we applied some nonlethal 32:52.433 --> 32:54.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  32:52.433 --> 32:54.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% atement there. 32:55.000 --> 32:58.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's fladry, flashing lights, 32:55.000 --> 32:58.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or  32:55.000 --> 32:58.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% electronic guards. 33:00.133 --> 33:01.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then on the 15th of July, 33:02.033 --> 33:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we had a farmer report 33:02.033 --> 33:04.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wo  33:02.033 --> 33:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lves harassing livestock. 33:05.033 --> 33:08.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We verified that, so we did 33:05.033 --> 33:08.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  33:05.033 --> 33:08.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% oactive nonlethal abatement 33:08.700 --> 33:11.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% trying to prevent 33:08.700 --> 33:11.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  33:08.700 --> 33:11.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% y depredations 33:11.200 --> 33:12.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and these secondary effects 33:12.933 --> 33:16.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that wolves might pose 33:12.933 --> 33:16.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  33:12.933 --> 33:16.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a particular farm. 33:16.300 --> 33:17.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So on the second of August, 33:18.033 --> 33:19.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they depredated livestock 33:20.000 --> 33:22.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on the north edge 33:20.000 --> 33:22.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  33:20.000 --> 33:22.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the summer territory, 33:23.033 --> 33:26.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so we applied 33:23.033 --> 33:26.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% no  33:23.033 --> 33:26.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% nlethal abatement there. 33:26.400 --> 33:28.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then on 8/19, 33:28.966 --> 33:31.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they actually depredated 33:28.966 --> 33:31.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% li  33:28.966 --> 33:31.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% vestock on the farm 33:31.800 --> 33:34.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where we had already applied 33:31.800 --> 33:34.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  33:31.800 --> 33:34.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is nonlethal abatement, 33:34.733 --> 33:37.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so that didn't prove 33:34.733 --> 33:37.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  33:34.733 --> 33:37.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% be successful. 33:39.000 --> 33:40.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then in September, 33:40.666 --> 33:43.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% another depredation 33:40.666 --> 33:43.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  33:40.666 --> 33:43.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% an adjacent farm, 33:43.500 --> 33:45.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% another one 33:43.500 --> 33:45.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  33:43.500 --> 33:45.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% couple of days later. 33:45.766 --> 33:47.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [stammers] 33:47.366 --> 33:51.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% At this point, we're trying 33:47.366 --> 33:51.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ev  33:47.366 --> 33:51.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% erything that we can try. 33:51.300 --> 33:53.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is-- 33:51.300 --> 33:53.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  33:51.300 --> 33:53.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is is the era 33:53.833 --> 33:55.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when wolves 33:53.833 --> 33:55.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  33:53.833 --> 33:55.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e federally lifted, 33:55.500 --> 33:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we don't have 33:55.500 --> 33:59.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  33:55.500 --> 33:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e authority to remove them, 33:59.100 --> 34:01.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so... 34:01.266 --> 34:05.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Another depredation occurs 34:01.266 --> 34:05.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  34:01.266 --> 34:05.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the 30th of September, 34:05.400 --> 34:08.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the 10th of Oct-- 34:05.400 --> 34:08.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or  34:05.400 --> 34:08.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the 11th of October, 34:08.966 --> 34:11.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the 30th of October. 34:15.500 --> 34:18.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Without the authority 34:18.366 --> 34:21.366 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and the ability to have an integrated approach, 34:21.466 --> 34:24.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that's not successful wolf management. 34:24.566 --> 34:26.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Spreading the problem 34:26.566 --> 34:30.300 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% from one producer to another isn't successful. 34:30.400 --> 34:34.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And at that point, those animals had become so habituated 34:34.233 --> 34:36.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to these nonlethal techniques 34:36.433 --> 34:38.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that none of them were being successful. 34:38.766 --> 34:40.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I would argue, if you want to talk 34:40.766 --> 34:42.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% about wolf conservation 34:42.266 --> 34:44.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and these conservation strategies, 34:44.600 --> 34:50.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that-- that pack of wolves did nothing to support 34:50.100 --> 34:52.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf recovery and wolf conservation 34:52.600 --> 34:56.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when everybody in the community is having problems with them. 34:57.733 --> 34:59.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Eric, would you like to add anything 34:59.233 --> 35:01.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to that experience? - No. 35:01.133 --> 35:03.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [laughter] 35:03.633 --> 35:05.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - It was a difficult summer. 35:05.333 --> 35:08.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - How many of those wolves died accidentally? 35:08.500 --> 35:10.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [laughs] 35:10.533 --> 35:12.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Pardon me? [laughter] 35:12.100 --> 35:15.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - How many of those wolves died accidentally? 35:15.800 --> 35:19.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Uh, I don't know. - Do you refuse to answer? 35:19.700 --> 35:24.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I forget-- that was W-757, and I think-- 35:24.600 --> 35:26.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% maybe that winter, it went off of the air. 35:26.866 --> 35:30.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I forget what happened to it. 35:30.333 --> 35:32.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But that is-- that is a real-life example. 35:32.466 --> 35:35.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I think that's a fairly compelling story that-- 35:35.633 --> 35:37.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that trying to resolve these conflicts 35:37.666 --> 35:40.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with nonlethal abatement strategies-- 35:40.166 --> 35:43.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% although, we can select a farm-- maybe it's a single farm. 35:43.833 --> 35:46.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's isolated. It's relatively small. 35:46.566 --> 35:49.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We can stop wolf depredations to livestock 35:49.866 --> 35:53.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with these nonlethal tools relatively efficiently, 35:53.533 --> 35:55.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but there are these scenarios that occur 35:55.700 --> 36:00.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where nothing in the realm of nonlethal is practical. 36:02.066 --> 36:04.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% In northern Wisconsin, 36:04.600 --> 36:08.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we conduct tribal co-investigations 36:08.100 --> 36:10.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of wolf complaints. 36:10.100 --> 36:11.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The Menominee, 36:10.100 --> 36:11.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% St  36:10.100 --> 36:11.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ockbridge-Munsee, 36:11.766 --> 36:14.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the Ojibwe nations 36:14.466 --> 36:16.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% value, 36:14.466 --> 36:16.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% cu  36:14.466 --> 36:16.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lturally and spiritually, 36:16.833 --> 36:18.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wolves very highly. 36:18.933 --> 36:22.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% If we have a depredation 36:18.933 --> 36:22.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wi  36:18.933 --> 36:22.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% thin six miles 36:22.633 --> 36:27.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of tribal lands-- 36:22.633 --> 36:27.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  36:22.633 --> 36:27.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these tribal lands, 36:27.200 --> 36:30.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we will co-investigate 36:27.200 --> 36:30.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  36:27.200 --> 36:30.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e complaint 36:30.200 --> 36:32.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with the tribal biologist. 36:32.366 --> 36:34.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So we do an on the ground-- 36:34.200 --> 36:37.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% boots-on-the-ground evaluation 36:34.200 --> 36:37.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  36:34.200 --> 36:37.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the conflict. 36:37.300 --> 36:40.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So if we're starting to talk 36:37.300 --> 36:40.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ab  36:37.300 --> 36:40.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% out abatement strategies, 36:40.966 --> 36:43.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we have the tribal biologist 36:40.966 --> 36:43.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on  36:40.966 --> 36:43.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% board, 36:43.300 --> 36:44.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so when we start talking-- 36:44.966 --> 36:48.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% potentially, given the era 36:44.966 --> 36:48.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  36:44.966 --> 36:48.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which we're at, 36:48.833 --> 36:51.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% whether it's federally delisted 36:48.833 --> 36:51.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or  36:48.833 --> 36:51.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% listed, 36:51.433 --> 36:53.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they can be part 36:51.433 --> 36:53.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of  36:51.433 --> 36:53.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the determination 36:53.100 --> 36:56.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as to what we're going to do 36:53.100 --> 36:56.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  36:53.100 --> 36:56.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% resolve that issue. 36:58.200 --> 37:00.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We had talked about 36:58.200 --> 37:00.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ca  36:58.200 --> 37:00.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rcass disposal, 37:00.766 --> 37:02.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% proper carcass-- 37:02.433 --> 37:04.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% proper carcass disposal 37:02.433 --> 37:04.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% te  37:02.433 --> 37:04.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% chniques. 37:04.966 --> 37:08.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The-- 37:04.966 --> 37:08.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  37:04.966 --> 37:08.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e image on the left, 37:08.233 --> 37:10.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's an 37:08.233 --> 37:10.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% im  37:08.233 --> 37:10.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% properly disposed of cow, 37:11.066 --> 37:14.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and those tracks coming into it 37:11.066 --> 37:14.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ar  37:11.066 --> 37:14.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e wolf tracks. 37:14.166 --> 37:16.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That could probably 37:14.166 --> 37:16.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  37:14.166 --> 37:16.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% edispose you 37:16.966 --> 37:18.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to wolf predation, 37:16.966 --> 37:18.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  37:16.966 --> 37:18.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en you start 37:19.000 --> 37:21.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to calve on those pastures 37:19.000 --> 37:21.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  37:19.000 --> 37:21.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the spring. 37:21.800 --> 37:23.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's-- it's a very important topic, 37:23.966 --> 37:26.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it's a very difficult issue to deal with 37:26.533 --> 37:29.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that you folks have to deal with in the winter months. 37:33.133 --> 37:36.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Just a time frame of this on again/off again 37:36.300 --> 37:40.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% federal status of wolves 37:36.300 --> 37:40.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  37:36.300 --> 37:40.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Wisconsin. 37:40.633 --> 37:42.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You've seen that earlier. 37:44.466 --> 37:48.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Wolves captured and killed 37:44.466 --> 37:48.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fo  37:44.466 --> 37:48.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% r depredation management 37:48.100 --> 37:51.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by USDA Wildlife Services 37:48.100 --> 37:51.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  37:48.100 --> 37:51.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d the Wisconsin DNR 37:51.933 --> 37:54.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from 1974 to 2015. 37:55.066 --> 37:58.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There's been 37:55.066 --> 37:58.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% 39  37:55.066 --> 37:58.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 7 wolves captured 37:58.100 --> 37:59.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for conflict management, 37:59.766 --> 38:03.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and 335 of those animals 38:03.233 --> 38:05.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% were euthanized. 38:05.533 --> 38:07.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% An integrated site-specific 38:08.033 --> 38:09.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolf depredation management 38:08.033 --> 38:09.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pr  38:08.033 --> 38:09.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ogram 38:10.033 --> 38:13.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% has nothing to do with population level control. 38:13.533 --> 38:16.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It is not our objective to have any impact 38:16.366 --> 38:19.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on the overall statewide wolf population. 38:19.433 --> 38:21.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It is to resolve your conflict, 38:21.766 --> 38:24.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not to reduce the wolf population. 38:24.100 --> 38:25.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Generally speaking, 38:25.700 --> 38:29.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when we have a year of full lethal control, 38:29.366 --> 38:32.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we will remove between 5% and 10% 38:33.033 --> 38:36.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of that minimum estimated wolf population 38:36.366 --> 38:38.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from the previous winter. 38:38.400 --> 38:41.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I would like to also add to this 38:41.733 --> 38:44.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that site-specific lethal control 38:44.933 --> 38:48.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for wolf conflict abatement has had nothing to do-- 38:49.033 --> 38:51.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or has had no negative impact 38:51.800 --> 38:55.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on wolf recovery in the state of Wisconsin. 38:59.433 --> 39:01.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You folks saw this image earlier. 39:02.000 --> 39:05.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I mean, what it speaks to is, 39:05.500 --> 39:07.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% those years 39:05.500 --> 39:07.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  39:05.500 --> 39:07.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% en we had the authority 39:08.000 --> 39:13.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to lethally remove wolves 39:08.000 --> 39:13.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  39:08.000 --> 39:13.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 2002 through 2008 39:13.266 --> 39:15.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then 39:13.266 --> 39:15.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  39:13.266 --> 39:15.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% '12, '13, and '14, 39:15.933 --> 39:17.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you can obviously see that 39:17.566 --> 39:20.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the population growth line 39:17.566 --> 39:20.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is  39:17.566 --> 39:20.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% increasing 39:20.233 --> 39:23.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% while we had the authority 39:20.233 --> 39:23.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  39:20.233 --> 39:23.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lethally remove animals. 39:29.166 --> 39:32.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Some weird wolf conflicts, 39:32.100 --> 39:34.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you know, some 39:32.100 --> 39:34.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% no  39:32.100 --> 39:34.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% n-predation-related things. 39:34.433 --> 39:37.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is a silage bag 39:34.433 --> 39:37.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in  39:34.433 --> 39:37.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Marinette County 39:37.266 --> 39:39.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that a pair of wolves 39:37.266 --> 39:39.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ha  39:37.266 --> 39:39.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d ran up the side of, 39:39.766 --> 39:42.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and their nails had punctured 39:39.766 --> 39:42.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  39:39.766 --> 39:42.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at silage bag. 39:42.100 --> 39:44.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And you can see where 39:42.100 --> 39:44.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  39:42.100 --> 39:44.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% e farmer had taped the bag. 39:44.800 --> 39:47.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And you all know 39:44.800 --> 39:47.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wh  39:44.800 --> 39:47.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at that means to you, 39:47.133 --> 39:49.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you have 39:47.133 --> 39:49.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a  39:47.133 --> 39:49.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% punctured silage bag. 39:49.300 --> 39:52.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, these are right near the barnyard. 39:52.433 --> 39:55.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Just-- just some non-livestock-related 39:55.933 --> 39:57.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% wolf incidences that-- 39:57.800 --> 40:00.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that do-- that do occur. 40:00.366 --> 40:04.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Um, you know, so when we go back to 1908, 40:04.266 --> 40:08.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that first scientifically... 40:08.133 --> 40:09.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I wouldn't call it 40:08.133 --> 40:09.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pe  40:08.133 --> 40:09.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% er-reviewed 40:09.733 --> 40:12.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but an effort 40:09.733 --> 40:12.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to  40:09.733 --> 40:12.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% demonstrate 40:13.066 --> 40:17.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% predator management tools 40:13.066 --> 40:17.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ba  40:13.066 --> 40:17.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ck in 1908, 40:17.300 --> 40:20.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to today, in 2014, 40:20.433 --> 40:23.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we still have scientists 40:20.433 --> 40:23.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  40:20.433 --> 40:23.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at work both 40:23.433 --> 40:25.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for our agency 40:23.433 --> 40:25.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an  40:23.433 --> 40:25.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% d other agencies 40:25.800 --> 40:29.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are trying to develop 40:25.800 --> 40:29.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% th  40:25.800 --> 40:29.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ese tools and techniques 40:29.333 --> 40:31.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to prevent 40:29.333 --> 40:31.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% la  40:29.333 --> 40:31.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rge carnivores-- 40:31.666 --> 40:34.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% grizzly bears, 40:31.666 --> 40:34.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% bl  40:31.666 --> 40:34.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ack bears, cougars, 40:34.333 --> 40:36.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% wolves, and coyotes-- 40:34.333 --> 40:36.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fr  40:34.333 --> 40:36.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% om depredating livestock, 40:36.800 --> 40:39.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so there is still effort out there, folks, 40:39.600 --> 40:42.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that people are spending a fair amount of time on 40:42.266 --> 40:45.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% trying to develop techniques to resolve these conflicts. 40:45.600 --> 40:49.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And this 2014 just represents another one of those efforts. 40:49.233 --> 40:52.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Dr. John Shivik has devoted a lot of his career 40:52.533 --> 40:54.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to investigating techniques 40:54.533 --> 40:57.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to prevent livestock depredations. 40:59.433 --> 41:02.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I know that's very quick. It's a lot of information. 41:02.133 --> 41:05.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We could talk about this topic for a very long time, 41:05.233 --> 41:08.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but we can go over some of the stuff at the field day 41:08.766 --> 41:12.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with Eric, but at this point, 41:12.900 --> 41:14.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% before I open it up to questions, 41:15.066 --> 41:17.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on the back are some magnets, 41:17.866 --> 41:19.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and if you want, grab one of those. 41:19.633 --> 41:23.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Those have our 1-800 hotline numbers on them. 41:23.733 --> 41:25.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so if you suspect that you have 41:25.900 --> 41:28.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a wolf or a bear depredation, 41:28.100 --> 41:30.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it'd be nice for you to have that on your refrigerator 41:30.433 --> 41:32.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so you know the number to call. 41:32.266 --> 41:33.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We monitor those numbers 41:33.833 --> 41:36.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% seven days a week, 365 days a year. 41:37.000 --> 41:39.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% If it's a holiday or a weekend, there's someone assigned 41:39.833 --> 41:43.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to call in and check voice mail every couple of hours 41:43.500 --> 41:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to see if we've received a wolf or a bear complaint. 41:47.066 --> 41:50.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So it's 365-day-a-year service. 41:50.466 --> 41:52.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So grab one of those on your way out. 41:52.933 --> 41:55.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And some of the packages-- packets that you got 41:55.366 --> 41:57.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on your way in, they just contain 41:58.066 --> 42:00.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a lot of information about our agency and program, 42:00.566 --> 42:02.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not only about bears and wolves but some of 42:02.966 --> 42:05.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the other stuff we do that might be useful for you. 42:05.366 --> 42:07.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So I encourage you to grab one of those 42:07.633 --> 42:08.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and take it home. 42:08.966 --> 42:11.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So at that, I've got a little bit of time, 42:11.133 --> 42:12.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% if there's any questions. 42:12.966 --> 42:14.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% [applause]