1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,000
cc

2
00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:02,166
>> Welcome, everyone,

3
00:00:02,166 --> 00:00:03,266
to Wednesday Nite at the Lab.

4
00:00:03,266 --> 00:00:04,300
I'm Tom Zinnen.

5
00:00:04,300 --> 00:00:05,433
I work here at the UW-Madison

6
00:00:05,433 --> 00:00:06,600
Biotechnology Center.

7
00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:07,700
I also work for UW-Extension

8
00:00:07,700 --> 00:00:09,233
Cooperative Extension.

9
00:00:09,233 --> 00:00:10,700
On behalf of those folks and our

10
00:00:10,700 --> 00:00:12,233
other co-organizers,

11
00:00:12,233 --> 00:00:13,500
Wisconsin Public Television, the

12
00:00:13,500 --> 00:00:15,100
Wisconsin Alumni Association,

13
00:00:15,100 --> 00:00:16,766
and the UW-Madison

14
00:00:16,766 --> 00:00:18,233
Science Alliance, thanks again

15
00:00:18,233 --> 00:00:19,400
for coming to Wednesday Nite

16
00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:20,400
at the Lab.

17
00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:21,966
We do this every Wednesday Nite,

18
00:00:21,966 --> 00:00:23,633
50 times a year.

19
00:00:23,633 --> 00:00:26,000
Tonight it's my pleasure to be

20
00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:27,600
able to introduce to you

21
00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:28,433
Ted Bohn.

22
00:00:28,433 --> 00:00:29,500
He works at Argonne National

23
00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:31,033
Laboratory.

24
00:00:31,033 --> 00:00:32,633
He got his master's degree in

25
00:00:32,633 --> 00:00:34,200
electrical engineering here at

26
00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,066
UW-Madison.

27
00:00:36,066 --> 00:00:37,633
He grew up in Cleveland,

28
00:00:37,633 --> 00:00:40,500
Wisconsin.

29
00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:42,833
I just drove through Cleveland,

30
00:00:42,833 --> 00:00:44,400
Ohio, the other day.

31
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:45,733
I'm assuming Cleveland is over

32
00:00:45,733 --> 00:00:48,233
by Lake Michigan?

33
00:00:48,233 --> 00:00:50,366
Different place, different lake.

34
00:00:50,366 --> 00:00:52,000
Tonight, he's going to talk

35
00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:53,433
about electric cars.

36
00:00:53,433 --> 00:00:54,666
I got a sneak peek at his

37
00:00:54,666 --> 00:00:56,500
Powerpoint, and it's pretty

38
00:00:56,500 --> 00:01:00,833
remarkable, the historical track

39
00:01:00,833 --> 00:01:02,733
of electrical cars.

40
00:01:02,733 --> 00:01:05,066
I'm pretty excited about getting

41
00:01:05,066 --> 00:01:06,100
to hear about what's going to

42
00:01:06,100 --> 00:01:07,000
happen in the next five or ten

43
00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:08,000
years.

44
00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:09,033
It's amazing what's happened in

45
00:01:09,033 --> 00:01:10,833
the last 110.

46
00:01:10,833 --> 00:01:11,900
Please join me in welcoming Ted

47
00:01:11,900 --> 00:01:13,266
to Wednesday Nite at the Lab.

48
00:01:13,266 --> 00:01:15,933
[applause]

49
00:01:19,333 --> 00:01:20,433
>> Thank you very much,

50
00:01:20,433 --> 00:01:21,333
everybody.

51
00:01:21,333 --> 00:01:22,266
My name is Ted Bohn.

52
00:01:22,266 --> 00:01:23,300
I work for Argonne National Lab.

53
00:01:23,300 --> 00:01:24,333
I have a zero-time appointment

54
00:01:24,333 --> 00:01:25,333
here at the university, so I

55
00:01:25,333 --> 00:01:26,566
have a lot of affiliation with

56
00:01:26,566 --> 00:01:27,733
the university.

57
00:01:27,733 --> 00:01:28,533
No salary, but a lot of

58
00:01:28,533 --> 00:01:29,633
affiliation.

59
00:01:29,633 --> 00:01:30,800
[laughter]

60
00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:31,766
I actually use them as one of my

61
00:01:31,766 --> 00:01:33,500
prime contractors, so when you

62
00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:35,233
say what's the quid pro quo, I

63
00:01:35,233 --> 00:01:37,200
have the most talented people

64
00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,200
that I can access here, and I

65
00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:40,200
also live in Madison, so even

66
00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:41,266
though my office is in Chicago,

67
00:01:41,266 --> 00:01:42,933
I work in Detroit and

68
00:01:42,933 --> 00:01:45,933
Washington, DC, my home is here.

69
00:01:45,933 --> 00:01:47,333
And everybody knows why your

70
00:01:47,333 --> 00:01:48,700
home would be here.

71
00:01:48,700 --> 00:01:50,000
So, that being said, a lot of

72
00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:51,300
things are happening in the last

73
00:01:51,300 --> 00:01:52,333
century plus.

74
00:01:52,333 --> 00:01:53,533
Most people think that the

75
00:01:53,533 --> 00:01:54,566
electric car thing is new and it

76
00:01:54,566 --> 00:01:55,666
is the future.

77
00:01:55,666 --> 00:01:56,933
Pretty true that people a

78
00:01:56,933 --> 00:01:58,066
century-plus ago said the same

79
00:01:58,066 --> 00:01:59,200
thing.

80
00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,700
Edison, Steinmetz, and Ford, and

81
00:02:02,700 --> 00:02:04,500
Ford's wife, everybody's gonna

82
00:02:04,500 --> 00:02:05,833
tell you the same thing.

83
00:02:05,833 --> 00:02:06,933
If we can just get a better

84
00:02:06,933 --> 00:02:07,766
battery, we're all set.

85
00:02:07,766 --> 00:02:08,766
[laughter]

86
00:02:08,766 --> 00:02:09,966
So most people would say, for

87
00:02:09,966 --> 00:02:11,266
their phone, it's not really a

88
00:02:11,266 --> 00:02:12,966
problem, right?

89
00:02:12,966 --> 00:02:14,166
It used to be you'd have a half

90
00:02:14,166 --> 00:02:15,466
a day on your battery.

91
00:02:15,466 --> 00:02:16,566
You'd change batteries, plug it

92
00:02:16,566 --> 00:02:17,566
in.

93
00:02:17,566 --> 00:02:18,533
Most people's smart phones can

94
00:02:18,533 --> 00:02:19,666
go a day.

95
00:02:19,666 --> 00:02:20,600
A lot of it has to do with the

96
00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:21,533
amount of consumption.

97
00:02:21,533 --> 00:02:22,500
So efficient vehicles make

98
00:02:22,500 --> 00:02:23,933
batteries last longer.

99
00:02:23,933 --> 00:02:25,100
Better infrastructure, and where

100
00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:26,100
it is you would plug in your

101
00:02:26,100 --> 00:02:26,966
battery.

102
00:02:26,966 --> 00:02:27,966
You can imagine that if there

103
00:02:27,966 --> 00:02:29,066
were no plugs to plug in your

104
00:02:29,066 --> 00:02:29,933
phone, it would be kind of hard

105
00:02:29,933 --> 00:02:31,166
to maintain your flow.

106
00:02:31,166 --> 00:02:31,900
So, for electric vehicles it's

107
00:02:31,900 --> 00:02:33,266
about getting where you need to

108
00:02:33,266 --> 00:02:34,600
go with the resources you

109
00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:35,566
already have.

110
00:02:35,566 --> 00:02:36,766
Planning ahead is one part and

111
00:02:36,766 --> 00:02:38,233
having the right tool for the

112
00:02:38,233 --> 00:02:39,866
right job.

113
00:02:39,866 --> 00:02:41,100
We're going to spend a lot on

114
00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:42,666
historical content today, a

115
00:02:42,666 --> 00:02:44,300
little bit on technology and

116
00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:45,633
standards, and then of course

117
00:02:45,633 --> 00:02:46,900
look a little bit toward the

118
00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:47,966
future.

119
00:02:47,966 --> 00:02:49,000
That's basically what I work on,

120
00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,133
is not quite determining the

121
00:02:50,133 --> 00:02:51,200
future, but enabling the future.

122
00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:52,433
What we do at Argonne National

123
00:02:52,433 --> 00:02:54,066
Lab, and let me go back and just

124
00:02:54,066 --> 00:02:56,333
talk about where we've come in

125
00:02:56,333 --> 00:02:57,833
the last century.

126
00:02:57,833 --> 00:02:59,533
A century ago, there were

127
00:02:59,533 --> 00:03:01,400
garages with charging stations

128
00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:02,766
on the wall and cabs and other

129
00:03:02,766 --> 00:03:04,400
fleet vehicles that would come

130
00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:05,833
in, plug into the front and

131
00:03:05,833 --> 00:03:07,000
drive away, just like we do

132
00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:08,033
today.

133
00:03:08,033 --> 00:03:09,066
Everyone says, oh look and see

134
00:03:09,066 --> 00:03:10,100
this new thing I have.

135
00:03:10,100 --> 00:03:11,733
It's only a hundred years old.

136
00:03:11,733 --> 00:03:13,033
They're only, you know, 50,000

137
00:03:13,033 --> 00:03:14,233
cars doing this a hundred years

138
00:03:14,233 --> 00:03:15,466
ago, but if you think it's new,

139
00:03:15,466 --> 00:03:16,700
it's new.

140
00:03:16,700 --> 00:03:17,766
It's new to you.

141
00:03:17,766 --> 00:03:18,866
And we'll just talk a lot about

142
00:03:18,866 --> 00:03:20,066
that.

143
00:03:20,066 --> 00:03:21,000
I do have to point out this is

144
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:21,933
sponsored.

145
00:03:21,933 --> 00:03:22,900
My activity, my participation

146
00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:24,500
here, a lot of these slides,

147
00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:26,233
are your tax dollars at work.

148
00:03:26,233 --> 00:03:27,166
I'm very proud to say that's

149
00:03:27,166 --> 00:03:27,933
what we actually do.

150
00:03:27,933 --> 00:03:28,833
We spend money.

151
00:03:28,833 --> 00:03:30,566
We don't make money.

152
00:03:30,566 --> 00:03:31,866
We spend money that is used

153
00:03:31,866 --> 00:03:33,700
wisely, instead of money that is

154
00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:34,933
used just so they could get rid

155
00:03:34,933 --> 00:03:36,633
of it.

156
00:03:36,633 --> 00:03:38,366
At Argonne National Lab, this is

157
00:03:38,366 --> 00:03:39,566
the campus, the central office

158
00:03:39,566 --> 00:03:40,900
buildings.

159
00:03:40,900 --> 00:03:42,533
My lab is over here, in this

160
00:03:42,533 --> 00:03:43,800
cluster of buildings.

161
00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:44,900
This is where we have the smart

162
00:03:44,900 --> 00:03:46,100
-- operability center.

163
00:03:46,100 --> 00:03:47,300
Again, I do a lot with the grid.

164
00:03:47,300 --> 00:03:48,700
Over here, is the advanced

165
00:03:48,700 --> 00:03:49,866
photon source, where they do

166
00:03:49,866 --> 00:03:51,566
very, very, very, very short

167
00:03:51,566 --> 00:03:52,900
wavelength radiation, shorter

168
00:03:52,900 --> 00:03:54,500
than xrays, to look at different

169
00:03:54,500 --> 00:03:55,866
things on how proteins are

170
00:03:55,866 --> 00:03:57,200
built, how molecules are put

171
00:03:57,200 --> 00:03:58,666
together, and again, anything to

172
00:03:58,666 --> 00:03:59,866
do with nanos.

173
00:03:59,866 --> 00:04:00,633
This building over here is the

174
00:04:00,633 --> 00:04:01,333
nanotechnology center.

175
00:04:01,333 --> 00:04:02,666
Just to give you an orientation.

176
00:04:02,666 --> 00:04:03,933
So, is a headline from this week

177
00:04:03,933 --> 00:04:06,266
or a century ago?

178
00:04:06,266 --> 00:04:08,066
Which is, "Do you really need

179
00:04:08,066 --> 00:04:09,733
a 200-mile-on-one-charge

180
00:04:09,733 --> 00:04:11,766
battery car?"

181
00:04:11,766 --> 00:04:13,366
I heard that.

182
00:04:13,366 --> 00:04:14,200
You have to have

183
00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:16,233
a 200-mile range car.

184
00:04:16,233 --> 00:04:18,166
This is a century-old ad

185
00:04:18,166 --> 00:04:20,666
out of Harper's Weekly.

186
00:04:20,666 --> 00:04:22,066
Literally, this is a piece of

187
00:04:22,066 --> 00:04:23,166
newspaper, an ad, and these

188
00:04:23,166 --> 00:04:24,600
words on it.

189
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:25,833
One of the things people do in

190
00:04:25,833 --> 00:04:27,133
their car, they go shopping, go

191
00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:28,400
to parties, theater, market,

192
00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:31,366
work, church, hospital, farm.

193
00:04:31,366 --> 00:04:33,600
I take my electric car out to

194
00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:34,933
the farm.

195
00:04:34,933 --> 00:04:36,500
But this calling?

196
00:04:36,500 --> 00:04:38,033
Huh, not a lot of cell phones a

197
00:04:38,033 --> 00:04:39,300
hundred years ago.

198
00:04:39,300 --> 00:04:40,533
That was when you'd go to call

199
00:04:40,533 --> 00:04:41,800
on someone else.

200
00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:42,966
You'd take your car and you'd

201
00:04:42,966 --> 00:04:44,333
call on them.

202
00:04:44,333 --> 00:04:45,500
[laughter]

203
00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:46,633
So, inflation.

204
00:04:46,633 --> 00:04:47,766
A lot of people will talk about

205
00:04:47,766 --> 00:04:48,866
how expensive cars are.

206
00:04:48,866 --> 00:04:49,966
Adjusted for inflation, they're

207
00:04:49,966 --> 00:04:50,933
about the same.

208
00:04:50,933 --> 00:04:52,133
So, in 1914, a Detroit electric

209
00:04:52,133 --> 00:04:53,300
is $2,500.

210
00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:54,300
Boy, I'd like to buy that car

211
00:04:54,300 --> 00:04:55,266
now.

212
00:04:55,266 --> 00:04:56,366
Well, if you would buy that car

213
00:04:56,366 --> 00:04:57,766
now, it'd be $56,000 about the

214
00:04:57,766 --> 00:04:59,233
cost of a BMW i3 or some of the

215
00:04:59,233 --> 00:05:00,933
other modern cars.

216
00:05:00,933 --> 00:05:02,766
Again, this is just to let you

217
00:05:02,766 --> 00:05:03,866
know some of the formatting is

218
00:05:03,866 --> 00:05:05,266
not as clear as it should be.

219
00:05:05,266 --> 00:05:06,633
I recycled a lot of slides, and

220
00:05:06,633 --> 00:05:08,333
I'm very much on recycling, so

221
00:05:08,333 --> 00:05:10,766
both in materials and labor.

222
00:05:10,766 --> 00:05:12,366
But the Model T, by comparison,

223
00:05:12,366 --> 00:05:14,700
was about one-fifth the price.

224
00:05:14,700 --> 00:05:15,733
So, about $12,000, about the

225
00:05:15,733 --> 00:05:17,300
same as a Hyundai-Kia.

226
00:05:17,300 --> 00:05:19,233
The Runabouts, which were much,

227
00:05:19,233 --> 00:05:21,333
much simpler, were just above

228
00:05:21,333 --> 00:05:22,900
that, about $20,000.

229
00:05:22,900 --> 00:05:24,000
It kinds of talks about entry

230
00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:25,266
level, Honda Fit, some of these

231
00:05:25,266 --> 00:05:26,500
entry level electric cars, the

232
00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:28,333
Mitsubishi i-MiEV, not a lot

233
00:05:28,333 --> 00:05:30,433
of features, not a lot of price.

234
00:05:30,433 --> 00:05:31,900
Then the Surrey which I thought

235
00:05:31,900 --> 00:05:33,233
was kind of outrageous, this one

236
00:05:33,233 --> 00:05:35,000
right here the equivalent of

237
00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:37,266
$38,000 and some of the options

238
00:05:37,266 --> 00:05:38,900
were, I can't see where it is

239
00:05:38,900 --> 00:05:42,533
down here.

240
00:05:42,533 --> 00:05:44,033
Anyway some of the add-ons were

241
00:05:44,033 --> 00:05:45,666
several hundred dollars which

242
00:05:45,666 --> 00:05:47,000
would be the equivalent of

243
00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:49,433
leather seats and a roof.

244
00:05:49,433 --> 00:05:52,200
Again everybody a century ago,

245
00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:53,666
Detroit Electric saying that we

246
00:05:53,666 --> 00:05:55,100
are the best company, we will be

247
00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:56,700
around forever we use worm or

248
00:05:56,700 --> 00:05:59,466
bevel gears for your axle.

249
00:05:59,466 --> 00:06:01,900
Anybody who knows about gears

250
00:06:01,900 --> 00:06:04,100
it's a very old technology so

251
00:06:04,100 --> 00:06:06,766
the point is that a century ago

252
00:06:06,766 --> 00:06:08,666
we had all these electric cars

253
00:06:08,666 --> 00:06:10,033
in these garages with wall

254
00:06:10,033 --> 00:06:11,633
chargers and we had street

255
00:06:11,633 --> 00:06:13,000
infrastructure, in the gutter

256
00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:14,533
plates, on the street, in the

257
00:06:14,533 --> 00:06:15,733
snow, in the winter, in Detroit

258
00:06:15,733 --> 00:06:17,533
a century ago there were 46,000

259
00:06:17,533 --> 00:06:19,866
miles of electric taxis in

260
00:06:19,866 --> 00:06:21,800
operation a century ago.

261
00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:23,466
Fleets of cars not just a few

262
00:06:23,466 --> 00:06:25,466
but fleets in Detroit; not in

263
00:06:25,466 --> 00:06:28,433
Miami or some other sunny place.

264
00:06:28,433 --> 00:06:29,900
Just to warm up your brain

265
00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:31,200
cells what is the best way to

266
00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:33,133
get around in the future?

267
00:06:33,133 --> 00:06:35,033
This whole personal

268
00:06:35,033 --> 00:06:36,433
transportation paradigm might

269
00:06:36,433 --> 00:06:37,666
not be the future.

270
00:06:37,666 --> 00:06:38,900
Before we go too far into the

271
00:06:38,900 --> 00:06:39,866
past we'll go look into the

272
00:06:39,866 --> 00:06:41,000
future and say will everybody

273
00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:42,033
have their own car or we do this

274
00:06:42,033 --> 00:06:44,500
car sharing thing?

275
00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:45,833
Or will there be lots of bikes

276
00:06:45,833 --> 00:06:47,433
parked everywhere?

277
00:06:47,433 --> 00:06:48,866
Or will you be caring your deer

278
00:06:48,866 --> 00:06:50,100
home from hunting season on your

279
00:06:50,100 --> 00:06:51,500
bike?

280
00:06:51,500 --> 00:06:52,666
Or carrying your washing machine

281
00:06:52,666 --> 00:06:53,900
home on your back?

282
00:06:53,900 --> 00:06:55,500
The label didn't show up on here

283
00:06:55,500 --> 00:06:56,800
but this is Tolstoy on his bike

284
00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:57,933
so while you're thinking great

285
00:06:57,933 --> 00:06:59,066
thoughts and writing great

286
00:06:59,066 --> 00:07:00,166
stories you'd be riding your

287
00:07:00,166 --> 00:07:01,333
bike.

288
00:07:01,333 --> 00:07:02,500
I believe that is the future.

289
00:07:02,500 --> 00:07:03,766
As I was saying about the 60

290
00:07:03,766 --> 00:07:05,733
occupying this space so here is

291
00:07:05,733 --> 00:07:07,233
60 people standing next to each

292
00:07:07,233 --> 00:07:08,666
other, here's 60 people on a

293
00:07:08,666 --> 00:07:09,900
bus.

294
00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:11,533
Here are 60 bicycles and 60

295
00:07:11,533 --> 00:07:12,833
people, about the same volume.

296
00:07:12,833 --> 00:07:14,933
Here are 60 cars, in fact

297
00:07:14,933 --> 00:07:16,400
there's not even 60 cars,

298
00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:17,600
there's less then 60 cars.

299
00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:18,700
Here you can just see that the

300
00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:19,800
volume of personal

301
00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:20,866
transportation is much greater

302
00:07:20,866 --> 00:07:22,033
then a bus or a cluster of

303
00:07:22,033 --> 00:07:23,066
bikes.

304
00:07:23,066 --> 00:07:24,166
Looking at the lifetime C02 per

305
00:07:24,166 --> 00:07:25,866
kilometer, grams per kilometer a

306
00:07:25,866 --> 00:07:27,500
bicycle you wouldn't think would

307
00:07:27,500 --> 00:07:30,266
be that high, 21 grams.

308
00:07:30,266 --> 00:07:32,433
Electric assist bicycle only a

309
00:07:32,433 --> 00:07:34,800
gram more so that's pretty good.

310
00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:36,066
That means that I don't have to

311
00:07:36,066 --> 00:07:37,200
peddle so much and I'm not

312
00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:38,333
really having a big carbon

313
00:07:38,333 --> 00:07:39,366
footprint.

314
00:07:39,366 --> 00:07:40,500
A passenger car again, based on

315
00:07:40,500 --> 00:07:41,533
short trips that a bicycle

316
00:07:41,533 --> 00:07:42,500
would make 270 grams.

317
00:07:42,500 --> 00:07:44,133
You can see over an order

318
00:07:44,133 --> 00:07:46,133
of magnitude and a bus is

319
00:07:46,133 --> 00:07:47,533
someplace in between about 100

320
00:07:47,533 --> 00:07:48,633
grams.

321
00:07:48,633 --> 00:07:50,100
Some people say that a runner is

322
00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:52,600
about 50 grams per mile.

323
00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:54,233
I know per mile better the

324
00:07:54,233 --> 00:07:56,133
kilometer.

325
00:07:56,133 --> 00:07:57,666
Most hybrid cars are well under

326
00:07:57,666 --> 00:08:00,033
100 grams per mile.

327
00:08:00,033 --> 00:08:01,466
The moral of that story is if

328
00:08:01,466 --> 00:08:02,700
you're going someplace

329
00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:04,166
especially to a foot race,

330
00:08:04,166 --> 00:08:05,600
drive your car then run.

331
00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:09,166
[laughter]

332
00:08:09,166 --> 00:08:10,333
A hundred years of electric

333
00:08:10,333 --> 00:08:12,200
transportation, GE has this

334
00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:13,166
charging station called the

335
00:08:13,166 --> 00:08:14,266
watt station.

336
00:08:14,266 --> 00:08:15,366
A century ago, they had

337
00:08:15,366 --> 00:08:16,300
something called the watt

338
00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:17,333
station and here is a very

339
00:08:17,333 --> 00:08:18,800
elegantly dressed person with

340
00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:20,400
a very bright light behind this

341
00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:21,566
charge station plugged.

342
00:08:21,566 --> 00:08:22,666
This is a mercury vapor arc

343
00:08:22,666 --> 00:08:23,666
rectifier.

344
00:08:23,666 --> 00:08:25,633
A century ago they had 8,000

345
00:08:25,633 --> 00:08:28,000
chargers, 8,000 home DC

346
00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:29,466
chargers.

347
00:08:29,466 --> 00:08:30,866
Then it goes man, we're going to

348
00:08:30,866 --> 00:08:32,033
have DC charging in our home.

349
00:08:32,033 --> 00:08:33,200
This lady knew that a century

350
00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:34,233
ago.

351
00:08:34,233 --> 00:08:35,500
GE knew that a century ago.

352
00:08:35,500 --> 00:08:37,266
Here's Steinmetz from GE and

353
00:08:37,266 --> 00:08:38,733
Edison and this is basically

354
00:08:38,733 --> 00:08:39,966
Steinmetz conceding to Edison

355
00:08:39,966 --> 00:08:41,300
saying, you know what, we can't

356
00:08:41,300 --> 00:08:42,500
figure out how to make a good

357
00:08:42,500 --> 00:08:43,600
battery but Edison batteries

358
00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:44,600
rock.

359
00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:45,633
That's what basically Charles

360
00:08:45,633 --> 00:08:47,000
Proteus Steinmetz signed it here

361
00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:48,266
and he said average guy can't

362
00:08:48,266 --> 00:08:49,300
afford to maintain a horse.

363
00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:50,333
Horses are expensive to feed but

364
00:08:50,333 --> 00:08:51,333
an electric car that you can

365
00:08:51,333 --> 00:08:52,300
afford.

366
00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:53,400
Again, a century ago in an ad in

367
00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:57,533
this Electric Review 1914.

368
00:08:57,533 --> 00:08:58,766
Porsche's first car, some of you

369
00:08:58,766 --> 00:09:00,366
have seen this in the headlines

370
00:09:00,366 --> 00:09:02,200
recently 112 years in storage

371
00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:03,366
pull it out.

372
00:09:03,366 --> 00:09:04,766
Basically it was built in 1898,

373
00:09:04,766 --> 00:09:06,333
he was 23 years old, he's got

374
00:09:06,333 --> 00:09:08,366
his initials scrawled into here.

375
00:09:08,366 --> 00:09:10,433
He worked for Loaner, built this

376
00:09:10,433 --> 00:09:12,100
surrey that had eight

377
00:09:12,100 --> 00:09:13,266
convertible bodies so you could

378
00:09:13,266 --> 00:09:14,733
put different styles of

379
00:09:14,733 --> 00:09:17,000
components on top but this is

380
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:18,533
the restored actual first

381
00:09:18,533 --> 00:09:19,800
electric vehicle that Porsche

382
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:20,766
built.

383
00:09:20,766 --> 00:09:22,066
His lightweight 286 pound motor

384
00:09:22,066 --> 00:09:24,233
did all of three horse power

385
00:09:24,233 --> 00:09:26,466
continuous five horse peak.

386
00:09:26,466 --> 00:09:30,066
This here is a motor drive it's

387
00:09:30,066 --> 00:09:32,000
150 horsepower and that's four

388
00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:33,766
years old.

389
00:09:33,766 --> 00:09:35,133
The next generation is about the

390
00:09:35,133 --> 00:09:36,733
size of a box of cigars, 150

391
00:09:36,733 --> 00:09:38,533
horsepower traction drive.

392
00:09:38,533 --> 00:09:40,066
Again very, very high density,

393
00:09:40,066 --> 00:09:42,166
high voltage, again over a

394
00:09:42,166 --> 00:09:44,433
century of evolution.

395
00:09:44,433 --> 00:09:46,066
Battery swapping, a lot of

396
00:09:46,066 --> 00:09:47,833
people know that Project Better

397
00:09:47,833 --> 00:09:50,033
Place failed to meet its

398
00:09:50,033 --> 00:09:51,533
expectations after burning

399
00:09:51,533 --> 00:09:52,833
through 850 million dollars of

400
00:09:52,833 --> 00:09:54,166
investor money they decided to

401
00:09:54,166 --> 00:09:55,433
call it quits that they couldn't

402
00:09:55,433 --> 00:09:56,533
return on their investment.

403
00:09:56,533 --> 00:09:57,766
A century ago, a lot of people

404
00:09:57,766 --> 00:09:58,866
knew the same thing that it

405
00:09:58,866 --> 00:09:59,800
really wasn't a good idea.

406
00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,066
They had taxi cabs a century ago

407
00:10:01,066 --> 00:10:02,733
and in this taxi cab there is a

408
00:10:02,733 --> 00:10:04,200
pallet full of batteries so of

409
00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:05,833
course the cabby sat up high

410
00:10:05,833 --> 00:10:07,533
where he's got his tiller.

411
00:10:07,533 --> 00:10:09,800
The passengers sat in the front

412
00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:12,000
and in the center is a tray full

413
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,300
of batteries.

414
00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:14,466
When the batteries were

415
00:10:14,466 --> 00:10:15,566
discharged instead of taking

416
00:10:15,566 --> 00:10:16,666
overnight to recharge the

417
00:10:16,666 --> 00:10:18,100
vehicle they'd pull into this

418
00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:19,733
fixture and there are two large

419
00:10:19,733 --> 00:10:22,800
levers over here that the

420
00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:26,033
operator would because as you

421
00:10:26,033 --> 00:10:27,300
can imagine if you're putting in

422
00:10:27,300 --> 00:10:28,866
500 pounds of batteries into a

423
00:10:28,866 --> 00:10:30,433
leaf spring vehicle it's going

424
00:10:30,433 --> 00:10:32,000
to go down as you put it in, as

425
00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,066
you pull it out it's going to go

426
00:10:33,066 --> 00:10:34,100
up.

427
00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:35,133
You have to match the batteries

428
00:10:35,133 --> 00:10:36,100
to the vehicle.

429
00:10:36,100 --> 00:10:37,233
They would have large hydraulic

430
00:10:37,233 --> 00:10:38,400
rams that would allow them to

431
00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:39,400
articulate the vehicle to get

432
00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:40,466
the battery in and out; a lot of

433
00:10:40,466 --> 00:10:41,466
mechanical engineering a century

434
00:10:41,466 --> 00:10:42,500
ago.

435
00:10:42,500 --> 00:10:43,833
You can see these wooden frames

436
00:10:43,833 --> 00:10:45,000
where they have trays of

437
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:46,200
batteries much like a fork lift

438
00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:47,233
operation where the swap it out.

439
00:10:47,233 --> 00:10:48,333
Charging garages and you can see

440
00:10:48,333 --> 00:10:49,433
these are some more of these

441
00:10:49,433 --> 00:10:50,700
mercury vapor arc rectifier

442
00:10:50,700 --> 00:10:52,333
tubes.

443
00:10:52,333 --> 00:10:53,833
Again, a pool of mercury that

444
00:10:53,833 --> 00:10:55,433
they turn sideways until it

445
00:10:55,433 --> 00:10:56,666
strikes an arc and then

446
00:10:56,666 --> 00:10:57,733
vaporizes and that was the

447
00:10:57,733 --> 00:10:59,000
rectifier a century ago;

448
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:00,800
stations of them with lots of

449
00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:02,333
analog meters and lots of cables

450
00:11:02,333 --> 00:11:03,500
and lots of cars that were

451
00:11:03,500 --> 00:11:04,500
plugged in.

452
00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:05,566
These DC charging stations that

453
00:11:05,566 --> 00:11:06,966
people are proposing with new

454
00:11:06,966 --> 00:11:08,466
safer standards were around a

455
00:11:08,466 --> 00:11:09,833
century ago; again, economically

456
00:11:09,833 --> 00:11:11,466
feasible a century ago,

457
00:11:11,466 --> 00:11:13,033
economically feasible now with

458
00:11:13,033 --> 00:11:14,533
different constraints.

459
00:11:14,533 --> 00:11:16,200
"Does is pay?"

460
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:17,300
I don't have enough time to go

461
00:11:17,300 --> 00:11:18,500
through all of these but you can

462
00:11:18,500 --> 00:11:19,600
see a lot of slides, switches

463
00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:20,933
and a lot of knobs and tubes and

464
00:11:20,933 --> 00:11:22,700
wires that the operator would

465
00:11:22,700 --> 00:11:23,900
have to know what he'd doing on

466
00:11:23,900 --> 00:11:25,333
charging battery vehicles but

467
00:11:25,333 --> 00:11:27,900
here are those four batteries

468
00:11:27,900 --> 00:11:29,200
that were in the swap.

469
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:30,866
It's a dollar a ride for an

470
00:11:30,866 --> 00:11:33,400
electric taxi a century ago.

471
00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:34,933
A dollar was a lot of money a

472
00:11:34,933 --> 00:11:36,633
century ago.

473
00:11:36,633 --> 00:11:38,233
That's like me saying I want to

474
00:11:38,233 --> 00:11:40,400
take a Nissan LEAF cab from here

475
00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,100
downtown, $25.

476
00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:44,733
Wow, how many rides will it do?

477
00:11:44,733 --> 00:11:46,133
Fifteen hundred rides, you say

478
00:11:46,133 --> 00:11:47,966
wow some cab companies do 1500

479
00:11:47,966 --> 00:11:49,400
rides a day not in a whole

480
00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:50,866
operation.

481
00:11:50,866 --> 00:11:52,133
The point is that all this

482
00:11:52,133 --> 00:11:53,566
switching station and charging

483
00:11:53,566 --> 00:11:56,000
and swapping never broke even.

484
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,200
We'll go back 50 years.

485
00:11:58,200 --> 00:11:59,400
I can go back in more

486
00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:00,700
granularity but we'll just do it

487
00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:02,366
in decades.

488
00:12:02,366 --> 00:12:03,633
Fifty years ago and a lot of

489
00:12:03,633 --> 00:12:05,100
people remember them, most of

490
00:12:05,100 --> 00:12:06,933
you have good memories, you can

491
00:12:06,933 --> 00:12:08,133
remember the Electrovair.

492
00:12:08,133 --> 00:12:09,633
The front was filled with silver

493
00:12:09,633 --> 00:12:11,300
zinc batteries, most people know

494
00:12:11,300 --> 00:12:12,633
that silver zinc batteries are

495
00:12:12,633 --> 00:12:14,366
most often used on one way trips

496
00:12:14,366 --> 00:12:16,700
in military defense articles.

497
00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:18,866
In a torpedo or a missile you

498
00:12:18,866 --> 00:12:19,766
don't expect that battery to

499
00:12:19,766 --> 00:12:21,033
come back.

500
00:12:21,033 --> 00:12:22,666
This is a car stuffed full of

501
00:12:22,666 --> 00:12:24,100
batteries that don't expect to

502
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:25,333
have a very long lifetime and

503
00:12:25,333 --> 00:12:26,500
again very good density but they

504
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:27,800
did it all with SCR's.

505
00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:28,966
Anybody who knows power

506
00:12:28,966 --> 00:12:30,100
electronics this is a big feat

507
00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:32,033
to do this, no computers, gate

508
00:12:32,033 --> 00:12:33,300
turn off devices, it was a lot

509
00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:35,033
of technology for 50 years ago.

510
00:12:35,033 --> 00:12:36,200
The Electrovair was an

511
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:37,866
investigation that lead towards

512
00:12:37,866 --> 00:12:39,466
the electro-vet and some other

513
00:12:39,466 --> 00:12:40,566
things but just

514
00:12:40,566 --> 00:12:41,633
looking in the back you can see

515
00:12:41,633 --> 00:12:42,833
a spaghetti mess of wire, a

516
00:12:42,833 --> 00:12:43,900
whole bunch of batteries, the

517
00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:45,166
horizontal fan that was in the

518
00:12:45,166 --> 00:12:46,266
Corvair.

519
00:12:46,266 --> 00:12:47,366
These were some papers that were

520
00:12:47,366 --> 00:12:48,733
published 50 years ago, half a

521
00:12:48,733 --> 00:12:50,300
century ago.

522
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:52,100
Forty years ago seems like a

523
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:53,966
long time ago and for some

524
00:12:53,966 --> 00:12:55,333
people it is but looking back at

525
00:12:55,333 --> 00:12:57,600
Slide Rule calculators, so the

526
00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,333
electronic Slide Rule first same

527
00:12:59,333 --> 00:13:00,600
out in 1974, the SR-52 with a

528
00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:02,266
Slide Rule.

529
00:13:02,266 --> 00:13:04,766
It took only three seconds to

530
00:13:04,766 --> 00:13:07,266
come up with a trigonometric

531
00:13:07,266 --> 00:13:10,300
answer, three, one, two, three

532
00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:11,466
before it came up with an

533
00:13:11,466 --> 00:13:12,566
answer.

534
00:13:12,566 --> 00:13:13,600
Most people were amazed and

535
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:14,733
again they were on the order of

536
00:13:14,733 --> 00:13:15,766
$200.

537
00:13:15,766 --> 00:13:16,800
If you were using a Slide Rule

538
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:17,966
that was a great time saver.

539
00:13:17,966 --> 00:13:19,166
Today we have Google glass,

540
00:13:19,166 --> 00:13:20,466
here's a dime and that shows you

541
00:13:20,466 --> 00:13:21,733
the monitor that fits inside the

542
00:13:21,733 --> 00:13:22,866
eye piece and you have basically

543
00:13:22,866 --> 00:13:24,233
a full on wearable computer in

544
00:13:24,233 --> 00:13:25,700
just 40 years.

545
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:26,900
You can imagine what the next 40

546
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:27,966
years holds.

547
00:13:27,966 --> 00:13:29,133
A lot of people say we need DC

548
00:13:29,133 --> 00:13:30,266
off board charging.

549
00:13:30,266 --> 00:13:31,400
Here it is, 350 mail jeeps were

550
00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:33,366
deployed by the US government

551
00:13:33,366 --> 00:13:35,000
and AMC for the postal service.

552
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:36,900
Three hundred and fifty units,

553
00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:38,800
40 years ago, lots and lots of

554
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:40,133
DC charge vehicles in fleet

555
00:13:40,133 --> 00:13:41,933
operation every day.

556
00:13:41,933 --> 00:13:43,300
Battery swapping, here's a

557
00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,766
company in Boston who did

558
00:13:44,766 --> 00:13:46,233
battery swapping on delivery

559
00:13:46,233 --> 00:13:47,366
vehicles.

560
00:13:47,366 --> 00:13:48,700
Mail vehicles were electric

561
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:49,900
vehicles; today we have mail

562
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:50,966
vehicles that are electric

563
00:13:50,966 --> 00:13:52,333
vehicles.

564
00:13:52,333 --> 00:13:53,533
Thirty years ago, EV-1.

565
00:13:53,533 --> 00:13:55,000
Hard to believe EV-1 came out

566
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,366
30 years go as a T-pack design.

567
00:13:56,366 --> 00:13:58,500
We have one here in case anybody

568
00:13:58,500 --> 00:14:00,133
doesn't know, here at UW Madison

569
00:14:00,133 --> 00:14:01,466
we have one of the remaining 40

570
00:14:01,466 --> 00:14:02,966
left on the planet and it has a

571
00:14:02,966 --> 00:14:04,700
T-pack in the middle and it

572
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:06,200
originally came with lead acid

573
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:07,800
and then second generation was

574
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:09,166
nickel metal hydride.

575
00:14:09,166 --> 00:14:10,433
The motor drive system on the

576
00:14:10,433 --> 00:14:12,100
front was about 100 kilowatts so

577
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:13,866
you can see this thing that goes

578
00:14:13,866 --> 00:14:15,000
fender to fender, now fits in a

579
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:16,100
cigar box; again, 30 years of

580
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:17,166
evolution.

581
00:14:17,166 --> 00:14:18,333
I worked on this product a long

582
00:14:18,333 --> 00:14:19,500
time ago at GM.

583
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:20,733
Eight years ago, and it doesn't

584
00:14:20,733 --> 00:14:21,966
seem like eight years ago.

585
00:14:21,966 --> 00:14:23,200
Eight years ago the Chevy Volt

586
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:24,200
was released.

587
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:26,433
It was in production in 2010 but

588
00:14:26,433 --> 00:14:28,000
eight years ago was when they

589
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,633
announced the program and made

590
00:14:29,633 --> 00:14:30,866
it public.

591
00:14:30,866 --> 00:14:32,666
Again the T-pack, lithium ion

592
00:14:32,666 --> 00:14:34,133
batteries, water cooling plates,

593
00:14:34,133 --> 00:14:35,366
you can see the difference in

594
00:14:35,366 --> 00:14:36,600
the size of the packs between

595
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:38,466
the EV-1 and the Volt.

596
00:14:38,466 --> 00:14:40,133
Anyway, we move on to today.

597
00:14:40,133 --> 00:14:42,133
The Tesla model S has 8,000

598
00:14:42,133 --> 00:14:45,266
18650 cells.

599
00:14:45,266 --> 00:14:46,466
These are trays of the cells

600
00:14:46,466 --> 00:14:47,800
that are welded into an array

601
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:50,266
with cooling and a insulating

602
00:14:50,266 --> 00:14:51,766
thermostat in between and then a

603
00:14:51,766 --> 00:14:53,433
lot of inner connects.

604
00:14:53,433 --> 00:14:54,933
These are made and such with the

605
00:14:54,933 --> 00:14:56,166
spot welds and I don't have a

606
00:14:56,166 --> 00:14:57,433
close up of the spot welds, the

607
00:14:57,433 --> 00:14:58,633
spot welds are on the end of

608
00:14:58,633 --> 00:14:59,833
each battery if there is a

609
00:14:59,833 --> 00:15:00,900
failure isolates the failure.

610
00:15:00,900 --> 00:15:02,133
You would never have a cascaded

611
00:15:02,133 --> 00:15:03,500
failure.

612
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:05,333
This is a segment out of a fire,

613
00:15:05,333 --> 00:15:07,133
a first responders video on how

614
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:08,366
to flip the car on its side to

615
00:15:08,366 --> 00:15:09,733
extricate some of the items

616
00:15:09,733 --> 00:15:11,400
underneath.

617
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:12,400
You can see the whole bottom of

618
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:13,533
the car is flat.

619
00:15:13,533 --> 00:15:14,733
What normally people would do to

620
00:15:14,733 --> 00:15:15,966
jack or pry you can't do in an

621
00:15:15,966 --> 00:15:17,033
aluminum car because there's

622
00:15:17,033 --> 00:15:18,233
nothing to pry again as some

623
00:15:18,233 --> 00:15:19,133
people know.

624
00:15:19,133 --> 00:15:20,166
Like jacking in mud, if you put

625
00:15:20,166 --> 00:15:21,233
a level against it all you do is

626
00:15:21,233 --> 00:15:22,333
push into the mud.

627
00:15:22,333 --> 00:15:23,833
In an aluminum vehicle as soon

628
00:15:23,833 --> 00:15:25,033
as you start to pry the wheel

629
00:15:25,033 --> 00:15:26,300
away from the vehicle all you do

630
00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:27,500
is punch a whole in the vehicle

631
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:28,700
and you actually don't get the

632
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:29,700
vehicle to come apart.

633
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:30,666
A lot of first responder

634
00:15:30,666 --> 00:15:31,566
training is needed.

635
00:15:31,566 --> 00:15:32,533
You can see on the bottom is a

636
00:15:32,533 --> 00:15:33,533
very thin battery pack that

637
00:15:33,533 --> 00:15:34,566
spans the whole bottom of the

638
00:15:34,566 --> 00:15:35,600
car.

639
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:36,833
This one is from the Tesla model

640
00:15:36,833 --> 00:15:38,533
X the gull wing car which has

641
00:15:38,533 --> 00:15:39,800
all wheel drive.

642
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:41,566
Again, zero to 60 in, I don't

643
00:15:41,566 --> 00:15:42,633
know what they're saying, 3.3

644
00:15:42,633 --> 00:15:44,300
seconds some $100,000 car.

645
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:45,566
You get sports car performance

646
00:15:45,566 --> 00:15:48,166
at a price better then a BMW M3.

647
00:15:48,166 --> 00:15:51,033
Plug in vehicles all need the

648
00:15:51,033 --> 00:15:53,566
appropriate rate of charging.

649
00:15:53,566 --> 00:15:55,633
If you have, and I'm not sure

650
00:15:55,633 --> 00:15:57,333
exactly what everyone in the

651
00:15:57,333 --> 00:15:58,866
crowd is familiar with so I'm

652
00:15:58,866 --> 00:16:01,733
just going to go over this, mild

653
00:16:01,733 --> 00:16:03,100
short range electric cars, short

654
00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:04,966
electric range plug in hybrid

655
00:16:04,966 --> 00:16:06,200
vehicles have about a five

656
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:07,766
kilowatt hour battery and the

657
00:16:07,766 --> 00:16:09,200
charger will take on from the

658
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:10,766
wall about one and a half

659
00:16:10,766 --> 00:16:12,133
kilowatt and from a fixed

660
00:16:12,133 --> 00:16:13,900
prewired source, three kilowatt.

661
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:15,666
Very small battery like a

662
00:16:15,666 --> 00:16:17,266
humming bird it drinks a little

663
00:16:17,266 --> 00:16:18,700
bit but it has to do it quite

664
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:20,533
often.

665
00:16:20,533 --> 00:16:21,866
An extended range vehicle like

666
00:16:21,866 --> 00:16:22,700
I saw some people pull into the

667
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:23,933
parking lot with their Volt you

668
00:16:23,933 --> 00:16:26,033
have about 10 to 20 kilowatt

669
00:16:26,033 --> 00:16:27,466
hours.

670
00:16:27,466 --> 00:16:28,833
The Volt generally takes on

671
00:16:28,833 --> 00:16:30,333
about 10 kilowatt of energy and

672
00:16:30,333 --> 00:16:31,766
you'd like to charge at a rate

673
00:16:31,766 --> 00:16:33,000
up to six kilowatts.

674
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:34,433
It's three kilowatt is the

675
00:16:34,433 --> 00:16:35,866
typical charge that's on board

676
00:16:35,866 --> 00:16:38,366
because again, rate costs money.

677
00:16:38,366 --> 00:16:39,833
Anybody who's a fan of mad max

678
00:16:39,833 --> 00:16:41,266
to say speeds a matter of money,

679
00:16:41,266 --> 00:16:42,766
how fast do you want to go?

680
00:16:42,766 --> 00:16:43,833
Same with charging

681
00:16:43,833 --> 00:16:45,000
infrastructure, same with PAR

682
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:46,066
electronics; it's easy to do

683
00:16:46,066 --> 00:16:47,233
it'll just cost you money.

684
00:16:47,233 --> 00:16:48,666
On a $100,000 vehicle and extra

685
00:16:48,666 --> 00:16:50,166
two to three thousand dollar

686
00:16:50,166 --> 00:16:51,366
premium for a charger is

687
00:16:51,366 --> 00:16:52,466
unnoticeable.

688
00:16:52,466 --> 00:16:54,133
On a $12,000 vehicle well that

689
00:16:54,133 --> 00:16:55,500
would be 1/3rd to ¼ of the

690
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:57,266
incremental cost you would never

691
00:16:57,266 --> 00:16:58,800
think about doing that.

692
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:00,100
Then the battery electric

693
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:01,400
vehicles as we just mentioned

694
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:03,300
they have 20 kilowatt hour, 85

695
00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:04,933
kilowatt hour if you can afford

696
00:17:04,933 --> 00:17:06,333
that much battery and they'll

697
00:17:06,333 --> 00:17:07,900
charge above six kilowatt.

698
00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:09,466
Market share, a lot of people

699
00:17:09,466 --> 00:17:11,033
say, wow, look at Norway, they

700
00:17:11,033 --> 00:17:12,933
are awesome, 6% of the vehicles

701
00:17:12,933 --> 00:17:15,000
in Norway are electrified.

702
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,100
I know of people in the audience

703
00:17:17,100 --> 00:17:18,966
know the answer, why is that?

704
00:17:18,966 --> 00:17:19,800
Well, they get to drive in the

705
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:21,533
bus lane, they get about $80,000

706
00:17:21,533 --> 00:17:23,533
off on their taxes, you're like

707
00:17:23,533 --> 00:17:25,533
what do you mean?

708
00:17:25,533 --> 00:17:27,200
Vehicles cost about $80,000 so

709
00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:28,366
F1-50 in Norway costs about

710
00:17:28,366 --> 00:17:29,733
$80,000.

711
00:17:29,733 --> 00:17:31,333
They heavily, heavily dissuade

712
00:17:31,333 --> 00:17:32,366
you from using petroleum which

713
00:17:32,366 --> 00:17:34,300
Norway sells.

714
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:35,700
You say why would you eat your--

715
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:37,100
It's like a dairy farmer eating

716
00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:38,600
all his cheese instead of

717
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:39,500
selling it.

718
00:17:39,500 --> 00:17:40,666
It's like got to have something

719
00:17:40,666 --> 00:17:41,533
to sell.

720
00:17:41,533 --> 00:17:43,066
They highly subsidize electric

721
00:17:43,066 --> 00:17:44,666
vehicles, again, the air is

722
00:17:44,666 --> 00:17:46,166
clean in Norway why would you do

723
00:17:46,166 --> 00:17:47,400
that?

724
00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:48,666
They don't want to be a

725
00:17:48,666 --> 00:17:49,766
petroleum dependant country.

726
00:17:49,766 --> 00:17:50,866
Those subsidizes have made it

727
00:17:50,866 --> 00:17:51,833
tough for buses to get through.

728
00:17:51,833 --> 00:17:52,800
There is more traffic in the bus

729
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:53,966
lane then buses.

730
00:17:53,966 --> 00:17:55,266
The smallest user of the bus

731
00:17:55,266 --> 00:17:56,633
lane are buses and buses are

732
00:17:56,633 --> 00:17:57,800
running behind now because

733
00:17:57,800 --> 00:17:58,966
there's too many electric cars.

734
00:17:58,966 --> 00:18:00,166
They're a victim of their own

735
00:18:00,166 --> 00:18:01,233
success.

736
00:18:01,233 --> 00:18:02,466
Netherlands the same way except

737
00:18:02,466 --> 00:18:03,900
for their subsidizes are ending

738
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:05,033
so even though it's 5% of their

739
00:18:05,033 --> 00:18:06,200
country they won't hold that

740
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:07,533
position because once subsidizes

741
00:18:07,533 --> 00:18:09,200
end the popularity tends to end.

742
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:10,933
You can see Iceland because they

743
00:18:10,933 --> 00:18:12,333
have a lot of renewable energy

744
00:18:12,333 --> 00:18:14,066
and they do like to be zero

745
00:18:14,066 --> 00:18:15,366
carbon country because they

746
00:18:15,366 --> 00:18:17,566
aren't a petroleum enabled

747
00:18:17,566 --> 00:18:18,666
country so they have a lot of

748
00:18:18,666 --> 00:18:19,733
incentive.

749
00:18:19,733 --> 00:18:20,966
It goes all the way down to

750
00:18:20,966 --> 00:18:21,933
Italy and actually cut it off

751
00:18:21,933 --> 00:18:23,333
down by Russia.

752
00:18:23,333 --> 00:18:25,200
What is the future?

753
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:26,433
Is it going to be gull wing

754
00:18:26,433 --> 00:18:27,533
cars?

755
00:18:27,533 --> 00:18:28,900
Well, -- says yeah, you've got

756
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:30,533
a $100,000 to burn in your

757
00:18:30,533 --> 00:18:31,566
pocket; I'll sell you

758
00:18:31,566 --> 00:18:32,866
a gull wing electric car.

759
00:18:32,866 --> 00:18:34,233
If you're a Mercedes here is

760
00:18:34,233 --> 00:18:35,466
$430,000 I'll sell you a gull

761
00:18:35,466 --> 00:18:36,666
wing electric car.

762
00:18:36,666 --> 00:18:38,266
If you're a shoe salesman I'll

763
00:18:38,266 --> 00:18:39,500
sell you this wing tip electric

764
00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:41,266
car.

765
00:18:41,266 --> 00:18:42,233
This goes about 1400 feet just

766
00:18:42,233 --> 00:18:43,300
back and forth in front of the

767
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:44,966
store.

768
00:18:44,966 --> 00:18:46,333
You can just see how the rapid

769
00:18:46,333 --> 00:18:47,533
increase and most people who

770
00:18:47,533 --> 00:18:48,766
know trends say wow, look at

771
00:18:48,766 --> 00:18:50,433
this in 2010 there was less then

772
00:18:50,433 --> 00:18:52,233
1000 cars because again when the

773
00:18:52,233 --> 00:18:53,666
Chevy Volt and other cars came

774
00:18:53,666 --> 00:18:55,333
out to what we had last year,

775
00:18:55,333 --> 00:18:57,466
52,000 electrified vehicles were

776
00:18:57,466 --> 00:18:59,733
sold last year.

777
00:18:59,733 --> 00:19:01,000
You can see it's just gradually

778
00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:02,500
going up and it'll keep going

779
00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:03,733
up.

780
00:19:03,733 --> 00:19:04,866
Infrastructure so we have a lot

781
00:19:04,866 --> 00:19:06,033
of reasons why we should have

782
00:19:06,033 --> 00:19:07,266
plug-ins.

783
00:19:07,266 --> 00:19:09,633
The ratio of plugs, of dedicated

784
00:19:09,633 --> 00:19:11,500
charging infrastructure to

785
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:13,033
vehicles was thought to be 2 to

786
00:19:13,033 --> 00:19:14,633
1 for every car I have to have

787
00:19:14,633 --> 00:19:15,800
two chargers, one here and one

788
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:17,300
there.

789
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:18,900
Actual fact is it's 0.2 to 1,

790
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:20,533
because I can use my existing

791
00:19:20,533 --> 00:19:22,933
infrastructure; my 15 amp

792
00:19:22,933 --> 00:19:24,600
120 volt outlet does just

793
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:25,900
fine if I have plenty of time.

794
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:26,933
As much as people thought they

795
00:19:26,933 --> 00:19:28,500
were going to spend a lot of

796
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:29,966
money on this infrastructure and

797
00:19:29,966 --> 00:19:31,433
we'll get to one of the pyramid

798
00:19:31,433 --> 00:19:32,900
slides later talk about how not

799
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:34,166
important it is to have

800
00:19:34,166 --> 00:19:35,333
massively publicly funded

801
00:19:35,333 --> 00:19:36,333
infrastructure.

802
00:19:36,333 --> 00:19:37,533
There's a lot of different ways

803
00:19:37,533 --> 00:19:38,633
you can get energy into your

804
00:19:38,633 --> 00:19:39,933
vehicle that are just suitable.

805
00:19:39,933 --> 00:19:40,966
People have been finding that

806
00:19:40,966 --> 00:19:41,966
this thing that I already have

807
00:19:41,966 --> 00:19:42,933
in my garage is just fine if I

808
00:19:42,933 --> 00:19:44,100
want to bump it up another $500

809
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:45,633
or $1000 or $5000 that you can

810
00:19:45,633 --> 00:19:47,966
do at your own privilege.

811
00:19:47,966 --> 00:19:49,500
The subsidies for this are going

812
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:50,700
away so a lot of people who were

813
00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:51,900
incentive-ized to say the free

814
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:53,200
thing, I like a lot.

815
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:54,500
If I have to pay any money for

816
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:55,800
it I'm not so enamored with it

817
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:56,733
anymore.

818
00:19:56,733 --> 00:19:57,933
That's a lot of my world of how

819
00:19:57,933 --> 00:19:59,166
do we encourage people to do the

820
00:19:59,166 --> 00:20:00,366
right thing without paying them

821
00:20:00,366 --> 00:20:01,933
to do the right thing?

822
00:20:01,933 --> 00:20:03,166
Here the colors are significant

823
00:20:03,166 --> 00:20:04,466
on here on one of the new

824
00:20:04,466 --> 00:20:06,433
stations are so the blue dots

825
00:20:06,433 --> 00:20:08,066
are stations that were deployed

826
00:20:08,066 --> 00:20:09,166
in the last year.

827
00:20:09,166 --> 00:20:10,733
You can see there are more blue

828
00:20:10,733 --> 00:20:12,300
dots then red dots.

829
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:13,466
This is that whole

830
00:20:13,466 --> 00:20:14,566
infrastructure where people

831
00:20:14,566 --> 00:20:15,666
believe there will be a return

832
00:20:15,666 --> 00:20:16,933
on investment, they will put

833
00:20:16,933 --> 00:20:18,733
public infrastructure in to a

834
00:20:18,733 --> 00:20:20,066
limit.

835
00:20:20,066 --> 00:20:22,200
ECOtality failed, 350Green

836
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:23,733
failed, Better Place failed,

837
00:20:23,733 --> 00:20:24,866
they had a business model that

838
00:20:24,866 --> 00:20:25,933
said people will pay to use

839
00:20:25,933 --> 00:20:27,166
these outlets.

840
00:20:27,166 --> 00:20:28,733
What you don't know is that the

841
00:20:28,733 --> 00:20:30,833
rate that you pay for access to

842
00:20:30,833 --> 00:20:32,400
electricity, not the electricity

843
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:33,733
itself but access to electricity

844
00:20:33,733 --> 00:20:35,266
almost like the coffee cup model

845
00:20:35,266 --> 00:20:37,000
with Starbucks, what's in that

846
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:38,566
cup is about three to five cents

847
00:20:38,566 --> 00:20:39,833
of material.

848
00:20:39,833 --> 00:20:41,033
You're paying for the cup, the

849
00:20:41,033 --> 00:20:42,400
parking lot, the guy handing you

850
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:44,166
it, the insurance plan, taxes.

851
00:20:44,166 --> 00:20:46,033
The smallest bit of what you're

852
00:20:46,033 --> 00:20:47,666
getting is what's in that cup.

853
00:20:47,666 --> 00:20:48,900
You're paying for access to the

854
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:50,533
coffee not the coffee itself.

855
00:20:50,533 --> 00:20:51,933
The access to electricity adds

856
00:20:51,933 --> 00:20:53,633
up to somewhere between 12 and

857
00:20:53,633 --> 00:20:55,400
20 dollars a gallon equivalent

858
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:56,833
on transportation miles you can

859
00:20:56,833 --> 00:20:58,133
go on that electricity that's

860
00:20:58,133 --> 00:20:59,266
dispensed from this.

861
00:20:59,266 --> 00:21:00,200
You say $2 per hour is a

862
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:01,933
pretty good rate but when you

863
00:21:01,933 --> 00:21:03,166
can get into your car in that

864
00:21:03,166 --> 00:21:04,900
one hour would be the equivalent

865
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:06,533
of about 12 to 20 dollars of

866
00:21:06,533 --> 00:21:08,700
gasoline at 3.15, right now

867
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:11,700
we're back up to 3.50 a gallon.

868
00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:13,333
Lots of comparison so snap shot

869
00:21:13,333 --> 00:21:14,633
of where the charging points

870
00:21:14,633 --> 00:21:16,433
are.

871
00:21:16,433 --> 00:21:17,866
AFDC is alternative fuels data

872
00:21:17,866 --> 00:21:20,000
center by DUE hosted at --

873
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,200
and they make a catalog

874
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,233
of where all the stations are

875
00:21:24,233 --> 00:21:25,633
but there's not a real--

876
00:21:25,633 --> 00:21:26,933
Anybody who's looking

877
00:21:26,933 --> 00:21:28,100
for stations knows that you

878
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:29,966
can't just look at one site, you

879
00:21:29,966 --> 00:21:31,266
have to look at a combination.

880
00:21:31,266 --> 00:21:32,733
Charge Point claims that they

881
00:21:32,733 --> 00:21:34,900
have 15,000 stations out there.

882
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,166
The Blink Network which is now

883
00:21:37,166 --> 00:21:39,933
operated by Car Charging Group

884
00:21:39,933 --> 00:21:44,566
claims that they have 12,000

885
00:21:44,566 --> 00:21:47,000
points and then this is the

886
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:48,466
test, the Super Charger Network

887
00:21:48,466 --> 00:21:49,733
which you can see goes across

888
00:21:49,733 --> 00:21:51,400
America in an H pattern.

889
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:53,300
There's one up by East Town,

890
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:54,733
there's one in Rockford so if

891
00:21:54,733 --> 00:21:56,100
you have a Tesla which again is

892
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:57,300
a proprietary charging plug for

893
00:21:57,300 --> 00:21:59,400
a reason.

894
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:01,166
They don't have any sign up or

895
00:22:01,166 --> 00:22:02,700
reservation stuff.

896
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:04,000
It's like if you bought a Tesla

897
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,366
of this one that the plug will

898
00:22:05,366 --> 00:22:06,666
work you get to use that

899
00:22:06,666 --> 00:22:07,700
station.

900
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:08,900
If you didn't buy that

901
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:10,033
particular model from that

902
00:22:10,033 --> 00:22:11,133
particular vendor, that stations

903
00:22:11,133 --> 00:22:12,100
not for you.

904
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:13,200
I look at is as the executive

905
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:14,333
wash room, if you're privileged

906
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:15,333
enough to use that it's for you,

907
00:22:15,333 --> 00:22:16,433
if you are not that person it is

908
00:22:16,433 --> 00:22:17,533
not for you and has zero benefit

909
00:22:17,533 --> 00:22:20,000
to you.

910
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:21,766
That nice pattern you say wow, I

911
00:22:21,766 --> 00:22:23,033
can go cross country if I bought

912
00:22:23,033 --> 00:22:24,533
this $100,000 car or I would say

913
00:22:24,533 --> 00:22:25,966
the minimum to get that access

914
00:22:25,966 --> 00:22:28,566
is about $70,000.

915
00:22:28,566 --> 00:22:31,800
Anybody who's driving a Tesla

916
00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:33,933
I make apologies for using you

917
00:22:33,933 --> 00:22:36,000
as an example.

918
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,333
Interoperability, a lot of

919
00:22:37,333 --> 00:22:38,766
people don't know what the word

920
00:22:38,766 --> 00:22:40,066
means so I thought I'd bring it

921
00:22:40,066 --> 00:22:41,333
up a little bit because I'm

922
00:22:41,333 --> 00:22:42,400
going to talk a lot unless my

923
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:43,500
job ran out to make sure one

924
00:22:43,500 --> 00:22:44,466
thing works with another.

925
00:22:44,466 --> 00:22:45,533
Most people say will you bill it

926
00:22:45,533 --> 00:22:46,766
to the spec it works everywhere

927
00:22:46,766 --> 00:22:48,200
and people have had phones and

928
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:49,600
if you remember printers and

929
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:50,833
other things you plug it in; it

930
00:22:50,833 --> 00:22:51,933
didn't work at all.

931
00:22:51,933 --> 00:22:53,166
Or you get this new phone it

932
00:22:53,166 --> 00:22:54,633
says enabled for but not

933
00:22:54,633 --> 00:22:55,900
actually capable of right?

934
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:57,200
All these little fine print

935
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:58,366
asterisks or people didn't

936
00:22:58,366 --> 00:22:59,500
really check where two different

937
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:00,666
standards are not compatible.

938
00:23:00,666 --> 00:23:01,800
Incompatibility is different

939
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:03,000
then interoperability as

940
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:04,166
different from compliance.

941
00:23:04,166 --> 00:23:05,333
Certification of

942
00:23:05,333 --> 00:23:06,500
interoperability is what my lab

943
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:07,500
does.

944
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:08,700
Here's some examples of

945
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:10,366
pioneers, Luther Simjian was the

946
00:23:10,366 --> 00:23:12,000
father of ATM.

947
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:13,233
Long before people thought about

948
00:23:13,233 --> 00:23:14,433
ATM's he worked on

949
00:23:14,433 --> 00:23:16,666
interoperability of ATM's.

950
00:23:16,666 --> 00:23:18,200
The original ATM's were a

951
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:19,933
failed business model because

952
00:23:19,933 --> 00:23:21,666
the only people who used the

953
00:23:21,666 --> 00:23:23,133
automated tellers were people

954
00:23:23,133 --> 00:23:24,933
who didn't want to face a real

955
00:23:24,933 --> 00:23:26,833
human which were people who had

956
00:23:26,833 --> 00:23:29,500
disreputable careers.

957
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:32,200
People who hang out on street

958
00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:33,966
corners at night who do other

959
00:23:33,966 --> 00:23:35,500
kinds of transactions, they were

960
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:36,700
the ones who didn't want to deal

961
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:37,800
with a teller.

962
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:38,933
Vint Cerf, this is a picture

963
00:23:38,933 --> 00:23:40,200
when he had dark hair, father of

964
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:41,400
the Internet and then Martin

965
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:42,733
Cooper out of Chicago the father

966
00:23:42,733 --> 00:23:43,833
of the cell phone.

967
00:23:43,833 --> 00:23:45,200
Without them we would still have

968
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:46,566
ATM's that looked like this,

969
00:23:46,566 --> 00:23:47,866
computers that looked like this

970
00:23:47,866 --> 00:23:48,866
and brick phones that looked

971
00:23:48,866 --> 00:23:49,900
like this.

972
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:51,266
Instead we have Google Glass and

973
00:23:51,266 --> 00:23:52,733
we have automatic driving cars

974
00:23:52,733 --> 00:23:54,400
and we have cell phones that are

975
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:56,766
as smart as PC's and ATM's that

976
00:23:56,766 --> 00:23:58,066
can do any bank transaction you

977
00:23:58,066 --> 00:23:59,200
care to.

978
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:00,566
Interoperability enables a lot

979
00:24:00,566 --> 00:24:02,166
of different features.

980
00:24:02,166 --> 00:24:03,566
The big picture, this is the

981
00:24:03,566 --> 00:24:05,200
core of when we were talking

982
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:06,566
about where we were, where we

983
00:24:06,566 --> 00:24:08,200
are today and where we're going.

984
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:10,200
The big picture is we have these

985
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:12,133
markets, we have grid operators,

986
00:24:12,133 --> 00:24:13,366
we have generation,

987
00:24:13,366 --> 00:24:14,533
transmission, distribution and

988
00:24:14,533 --> 00:24:15,700
then you have the part that

989
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:17,066
you're mostly familiar with.

990
00:24:17,066 --> 00:24:18,200
The transformer in your

991
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:19,366
neighborhood or on the pole and

992
00:24:19,366 --> 00:24:20,466
then this thing that everybody

993
00:24:20,466 --> 00:24:21,400
loves to see the number go up

994
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:22,433
fast.

995
00:24:22,433 --> 00:24:23,433
We don't, we just say we like to

996
00:24:23,433 --> 00:24:24,766
minimize the amount of

997
00:24:24,766 --> 00:24:26,266
electricity we use for our daily

998
00:24:26,266 --> 00:24:27,500
things and if it's for

999
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:28,633
transportation we accept that

1000
00:24:28,633 --> 00:24:29,833
that usage is for

1001
00:24:29,833 --> 00:24:31,266
transportation.

1002
00:24:31,266 --> 00:24:33,266
These gateway devices, these

1003
00:24:33,266 --> 00:24:34,700
metrology devices they all can

1004
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:36,066
be interoperable between

1005
00:24:36,066 --> 00:24:37,500
different utilities and

1006
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:38,933
different retailers.

1007
00:24:38,933 --> 00:24:39,966
This is the model that's

1008
00:24:39,966 --> 00:24:40,933
coming.

1009
00:24:40,933 --> 00:24:41,733
See where we are today to where

1010
00:24:41,733 --> 00:24:42,833
we're going so the NIS 10 book

1011
00:24:42,833 --> 00:24:44,266
130 talks about methods of sale.

1012
00:24:44,266 --> 00:24:46,166
How is it I can sell electricity

1013
00:24:46,166 --> 00:24:47,500
without being a utility because

1014
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:48,666
most utilities say not going to

1015
00:24:48,666 --> 00:24:50,200
happen?

1016
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:51,500
Then you look at other cities

1017
00:24:51,500 --> 00:24:52,900
that have competing electricity

1018
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:54,233
retailers that are selling

1019
00:24:54,233 --> 00:24:55,566
electricity in the presence of

1020
00:24:55,566 --> 00:24:58,133
the franchised utility that

1021
00:24:58,133 --> 00:25:00,800
usually maintains that area.

1022
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:02,533
How does that work that we have

1023
00:25:02,533 --> 00:25:03,700
interoperable communication

1024
00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:04,500
systems and meters that I can

1025
00:25:04,500 --> 00:25:05,266
own?

1026
00:25:05,266 --> 00:25:06,866
How is it that I can own my own

1027
00:25:06,866 --> 00:25:07,600
-- meter?

1028
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:08,966
This thing that's on the wall,

1029
00:25:08,966 --> 00:25:10,466
how can I own my own?

1030
00:25:10,466 --> 00:25:11,633
How can I go to the butcher and

1031
00:25:11,633 --> 00:25:12,966
bring my own scale and say this

1032
00:25:12,966 --> 00:25:14,300
is what I'm going to pay today?

1033
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:15,466
I don't really see that

1034
00:25:15,466 --> 00:25:16,666
happening yet handbook 130 says

1035
00:25:16,666 --> 00:25:17,766
yes it will.

1036
00:25:17,766 --> 00:25:19,133
Handbook 44 is a century old

1037
00:25:19,133 --> 00:25:20,233
document, has a new chapter

1038
00:25:20,233 --> 00:25:21,633
written by me and of course a

1039
00:25:21,633 --> 00:25:23,233
hundred other people arguing but

1040
00:25:23,233 --> 00:25:24,766
the guy who actually writes it

1041
00:25:24,766 --> 00:25:25,866
is the one who starts the

1042
00:25:25,866 --> 00:25:27,466
ruckus.

1043
00:25:27,466 --> 00:25:28,800
I have a new idea.

1044
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:30,066
I have this meter that can be

1045
00:25:30,066 --> 00:25:31,466
built for $10 parts cost.

1046
00:25:31,466 --> 00:25:32,700
Not retail, parts cost.

1047
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:34,633
Wow, so I can own my own thing.

1048
00:25:34,633 --> 00:25:36,166
I can go to Best Buy, get my own

1049
00:25:36,166 --> 00:25:37,600
meter, plug it into whatever

1050
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:38,833
this fits into and now I can pay

1051
00:25:38,833 --> 00:25:40,300
electricity at the rate that I

1052
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:41,433
negotiate much like my cell

1053
00:25:41,433 --> 00:25:42,500
plan, I can go from a company A

1054
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:44,333
to B to C and see who gives me

1055
00:25:44,333 --> 00:25:46,133
the best rate.

1056
00:25:46,133 --> 00:25:47,400
The same thing with time of use

1057
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:48,300
rates, real time pricing;

1058
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:49,133
there's a lot of different

1059
00:25:49,133 --> 00:25:49,900
structures.

1060
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:50,833
This is the future, we're going

1061
00:25:50,833 --> 00:25:52,200
to be able to negotiate or

1062
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:56,366
prepay or have what are called

1063
00:25:56,366 --> 00:25:59,966
critical delivery systems,

1064
00:25:59,966 --> 00:26:01,566
use case five which basically

1065
00:26:01,566 --> 00:26:03,100
said if I have wind my car can

1066
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:04,600
just follow the wind.

1067
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:05,800
Whenever wind is up, I charge,

1068
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:07,333
whenever the wind goes flat I

1069
00:26:07,333 --> 00:26:08,500
stop charging.

1070
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:09,833
That seems pretty fair.

1071
00:26:09,833 --> 00:26:11,266
This way there's no spinning

1072
00:26:11,266 --> 00:26:12,433
reserve needed for those highly

1073
00:26:12,433 --> 00:26:14,000
variable sources.

1074
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:15,066
There's a lot of reasons that

1075
00:26:15,066 --> 00:26:16,366
wind and solar can be backed up

1076
00:26:16,366 --> 00:26:17,433
by cars.

1077
00:26:17,433 --> 00:26:18,700
The communication metrology and

1078
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:20,066
all these different interconnect

1079
00:26:20,066 --> 00:26:21,400
devices that are interoperable

1080
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:22,766
are going to enable that future

1081
00:26:22,766 --> 00:26:24,266
at an affordable price.

1082
00:26:24,266 --> 00:26:25,466
This is what I spend most of my

1083
00:26:25,466 --> 00:26:26,700
time working with people,

1084
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:28,266
working internationally so

1085
00:26:28,266 --> 00:26:29,400
you'll see a lot of

1086
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:30,633
international type things on

1087
00:26:30,633 --> 00:26:31,666
here.

1088
00:26:31,666 --> 00:26:32,900
These are retread slides from

1089
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:34,066
presentations I just gave in

1090
00:26:34,066 --> 00:26:35,266
Washington yesterday.

1091
00:26:35,266 --> 00:26:37,166
Harmonization of standards and

1092
00:26:37,166 --> 00:26:39,066
test procedures are enabled by

1093
00:26:39,066 --> 00:26:40,433
interoperability between the

1094
00:26:40,433 --> 00:26:41,700
electric vehicle supply

1095
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:43,133
equipment and the communication

1096
00:26:43,133 --> 00:26:44,200
to the grid.

1097
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:45,300
Most people think the grid is

1098
00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:46,333
this thing or person who's got a

1099
00:26:46,333 --> 00:26:47,633
phone or a knob or dial or

1100
00:26:47,633 --> 00:26:48,866
whatever, it's a market.

1101
00:26:48,866 --> 00:26:50,200
There are system operators;

1102
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:51,466
there are aggregators so a lot

1103
00:26:51,466 --> 00:26:52,733
of different levels in between.

1104
00:26:52,733 --> 00:26:54,000
The same with charging standards

1105
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:55,366
and so after the top because I

1106
00:26:55,366 --> 00:26:56,600
mean you can go look at level

1107
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:58,033
two DC, a couple others which

1108
00:26:58,033 --> 00:26:59,933
again can feed 100,000 watts

1109
00:26:59,933 --> 00:27:01,366
into your car.

1110
00:27:01,366 --> 00:27:02,833
That's the equivalent of about

1111
00:27:02,833 --> 00:27:04,233
the full capability of

1112
00:27:04,233 --> 00:27:05,633
everything in your house, five

1113
00:27:05,633 --> 00:27:07,566
houses or a typical draw of 100

1114
00:27:07,566 --> 00:27:09,766
homes on average goes through

1115
00:27:09,766 --> 00:27:11,833
this thing in your hand.

1116
00:27:11,833 --> 00:27:13,733
Level one DC is even more

1117
00:27:13,733 --> 00:27:15,066
impressive.

1118
00:27:15,066 --> 00:27:16,233
People get very confused on how

1119
00:27:16,233 --> 00:27:17,466
can this 43 mm coupler deliver

1120
00:27:17,466 --> 00:27:19,366
40 kilowatt.

1121
00:27:19,366 --> 00:27:20,700
That's what I work on.

1122
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:22,300
Basically a $50 coupler, this

1123
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:24,100
just to let you know is $750.

1124
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:25,500
There's an alternative that's

1125
00:27:25,500 --> 00:27:26,833
only $50.

1126
00:27:26,833 --> 00:27:28,266
Most people don't want to do it

1127
00:27:28,266 --> 00:27:29,433
because they want to up the

1128
00:27:29,433 --> 00:27:30,433
value of your car.

1129
00:27:30,433 --> 00:27:31,400
They would like to sell you

1130
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:32,533
$100,000 car with a $750

1131
00:27:32,533 --> 00:27:34,133
coupler.

1132
00:27:34,133 --> 00:27:34,933
I would like to sell you a

1133
00:27:34,933 --> 00:27:36,166
$20,000 with a $50 coupler and I

1134
00:27:36,166 --> 00:27:37,266
would like to put this meter

1135
00:27:37,266 --> 00:27:38,700
inside your car that lets you

1136
00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:40,433
negotiate for electricity.

1137
00:27:40,433 --> 00:27:41,633
I would like to have this

1138
00:27:41,633 --> 00:27:42,900
gateway in your house so you can

1139
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:44,000
connect to things without your

1140
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:45,733
monthly meter connection fee.

1141
00:27:45,733 --> 00:27:47,000
All these different things that

1142
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:48,066
could be open and

1143
00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:48,966
interchangeable and

1144
00:27:48,966 --> 00:27:50,300
interoperable have to be

1145
00:27:50,300 --> 00:27:51,666
negotiated between all people

1146
00:27:51,666 --> 00:27:53,033
and say I need to make money.

1147
00:27:53,033 --> 00:27:54,366
I need a fee from everyone of

1148
00:27:54,366 --> 00:27:55,600
you, every month and that's how

1149
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,133
some business plans work and

1150
00:27:57,133 --> 00:27:58,500
when the plan doesn't work out

1151
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:00,166
they find a different business.

1152
00:28:00,166 --> 00:28:02,600
We have protocols, connectors,

1153
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,533
communication controllers,

1154
00:28:04,533 --> 00:28:06,433
metrology which is what you see

1155
00:28:06,433 --> 00:28:07,833
here and then standards.

1156
00:28:07,833 --> 00:28:09,233
Standards and interoperable

1157
00:28:09,233 --> 00:28:10,900
standards so in my lab and we

1158
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:12,366
have this very large monitor

1159
00:28:12,366 --> 00:28:14,133
that allows me to touch and see

1160
00:28:14,133 --> 00:28:15,200
everything in the lab.

1161
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:16,333
We have big wind turbans, we

1162
00:28:16,333 --> 00:28:18,000
have 130 kilowatt of solar rays,

1163
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:19,433
we have small solar rays that

1164
00:28:19,433 --> 00:28:21,333
are directly tied to vehicles

1165
00:28:21,333 --> 00:28:22,800
that have battery charging

1166
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:23,933
systems and battery controls

1167
00:28:23,933 --> 00:28:25,000
labs.

1168
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:26,100
We have dynamotors.

1169
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:27,266
This guy came by from

1170
00:28:27,266 --> 00:28:28,466
Washington one day and arrived

1171
00:28:28,466 --> 00:28:29,933
in his helicopter and said this

1172
00:28:29,933 --> 00:28:31,033
looks pretty cool.

1173
00:28:31,033 --> 00:28:32,266
Then he went on but anyway.

1174
00:28:32,266 --> 00:28:33,400
This is President Obama in my

1175
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:34,433
lab and saying we need more of

1176
00:28:34,433 --> 00:28:35,633
this.

1177
00:28:35,633 --> 00:28:36,766
The national lab system is also

1178
00:28:36,766 --> 00:28:38,033
very dependant on people

1179
00:28:38,033 --> 00:28:39,733
endorsing the reason that these

1180
00:28:39,733 --> 00:28:41,566
independent third parties can

1181
00:28:41,566 --> 00:28:43,166
make things happen, can broker a

1182
00:28:43,166 --> 00:28:45,633
deal between China an Japan and

1183
00:28:45,633 --> 00:28:47,800
Europe because even in Europe

1184
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:49,566
one country says that they want

1185
00:28:49,566 --> 00:28:51,433
it, we want the opposite.

1186
00:28:51,433 --> 00:28:52,733
I'm not even going to listen to

1187
00:28:52,733 --> 00:28:53,866
what they're proposing, whatever

1188
00:28:53,866 --> 00:28:54,933
it is make it different.

1189
00:28:54,933 --> 00:28:56,033
Why would you do that?

1190
00:28:56,033 --> 00:28:57,166
I don't want to be interoperable

1191
00:28:57,166 --> 00:28:58,133
with them.

1192
00:28:58,133 --> 00:28:59,166
I want to compete with them.

1193
00:28:59,166 --> 00:29:00,100
I want to have separate

1194
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:01,000
proprietary systems.

1195
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,000
That doesn't benefit the

1196
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:03,200
customer so most of the

1197
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:04,400
Department of Commerce meetings

1198
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:05,733
that I go to everybody wants to

1199
00:29:05,733 --> 00:29:06,866
increase global sales by

1200
00:29:06,866 --> 00:29:08,066
harmonizing.

1201
00:29:08,066 --> 00:29:09,033
That's what this lab is all

1202
00:29:09,033 --> 00:29:10,033
about.

1203
00:29:10,033 --> 00:29:11,033
You see a lot of different

1204
00:29:11,033 --> 00:29:12,066
electric vehicle supply

1205
00:29:12,066 --> 00:29:13,133
equipment, you see smart bus

1206
00:29:13,133 --> 00:29:14,300
ways, RF chambers, wireless

1207
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:15,200
charging, DC charge and AC

1208
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:16,400
charging.

1209
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:18,333
Here are some examples of tech

1210
00:29:18,333 --> 00:29:19,900
transfer.

1211
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:20,933
People we work with companies,

1212
00:29:20,933 --> 00:29:22,500
for those of you were in the

1213
00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:23,833
electrical industry there's

1214
00:29:23,833 --> 00:29:25,366
something called an insulation

1215
00:29:25,366 --> 00:29:27,166
piercing tap which allows you to

1216
00:29:27,166 --> 00:29:28,466
do a live connections between

1217
00:29:28,466 --> 00:29:29,766
one electrical system and

1218
00:29:29,766 --> 00:29:31,066
another electrical system

1219
00:29:31,066 --> 00:29:32,066
without shutting it down.

1220
00:29:32,066 --> 00:29:33,233
I have a version of this meter

1221
00:29:33,233 --> 00:29:34,433
that fits into an IPT so in

1222
00:29:34,433 --> 00:29:35,800
order to instrument a

1223
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:37,200
transformer or a branch circuit

1224
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:38,533
which is connected to an

1225
00:29:38,533 --> 00:29:40,166
electrical vehicle which might

1226
00:29:40,166 --> 00:29:41,633
have other electric vehicles to

1227
00:29:41,633 --> 00:29:42,666
it I don't need to disconnect

1228
00:29:42,666 --> 00:29:43,633
that.

1229
00:29:43,633 --> 00:29:44,666
I actually clamp it on, turn the

1230
00:29:44,666 --> 00:29:45,766
screw alive and it's a metered

1231
00:29:45,766 --> 00:29:46,833
circuit.

1232
00:29:46,833 --> 00:29:48,000
There's a lot of these different

1233
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:49,100
things that companies are now

1234
00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:50,166
licensing that we'll be building

1235
00:29:50,166 --> 00:29:51,366
and of course incorporating into

1236
00:29:51,366 --> 00:29:52,400
electrical vehicle supply

1237
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:53,466
equipment.

1238
00:29:53,466 --> 00:29:54,400
This is a lot of what we do.

1239
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:55,466
We pioneer things, we come up

1240
00:29:55,466 --> 00:29:56,633
with the first one and we hand

1241
00:29:56,633 --> 00:29:57,600
it off because it's public

1242
00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:59,466
domain to transfer it to people.

1243
00:29:59,466 --> 00:30:00,766
Your tax dollars at work making

1244
00:30:00,766 --> 00:30:02,233
all these things happen--

1245
00:30:02,233 --> 00:30:03,333
Laboratory has a limited budget

1246
00:30:03,333 --> 00:30:04,666
to verify standards.

1247
00:30:04,666 --> 00:30:06,266
Every piece of equipment that's

1248
00:30:06,266 --> 00:30:07,833
screwed into your house has to

1249
00:30:07,833 --> 00:30:09,166
be UL listed by the National

1250
00:30:09,166 --> 00:30:10,133
Electrical code.

1251
00:30:10,133 --> 00:30:11,666
UL comes to my lab to work, and

1252
00:30:11,666 --> 00:30:12,933
this was a vehicle that was on

1253
00:30:12,933 --> 00:30:14,633
four column lifts that had 1 mm

1254
00:30:14,633 --> 00:30:16,600
resolution so I can actually

1255
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,033
pick up the car and move it

1256
00:30:18,033 --> 00:30:19,366
around between the wireless coil

1257
00:30:19,366 --> 00:30:20,800
on the bottom and the top.

1258
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:22,566
People say how will Fifi fair if

1259
00:30:22,566 --> 00:30:24,466
he runs underneath the car when

1260
00:30:24,466 --> 00:30:26,566
the car is charging?

1261
00:30:26,566 --> 00:30:27,900
Will Fifi get a headache?

1262
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:29,200
Will Fifi get an aneurysm?

1263
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:30,800
Will my coke can that I dropped

1264
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:32,166
by accident that rolled under

1265
00:30:32,166 --> 00:30:33,933
the car burst into flames?

1266
00:30:33,933 --> 00:30:35,433
For some unsafe systems the

1267
00:30:35,433 --> 00:30:36,700
answer is yes.

1268
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:38,166
People say my goodness, why

1269
00:30:38,166 --> 00:30:39,333
would you let that happen?

1270
00:30:39,333 --> 00:30:40,866
The standards don't let that

1271
00:30:40,866 --> 00:30:41,966
happen, it's the noncompliance

1272
00:30:41,966 --> 00:30:43,133
to the standards and the

1273
00:30:43,133 --> 00:30:44,466
interoperability verification

1274
00:30:44,466 --> 00:30:45,766
that would say that doesn't

1275
00:30:45,766 --> 00:30:47,033
comply so any problems you have

1276
00:30:47,033 --> 00:30:48,233
is not the problem of the

1277
00:30:48,233 --> 00:30:50,400
systems that are interoperable

1278
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:52,333
or non-interoperable it's lack

1279
00:30:52,333 --> 00:30:53,766
of compliance to code.

1280
00:30:53,766 --> 00:30:55,133
Here you see some AC charging

1281
00:30:55,133 --> 00:30:56,466
interoperability with some very

1282
00:30:56,466 --> 00:30:57,733
precise measurements of what

1283
00:30:57,733 --> 00:30:59,033
people would say I plugged it

1284
00:30:59,033 --> 00:31:00,033
in, I turned it on, it's

1285
00:31:00,033 --> 00:31:01,100
interoperable.

1286
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:02,233
It's like ah, under what

1287
00:31:02,233 --> 00:31:03,166
conditions?

1288
00:31:03,166 --> 00:31:04,166
That's a lot of what we do in my

1289
00:31:04,166 --> 00:31:05,100
lab.

1290
00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:06,166
Here's a little bit more of a

1291
00:31:06,166 --> 00:31:07,666
close up of the RF chamber.

1292
00:31:07,666 --> 00:31:08,833
The RF chamber is a shielding

1293
00:31:08,833 --> 00:31:10,100
box that's like the opposite of

1294
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:11,233
a microwave oven where all the

1295
00:31:11,233 --> 00:31:12,933
radiation, all the

1296
00:31:12,933 --> 00:31:14,433
electromagnetic fields that are

1297
00:31:14,433 --> 00:31:15,566
generated by the test article

1298
00:31:15,566 --> 00:31:16,866
stay inside and the

1299
00:31:16,866 --> 00:31:18,133
electromagnetic fields from the

1300
00:31:18,133 --> 00:31:19,700
outside don't taint the results

1301
00:31:19,700 --> 00:31:20,766
on the inside.

1302
00:31:20,766 --> 00:31:21,900
I can take this fixture and roll

1303
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:23,233
it inside here, let me show so

1304
00:31:23,233 --> 00:31:24,433
you can see right here and drive

1305
00:31:24,433 --> 00:31:25,500
the car and I can do all my

1306
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:26,666
measurements in a very

1307
00:31:26,666 --> 00:31:27,833
controlled environment for a

1308
00:31:27,833 --> 00:31:28,766
very low cost.

1309
00:31:28,766 --> 00:31:29,900
Most of the time it costs about

1310
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:30,966
$5000 a day to go access

1311
00:31:30,966 --> 00:31:31,966
somebody else's chamber; I built

1312
00:31:31,966 --> 00:31:33,100
the whole chamber for like

1313
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:34,300
$20,000.

1314
00:31:34,300 --> 00:31:35,866
You can see really reasonable

1315
00:31:35,866 --> 00:31:37,066
cost equipment so this is a lot

1316
00:31:37,066 --> 00:31:38,300
of off the shelf servos and

1317
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:39,633
controls and meters.

1318
00:31:39,633 --> 00:31:41,266
Not free but things that are

1319
00:31:41,266 --> 00:31:43,366
built at a low cost I can

1320
00:31:43,366 --> 00:31:44,733
transfer to underwriters

1321
00:31:44,733 --> 00:31:45,933
laboratory who would normally

1322
00:31:45,933 --> 00:31:47,233
have to start at a half million

1323
00:31:47,233 --> 00:31:48,300
dollars and go to a million

1324
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:49,766
dollars to get a certification

1325
00:31:49,766 --> 00:31:51,033
program going which means that

1326
00:31:51,033 --> 00:31:52,533
each article might add $1000 to

1327
00:31:52,533 --> 00:31:54,000
the cost of that article to

1328
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:55,900
certify it now brings that cost

1329
00:31:55,900 --> 00:31:57,600
down so that the incremental

1330
00:31:57,600 --> 00:31:59,100
costs can be singles of dollars

1331
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:00,233
added to get that UL stamp.

1332
00:32:00,233 --> 00:32:01,433
Just to give you an idea of what

1333
00:32:01,433 --> 00:32:02,600
things cost to build enough

1334
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:04,000
extra couplers to destroy and

1335
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:05,333
test the insertion force and

1336
00:32:05,333 --> 00:32:06,900
things like that, I think it's

1337
00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:09,100
about $70,000 plus another

1338
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:10,966
$30,000 of testing.

1339
00:32:10,966 --> 00:32:12,666
To get a UL mark on this

1340
00:32:12,666 --> 00:32:14,766
connector is $100,000.

1341
00:32:14,766 --> 00:32:16,366
If I sell even 1000 connectors,

1342
00:32:16,366 --> 00:32:18,866
that's $100 per connector extra

1343
00:32:18,866 --> 00:32:20,900
cost just to get that mark on

1344
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:22,333
it.

1345
00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:23,600
I can't sell it without that

1346
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:24,700
mark.

1347
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:25,866
It turns out in the history of

1348
00:32:25,866 --> 00:32:27,300
things, I was the one who

1349
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:28,433
coughed up the 100 grand to get

1350
00:32:28,433 --> 00:32:30,166
that UL stamp on there because

1351
00:32:30,166 --> 00:32:31,633
it was a year behind.

1352
00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:32,700
Nobody was going to pay.

1353
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:33,700
It's like everybody's staring at

1354
00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:34,733
the check on the table.

1355
00:32:34,733 --> 00:32:35,766
Who's going to pick it up?

1356
00:32:35,766 --> 00:32:37,133
A lot of companies said not me;

1357
00:32:37,133 --> 00:32:38,433
do you realize how much it's

1358
00:32:38,433 --> 00:32:39,566
going to add to the cost of each

1359
00:32:39,566 --> 00:32:40,800
car?

1360
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:41,933
It's not my coupler and of

1361
00:32:41,933 --> 00:32:43,200
course a couple of people said

1362
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:44,366
I'm selling the couplers so do

1363
00:32:44,366 --> 00:32:45,900
you want to pay $1000 for it or

1364
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:47,166
$700?

1365
00:32:47,166 --> 00:32:48,833
Difference is what it costs.

1366
00:32:48,833 --> 00:32:50,166
Anyway, your tax dollars at

1367
00:32:50,166 --> 00:32:51,800
work.

1368
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:53,000
Standards, we can go over this.

1369
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:54,333
There's lots and lots of

1370
00:32:54,333 --> 00:32:55,533
standards as they always say,

1371
00:32:55,533 --> 00:32:56,566
standards, we've got hundreds of

1372
00:32:56,566 --> 00:32:57,600
them.

1373
00:32:57,600 --> 00:32:58,766
Two-way flow of information so

1374
00:32:58,766 --> 00:32:59,900
every use case on how you plug

1375
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:01,566
your car in or how information

1376
00:33:01,566 --> 00:33:03,400
flows or how energy flows is

1377
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,433
covered by wireless standard.

1378
00:33:05,433 --> 00:33:07,566
You can see 2931/7 is security.

1379
00:33:07,566 --> 00:33:09,533
Points of vulnerability, you

1380
00:33:09,533 --> 00:33:10,866
don't want to plug into your car

1381
00:33:10,866 --> 00:33:12,666
and find out some person had a

1382
00:33:12,666 --> 00:33:13,866
fancy coupler that they put in

1383
00:33:13,866 --> 00:33:15,533
between and became man in the

1384
00:33:15,533 --> 00:33:16,866
middle.

1385
00:33:16,866 --> 00:33:17,933
I basically steal electricity by

1386
00:33:17,933 --> 00:33:19,100
going around with my funny

1387
00:33:19,100 --> 00:33:20,300
coupler and I basically have the

1388
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:21,400
vulnerability point that I'm

1389
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:22,433
exploiting.

1390
00:33:22,433 --> 00:33:24,000
2931/7 says, I'm identifying all

1391
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:25,366
the vulnerability points and

1392
00:33:25,366 --> 00:33:26,733
moving the security bar up

1393
00:33:26,733 --> 00:33:27,966
because again if you could get

1394
00:33:27,966 --> 00:33:29,266
into the utility network that

1395
00:33:29,266 --> 00:33:30,366
would be a point of

1396
00:33:30,366 --> 00:33:31,700
vulnerability.

1397
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:33,133
It's a lot of money, many, many

1398
00:33:33,133 --> 00:33:35,700
zeros of money being spent on

1399
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:37,400
cyber security for the electric

1400
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:38,866
grid, electric vehicles are no

1401
00:33:38,866 --> 00:33:40,300
different.

1402
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:42,400
Metering, we talked a little bit

1403
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:44,266
about it that everybody's used

1404
00:33:44,266 --> 00:33:45,500
to this but this doesn't really

1405
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:46,900
fit in your pocket, doesn't fit

1406
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:48,033
in your car, it doesn't fit

1407
00:33:48,033 --> 00:33:49,100
where it needs to go so there's

1408
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:50,166
no standard for electric vehicle

1409
00:33:50,166 --> 00:33:51,066
fueling.

1410
00:33:51,066 --> 00:33:52,266
That's where handbook 44 and

1411
00:33:52,266 --> 00:33:53,866
handbook 130 the new sections

1412
00:33:53,866 --> 00:33:55,000
are being added to that to

1413
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:56,066
create a standard.

1414
00:33:56,066 --> 00:33:57,433
My lab has done a lot of

1415
00:33:57,433 --> 00:33:58,500
pioneering work.

1416
00:33:58,500 --> 00:33:59,633
There's a company called 2G

1417
00:33:59,633 --> 00:34:00,800
Engineering in Sun Prairie.

1418
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:01,900
It's one of the contractors I

1419
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:02,900
work with very closely right

1420
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:03,766
here.

1421
00:34:03,766 --> 00:34:04,733
You said where'd that thing get

1422
00:34:04,733 --> 00:34:05,800
invented?

1423
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:06,866
Right here in Madison.

1424
00:34:06,866 --> 00:34:08,333
A lot of these new ideas came

1425
00:34:08,333 --> 00:34:09,700
right here so this handbook 130,

1426
00:34:09,700 --> 00:34:10,900
handbook 44 there has to be a

1427
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:12,066
fuel verification device.

1428
00:34:12,066 --> 00:34:13,400
You see the pelican case is here

1429
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:14,866
so this is the size of the

1430
00:34:14,866 --> 00:34:16,500
verification device that I think

1431
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:18,266
we can build for less then $1000

1432
00:34:18,266 --> 00:34:20,366
because each state regulator has

1433
00:34:20,366 --> 00:34:22,266
to put a stamp on your car.

1434
00:34:22,266 --> 00:34:23,566
Every year you've got to get a

1435
00:34:23,566 --> 00:34:24,700
fresh sticker on that said this

1436
00:34:24,700 --> 00:34:26,066
is actually, if it were a

1437
00:34:26,066 --> 00:34:27,733
meat scale it would say that is

1438
00:34:27,733 --> 00:34:28,933
for legal trade.

1439
00:34:28,933 --> 00:34:30,133
As you know the budgets are all

1440
00:34:30,133 --> 00:34:31,800
in the red, we won't pay $20,000

1441
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:33,933
or $50,000 or hire staffers.

1442
00:34:33,933 --> 00:34:35,300
We want to get rid of staffers.

1443
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:36,733
They'd like to do self

1444
00:34:36,733 --> 00:34:37,900
certification but that leads

1445
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:39,700
towards corruption.

1446
00:34:39,700 --> 00:34:41,433
A small case that can plug right

1447
00:34:41,433 --> 00:34:43,166
into your car and gives you a

1448
00:34:43,166 --> 00:34:44,533
red light, green light and it

1449
00:34:44,533 --> 00:34:45,600
prints out a sticker, that's

1450
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:46,800
actually where we're headed.

1451
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:48,033
You say what does the future

1452
00:34:48,033 --> 00:34:48,966
look like?

1453
00:34:48,966 --> 00:34:50,300
It looks like the secure IC's

1454
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:51,566
you can see this dotted line

1455
00:34:51,566 --> 00:34:52,766
around here that said this

1456
00:34:52,766 --> 00:34:54,333
metering IC right there has all

1457
00:34:54,333 --> 00:34:55,733
the security features built into

1458
00:34:55,733 --> 00:34:57,700
it for $2.

1459
00:34:57,700 --> 00:34:59,533
That's kind of where things are

1460
00:34:59,533 --> 00:35:01,066
going.

1461
00:35:01,066 --> 00:35:02,200
Credit card sized things,

1462
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:03,433
matchbook sized things that fit

1463
00:35:03,433 --> 00:35:04,533
inside other things that talk to

1464
00:35:04,533 --> 00:35:05,666
off the shelf gateways that talk

1465
00:35:05,666 --> 00:35:06,900
to connectors that talk to motor

1466
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:08,766
drives; everything talking to

1467
00:35:08,766 --> 00:35:10,633
each other in a secure manner.

1468
00:35:10,633 --> 00:35:12,133
Safety, I know a lot of people

1469
00:35:12,133 --> 00:35:13,466
are looking at the future but

1470
00:35:13,466 --> 00:35:14,933
you have to look at where we are

1471
00:35:14,933 --> 00:35:16,233
today.

1472
00:35:16,233 --> 00:35:18,266
The dream liner had a little

1473
00:35:18,266 --> 00:35:19,566
issue on overheating batteries.

1474
00:35:19,566 --> 00:35:21,033
Some hobbyist decided to just

1475
00:35:21,033 --> 00:35:22,366
put a whole bunch of batteries

1476
00:35:22,366 --> 00:35:23,600
in the truck of their car and

1477
00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:24,766
charge them up or over charge

1478
00:35:24,766 --> 00:35:25,833
them so these batteries used to

1479
00:35:25,833 --> 00:35:27,533
be about three-quarter inch

1480
00:35:27,533 --> 00:35:28,933
thick and you can see they're

1481
00:35:28,933 --> 00:35:30,033
about three feet wide now.

1482
00:35:30,033 --> 00:35:31,033
They just got really big and

1483
00:35:31,033 --> 00:35:32,000
very angry.

1484
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,133
A lot of these vehicles burned

1485
00:35:33,133 --> 00:35:34,066
to the ground and they erase all

1486
00:35:34,066 --> 00:35:35,033
evidence of what happened.

1487
00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:36,233
That's another problem that

1488
00:35:36,233 --> 00:35:37,300
people, like I don't see any

1489
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:38,500
car, I don't see and garage.

1490
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:39,866
The thing that caused the

1491
00:35:39,866 --> 00:35:41,266
problem was you goofing around

1492
00:35:41,266 --> 00:35:42,666
with things that you didn't

1493
00:35:42,666 --> 00:35:44,133
comply to standards.

1494
00:35:44,133 --> 00:35:45,333
Overheating transformers so

1495
00:35:45,333 --> 00:35:46,533
just briefly touch upon where

1496
00:35:46,533 --> 00:35:49,033
these loads are and most people

1497
00:35:49,033 --> 00:35:52,133
are afraid that electric

1498
00:35:52,133 --> 00:35:53,933
vehicles are going to cause our

1499
00:35:53,933 --> 00:35:55,933
grid to crash or everything to

1500
00:35:55,933 --> 00:35:57,833
go up in smoke.

1501
00:35:57,833 --> 00:35:59,133
Most neighborhoods have a meter

1502
00:35:59,133 --> 00:36:03,166
survey system and I forget what

1503
00:36:03,166 --> 00:36:06,133
the acronym is for the product.

1504
00:36:06,133 --> 00:36:07,966
Basically they can add up all

1505
00:36:07,966 --> 00:36:09,566
the loads of all the houses in

1506
00:36:09,566 --> 00:36:10,733
that neighborhood and figure out

1507
00:36:10,733 --> 00:36:12,033
how much load is on each

1508
00:36:12,033 --> 00:36:13,000
transformer.

1509
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:14,100
Basically they have a

1510
00:36:14,100 --> 00:36:15,133
transformer load monitoring

1511
00:36:15,133 --> 00:36:16,100
system that doesn't actually put

1512
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:17,233
a monitor on the transformer.

1513
00:36:17,233 --> 00:36:18,566
This is a picture of my

1514
00:36:18,566 --> 00:36:19,633
transformer.

1515
00:36:19,633 --> 00:36:20,966
One day I just walked out my

1516
00:36:20,966 --> 00:36:22,900
door and did this.

1517
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:24,166
That's what it looks like.

1518
00:36:24,166 --> 00:36:26,500
When you look at where the

1519
00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:28,766
electrical vehicle load on the

1520
00:36:28,766 --> 00:36:30,533
amount of energy you would

1521
00:36:30,533 --> 00:36:31,833
deliver to charge your car per

1522
00:36:31,833 --> 00:36:33,300
year, you see it's right there

1523
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:34,433
between the clothes dryer and

1524
00:36:34,433 --> 00:36:36,400
the water heater.

1525
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:37,466
Not a lot but not a little.

1526
00:36:37,466 --> 00:36:38,633
If you had an electric home

1527
00:36:38,633 --> 00:36:40,166
heating system it would be a lot

1528
00:36:40,166 --> 00:36:41,400
of energy, refrigeration and air

1529
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:43,900
conditioning; again, above

1530
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:45,666
lighting but not huge.

1531
00:36:45,666 --> 00:36:47,933
You can just see how this

1532
00:36:47,933 --> 00:36:49,266
transformer base load you'd have

1533
00:36:49,266 --> 00:36:50,833
to size it properly for that.

1534
00:36:50,833 --> 00:36:52,200
Most of the people who do

1535
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:54,233
electric distribution know

1536
00:36:54,233 --> 00:36:55,833
exactly when you have a cluster

1537
00:36:55,833 --> 00:36:57,833
of vehicles that, that summation

1538
00:36:57,833 --> 00:36:59,533
of all the meter bills in that

1539
00:36:59,533 --> 00:37:00,866
area are going to put a

1540
00:37:00,866 --> 00:37:02,000
transformer at risk, they'll

1541
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:03,566
upgrade the transformer.

1542
00:37:03,566 --> 00:37:04,966
Much like the old joke doctor,

1543
00:37:04,966 --> 00:37:06,200
doctor it hurts when I do this,

1544
00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:07,233
don't do that.

1545
00:37:07,233 --> 00:37:08,233
The transformer is being

1546
00:37:08,233 --> 00:37:09,233
overloaded, put a bigger

1547
00:37:09,233 --> 00:37:10,166
transformer in.

1548
00:37:10,166 --> 00:37:11,300
You can do shifting and that's

1549
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:12,500
really where we're headed when

1550
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:13,700
you say what does the future

1551
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:14,533
look like.

1552
00:37:14,533 --> 00:37:15,666
We're going to multiplex cars.

1553
00:37:15,666 --> 00:37:17,266
You won't have the Wild West of

1554
00:37:17,266 --> 00:37:18,566
everybody plugs in whatever they

1555
00:37:18,566 --> 00:37:19,566
feel like where ever, whenever,

1556
00:37:19,566 --> 00:37:20,700
however.

1557
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:21,900
You will reserve a time spot.

1558
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:23,600
You would say the energy is

1559
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:24,866
delivered to my car in this

1560
00:37:24,866 --> 00:37:25,866
window.

1561
00:37:25,866 --> 00:37:26,966
Somebody might get a 3 am to 6

1562
00:37:26,966 --> 00:37:28,366
am spot, someone might get a

1563
00:37:28,366 --> 00:37:29,866
midnight to one, someone might

1564
00:37:29,866 --> 00:37:31,533
get a 9 pm till midnight spot

1565
00:37:31,533 --> 00:37:33,466
that average draw will be

1566
00:37:33,466 --> 00:37:35,100
averaged out but you have to

1567
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:36,500
know which cars are plugged in

1568
00:37:36,500 --> 00:37:38,066
and when they would be full.

1569
00:37:38,066 --> 00:37:39,266
That's where this communication

1570
00:37:39,266 --> 00:37:40,433
again comes in.

1571
00:37:40,433 --> 00:37:41,700
The communication and the

1572
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:42,966
dynamic interaction between

1573
00:37:42,966 --> 00:37:43,900
vehicles and charging

1574
00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:45,266
infrastructure is a smart grid.

1575
00:37:45,266 --> 00:37:46,466
You can make the smart grid more

1576
00:37:46,466 --> 00:37:47,400
resilient.

1577
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:48,600
You can have cars that can

1578
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,033
export power, V to B.

1579
00:37:50,033 --> 00:37:51,266
V to B is huge, vehicle to

1580
00:37:51,266 --> 00:37:52,500
building is very huge.

1581
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:54,200
We had snow storms, we had that

1582
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:55,633
six inch storm we didn't really

1583
00:37:55,633 --> 00:37:57,333
loose power here in Madison but

1584
00:37:57,333 --> 00:37:59,000
a lot of other people in the

1585
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:00,066
country, winds and ice and it's

1586
00:38:00,066 --> 00:38:01,666
happened where some people are

1587
00:38:01,666 --> 00:38:02,933
without power for three days,

1588
00:38:02,933 --> 00:38:04,366
not three minutes or three

1589
00:38:04,366 --> 00:38:05,400
hours.

1590
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:06,533
A vehicle that said, oh it's

1591
00:38:06,533 --> 00:38:07,533
built into the car.

1592
00:38:07,533 --> 00:38:08,633
I just plug the car in and

1593
00:38:08,633 --> 00:38:09,733
there's a switch in the house

1594
00:38:09,733 --> 00:38:11,100
that says things seem to be

1595
00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:12,533
really bad let me put into a

1596
00:38:12,533 --> 00:38:13,866
configuration where your fridge

1597
00:38:13,866 --> 00:38:15,833
and your wifi and your lighting

1598
00:38:15,833 --> 00:38:17,833
are all held up by your car.

1599
00:38:17,833 --> 00:38:19,233
Isn't that a great future?

1600
00:38:19,233 --> 00:38:20,533
Those are features that are

1601
00:38:20,533 --> 00:38:21,766
coming built in by standards.

1602
00:38:21,766 --> 00:38:23,133
There's a standard called 2847/3

1603
00:38:23,133 --> 00:38:24,400
which is reverse power flow

1604
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:25,766
through the connector.

1605
00:38:25,766 --> 00:38:27,266
You say, wow that can be done?

1606
00:38:27,266 --> 00:38:28,700
Yes, it can be done but now the

1607
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:30,433
utilities and all the other

1608
00:38:30,433 --> 00:38:31,933
standard bodies have to agree

1609
00:38:31,933 --> 00:38:33,233
how it is done.

1610
00:38:33,233 --> 00:38:34,600
Here's some pictures of

1611
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:36,133
equipment that you've seen in

1612
00:38:36,133 --> 00:38:37,466
your house just to point on how

1613
00:38:37,466 --> 00:38:38,900
will these things have to fit

1614
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:40,166
together with communication?

1615
00:38:40,166 --> 00:38:41,466
There are smart thermostats,

1616
00:38:41,466 --> 00:38:42,733
there are gateways which you see

1617
00:38:42,733 --> 00:38:43,966
right here, there are small

1618
00:38:43,966 --> 00:38:45,133
electric vehicle supply

1619
00:38:45,133 --> 00:38:46,233
equipment, there are larger

1620
00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:47,300
electric vehicle supply

1621
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:48,233
equipment.

1622
00:38:48,233 --> 00:38:49,233
There are disconnects because

1623
00:38:49,233 --> 00:38:50,766
again a lot of local electrical

1624
00:38:50,766 --> 00:38:51,933
codes require to have a

1625
00:38:51,933 --> 00:38:52,966
disconnect near the point of

1626
00:38:52,966 --> 00:38:54,000
load so that if you were

1627
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:54,966
servicing it you can pull that

1628
00:38:54,966 --> 00:38:56,200
disconnect.

1629
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:57,266
These in fact are that

1630
00:38:57,266 --> 00:38:58,600
disconnect so this connecting

1631
00:38:58,600 --> 00:38:59,666
closure can be purchased for $5

1632
00:38:59,666 --> 00:39:01,133
retail.

1633
00:39:01,133 --> 00:39:02,400
Normally you would think $105,

1634
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:03,766
$55 even the couplers on here

1635
00:39:03,766 --> 00:39:05,133
are $5.

1636
00:39:05,133 --> 00:39:07,400
Five dollars for that 60 amp

1637
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:09,100
base, this thing that fits into

1638
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:10,533
it is $10 materials cost again,

1639
00:39:10,533 --> 00:39:11,933
sell at $100 but the point is I

1640
00:39:11,933 --> 00:39:13,566
can add metering to any

1641
00:39:13,566 --> 00:39:15,100
infrastructure by pulling out

1642
00:39:15,100 --> 00:39:16,400
that T-bar and putting this in

1643
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:18,033
there.

1644
00:39:18,033 --> 00:39:19,366
That's the vision of the future

1645
00:39:19,366 --> 00:39:20,533
is that you can do this smart

1646
00:39:20,533 --> 00:39:23,033
charging, retro fit.

1647
00:39:23,033 --> 00:39:25,100
Same with these connectors, I

1648
00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:26,433
have a version of this meter

1649
00:39:26,433 --> 00:39:27,933
that fits into the connector so

1650
00:39:27,933 --> 00:39:30,033
all I do for these 10 and 20

1651
00:39:30,033 --> 00:39:31,666
year old legacy systems is I

1652
00:39:31,666 --> 00:39:33,133
take the connector off and I put

1653
00:39:33,133 --> 00:39:34,533
an instrumented connector on it.

1654
00:39:34,533 --> 00:39:35,933
That's a bold future so the

1655
00:39:35,933 --> 00:39:37,433
department of energy and other

1656
00:39:37,433 --> 00:39:38,700
people are discussing how do I

1657
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:40,266
get the grid to be more modern?

1658
00:39:40,266 --> 00:39:42,000
How do I get electric vehicle

1659
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:43,300
infrastructure without starting

1660
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:44,366
over?

1661
00:39:44,366 --> 00:39:45,533
Turns out I can just change the

1662
00:39:45,533 --> 00:39:46,666
handle.

1663
00:39:46,666 --> 00:39:48,133
There's a lot of lies people

1664
00:39:48,133 --> 00:39:49,333
say this is good and this is

1665
00:39:49,333 --> 00:39:50,200
bad.

1666
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:51,133
This is big and this is small,

1667
00:39:51,133 --> 00:39:52,733
it's really gradients.

1668
00:39:52,733 --> 00:39:54,233
This is representative of a

1669
00:39:54,233 --> 00:39:55,733
level one AC which has 120 volt

1670
00:39:55,733 --> 00:39:57,000
plug that fits in the trunk of

1671
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:58,766
the Ford Focus.

1672
00:39:58,766 --> 00:40:01,066
This is a product made by --

1673
00:40:01,066 --> 00:40:03,500
I can go about five miles per

1674
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:05,800
hour of charging at about 1700

1675
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:08,700
watts, 16 amps continuous on a

1676
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:10,400
20 amp brand circuit.

1677
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:12,100
The next level up, again level

1678
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:13,500
one is 120, level two is 240 but

1679
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:14,966
you have the minimum level which

1680
00:40:14,966 --> 00:40:17,066
runs at 16 amps or the bigger

1681
00:40:17,066 --> 00:40:18,600
level which runs at 80 amps.

1682
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:19,866
And 80 amp cord is pretty big,

1683
00:40:19,866 --> 00:40:21,200
pretty heavy and you need 80 amp

1684
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:23,233
of extra service in your house,

1685
00:40:23,233 --> 00:40:24,800
not 80 amps of service, 80 amps

1686
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:26,066
of extra service.

1687
00:40:26,066 --> 00:40:27,500
Most people have to put a new

1688
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:29,333
panel in and again most vehicles

1689
00:40:29,333 --> 00:40:31,300
don't charge at 20 kilowatt only

1690
00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:32,800
the Tesla model S right now

1691
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:34,500
beside commercial vehicles will

1692
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:35,966
charge at the full 20 kilowatt

1693
00:40:35,966 --> 00:40:37,833
or 19.2 kilowatt of that

1694
00:40:37,833 --> 00:40:39,833
connector.

1695
00:40:39,833 --> 00:40:41,566
You can go from 19 to 3 to 1700

1696
00:40:41,566 --> 00:40:44,233
or basically 60 miles an hour of

1697
00:40:44,233 --> 00:40:45,833
charging or five miles an hour

1698
00:40:45,833 --> 00:40:47,333
of charging with the same

1699
00:40:47,333 --> 00:40:49,266
coupler, same inlet, same

1700
00:40:49,266 --> 00:40:50,833
everything.

1701
00:40:50,833 --> 00:40:52,800
It's just really blurred between

1702
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:54,533
and then we have this DC level

1703
00:40:54,533 --> 00:40:56,133
one that we talked about which

1704
00:40:56,133 --> 00:40:57,666
was just this coupler running at

1705
00:40:57,666 --> 00:40:59,033
80 amps and 500 volts is 40

1706
00:40:59,033 --> 00:41:00,200
kilowatt.

1707
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:01,733
I can do 120 miles per hour for

1708
00:41:01,733 --> 00:41:03,400
$50 coupler, pretty good deal.

1709
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:04,966
This one is more expensive can

1710
00:41:04,966 --> 00:41:06,600
do 100 kilowatt.

1711
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:07,933
There's one above that called

1712
00:41:07,933 --> 00:41:09,200
level three DC can do 250

1713
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:10,333
kilowatt.

1714
00:41:10,333 --> 00:41:11,566
You can see a lot of power can

1715
00:41:11,566 --> 00:41:12,900
be transferred all on existing

1716
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:14,266
standards.

1717
00:41:14,266 --> 00:41:15,566
Adapters so you can see there

1718
00:41:15,566 --> 00:41:17,033
are proprietary standards such

1719
00:41:17,033 --> 00:41:18,300
as the --, because they didn't

1720
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:19,533
want to wait for this one

1721
00:41:19,533 --> 00:41:20,700
to be ratified because

1722
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:21,933
it takes a lot of people

1723
00:41:21,933 --> 00:41:23,166
globally to harmonize this.

1724
00:41:23,166 --> 00:41:24,366
Every other country has now

1725
00:41:24,366 --> 00:41:25,866
harmonized this but these people

1726
00:41:25,866 --> 00:41:27,333
have been shipping this coupler

1727
00:41:27,333 --> 00:41:28,633
for four years now, five years.

1728
00:41:28,633 --> 00:41:31,133
We got it now or we got it

1729
00:41:31,133 --> 00:41:32,833
international and so there's a

1730
00:41:32,833 --> 00:41:34,733
lot of discussing.

1731
00:41:34,733 --> 00:41:36,433
Right now what I'm building in

1732
00:41:36,433 --> 00:41:37,733
my lab is an adapter between

1733
00:41:37,733 --> 00:41:38,800
this and this.

1734
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:40,033
There's a protocol converter,

1735
00:41:40,033 --> 00:41:41,300
there's galvanic isolation,

1736
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:42,433
there's a bunch of differences

1737
00:41:42,433 --> 00:41:43,666
between the standards but one

1738
00:41:43,666 --> 00:41:44,833
that can speak this language and

1739
00:41:44,833 --> 00:41:45,933
one that can speak another

1740
00:41:45,933 --> 00:41:47,033
language is effectively a

1741
00:41:47,033 --> 00:41:48,066
translator.

1742
00:41:48,066 --> 00:41:49,166
Tesla has lots of adaptors to

1743
00:41:49,166 --> 00:41:50,233
say from other infrastructures

1744
00:41:50,233 --> 00:41:51,533
to our infrastructure but not

1745
00:41:51,533 --> 00:41:52,866
from the Tesla super charger

1746
00:41:52,866 --> 00:41:54,100
infrastructure back to NSAE

1747
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:56,233
or to --.

1748
00:41:56,233 --> 00:41:57,900
It's always good to borrow

1749
00:41:57,900 --> 00:41:59,300
somebody else's infrastructure

1750
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:00,633
but please don't use ours

1751
00:42:00,633 --> 00:42:01,733
because it's exclusive, it's

1752
00:42:01,733 --> 00:42:02,933
proprietary.

1753
00:42:02,933 --> 00:42:04,300
Adapters are an issue and I

1754
00:42:04,300 --> 00:42:05,566
don't have any melty plug

1755
00:42:05,566 --> 00:42:07,433
pictures in here but again,

1756
00:42:07,433 --> 00:42:08,800
anybody who's driving a Tesla

1757
00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:10,433
this is not an indictment it's

1758
00:42:10,433 --> 00:42:11,700
just really a factual statement,

1759
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:13,566
even though -- does,

1760
00:42:13,566 --> 00:42:14,966
I have no recalls.

1761
00:42:14,966 --> 00:42:16,366
These are not problems we're

1762
00:42:16,366 --> 00:42:18,266
just going to out of gratitude

1763
00:42:18,266 --> 00:42:20,533
send out 29,000 new chargers

1764
00:42:20,533 --> 00:42:22,233
because some of you had problems

1765
00:42:22,233 --> 00:42:24,133
with the box melting out of the

1766
00:42:24,133 --> 00:42:25,233
wall and lighting the garage on

1767
00:42:25,233 --> 00:42:26,333
fire.

1768
00:42:26,333 --> 00:42:27,433
It's not a recall, it's not a

1769
00:42:27,433 --> 00:42:28,566
safety issue I just decided on

1770
00:42:28,566 --> 00:42:29,700
my own good will to replace

1771
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:31,033
29,000 units.

1772
00:42:31,033 --> 00:42:32,766
I'm like oh at $1000 a piece

1773
00:42:32,766 --> 00:42:34,633
it's 2.9 million dollars.

1774
00:42:34,633 --> 00:42:36,900
One lawsuit so you just say wow,

1775
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:38,200
look at that.

1776
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:39,566
Pretty good sense to say I'm not

1777
00:42:39,566 --> 00:42:41,400
wrong but we're going to change

1778
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:42,966
them anyway.

1779
00:42:42,966 --> 00:42:44,100
That's where adapters fit in so

1780
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:45,933
by the national electric code

1781
00:42:45,933 --> 00:42:47,633
adapters are not allowed but

1782
00:42:47,633 --> 00:42:49,166
people are doing it anyway.

1783
00:42:49,166 --> 00:42:50,666
This is the triangle I talked

1784
00:42:50,666 --> 00:42:52,366
about is transformative nature

1785
00:42:52,366 --> 00:42:53,966
of workplace charging and

1786
00:42:53,966 --> 00:42:55,166
multifamily dwellings, multi

1787
00:42:55,166 --> 00:42:56,666
dwelling units that have a lot

1788
00:42:56,666 --> 00:42:58,100
of rows of people in a small

1789
00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:00,100
place, don't have their own

1790
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:03,100
parking garage or stall with

1791
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:04,900
their own outlet, they have a

1792
00:43:04,900 --> 00:43:06,333
shared space.

1793
00:43:06,333 --> 00:43:07,733
That share space, multifamily

1794
00:43:07,733 --> 00:43:09,433
home or work place charging most

1795
00:43:09,433 --> 00:43:11,033
people underestimate the

1796
00:43:11,033 --> 00:43:12,766
transformative nature to say if

1797
00:43:12,766 --> 00:43:14,300
I had charging at work I might

1798
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:15,866
consider buying an electric car.

1799
00:43:15,866 --> 00:43:17,333
My work place gets to take all

1800
00:43:17,333 --> 00:43:18,733
the carbon credits because any

1801
00:43:18,733 --> 00:43:20,433
vehicle I charge at work they

1802
00:43:20,433 --> 00:43:21,633
get carbon reduction for.

1803
00:43:21,633 --> 00:43:22,966
The biggest way to do carbon

1804
00:43:22,966 --> 00:43:24,266
offsets for your building is to

1805
00:43:24,266 --> 00:43:25,500
put a plug outside to say

1806
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:26,600
anybody that plugs in that plug

1807
00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:27,733
they get the credit for it.

1808
00:43:27,733 --> 00:43:28,866
I'll just leave credits all by

1809
00:43:28,866 --> 00:43:30,133
just putting an outlet on there

1810
00:43:30,133 --> 00:43:31,333
but there's tax implications and

1811
00:43:31,333 --> 00:43:32,500
again I don't have time to get

1812
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:33,766
into it but there is this de

1813
00:43:33,766 --> 00:43:35,333
minimus part of the tax code

1814
00:43:35,333 --> 00:43:36,600
said if you can declare

1815
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:37,800
something de minimus much like

1816
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:39,266
the electricity for the coffee

1817
00:43:39,266 --> 00:43:40,433
pot.

1818
00:43:40,433 --> 00:43:41,566
Most people say I paid for the

1819
00:43:41,566 --> 00:43:42,800
coffee but they don't have to

1820
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:44,000
tax you for the electricity it

1821
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:45,133
took to brew the coffee because

1822
00:43:45,133 --> 00:43:46,133
you got benefit.

1823
00:43:46,133 --> 00:43:47,200
Not everybody drinks coffee so

1824
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:48,433
everybody gets a 10-99 for the

1825
00:43:48,433 --> 00:43:50,133
value of the electricity that

1826
00:43:50,133 --> 00:43:51,800
went to heat the coffee.

1827
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:53,133
You say I don't want to do that

1828
00:43:53,133 --> 00:43:54,566
right that's de minimus.

1829
00:43:54,566 --> 00:43:55,700
There's a lot of big push right

1830
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:56,766
now to have somebody set the

1831
00:43:56,766 --> 00:43:57,933
president that said electricity

1832
00:43:57,933 --> 00:43:59,133
at the work place is de minimus

1833
00:43:59,133 --> 00:44:00,433
or there can be an open

1834
00:44:00,433 --> 00:44:01,766
understanding between the

1835
00:44:01,766 --> 00:44:02,933
employer and the employee that

1836
00:44:02,933 --> 00:44:04,500
you will on a voluntary basis

1837
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:06,066
contribute towards the value of

1838
00:44:06,066 --> 00:44:07,700
the electricity that's dispersed

1839
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:09,433
to offset it against the people

1840
00:44:09,433 --> 00:44:11,033
who don't take advantage of it.

1841
00:44:11,033 --> 00:44:12,366
The big issue is, and as they

1842
00:44:12,366 --> 00:44:13,933
say, the people who are most

1843
00:44:13,933 --> 00:44:15,333
upset about work place charging

1844
00:44:15,333 --> 00:44:16,700
are the ones who don't charge at

1845
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:17,866
the work place.

1846
00:44:17,866 --> 00:44:18,933
They would like free gasoline.

1847
00:44:18,933 --> 00:44:20,200
If you get free electricity I

1848
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:22,066
want a gallon of gas on my desk.

1849
00:44:22,066 --> 00:44:23,466
That's only fair to assume but

1850
00:44:23,466 --> 00:44:24,900
hey how about if we don't do

1851
00:44:24,900 --> 00:44:26,266
that and we say everybody works

1852
00:44:26,266 --> 00:44:27,600
for the greater good.

1853
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:28,966
That's where workplace charging

1854
00:44:28,966 --> 00:44:30,300
can be transformative towards

1855
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:31,800
getting more people to do more

1856
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:33,600
carbon offsetting by doing the

1857
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:35,266
right thing without being paid

1858
00:44:35,266 --> 00:44:36,700
to do the right thing.

1859
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:38,933
Finally we talk about wireless

1860
00:44:38,933 --> 00:44:40,200
charging so here's a wireless

1861
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:42,533
charger being installed in a

1862
00:44:42,533 --> 00:44:44,266
bottom of a Chevy Volt.

1863
00:44:44,266 --> 00:44:45,566
You can see it's a very large

1864
00:44:45,566 --> 00:44:46,933
electronic assembly with a coil

1865
00:44:46,933 --> 00:44:48,033
in the middle.

1866
00:44:48,033 --> 00:44:49,266
It's a lot of loops of wire and

1867
00:44:49,266 --> 00:44:50,400
loops of wire on the floor.

1868
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:51,600
Here is Nikola Tesla's sketch

1869
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:52,833
from 100 some years ago that

1870
00:44:52,833 --> 00:44:54,866
said electricity for everybody.

1871
00:44:54,866 --> 00:44:56,433
Of course, George Westinghouse

1872
00:44:56,433 --> 00:44:57,933
said that's pretty good but how

1873
00:44:57,933 --> 00:44:59,200
about meters for everybody and

1874
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:00,266
he said I haven't quite figured

1875
00:45:00,266 --> 00:45:01,300
that out.

1876
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:02,366
If I've got ubiquitous access to

1877
00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:03,400
electricity, how do I meter

1878
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:04,300
everybody?

1879
00:45:04,300 --> 00:45:05,500
Of course he never made his

1880
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:06,600
money back and most people knew

1881
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:07,866
the story of Tesla and the, I

1882
00:45:07,866 --> 00:45:09,800
was trying to remember the name

1883
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:13,300
of the location.

1884
00:45:13,300 --> 00:45:14,600
Anyway the place in New Jersey

1885
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:16,133
where they built the tower, very

1886
00:45:16,133 --> 00:45:17,700
large tower, very large coil

1887
00:45:17,700 --> 00:45:18,933
that went down into the ground a

1888
00:45:18,933 --> 00:45:19,966
hundred years ago.

1889
00:45:19,966 --> 00:45:21,166
Got hit with some inflation and

1890
00:45:21,166 --> 00:45:22,566
so it turns out the price of the

1891
00:45:22,566 --> 00:45:24,366
lumber and the copper and the

1892
00:45:24,366 --> 00:45:25,633
other things to make this

1893
00:45:25,633 --> 00:45:27,100
tripled between the time he

1894
00:45:27,100 --> 00:45:28,400
started the project and when he

1895
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:29,566
finished it.

1896
00:45:29,566 --> 00:45:30,700
They actually just ran out of

1897
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:31,800
money because the building

1898
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:32,866
materials went up so much.

1899
00:45:32,866 --> 00:45:33,933
It wasn't that it was a bad

1900
00:45:33,933 --> 00:45:35,033
idea, they just came up short on

1901
00:45:35,033 --> 00:45:36,066
their budget.

1902
00:45:36,066 --> 00:45:37,200
Most people said doomsday

1903
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:38,100
weapon.

1904
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:39,066
You can actually change the

1905
00:45:39,066 --> 00:45:39,966
weather, you can change our

1906
00:45:39,966 --> 00:45:41,000
polar axis all these different

1907
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:41,900
things, let's burn it.

1908
00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:42,966
They did.

1909
00:45:42,966 --> 00:45:44,066
They went out of business.

1910
00:45:44,066 --> 00:45:45,333
They demolished it and all was

1911
00:45:45,333 --> 00:45:46,866
gone but a century later this is

1912
00:45:46,866 --> 00:45:47,900
what we're going to be doing on

1913
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:49,000
cars.

1914
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:49,933
You say what does the future

1915
00:45:49,933 --> 00:45:50,833
look like?

1916
00:45:50,833 --> 00:45:52,033
Every car, not some car, every

1917
00:45:52,033 --> 00:45:53,233
car will have the option to have

1918
00:45:53,233 --> 00:45:54,266
a wireless charging system into

1919
00:45:54,266 --> 00:45:55,233
it.

1920
00:45:55,233 --> 00:45:56,200
I'll just close with the thought

1921
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:57,366
of what does the future hold?

1922
00:45:57,366 --> 00:45:58,866
The future will be like your

1923
00:45:58,866 --> 00:46:00,800
garage door, 1950 it was okay to

1924
00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:02,433
drive up, put your key in the

1925
00:46:02,433 --> 00:46:03,666
door turn the knob, lift the

1926
00:46:03,666 --> 00:46:05,166
door up, drive your car in,

1927
00:46:05,166 --> 00:46:06,266
close the door and go into the

1928
00:46:06,266 --> 00:46:07,300
house.

1929
00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:08,433
Where today some cars say I'm

1930
00:46:08,433 --> 00:46:09,566
near the garage open the door

1931
00:46:09,566 --> 00:46:10,766
for me.

1932
00:46:10,766 --> 00:46:11,933
You get out of your car and go

1933
00:46:11,933 --> 00:46:12,966
in the house and push the button

1934
00:46:12,966 --> 00:46:14,133
and the door closes.

1935
00:46:14,133 --> 00:46:15,233
That's the way wireless

1936
00:46:15,233 --> 00:46:16,133
charging is.

1937
00:46:16,133 --> 00:46:17,200
It's okay to pull the connector

1938
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:18,466
off the wall and plug it into my

1939
00:46:18,466 --> 00:46:20,500
car and take it out of the car

1940
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:21,600
and plug it in and say it's 20

1941
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:22,633
seconds this way 20 seconds that

1942
00:46:22,633 --> 00:46:23,966
way, 40 seconds out of my day.

1943
00:46:23,966 --> 00:46:25,233
Or I just pull in my garage and

1944
00:46:25,233 --> 00:46:26,933
then I leave or parking spot or

1945
00:46:26,933 --> 00:46:28,933
where ever it happens to be.

1946
00:46:28,933 --> 00:46:30,200
Ubiquitous wireless charging is

1947
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:31,333
coming, the standards are a

1948
00:46:31,333 --> 00:46:32,433
little bit behind because

1949
00:46:32,433 --> 00:46:33,466
there's a lot of arguing about

1950
00:46:33,466 --> 00:46:35,000
the cost and frequency and

1951
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:36,400
safety issues and that's a lot

1952
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:37,400
of what I'm working on in my

1953
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:38,300
lab.

1954
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:39,566
I think we're going to end here

1955
00:46:39,566 --> 00:46:40,533
and you can have questions

1956
00:46:40,533 --> 00:46:41,266
afterward.

1957
00:46:41,266 --> 00:46:42,366
Thank you very much.

1958
00:46:42,366 --> 00:46:44,366
[applause]