WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:5% cc 00:01.000 --> 00:02.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% >> Welcome, everyone, 00:02.166 --> 00:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% to Wednesday Nite at the Lab. 00:03.266 --> 00:04.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% I'm Tom Zinnen. 00:04.300 --> 00:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I work here at the UW-Madison 00:05.433 --> 00:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% Biotechnology Center. 00:06.600 --> 00:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I also work for UW-Extension 00:07.700 --> 00:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% Cooperative Extension. 00:09.233 --> 00:10.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% On behalf of those folks and our 00:10.700 --> 00:12.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% other co-organizers, 00:12.233 --> 00:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Wisconsin Public Television, the 00:13.500 --> 00:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Wisconsin Alumni Association, 00:15.100 --> 00:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% and the UW-Madison 00:16.766 --> 00:18.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Science Alliance, thanks again 00:18.233 --> 00:19.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% for coming to Wednesday Nite 00:19.400 --> 00:20.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% at the Lab. 00:20.400 --> 00:21.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% We do this every Wednesday Nite, 00:21.966 --> 00:23.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% 50 times a year. 00:23.633 --> 00:26.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Tonight it's my pleasure to be 00:26.000 --> 00:27.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% able to introduce to you 00:27.600 --> 00:28.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% Ted Bohn. 00:28.433 --> 00:29.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% He works at Argonne National 00:29.500 --> 00:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% Laboratory. 00:31.033 --> 00:32.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% He got his master's degree in 00:32.633 --> 00:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electrical engineering here at 00:34.200 --> 00:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% UW-Madison. 00:36.066 --> 00:37.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% He grew up in Cleveland, 00:37.633 --> 00:40.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% Wisconsin. 00:40.500 --> 00:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I just drove through Cleveland, 00:42.833 --> 00:44.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% Ohio, the other day. 00:44.400 --> 00:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I'm assuming Cleveland is over 00:45.733 --> 00:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% by Lake Michigan? 00:48.233 --> 00:50.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Different place, different lake. 00:50.366 --> 00:52.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Tonight, he's going to talk 00:52.000 --> 00:53.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% about electric cars. 00:53.433 --> 00:54.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% I got a sneak peek at his 00:54.666 --> 00:56.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Powerpoint, and it's pretty 00:56.500 --> 01:00.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% remarkable, the historical track 01:00.833 --> 01:02.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% of electrical cars. 01:02.733 --> 01:05.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I'm pretty excited about getting 01:05.066 --> 01:06.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% to hear about what's going to 01:06.100 --> 01:07.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% happen in the next five or ten 01:07.000 --> 01:08.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% years. 01:08.000 --> 01:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's amazing what's happened in 01:09.033 --> 01:10.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% the last 110. 01:10.833 --> 01:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Please join me in welcoming Ted 01:11.900 --> 01:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% to Wednesday Nite at the Lab. 01:13.266 --> 01:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [applause] 01:19.333 --> 01:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% >> Thank you very much, 01:20.433 --> 01:21.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% everybody. 01:21.333 --> 01:22.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% My name is Ted Bohn. 01:22.266 --> 01:23.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I work for Argonne National Lab. 01:23.300 --> 01:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I have a zero-time appointment 01:24.333 --> 01:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% here at the university, so I 01:25.333 --> 01:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% have a lot of affiliation with 01:26.566 --> 01:27.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% the university. 01:27.733 --> 01:28.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% No salary, but a lot of 01:28.533 --> 01:29.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% affiliation. 01:29.633 --> 01:30.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [laughter] 01:30.800 --> 01:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I actually use them as one of my 01:31.766 --> 01:33.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% prime contractors, so when you 01:33.500 --> 01:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% say what's the quid pro quo, I 01:35.233 --> 01:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% have the most talented people 01:37.200 --> 01:39.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% that I can access here, and I 01:39.200 --> 01:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% also live in Madison, so even 01:40.200 --> 01:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% though my office is in Chicago, 01:41.266 --> 01:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% I work in Detroit and 01:42.933 --> 01:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Washington, DC, my home is here. 01:45.933 --> 01:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% And everybody knows why your 01:47.333 --> 01:48.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% home would be here. 01:48.700 --> 01:50.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% So, that being said, a lot of 01:50.000 --> 01:51.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% things are happening in the last 01:51.300 --> 01:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% century plus. 01:52.333 --> 01:53.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Most people think that the 01:53.533 --> 01:54.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% electric car thing is new and it 01:54.566 --> 01:55.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% is the future. 01:55.666 --> 01:56.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Pretty true that people a 01:56.933 --> 01:58.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% century-plus ago said the same 01:58.066 --> 01:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% thing. 01:59.200 --> 02:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Edison, Steinmetz, and Ford, and 02:02.700 --> 02:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Ford's wife, everybody's gonna 02:04.500 --> 02:05.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% tell you the same thing. 02:05.833 --> 02:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% If we can just get a better 02:06.933 --> 02:07.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% battery, we're all set. 02:07.766 --> 02:08.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [laughter] 02:08.766 --> 02:09.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% So most people would say, for 02:09.966 --> 02:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% their phone, it's not really a 02:11.266 --> 02:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% problem, right? 02:12.966 --> 02:14.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It used to be you'd have a half 02:14.166 --> 02:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% a day on your battery. 02:15.466 --> 02:16.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You'd change batteries, plug it 02:16.566 --> 02:17.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% in. 02:17.566 --> 02:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Most people's smart phones can 02:18.533 --> 02:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% go a day. 02:19.666 --> 02:20.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% A lot of it has to do with the 02:20.600 --> 02:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% amount of consumption. 02:21.533 --> 02:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% So efficient vehicles make 02:22.500 --> 02:23.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% batteries last longer. 02:23.933 --> 02:25.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Better infrastructure, and where 02:25.100 --> 02:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% it is you would plug in your 02:26.100 --> 02:26.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% battery. 02:26.966 --> 02:27.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% You can imagine that if there 02:27.966 --> 02:29.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% were no plugs to plug in your 02:29.066 --> 02:29.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% phone, it would be kind of hard 02:29.933 --> 02:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% to maintain your flow. 02:31.166 --> 02:31.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% So, for electric vehicles it's 02:31.900 --> 02:33.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% about getting where you need to 02:33.266 --> 02:34.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% go with the resources you 02:34.600 --> 02:35.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% already have. 02:35.566 --> 02:36.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Planning ahead is one part and 02:36.766 --> 02:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% having the right tool for the 02:38.233 --> 02:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% right job. 02:39.866 --> 02:41.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% We're going to spend a lot on 02:41.100 --> 02:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% historical content today, a 02:42.666 --> 02:44.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% little bit on technology and 02:44.300 --> 02:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% standards, and then of course 02:45.633 --> 02:46.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% look a little bit toward the 02:46.900 --> 02:47.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% future. 02:47.966 --> 02:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% That's basically what I work on, 02:49.000 --> 02:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% is not quite determining the 02:50.133 --> 02:51.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% future, but enabling the future. 02:51.200 --> 02:52.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% What we do at Argonne National 02:52.433 --> 02:54.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Lab, and let me go back and just 02:54.066 --> 02:56.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% talk about where we've come in 02:56.333 --> 02:57.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% the last century. 02:57.833 --> 02:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% A century ago, there were 02:59.533 --> 03:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% garages with charging stations 03:01.400 --> 03:02.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% on the wall and cabs and other 03:02.766 --> 03:04.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% fleet vehicles that would come 03:04.400 --> 03:05.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% in, plug into the front and 03:05.833 --> 03:07.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% drive away, just like we do 03:07.000 --> 03:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% today. 03:08.033 --> 03:09.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Everyone says, oh look and see 03:09.066 --> 03:10.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% this new thing I have. 03:10.100 --> 03:11.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% It's only a hundred years old. 03:11.733 --> 03:13.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They're only, you know, 50,000 03:13.033 --> 03:14.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% cars doing this a hundred years 03:14.233 --> 03:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% ago, but if you think it's new, 03:15.466 --> 03:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% it's new. 03:16.700 --> 03:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% It's new to you. 03:17.766 --> 03:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% And we'll just talk a lot about 03:18.866 --> 03:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% that. 03:20.066 --> 03:21.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I do have to point out this is 03:21.000 --> 03:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% sponsored. 03:21.933 --> 03:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% My activity, my participation 03:22.900 --> 03:24.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% here, a lot of these slides, 03:24.500 --> 03:26.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% are your tax dollars at work. 03:26.233 --> 03:27.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I'm very proud to say that's 03:27.166 --> 03:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% what we actually do. 03:27.933 --> 03:28.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% We spend money. 03:28.833 --> 03:30.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% We don't make money. 03:30.566 --> 03:31.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% We spend money that is used 03:31.866 --> 03:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% wisely, instead of money that is 03:33.700 --> 03:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% used just so they could get rid 03:34.933 --> 03:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% of it. 03:36.633 --> 03:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% At Argonne National Lab, this is 03:38.366 --> 03:39.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the campus, the central office 03:39.566 --> 03:40.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% buildings. 03:40.900 --> 03:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% My lab is over here, in this 03:42.533 --> 03:43.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% cluster of buildings. 03:43.800 --> 03:44.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% This is where we have the smart 03:44.900 --> 03:46.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% -- operability center. 03:46.100 --> 03:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Again, I do a lot with the grid. 03:47.300 --> 03:48.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Over here, is the advanced 03:48.700 --> 03:49.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% photon source, where they do 03:49.866 --> 03:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% very, very, very, very short 03:51.566 --> 03:52.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% wavelength radiation, shorter 03:52.900 --> 03:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% than xrays, to look at different 03:54.500 --> 03:55.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% things on how proteins are 03:55.866 --> 03:57.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% built, how molecules are put 03:57.200 --> 03:58.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% together, and again, anything to 03:58.666 --> 03:59.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% do with nanos. 03:59.866 --> 04:00.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% This building over here is the 04:00.633 --> 04:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% nanotechnology center. 04:01.333 --> 04:02.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Just to give you an orientation. 04:02.666 --> 04:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% So, is a headline from this week 04:03.933 --> 04:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% or a century ago? 04:06.266 --> 04:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Which is, "Do you really need 04:08.066 --> 04:09.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% a 200-mile-on-one-charge 04:09.733 --> 04:11.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% battery car?" 04:11.766 --> 04:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% I heard that. 04:13.366 --> 04:14.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% You have to have 04:14.200 --> 04:16.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% a 200-mile range car. 04:16.233 --> 04:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% This is a century-old ad 04:18.166 --> 04:20.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% out of Harper's Weekly. 04:20.666 --> 04:22.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Literally, this is a piece of 04:22.066 --> 04:23.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% newspaper, an ad, and these 04:23.166 --> 04:24.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% words on it. 04:24.600 --> 04:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% One of the things people do in 04:25.833 --> 04:27.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% their car, they go shopping, go 04:27.133 --> 04:28.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% to parties, theater, market, 04:28.400 --> 04:31.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% work, church, hospital, farm. 04:31.366 --> 04:33.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I take my electric car out to 04:33.600 --> 04:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% the farm. 04:34.933 --> 04:36.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% But this calling? 04:36.500 --> 04:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Huh, not a lot of cell phones a 04:38.033 --> 04:39.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% hundred years ago. 04:39.300 --> 04:40.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% That was when you'd go to call 04:40.533 --> 04:41.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% on someone else. 04:41.800 --> 04:42.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% You'd take your car and you'd 04:42.966 --> 04:44.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% call on them. 04:44.333 --> 04:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [laughter] 04:45.500 --> 04:46.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% So, inflation. 04:46.633 --> 04:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% A lot of people will talk about 04:47.766 --> 04:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% how expensive cars are. 04:48.866 --> 04:49.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Adjusted for inflation, they're 04:49.966 --> 04:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% about the same. 04:50.933 --> 04:52.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% So, in 1914, a Detroit electric 04:52.133 --> 04:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% is $2,500. 04:53.300 --> 04:54.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Boy, I'd like to buy that car 04:54.300 --> 04:55.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% now. 04:55.266 --> 04:56.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Well, if you would buy that car 04:56.366 --> 04:57.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% now, it'd be $56,000 about the 04:57.766 --> 04:59.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% cost of a BMW i3 or some of the 04:59.233 --> 05:00.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% other modern cars. 05:00.933 --> 05:02.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Again, this is just to let you 05:02.766 --> 05:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% know some of the formatting is 05:03.866 --> 05:05.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% not as clear as it should be. 05:05.266 --> 05:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I recycled a lot of slides, and 05:06.633 --> 05:08.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I'm very much on recycling, so 05:08.333 --> 05:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% both in materials and labor. 05:10.766 --> 05:12.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% But the Model T, by comparison, 05:12.366 --> 05:14.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% was about one-fifth the price. 05:14.700 --> 05:15.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% So, about $12,000, about the 05:15.733 --> 05:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% same as a Hyundai-Kia. 05:17.300 --> 05:19.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The Runabouts, which were much, 05:19.233 --> 05:21.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% much simpler, were just above 05:21.333 --> 05:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% that, about $20,000. 05:22.900 --> 05:24.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% It kinds of talks about entry 05:24.000 --> 05:25.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% level, Honda Fit, some of these 05:25.266 --> 05:26.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% entry level electric cars, the 05:26.500 --> 05:28.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Mitsubishi i-MiEV, not a lot 05:28.333 --> 05:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of features, not a lot of price. 05:30.433 --> 05:31.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Then the Surrey which I thought 05:31.900 --> 05:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% was kind of outrageous, this one 05:33.233 --> 05:35.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% right here the equivalent of 05:35.000 --> 05:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% $38,000 and some of the options 05:37.266 --> 05:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% were, I can't see where it is 05:38.900 --> 05:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% down here. 05:42.533 --> 05:44.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Anyway some of the add-ons were 05:44.033 --> 05:45.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% several hundred dollars which 05:45.666 --> 05:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% would be the equivalent of 05:47.000 --> 05:49.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% leather seats and a roof. 05:49.433 --> 05:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Again everybody a century ago, 05:52.200 --> 05:53.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Detroit Electric saying that we 05:53.666 --> 05:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% are the best company, we will be 05:55.100 --> 05:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% around forever we use worm or 05:56.700 --> 05:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% bevel gears for your axle. 05:59.466 --> 06:01.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Anybody who knows about gears 06:01.900 --> 06:04.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% it's a very old technology so 06:04.100 --> 06:06.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% the point is that a century ago 06:06.766 --> 06:08.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% we had all these electric cars 06:08.666 --> 06:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% in these garages with wall 06:10.033 --> 06:11.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% chargers and we had street 06:11.633 --> 06:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% infrastructure, in the gutter 06:13.000 --> 06:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% plates, on the street, in the 06:14.533 --> 06:15.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% snow, in the winter, in Detroit 06:15.733 --> 06:17.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% a century ago there were 46,000 06:17.533 --> 06:19.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% miles of electric taxis in 06:19.866 --> 06:21.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% operation a century ago. 06:21.800 --> 06:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Fleets of cars not just a few 06:23.466 --> 06:25.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% but fleets in Detroit; not in 06:25.466 --> 06:28.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Miami or some other sunny place. 06:28.433 --> 06:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Just to warm up your brain 06:29.900 --> 06:31.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% cells what is the best way to 06:31.200 --> 06:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% get around in the future? 06:33.133 --> 06:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% This whole personal 06:35.033 --> 06:36.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% transportation paradigm might 06:36.433 --> 06:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% not be the future. 06:37.666 --> 06:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Before we go too far into the 06:38.900 --> 06:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% past we'll go look into the 06:39.866 --> 06:41.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% future and say will everybody 06:41.000 --> 06:42.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% have their own car or we do this 06:42.033 --> 06:44.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% car sharing thing? 06:44.500 --> 06:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Or will there be lots of bikes 06:45.833 --> 06:47.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% parked everywhere? 06:47.433 --> 06:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Or will you be caring your deer 06:48.866 --> 06:50.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% home from hunting season on your 06:50.100 --> 06:51.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% bike? 06:51.500 --> 06:52.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Or carrying your washing machine 06:52.666 --> 06:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% home on your back? 06:53.900 --> 06:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The label didn't show up on here 06:55.500 --> 06:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% but this is Tolstoy on his bike 06:56.800 --> 06:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% so while you're thinking great 06:57.933 --> 06:59.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% thoughts and writing great 06:59.066 --> 07:00.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% stories you'd be riding your 07:00.166 --> 07:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% bike. 07:01.333 --> 07:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I believe that is the future. 07:02.500 --> 07:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% As I was saying about the 60 07:03.766 --> 07:05.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% occupying this space so here is 07:05.733 --> 07:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% 60 people standing next to each 07:07.233 --> 07:08.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% other, here's 60 people on a 07:08.666 --> 07:09.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% bus. 07:09.900 --> 07:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Here are 60 bicycles and 60 07:11.533 --> 07:12.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% people, about the same volume. 07:12.833 --> 07:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Here are 60 cars, in fact 07:14.933 --> 07:16.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% there's not even 60 cars, 07:16.400 --> 07:17.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% there's less then 60 cars. 07:17.600 --> 07:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Here you can just see that the 07:18.700 --> 07:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% volume of personal 07:19.800 --> 07:20.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% transportation is much greater 07:20.866 --> 07:22.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% then a bus or a cluster of 07:22.033 --> 07:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% bikes. 07:23.066 --> 07:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Looking at the lifetime C02 per 07:24.166 --> 07:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% kilometer, grams per kilometer a 07:25.866 --> 07:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% bicycle you wouldn't think would 07:27.500 --> 07:30.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% be that high, 21 grams. 07:30.266 --> 07:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Electric assist bicycle only a 07:32.433 --> 07:34.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% gram more so that's pretty good. 07:34.800 --> 07:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That means that I don't have to 07:36.066 --> 07:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% peddle so much and I'm not 07:37.200 --> 07:38.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% really having a big carbon 07:38.333 --> 07:39.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% footprint. 07:39.366 --> 07:40.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% A passenger car again, based on 07:40.500 --> 07:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% short trips that a bicycle 07:41.533 --> 07:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% would make 270 grams. 07:42.500 --> 07:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% You can see over an order 07:44.133 --> 07:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% of magnitude and a bus is 07:46.133 --> 07:47.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% someplace in between about 100 07:47.533 --> 07:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% grams. 07:48.633 --> 07:50.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Some people say that a runner is 07:50.100 --> 07:52.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% about 50 grams per mile. 07:52.600 --> 07:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% I know per mile better the 07:54.233 --> 07:56.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% kilometer. 07:56.133 --> 07:57.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Most hybrid cars are well under 07:57.666 --> 08:00.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% 100 grams per mile. 08:00.033 --> 08:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% The moral of that story is if 08:01.466 --> 08:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% you're going someplace 08:02.700 --> 08:04.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% especially to a foot race, 08:04.166 --> 08:05.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% drive your car then run. 08:05.600 --> 08:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [laughter] 08:09.166 --> 08:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% A hundred years of electric 08:10.333 --> 08:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% transportation, GE has this 08:12.200 --> 08:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% charging station called the 08:13.166 --> 08:14.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% watt station. 08:14.266 --> 08:15.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% A century ago, they had 08:15.366 --> 08:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% something called the watt 08:16.300 --> 08:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% station and here is a very 08:17.333 --> 08:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% elegantly dressed person with 08:18.800 --> 08:20.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% a very bright light behind this 08:20.400 --> 08:21.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% charge station plugged. 08:21.566 --> 08:22.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% This is a mercury vapor arc 08:22.666 --> 08:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% rectifier. 08:23.666 --> 08:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% A century ago they had 8,000 08:25.633 --> 08:28.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% chargers, 8,000 home DC 08:28.000 --> 08:29.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% chargers. 08:29.466 --> 08:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Then it goes man, we're going to 08:30.866 --> 08:32.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% have DC charging in our home. 08:32.033 --> 08:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% This lady knew that a century 08:33.200 --> 08:34.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% ago. 08:34.233 --> 08:35.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% GE knew that a century ago. 08:35.500 --> 08:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Here's Steinmetz from GE and 08:37.266 --> 08:38.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Edison and this is basically 08:38.733 --> 08:39.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Steinmetz conceding to Edison 08:39.966 --> 08:41.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% saying, you know what, we can't 08:41.300 --> 08:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% figure out how to make a good 08:42.500 --> 08:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% battery but Edison batteries 08:43.600 --> 08:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% rock. 08:44.600 --> 08:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% That's what basically Charles 08:45.633 --> 08:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Proteus Steinmetz signed it here 08:47.000 --> 08:48.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% and he said average guy can't 08:48.266 --> 08:49.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% afford to maintain a horse. 08:49.300 --> 08:50.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Horses are expensive to feed but 08:50.333 --> 08:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% an electric car that you can 08:51.333 --> 08:52.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% afford. 08:52.300 --> 08:53.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Again, a century ago in an ad in 08:53.400 --> 08:57.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% this Electric Review 1914. 08:57.533 --> 08:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Porsche's first car, some of you 08:58.766 --> 09:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have seen this in the headlines 09:00.366 --> 09:02.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% recently 112 years in storage 09:02.200 --> 09:03.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% pull it out. 09:03.366 --> 09:04.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Basically it was built in 1898, 09:04.766 --> 09:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% he was 23 years old, he's got 09:06.333 --> 09:08.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% his initials scrawled into here. 09:08.366 --> 09:10.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% He worked for Loaner, built this 09:10.433 --> 09:12.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% surrey that had eight 09:12.100 --> 09:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% convertible bodies so you could 09:13.266 --> 09:14.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% put different styles of 09:14.733 --> 09:17.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% components on top but this is 09:17.000 --> 09:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% the restored actual first 09:18.533 --> 09:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% electric vehicle that Porsche 09:19.800 --> 09:20.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% built. 09:20.766 --> 09:22.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% His lightweight 286 pound motor 09:22.066 --> 09:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% did all of three horse power 09:24.233 --> 09:26.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% continuous five horse peak. 09:26.466 --> 09:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% This here is a motor drive it's 09:30.066 --> 09:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% 150 horsepower and that's four 09:32.000 --> 09:33.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% years old. 09:33.766 --> 09:35.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The next generation is about the 09:35.133 --> 09:36.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% size of a box of cigars, 150 09:36.733 --> 09:38.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% horsepower traction drive. 09:38.533 --> 09:40.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Again very, very high density, 09:40.066 --> 09:42.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% high voltage, again over a 09:42.166 --> 09:44.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% century of evolution. 09:44.433 --> 09:46.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Battery swapping, a lot of 09:46.066 --> 09:47.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% people know that Project Better 09:47.833 --> 09:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% Place failed to meet its 09:50.033 --> 09:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% expectations after burning 09:51.533 --> 09:52.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% through 850 million dollars of 09:52.833 --> 09:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% investor money they decided to 09:54.166 --> 09:55.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% call it quits that they couldn't 09:55.433 --> 09:56.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% return on their investment. 09:56.533 --> 09:57.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% A century ago, a lot of people 09:57.766 --> 09:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% knew the same thing that it 09:58.866 --> 09:59.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% really wasn't a good idea. 09:59.800 --> 10:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% They had taxi cabs a century ago 10:01.066 --> 10:02.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and in this taxi cab there is a 10:02.733 --> 10:04.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% pallet full of batteries so of 10:04.200 --> 10:05.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% course the cabby sat up high 10:05.833 --> 10:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% where he's got his tiller. 10:07.533 --> 10:09.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The passengers sat in the front 10:09.800 --> 10:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and in the center is a tray full 10:12.000 --> 10:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% of batteries. 10:13.300 --> 10:14.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% When the batteries were 10:14.466 --> 10:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% discharged instead of taking 10:15.566 --> 10:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% overnight to recharge the 10:16.666 --> 10:18.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% vehicle they'd pull into this 10:18.100 --> 10:19.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% fixture and there are two large 10:19.733 --> 10:22.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% levers over here that the 10:22.800 --> 10:26.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% operator would because as you 10:26.033 --> 10:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% can imagine if you're putting in 10:27.300 --> 10:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% 500 pounds of batteries into a 10:28.866 --> 10:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% leaf spring vehicle it's going 10:30.433 --> 10:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to go down as you put it in, as 10:32.000 --> 10:33.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you pull it out it's going to go 10:33.066 --> 10:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% up. 10:34.100 --> 10:35.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You have to match the batteries 10:35.133 --> 10:36.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% to the vehicle. 10:36.100 --> 10:37.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% They would have large hydraulic 10:37.233 --> 10:38.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% rams that would allow them to 10:38.400 --> 10:39.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% articulate the vehicle to get 10:39.400 --> 10:40.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% the battery in and out; a lot of 10:40.466 --> 10:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% mechanical engineering a century 10:41.466 --> 10:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% ago. 10:42.500 --> 10:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can see these wooden frames 10:43.833 --> 10:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% where they have trays of 10:45.000 --> 10:46.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% batteries much like a fork lift 10:46.200 --> 10:47.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% operation where the swap it out. 10:47.233 --> 10:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Charging garages and you can see 10:48.333 --> 10:49.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% these are some more of these 10:49.433 --> 10:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% mercury vapor arc rectifier 10:50.700 --> 10:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% tubes. 10:52.333 --> 10:53.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Again, a pool of mercury that 10:53.833 --> 10:55.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% they turn sideways until it 10:55.433 --> 10:56.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% strikes an arc and then 10:56.666 --> 10:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% vaporizes and that was the 10:57.733 --> 10:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% rectifier a century ago; 10:59.000 --> 11:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% stations of them with lots of 11:00.800 --> 11:02.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% analog meters and lots of cables 11:02.333 --> 11:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and lots of cars that were 11:03.500 --> 11:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% plugged in. 11:04.500 --> 11:05.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% These DC charging stations that 11:05.566 --> 11:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% people are proposing with new 11:06.966 --> 11:08.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% safer standards were around a 11:08.466 --> 11:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% century ago; again, economically 11:09.833 --> 11:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% feasible a century ago, 11:11.466 --> 11:13.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% economically feasible now with 11:13.033 --> 11:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% different constraints. 11:14.533 --> 11:16.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% "Does is pay?" 11:16.200 --> 11:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I don't have enough time to go 11:17.300 --> 11:18.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% through all of these but you can 11:18.500 --> 11:19.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% see a lot of slides, switches 11:19.600 --> 11:20.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and a lot of knobs and tubes and 11:20.933 --> 11:22.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% wires that the operator would 11:22.700 --> 11:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have to know what he'd doing on 11:23.900 --> 11:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% charging battery vehicles but 11:25.333 --> 11:27.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% here are those four batteries 11:27.900 --> 11:29.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% that were in the swap. 11:29.200 --> 11:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% It's a dollar a ride for an 11:30.866 --> 11:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% electric taxi a century ago. 11:33.400 --> 11:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% A dollar was a lot of money a 11:34.933 --> 11:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% century ago. 11:36.633 --> 11:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's like me saying I want to 11:38.233 --> 11:40.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% take a Nissan LEAF cab from here 11:40.400 --> 11:43.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% downtown, $25. 11:43.100 --> 11:44.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Wow, how many rides will it do? 11:44.733 --> 11:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Fifteen hundred rides, you say 11:46.133 --> 11:47.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% wow some cab companies do 1500 11:47.966 --> 11:49.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% rides a day not in a whole 11:49.400 --> 11:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% operation. 11:50.866 --> 11:52.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% The point is that all this 11:52.133 --> 11:53.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% switching station and charging 11:53.566 --> 11:56.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and swapping never broke even. 11:56.000 --> 11:58.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% We'll go back 50 years. 11:58.200 --> 11:59.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% I can go back in more 11:59.400 --> 12:00.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% granularity but we'll just do it 12:00.700 --> 12:02.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% in decades. 12:02.366 --> 12:03.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Fifty years ago and a lot of 12:03.633 --> 12:05.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% people remember them, most of 12:05.100 --> 12:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% you have good memories, you can 12:06.933 --> 12:08.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% remember the Electrovair. 12:08.133 --> 12:09.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The front was filled with silver 12:09.633 --> 12:11.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% zinc batteries, most people know 12:11.300 --> 12:12.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% that silver zinc batteries are 12:12.633 --> 12:14.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% most often used on one way trips 12:14.366 --> 12:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% in military defense articles. 12:16.700 --> 12:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% In a torpedo or a missile you 12:18.866 --> 12:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% don't expect that battery to 12:19.766 --> 12:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% come back. 12:21.033 --> 12:22.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% This is a car stuffed full of 12:22.666 --> 12:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% batteries that don't expect to 12:24.100 --> 12:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% have a very long lifetime and 12:25.333 --> 12:26.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% again very good density but they 12:26.500 --> 12:27.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% did it all with SCR's. 12:27.800 --> 12:28.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% Anybody who knows power 12:28.966 --> 12:30.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electronics this is a big feat 12:30.100 --> 12:32.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% to do this, no computers, gate 12:32.033 --> 12:33.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% turn off devices, it was a lot 12:33.300 --> 12:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% of technology for 50 years ago. 12:35.033 --> 12:36.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% The Electrovair was an 12:36.200 --> 12:37.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% investigation that lead towards 12:37.866 --> 12:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the electro-vet and some other 12:39.466 --> 12:40.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% things but just 12:40.566 --> 12:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% looking in the back you can see 12:41.633 --> 12:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% a spaghetti mess of wire, a 12:42.833 --> 12:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% whole bunch of batteries, the 12:43.900 --> 12:45.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% horizontal fan that was in the 12:45.166 --> 12:46.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% Corvair. 12:46.266 --> 12:47.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% These were some papers that were 12:47.366 --> 12:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% published 50 years ago, half a 12:48.733 --> 12:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% century ago. 12:50.300 --> 12:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Forty years ago seems like a 12:52.100 --> 12:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% long time ago and for some 12:53.966 --> 12:55.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% people it is but looking back at 12:55.333 --> 12:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Slide Rule calculators, so the 12:57.600 --> 12:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% electronic Slide Rule first same 12:59.333 --> 13:00.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% out in 1974, the SR-52 with a 13:00.600 --> 13:02.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% Slide Rule. 13:02.266 --> 13:04.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% It took only three seconds to 13:04.766 --> 13:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% come up with a trigonometric 13:07.266 --> 13:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% answer, three, one, two, three 13:10.300 --> 13:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% before it came up with an 13:11.466 --> 13:12.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% answer. 13:12.566 --> 13:13.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Most people were amazed and 13:13.600 --> 13:14.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% again they were on the order of 13:14.733 --> 13:15.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% $200. 13:15.766 --> 13:16.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% If you were using a Slide Rule 13:16.800 --> 13:17.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% that was a great time saver. 13:17.966 --> 13:19.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Today we have Google glass, 13:19.166 --> 13:20.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% here's a dime and that shows you 13:20.466 --> 13:21.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% the monitor that fits inside the 13:21.733 --> 13:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% eye piece and you have basically 13:22.866 --> 13:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% a full on wearable computer in 13:24.233 --> 13:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% just 40 years. 13:25.700 --> 13:26.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% You can imagine what the next 40 13:26.900 --> 13:27.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% years holds. 13:27.966 --> 13:29.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% A lot of people say we need DC 13:29.133 --> 13:30.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% off board charging. 13:30.266 --> 13:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Here it is, 350 mail jeeps were 13:31.400 --> 13:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% deployed by the US government 13:33.366 --> 13:35.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and AMC for the postal service. 13:35.000 --> 13:36.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Three hundred and fifty units, 13:36.900 --> 13:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% 40 years ago, lots and lots of 13:38.800 --> 13:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% DC charge vehicles in fleet 13:40.133 --> 13:41.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% operation every day. 13:41.933 --> 13:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Battery swapping, here's a 13:43.300 --> 13:44.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% company in Boston who did 13:44.766 --> 13:46.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% battery swapping on delivery 13:46.233 --> 13:47.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% vehicles. 13:47.366 --> 13:48.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Mail vehicles were electric 13:48.700 --> 13:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% vehicles; today we have mail 13:49.900 --> 13:50.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% vehicles that are electric 13:50.966 --> 13:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% vehicles. 13:52.333 --> 13:53.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% Thirty years ago, EV-1. 13:53.533 --> 13:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Hard to believe EV-1 came out 13:55.000 --> 13:56.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% 30 years go as a T-pack design. 13:56.366 --> 13:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% We have one here in case anybody 13:58.500 --> 14:00.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% doesn't know, here at UW Madison 14:00.133 --> 14:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% we have one of the remaining 40 14:01.466 --> 14:02.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% left on the planet and it has a 14:02.966 --> 14:04.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% T-pack in the middle and it 14:04.700 --> 14:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% originally came with lead acid 14:06.200 --> 14:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and then second generation was 14:07.800 --> 14:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% nickel metal hydride. 14:09.166 --> 14:10.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% The motor drive system on the 14:10.433 --> 14:12.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% front was about 100 kilowatts so 14:12.100 --> 14:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you can see this thing that goes 14:13.866 --> 14:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% fender to fender, now fits in a 14:15.000 --> 14:16.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% cigar box; again, 30 years of 14:16.100 --> 14:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% evolution. 14:17.166 --> 14:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I worked on this product a long 14:18.333 --> 14:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% time ago at GM. 14:19.500 --> 14:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Eight years ago, and it doesn't 14:20.733 --> 14:21.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% seem like eight years ago. 14:21.966 --> 14:23.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Eight years ago the Chevy Volt 14:23.200 --> 14:24.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% was released. 14:24.200 --> 14:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It was in production in 2010 but 14:26.433 --> 14:28.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% eight years ago was when they 14:28.000 --> 14:29.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% announced the program and made 14:29.633 --> 14:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% it public. 14:30.866 --> 14:32.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Again the T-pack, lithium ion 14:32.666 --> 14:34.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% batteries, water cooling plates, 14:34.133 --> 14:35.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% you can see the difference in 14:35.366 --> 14:36.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% the size of the packs between 14:36.600 --> 14:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% the EV-1 and the Volt. 14:38.466 --> 14:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Anyway, we move on to today. 14:40.133 --> 14:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% The Tesla model S has 8,000 14:42.133 --> 14:45.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% 18650 cells. 14:45.266 --> 14:46.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% These are trays of the cells 14:46.466 --> 14:47.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% that are welded into an array 14:47.800 --> 14:50.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% with cooling and a insulating 14:50.266 --> 14:51.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% thermostat in between and then a 14:51.766 --> 14:53.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% lot of inner connects. 14:53.433 --> 14:54.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% These are made and such with the 14:54.933 --> 14:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% spot welds and I don't have a 14:56.166 --> 14:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% close up of the spot welds, the 14:57.433 --> 14:58.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% spot welds are on the end of 14:58.633 --> 14:59.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% each battery if there is a 14:59.833 --> 15:00.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% failure isolates the failure. 15:00.900 --> 15:02.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You would never have a cascaded 15:02.133 --> 15:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% failure. 15:03.500 --> 15:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% This is a segment out of a fire, 15:05.333 --> 15:07.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% a first responders video on how 15:07.133 --> 15:08.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% to flip the car on its side to 15:08.366 --> 15:09.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% extricate some of the items 15:09.733 --> 15:11.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% underneath. 15:11.400 --> 15:12.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can see the whole bottom of 15:12.400 --> 15:13.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% the car is flat. 15:13.533 --> 15:14.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% What normally people would do to 15:14.733 --> 15:15.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% jack or pry you can't do in an 15:15.966 --> 15:17.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% aluminum car because there's 15:17.033 --> 15:18.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% nothing to pry again as some 15:18.233 --> 15:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% people know. 15:19.133 --> 15:20.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Like jacking in mud, if you put 15:20.166 --> 15:21.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% a level against it all you do is 15:21.233 --> 15:22.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% push into the mud. 15:22.333 --> 15:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% In an aluminum vehicle as soon 15:23.833 --> 15:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% as you start to pry the wheel 15:25.033 --> 15:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% away from the vehicle all you do 15:26.300 --> 15:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% is punch a whole in the vehicle 15:27.500 --> 15:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and you actually don't get the 15:28.700 --> 15:29.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% vehicle to come apart. 15:29.700 --> 15:30.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% A lot of first responder 15:30.666 --> 15:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% training is needed. 15:31.566 --> 15:32.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You can see on the bottom is a 15:32.533 --> 15:33.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% very thin battery pack that 15:33.533 --> 15:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% spans the whole bottom of the 15:34.566 --> 15:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% car. 15:35.600 --> 15:36.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% This one is from the Tesla model 15:36.833 --> 15:38.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% X the gull wing car which has 15:38.533 --> 15:39.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% all wheel drive. 15:39.800 --> 15:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Again, zero to 60 in, I don't 15:41.566 --> 15:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% know what they're saying, 3.3 15:42.633 --> 15:44.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% seconds some $100,000 car. 15:44.300 --> 15:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You get sports car performance 15:45.566 --> 15:48.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% at a price better then a BMW M3. 15:48.166 --> 15:51.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Plug in vehicles all need the 15:51.033 --> 15:53.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% appropriate rate of charging. 15:53.566 --> 15:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% If you have, and I'm not sure 15:55.633 --> 15:57.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% exactly what everyone in the 15:57.333 --> 15:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% crowd is familiar with so I'm 15:58.866 --> 16:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% just going to go over this, mild 16:01.733 --> 16:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% short range electric cars, short 16:03.100 --> 16:04.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% electric range plug in hybrid 16:04.966 --> 16:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% vehicles have about a five 16:06.200 --> 16:07.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% kilowatt hour battery and the 16:07.766 --> 16:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% charger will take on from the 16:09.200 --> 16:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% wall about one and a half 16:10.766 --> 16:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% kilowatt and from a fixed 16:12.133 --> 16:13.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% prewired source, three kilowatt. 16:13.900 --> 16:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Very small battery like a 16:15.666 --> 16:17.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% humming bird it drinks a little 16:17.266 --> 16:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% bit but it has to do it quite 16:18.700 --> 16:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% often. 16:20.533 --> 16:21.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% An extended range vehicle like 16:21.866 --> 16:22.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I saw some people pull into the 16:22.700 --> 16:23.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% parking lot with their Volt you 16:23.933 --> 16:26.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% have about 10 to 20 kilowatt 16:26.033 --> 16:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% hours. 16:27.466 --> 16:28.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% The Volt generally takes on 16:28.833 --> 16:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% about 10 kilowatt of energy and 16:30.333 --> 16:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% you'd like to charge at a rate 16:31.766 --> 16:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% up to six kilowatts. 16:33.000 --> 16:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% It's three kilowatt is the 16:34.433 --> 16:35.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% typical charge that's on board 16:35.866 --> 16:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% because again, rate costs money. 16:38.366 --> 16:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Anybody who's a fan of mad max 16:39.833 --> 16:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% to say speeds a matter of money, 16:41.266 --> 16:42.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% how fast do you want to go? 16:42.766 --> 16:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% Same with charging 16:43.833 --> 16:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% infrastructure, same with PAR 16:45.000 --> 16:46.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% electronics; it's easy to do 16:46.066 --> 16:47.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% it'll just cost you money. 16:47.233 --> 16:48.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% On a $100,000 vehicle and extra 16:48.666 --> 16:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% two to three thousand dollar 16:50.166 --> 16:51.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% premium for a charger is 16:51.366 --> 16:52.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% unnoticeable. 16:52.466 --> 16:54.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% On a $12,000 vehicle well that 16:54.133 --> 16:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% would be 1/3rd to ¼ of the 16:55.500 --> 16:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% incremental cost you would never 16:57.266 --> 16:58.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% think about doing that. 16:58.800 --> 17:00.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Then the battery electric 17:00.100 --> 17:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% vehicles as we just mentioned 17:01.400 --> 17:03.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% they have 20 kilowatt hour, 85 17:03.300 --> 17:04.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% kilowatt hour if you can afford 17:04.933 --> 17:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% that much battery and they'll 17:06.333 --> 17:07.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% charge above six kilowatt. 17:07.900 --> 17:09.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Market share, a lot of people 17:09.466 --> 17:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% say, wow, look at Norway, they 17:11.033 --> 17:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% are awesome, 6% of the vehicles 17:12.933 --> 17:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% in Norway are electrified. 17:15.000 --> 17:17.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I know of people in the audience 17:17.100 --> 17:18.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% know the answer, why is that? 17:18.966 --> 17:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Well, they get to drive in the 17:19.800 --> 17:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% bus lane, they get about $80,000 17:21.533 --> 17:23.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% off on their taxes, you're like 17:23.533 --> 17:25.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% what do you mean? 17:25.533 --> 17:27.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Vehicles cost about $80,000 so 17:27.200 --> 17:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% F1-50 in Norway costs about 17:28.366 --> 17:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% $80,000. 17:29.733 --> 17:31.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They heavily, heavily dissuade 17:31.333 --> 17:32.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% you from using petroleum which 17:32.366 --> 17:34.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% Norway sells. 17:34.300 --> 17:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% You say why would you eat your-- 17:35.700 --> 17:37.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's like a dairy farmer eating 17:37.100 --> 17:38.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% all his cheese instead of 17:38.600 --> 17:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% selling it. 17:39.500 --> 17:40.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's like got to have something 17:40.666 --> 17:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% to sell. 17:41.533 --> 17:43.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They highly subsidize electric 17:43.066 --> 17:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% vehicles, again, the air is 17:44.666 --> 17:46.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% clean in Norway why would you do 17:46.166 --> 17:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% that? 17:47.400 --> 17:48.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% They don't want to be a 17:48.666 --> 17:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% petroleum dependant country. 17:49.766 --> 17:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Those subsidizes have made it 17:50.866 --> 17:51.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% tough for buses to get through. 17:51.833 --> 17:52.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% There is more traffic in the bus 17:52.800 --> 17:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% lane then buses. 17:53.966 --> 17:55.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The smallest user of the bus 17:55.266 --> 17:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% lane are buses and buses are 17:56.633 --> 17:57.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% running behind now because 17:57.800 --> 17:58.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% there's too many electric cars. 17:58.966 --> 18:00.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% They're a victim of their own 18:00.166 --> 18:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% success. 18:01.233 --> 18:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Netherlands the same way except 18:02.466 --> 18:03.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% for their subsidizes are ending 18:03.900 --> 18:05.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% so even though it's 5% of their 18:05.033 --> 18:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% country they won't hold that 18:06.200 --> 18:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% position because once subsidizes 18:07.533 --> 18:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% end the popularity tends to end. 18:09.200 --> 18:10.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% You can see Iceland because they 18:10.933 --> 18:12.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% have a lot of renewable energy 18:12.333 --> 18:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% and they do like to be zero 18:14.066 --> 18:15.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% carbon country because they 18:15.366 --> 18:17.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% aren't a petroleum enabled 18:17.566 --> 18:18.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% country so they have a lot of 18:18.666 --> 18:19.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% incentive. 18:19.733 --> 18:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% It goes all the way down to 18:20.966 --> 18:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Italy and actually cut it off 18:21.933 --> 18:23.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% down by Russia. 18:23.333 --> 18:25.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% What is the future? 18:25.200 --> 18:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Is it going to be gull wing 18:26.433 --> 18:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% cars? 18:27.533 --> 18:28.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Well, -- says yeah, you've got 18:28.900 --> 18:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% a $100,000 to burn in your 18:30.533 --> 18:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% pocket; I'll sell you 18:31.566 --> 18:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% a gull wing electric car. 18:32.866 --> 18:34.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% If you're a Mercedes here is 18:34.233 --> 18:35.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% $430,000 I'll sell you a gull 18:35.466 --> 18:36.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% wing electric car. 18:36.666 --> 18:38.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% If you're a shoe salesman I'll 18:38.266 --> 18:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% sell you this wing tip electric 18:39.500 --> 18:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% car. 18:41.266 --> 18:42.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% This goes about 1400 feet just 18:42.233 --> 18:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% back and forth in front of the 18:43.300 --> 18:44.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% store. 18:44.966 --> 18:46.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You can just see how the rapid 18:46.333 --> 18:47.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% increase and most people who 18:47.533 --> 18:48.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% know trends say wow, look at 18:48.766 --> 18:50.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% this in 2010 there was less then 18:50.433 --> 18:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% 1000 cars because again when the 18:52.233 --> 18:53.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Chevy Volt and other cars came 18:53.666 --> 18:55.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% out to what we had last year, 18:55.333 --> 18:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% 52,000 electrified vehicles were 18:57.466 --> 18:59.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% sold last year. 18:59.733 --> 19:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can see it's just gradually 19:01.000 --> 19:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% going up and it'll keep going 19:02.500 --> 19:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% up. 19:03.733 --> 19:04.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Infrastructure so we have a lot 19:04.866 --> 19:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% of reasons why we should have 19:06.033 --> 19:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% plug-ins. 19:07.266 --> 19:09.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The ratio of plugs, of dedicated 19:09.633 --> 19:11.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% charging infrastructure to 19:11.500 --> 19:13.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% vehicles was thought to be 2 to 19:13.033 --> 19:14.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% 1 for every car I have to have 19:14.633 --> 19:15.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% two chargers, one here and one 19:15.800 --> 19:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% there. 19:17.300 --> 19:18.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Actual fact is it's 0.2 to 1, 19:18.900 --> 19:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% because I can use my existing 19:20.533 --> 19:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% infrastructure; my 15 amp 19:22.933 --> 19:24.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% 120 volt outlet does just 19:24.600 --> 19:25.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% fine if I have plenty of time. 19:25.900 --> 19:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% As much as people thought they 19:26.933 --> 19:28.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% were going to spend a lot of 19:28.500 --> 19:29.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% money on this infrastructure and 19:29.966 --> 19:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% we'll get to one of the pyramid 19:31.433 --> 19:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% slides later talk about how not 19:32.900 --> 19:34.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% important it is to have 19:34.166 --> 19:35.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% massively publicly funded 19:35.333 --> 19:36.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% infrastructure. 19:36.333 --> 19:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% There's a lot of different ways 19:37.533 --> 19:38.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% you can get energy into your 19:38.633 --> 19:39.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% vehicle that are just suitable. 19:39.933 --> 19:40.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% People have been finding that 19:40.966 --> 19:41.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% this thing that I already have 19:41.966 --> 19:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% in my garage is just fine if I 19:42.933 --> 19:44.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% want to bump it up another $500 19:44.100 --> 19:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% or $1000 or $5000 that you can 19:45.633 --> 19:47.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% do at your own privilege. 19:47.966 --> 19:49.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The subsidies for this are going 19:49.500 --> 19:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% away so a lot of people who were 19:50.700 --> 19:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% incentive-ized to say the free 19:51.900 --> 19:53.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% thing, I like a lot. 19:53.200 --> 19:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% If I have to pay any money for 19:54.500 --> 19:55.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% it I'm not so enamored with it 19:55.800 --> 19:56.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% anymore. 19:56.733 --> 19:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's a lot of my world of how 19:57.933 --> 19:59.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% do we encourage people to do the 19:59.166 --> 20:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% right thing without paying them 20:00.366 --> 20:01.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% to do the right thing? 20:01.933 --> 20:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Here the colors are significant 20:03.166 --> 20:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% on here on one of the new 20:04.466 --> 20:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% stations are so the blue dots 20:06.433 --> 20:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% are stations that were deployed 20:08.066 --> 20:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% in the last year. 20:09.166 --> 20:10.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can see there are more blue 20:10.733 --> 20:12.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% dots then red dots. 20:12.300 --> 20:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% This is that whole 20:13.466 --> 20:14.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% infrastructure where people 20:14.566 --> 20:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% believe there will be a return 20:15.666 --> 20:16.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% on investment, they will put 20:16.933 --> 20:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% public infrastructure in to a 20:18.733 --> 20:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% limit. 20:20.066 --> 20:22.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% ECOtality failed, 350Green 20:22.200 --> 20:23.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% failed, Better Place failed, 20:23.733 --> 20:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% they had a business model that 20:24.866 --> 20:25.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% said people will pay to use 20:25.933 --> 20:27.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% these outlets. 20:27.166 --> 20:28.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% What you don't know is that the 20:28.733 --> 20:30.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% rate that you pay for access to 20:30.833 --> 20:32.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% electricity, not the electricity 20:32.400 --> 20:33.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% itself but access to electricity 20:33.733 --> 20:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% almost like the coffee cup model 20:35.266 --> 20:37.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% with Starbucks, what's in that 20:37.000 --> 20:38.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% cup is about three to five cents 20:38.566 --> 20:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% of material. 20:39.833 --> 20:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You're paying for the cup, the 20:41.033 --> 20:42.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% parking lot, the guy handing you 20:42.400 --> 20:44.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% it, the insurance plan, taxes. 20:44.166 --> 20:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The smallest bit of what you're 20:46.033 --> 20:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% getting is what's in that cup. 20:47.666 --> 20:48.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You're paying for access to the 20:48.900 --> 20:50.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% coffee not the coffee itself. 20:50.533 --> 20:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% The access to electricity adds 20:51.933 --> 20:53.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% up to somewhere between 12 and 20:53.633 --> 20:55.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% 20 dollars a gallon equivalent 20:55.400 --> 20:56.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% on transportation miles you can 20:56.833 --> 20:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% go on that electricity that's 20:58.133 --> 20:59.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% dispensed from this. 20:59.266 --> 21:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% You say $2 per hour is a 21:00.200 --> 21:01.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% pretty good rate but when you 21:01.933 --> 21:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% can get into your car in that 21:03.166 --> 21:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% one hour would be the equivalent 21:04.900 --> 21:06.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% of about 12 to 20 dollars of 21:06.533 --> 21:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% gasoline at 3.15, right now 21:08.700 --> 21:11.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% we're back up to 3.50 a gallon. 21:11.700 --> 21:13.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Lots of comparison so snap shot 21:13.333 --> 21:14.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% of where the charging points 21:14.633 --> 21:16.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% are. 21:16.433 --> 21:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% AFDC is alternative fuels data 21:17.866 --> 21:20.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% center by DUE hosted at -- 21:20.000 --> 21:22.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% and they make a catalog 21:22.200 --> 21:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% of where all the stations are 21:24.233 --> 21:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% but there's not a real-- 21:25.633 --> 21:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% Anybody who's looking 21:26.933 --> 21:28.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% for stations knows that you 21:28.100 --> 21:29.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% can't just look at one site, you 21:29.966 --> 21:31.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% have to look at a combination. 21:31.266 --> 21:32.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Charge Point claims that they 21:32.733 --> 21:34.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have 15,000 stations out there. 21:34.900 --> 21:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% The Blink Network which is now 21:37.166 --> 21:39.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% operated by Car Charging Group 21:39.933 --> 21:44.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% claims that they have 12,000 21:44.566 --> 21:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% points and then this is the 21:47.000 --> 21:48.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% test, the Super Charger Network 21:48.466 --> 21:49.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% which you can see goes across 21:49.733 --> 21:51.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% America in an H pattern. 21:51.400 --> 21:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% There's one up by East Town, 21:53.300 --> 21:54.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% there's one in Rockford so if 21:54.733 --> 21:56.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% you have a Tesla which again is 21:56.100 --> 21:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% a proprietary charging plug for 21:57.300 --> 21:59.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% a reason. 21:59.400 --> 22:01.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They don't have any sign up or 22:01.166 --> 22:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% reservation stuff. 22:02.700 --> 22:04.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's like if you bought a Tesla 22:04.000 --> 22:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% of this one that the plug will 22:05.366 --> 22:06.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% work you get to use that 22:06.666 --> 22:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% station. 22:07.700 --> 22:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% If you didn't buy that 22:08.900 --> 22:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% particular model from that 22:10.033 --> 22:11.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% particular vendor, that stations 22:11.133 --> 22:12.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% not for you. 22:12.100 --> 22:13.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I look at is as the executive 22:13.200 --> 22:14.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% wash room, if you're privileged 22:14.333 --> 22:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% enough to use that it's for you, 22:15.333 --> 22:16.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% if you are not that person it is 22:16.433 --> 22:17.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% not for you and has zero benefit 22:17.533 --> 22:20.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% to you. 22:20.000 --> 22:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% That nice pattern you say wow, I 22:21.766 --> 22:23.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% can go cross country if I bought 22:23.033 --> 22:24.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% this $100,000 car or I would say 22:24.533 --> 22:25.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the minimum to get that access 22:25.966 --> 22:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% is about $70,000. 22:28.566 --> 22:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Anybody who's driving a Tesla 22:31.800 --> 22:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I make apologies for using you 22:33.933 --> 22:36.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% as an example. 22:36.000 --> 22:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Interoperability, a lot of 22:37.333 --> 22:38.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% people don't know what the word 22:38.766 --> 22:40.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% means so I thought I'd bring it 22:40.066 --> 22:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% up a little bit because I'm 22:41.333 --> 22:42.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% going to talk a lot unless my 22:42.400 --> 22:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% job ran out to make sure one 22:43.500 --> 22:44.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% thing works with another. 22:44.466 --> 22:45.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Most people say will you bill it 22:45.533 --> 22:46.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to the spec it works everywhere 22:46.766 --> 22:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and people have had phones and 22:48.200 --> 22:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% if you remember printers and 22:49.600 --> 22:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% other things you plug it in; it 22:50.833 --> 22:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% didn't work at all. 22:51.933 --> 22:53.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Or you get this new phone it 22:53.166 --> 22:54.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% says enabled for but not 22:54.633 --> 22:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% actually capable of right? 22:55.900 --> 22:57.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% All these little fine print 22:57.200 --> 22:58.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% asterisks or people didn't 22:58.366 --> 22:59.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% really check where two different 22:59.500 --> 23:00.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% standards are not compatible. 23:00.666 --> 23:01.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Incompatibility is different 23:01.800 --> 23:03.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% then interoperability as 23:03.000 --> 23:04.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% different from compliance. 23:04.166 --> 23:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% Certification of 23:05.333 --> 23:06.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% interoperability is what my lab 23:06.500 --> 23:07.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% does. 23:07.500 --> 23:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% Here's some examples of 23:08.700 --> 23:10.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% pioneers, Luther Simjian was the 23:10.366 --> 23:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% father of ATM. 23:12.000 --> 23:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Long before people thought about 23:13.233 --> 23:14.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% ATM's he worked on 23:14.433 --> 23:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% interoperability of ATM's. 23:16.666 --> 23:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% The original ATM's were a 23:18.200 --> 23:19.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% failed business model because 23:19.933 --> 23:21.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% the only people who used the 23:21.666 --> 23:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% automated tellers were people 23:23.133 --> 23:24.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% who didn't want to face a real 23:24.933 --> 23:26.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% human which were people who had 23:26.833 --> 23:29.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% disreputable careers. 23:29.500 --> 23:32.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% People who hang out on street 23:32.200 --> 23:33.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% corners at night who do other 23:33.966 --> 23:35.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% kinds of transactions, they were 23:35.500 --> 23:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% the ones who didn't want to deal 23:36.700 --> 23:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% with a teller. 23:37.800 --> 23:38.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Vint Cerf, this is a picture 23:38.933 --> 23:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% when he had dark hair, father of 23:40.200 --> 23:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% the Internet and then Martin 23:41.400 --> 23:42.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Cooper out of Chicago the father 23:42.733 --> 23:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% of the cell phone. 23:43.833 --> 23:45.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Without them we would still have 23:45.200 --> 23:46.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% ATM's that looked like this, 23:46.566 --> 23:47.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% computers that looked like this 23:47.866 --> 23:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% and brick phones that looked 23:48.866 --> 23:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% like this. 23:49.900 --> 23:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Instead we have Google Glass and 23:51.266 --> 23:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% we have automatic driving cars 23:52.733 --> 23:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and we have cell phones that are 23:54.400 --> 23:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% as smart as PC's and ATM's that 23:56.766 --> 23:58.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% can do any bank transaction you 23:58.066 --> 23:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% care to. 23:59.200 --> 24:00.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Interoperability enables a lot 24:00.566 --> 24:02.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% of different features. 24:02.166 --> 24:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The big picture, this is the 24:03.566 --> 24:05.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% core of when we were talking 24:05.200 --> 24:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% about where we were, where we 24:06.566 --> 24:08.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% are today and where we're going. 24:08.200 --> 24:10.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The big picture is we have these 24:10.200 --> 24:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% markets, we have grid operators, 24:12.133 --> 24:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% we have generation, 24:13.366 --> 24:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% transmission, distribution and 24:14.533 --> 24:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% then you have the part that 24:15.700 --> 24:17.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% you're mostly familiar with. 24:17.066 --> 24:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% The transformer in your 24:18.200 --> 24:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% neighborhood or on the pole and 24:19.366 --> 24:20.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% then this thing that everybody 24:20.466 --> 24:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% loves to see the number go up 24:21.400 --> 24:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% fast. 24:22.433 --> 24:23.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% We don't, we just say we like to 24:23.433 --> 24:24.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% minimize the amount of 24:24.766 --> 24:26.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% electricity we use for our daily 24:26.266 --> 24:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% things and if it's for 24:27.500 --> 24:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% transportation we accept that 24:28.633 --> 24:29.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% that usage is for 24:29.833 --> 24:31.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% transportation. 24:31.266 --> 24:33.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% These gateway devices, these 24:33.266 --> 24:34.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% metrology devices they all can 24:34.700 --> 24:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% be interoperable between 24:36.066 --> 24:37.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% different utilities and 24:37.500 --> 24:38.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% different retailers. 24:38.933 --> 24:39.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% This is the model that's 24:39.966 --> 24:40.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% coming. 24:40.933 --> 24:41.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% See where we are today to where 24:41.733 --> 24:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% we're going so the NIS 10 book 24:42.833 --> 24:44.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% 130 talks about methods of sale. 24:44.266 --> 24:46.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% How is it I can sell electricity 24:46.166 --> 24:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% without being a utility because 24:47.500 --> 24:48.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% most utilities say not going to 24:48.666 --> 24:50.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% happen? 24:50.200 --> 24:51.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Then you look at other cities 24:51.500 --> 24:52.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that have competing electricity 24:52.900 --> 24:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% retailers that are selling 24:54.233 --> 24:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electricity in the presence of 24:55.566 --> 24:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% the franchised utility that 24:58.133 --> 25:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% usually maintains that area. 25:00.800 --> 25:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% How does that work that we have 25:02.533 --> 25:03.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% interoperable communication 25:03.700 --> 25:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% systems and meters that I can 25:04.500 --> 25:05.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% own? 25:05.266 --> 25:06.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% How is it that I can own my own 25:06.866 --> 25:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% -- meter? 25:07.600 --> 25:08.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% This thing that's on the wall, 25:08.966 --> 25:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% how can I own my own? 25:10.466 --> 25:11.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% How can I go to the butcher and 25:11.633 --> 25:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% bring my own scale and say this 25:12.966 --> 25:14.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% is what I'm going to pay today? 25:14.300 --> 25:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% I don't really see that 25:15.466 --> 25:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% happening yet handbook 130 says 25:16.666 --> 25:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% yes it will. 25:17.766 --> 25:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Handbook 44 is a century old 25:19.133 --> 25:20.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% document, has a new chapter 25:20.233 --> 25:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% written by me and of course a 25:21.633 --> 25:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% hundred other people arguing but 25:23.233 --> 25:24.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the guy who actually writes it 25:24.766 --> 25:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% is the one who starts the 25:25.866 --> 25:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% ruckus. 25:27.466 --> 25:28.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% I have a new idea. 25:28.800 --> 25:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I have this meter that can be 25:30.066 --> 25:31.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% built for $10 parts cost. 25:31.466 --> 25:32.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% Not retail, parts cost. 25:32.700 --> 25:34.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Wow, so I can own my own thing. 25:34.633 --> 25:36.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I can go to Best Buy, get my own 25:36.166 --> 25:37.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% meter, plug it into whatever 25:37.600 --> 25:38.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% this fits into and now I can pay 25:38.833 --> 25:40.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electricity at the rate that I 25:40.300 --> 25:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% negotiate much like my cell 25:41.433 --> 25:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% plan, I can go from a company A 25:42.500 --> 25:44.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% to B to C and see who gives me 25:44.333 --> 25:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% the best rate. 25:46.133 --> 25:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The same thing with time of use 25:47.400 --> 25:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% rates, real time pricing; 25:48.300 --> 25:49.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% there's a lot of different 25:49.133 --> 25:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% structures. 25:49.900 --> 25:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% This is the future, we're going 25:50.833 --> 25:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% to be able to negotiate or 25:52.200 --> 25:56.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% prepay or have what are called 25:56.366 --> 25:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% critical delivery systems, 25:59.966 --> 26:01.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% use case five which basically 26:01.566 --> 26:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% said if I have wind my car can 26:03.100 --> 26:04.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% just follow the wind. 26:04.600 --> 26:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Whenever wind is up, I charge, 26:05.800 --> 26:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% whenever the wind goes flat I 26:07.333 --> 26:08.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% stop charging. 26:08.500 --> 26:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% That seems pretty fair. 26:09.833 --> 26:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% This way there's no spinning 26:11.266 --> 26:12.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% reserve needed for those highly 26:12.433 --> 26:14.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% variable sources. 26:14.000 --> 26:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% There's a lot of reasons that 26:15.066 --> 26:16.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% wind and solar can be backed up 26:16.366 --> 26:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% by cars. 26:17.433 --> 26:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The communication metrology and 26:18.700 --> 26:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% all these different interconnect 26:20.066 --> 26:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% devices that are interoperable 26:21.400 --> 26:22.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% are going to enable that future 26:22.766 --> 26:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% at an affordable price. 26:24.266 --> 26:25.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% This is what I spend most of my 26:25.466 --> 26:26.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% time working with people, 26:26.700 --> 26:28.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% working internationally so 26:28.266 --> 26:29.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% you'll see a lot of 26:29.400 --> 26:30.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% international type things on 26:30.633 --> 26:31.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% here. 26:31.666 --> 26:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% These are retread slides from 26:32.900 --> 26:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% presentations I just gave in 26:34.066 --> 26:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% Washington yesterday. 26:35.266 --> 26:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Harmonization of standards and 26:37.166 --> 26:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% test procedures are enabled by 26:39.066 --> 26:40.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% interoperability between the 26:40.433 --> 26:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% electric vehicle supply 26:41.700 --> 26:43.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% equipment and the communication 26:43.133 --> 26:44.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% to the grid. 26:44.200 --> 26:45.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Most people think the grid is 26:45.300 --> 26:46.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% this thing or person who's got a 26:46.333 --> 26:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% phone or a knob or dial or 26:47.633 --> 26:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% whatever, it's a market. 26:48.866 --> 26:50.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% There are system operators; 26:50.200 --> 26:51.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% there are aggregators so a lot 26:51.466 --> 26:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% of different levels in between. 26:52.733 --> 26:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The same with charging standards 26:54.000 --> 26:55.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and so after the top because I 26:55.366 --> 26:56.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% mean you can go look at level 26:56.600 --> 26:58.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% two DC, a couple others which 26:58.033 --> 26:59.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% again can feed 100,000 watts 26:59.933 --> 27:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% into your car. 27:01.366 --> 27:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% That's the equivalent of about 27:02.833 --> 27:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% the full capability of 27:04.233 --> 27:05.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% everything in your house, five 27:05.633 --> 27:07.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% houses or a typical draw of 100 27:07.566 --> 27:09.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% homes on average goes through 27:09.766 --> 27:11.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% this thing in your hand. 27:11.833 --> 27:13.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Level one DC is even more 27:13.733 --> 27:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% impressive. 27:15.066 --> 27:16.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% People get very confused on how 27:16.233 --> 27:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% can this 43 mm coupler deliver 27:17.466 --> 27:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% 40 kilowatt. 27:19.366 --> 27:20.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% That's what I work on. 27:20.700 --> 27:22.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Basically a $50 coupler, this 27:22.300 --> 27:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% just to let you know is $750. 27:24.100 --> 27:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% There's an alternative that's 27:25.500 --> 27:26.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% only $50. 27:26.833 --> 27:28.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Most people don't want to do it 27:28.266 --> 27:29.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% because they want to up the 27:29.433 --> 27:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% value of your car. 27:30.433 --> 27:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% They would like to sell you 27:31.400 --> 27:32.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% $100,000 car with a $750 27:32.533 --> 27:34.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% coupler. 27:34.133 --> 27:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% I would like to sell you a 27:34.933 --> 27:36.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% $20,000 with a $50 coupler and I 27:36.166 --> 27:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% would like to put this meter 27:37.266 --> 27:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% inside your car that lets you 27:38.700 --> 27:40.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% negotiate for electricity. 27:40.433 --> 27:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% I would like to have this 27:41.633 --> 27:42.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% gateway in your house so you can 27:42.900 --> 27:44.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% connect to things without your 27:44.000 --> 27:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% monthly meter connection fee. 27:45.733 --> 27:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% All these different things that 27:47.000 --> 27:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% could be open and 27:48.066 --> 27:48.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% interchangeable and 27:48.966 --> 27:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% interoperable have to be 27:50.300 --> 27:51.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% negotiated between all people 27:51.666 --> 27:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% and say I need to make money. 27:53.033 --> 27:54.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I need a fee from everyone of 27:54.366 --> 27:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% you, every month and that's how 27:55.600 --> 27:57.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% some business plans work and 27:57.133 --> 27:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% when the plan doesn't work out 27:58.500 --> 28:00.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% they find a different business. 28:00.166 --> 28:02.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% We have protocols, connectors, 28:02.600 --> 28:04.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% communication controllers, 28:04.533 --> 28:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% metrology which is what you see 28:06.433 --> 28:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% here and then standards. 28:07.833 --> 28:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Standards and interoperable 28:09.233 --> 28:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% standards so in my lab and we 28:10.900 --> 28:12.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% have this very large monitor 28:12.366 --> 28:14.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that allows me to touch and see 28:14.133 --> 28:15.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% everything in the lab. 28:15.200 --> 28:16.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% We have big wind turbans, we 28:16.333 --> 28:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% have 130 kilowatt of solar rays, 28:18.000 --> 28:19.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% we have small solar rays that 28:19.433 --> 28:21.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% are directly tied to vehicles 28:21.333 --> 28:22.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% that have battery charging 28:22.800 --> 28:23.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% systems and battery controls 28:23.933 --> 28:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% labs. 28:25.000 --> 28:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% We have dynamotors. 28:26.100 --> 28:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% This guy came by from 28:27.266 --> 28:28.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Washington one day and arrived 28:28.466 --> 28:29.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% in his helicopter and said this 28:29.933 --> 28:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% looks pretty cool. 28:31.033 --> 28:32.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Then he went on but anyway. 28:32.266 --> 28:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% This is President Obama in my 28:33.400 --> 28:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% lab and saying we need more of 28:34.433 --> 28:35.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% this. 28:35.633 --> 28:36.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The national lab system is also 28:36.766 --> 28:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% very dependant on people 28:38.033 --> 28:39.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% endorsing the reason that these 28:39.733 --> 28:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% independent third parties can 28:41.566 --> 28:43.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% make things happen, can broker a 28:43.166 --> 28:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% deal between China an Japan and 28:45.633 --> 28:47.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Europe because even in Europe 28:47.800 --> 28:49.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% one country says that they want 28:49.566 --> 28:51.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% it, we want the opposite. 28:51.433 --> 28:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I'm not even going to listen to 28:52.733 --> 28:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% what they're proposing, whatever 28:53.866 --> 28:54.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% it is make it different. 28:54.933 --> 28:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% Why would you do that? 28:56.033 --> 28:57.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I don't want to be interoperable 28:57.166 --> 28:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% with them. 28:58.133 --> 28:59.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I want to compete with them. 28:59.166 --> 29:00.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% I want to have separate 29:00.100 --> 29:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% proprietary systems. 29:01.000 --> 29:02.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% That doesn't benefit the 29:02.000 --> 29:03.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% customer so most of the 29:03.200 --> 29:04.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Department of Commerce meetings 29:04.400 --> 29:05.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that I go to everybody wants to 29:05.733 --> 29:06.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% increase global sales by 29:06.866 --> 29:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% harmonizing. 29:08.066 --> 29:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% That's what this lab is all 29:09.033 --> 29:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% about. 29:10.033 --> 29:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% You see a lot of different 29:11.033 --> 29:12.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% electric vehicle supply 29:12.066 --> 29:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% equipment, you see smart bus 29:13.133 --> 29:14.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% ways, RF chambers, wireless 29:14.300 --> 29:15.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% charging, DC charge and AC 29:15.200 --> 29:16.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% charging. 29:16.400 --> 29:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Here are some examples of tech 29:18.333 --> 29:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% transfer. 29:19.900 --> 29:20.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% People we work with companies, 29:20.933 --> 29:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% for those of you were in the 29:22.500 --> 29:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% electrical industry there's 29:23.833 --> 29:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% something called an insulation 29:25.366 --> 29:27.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% piercing tap which allows you to 29:27.166 --> 29:28.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% do a live connections between 29:28.466 --> 29:29.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% one electrical system and 29:29.766 --> 29:31.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% another electrical system 29:31.066 --> 29:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% without shutting it down. 29:32.066 --> 29:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I have a version of this meter 29:33.233 --> 29:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% that fits into an IPT so in 29:34.433 --> 29:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% order to instrument a 29:35.800 --> 29:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% transformer or a branch circuit 29:37.200 --> 29:38.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% which is connected to an 29:38.533 --> 29:40.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electrical vehicle which might 29:40.166 --> 29:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have other electric vehicles to 29:41.633 --> 29:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% it I don't need to disconnect 29:42.666 --> 29:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% that. 29:43.633 --> 29:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I actually clamp it on, turn the 29:44.666 --> 29:45.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% screw alive and it's a metered 29:45.766 --> 29:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% circuit. 29:46.833 --> 29:48.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% There's a lot of these different 29:48.000 --> 29:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% things that companies are now 29:49.100 --> 29:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% licensing that we'll be building 29:50.166 --> 29:51.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and of course incorporating into 29:51.366 --> 29:52.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% electrical vehicle supply 29:52.400 --> 29:53.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% equipment. 29:53.466 --> 29:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% This is a lot of what we do. 29:54.400 --> 29:55.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% We pioneer things, we come up 29:55.466 --> 29:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% with the first one and we hand 29:56.633 --> 29:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% it off because it's public 29:57.600 --> 29:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% domain to transfer it to people. 29:59.466 --> 30:00.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Your tax dollars at work making 30:00.766 --> 30:02.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% all these things happen-- 30:02.233 --> 30:03.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Laboratory has a limited budget 30:03.333 --> 30:04.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% to verify standards. 30:04.666 --> 30:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Every piece of equipment that's 30:06.266 --> 30:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% screwed into your house has to 30:07.833 --> 30:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% be UL listed by the National 30:09.166 --> 30:10.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% Electrical code. 30:10.133 --> 30:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% UL comes to my lab to work, and 30:11.666 --> 30:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% this was a vehicle that was on 30:12.933 --> 30:14.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% four column lifts that had 1 mm 30:14.633 --> 30:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% resolution so I can actually 30:16.600 --> 30:18.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% pick up the car and move it 30:18.033 --> 30:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% around between the wireless coil 30:19.366 --> 30:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% on the bottom and the top. 30:20.800 --> 30:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% People say how will Fifi fair if 30:22.566 --> 30:24.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% he runs underneath the car when 30:24.466 --> 30:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% the car is charging? 30:26.566 --> 30:27.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Will Fifi get a headache? 30:27.900 --> 30:29.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Will Fifi get an aneurysm? 30:29.200 --> 30:30.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Will my coke can that I dropped 30:30.800 --> 30:32.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% by accident that rolled under 30:32.166 --> 30:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% the car burst into flames? 30:33.933 --> 30:35.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% For some unsafe systems the 30:35.433 --> 30:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% answer is yes. 30:36.700 --> 30:38.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% People say my goodness, why 30:38.166 --> 30:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% would you let that happen? 30:39.333 --> 30:40.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The standards don't let that 30:40.866 --> 30:41.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% happen, it's the noncompliance 30:41.966 --> 30:43.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% to the standards and the 30:43.133 --> 30:44.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% interoperability verification 30:44.466 --> 30:45.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% that would say that doesn't 30:45.766 --> 30:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% comply so any problems you have 30:47.033 --> 30:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% is not the problem of the 30:48.233 --> 30:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% systems that are interoperable 30:50.400 --> 30:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% or non-interoperable it's lack 30:52.333 --> 30:53.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% of compliance to code. 30:53.766 --> 30:55.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Here you see some AC charging 30:55.133 --> 30:56.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% interoperability with some very 30:56.466 --> 30:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% precise measurements of what 30:57.733 --> 30:59.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% people would say I plugged it 30:59.033 --> 31:00.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% in, I turned it on, it's 31:00.033 --> 31:01.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% interoperable. 31:01.100 --> 31:02.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% It's like ah, under what 31:02.233 --> 31:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% conditions? 31:03.166 --> 31:04.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% That's a lot of what we do in my 31:04.166 --> 31:05.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% lab. 31:05.100 --> 31:06.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Here's a little bit more of a 31:06.166 --> 31:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% close up of the RF chamber. 31:07.666 --> 31:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% The RF chamber is a shielding 31:08.833 --> 31:10.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% box that's like the opposite of 31:10.100 --> 31:11.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% a microwave oven where all the 31:11.233 --> 31:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% radiation, all the 31:12.933 --> 31:14.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% electromagnetic fields that are 31:14.433 --> 31:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% generated by the test article 31:15.566 --> 31:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% stay inside and the 31:16.866 --> 31:18.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% electromagnetic fields from the 31:18.133 --> 31:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% outside don't taint the results 31:19.700 --> 31:20.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% on the inside. 31:20.766 --> 31:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I can take this fixture and roll 31:21.900 --> 31:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% it inside here, let me show so 31:23.233 --> 31:24.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you can see right here and drive 31:24.433 --> 31:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% the car and I can do all my 31:25.500 --> 31:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% measurements in a very 31:26.666 --> 31:27.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% controlled environment for a 31:27.833 --> 31:28.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% very low cost. 31:28.766 --> 31:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Most of the time it costs about 31:29.900 --> 31:30.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% $5000 a day to go access 31:30.966 --> 31:31.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% somebody else's chamber; I built 31:31.966 --> 31:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% the whole chamber for like 31:33.100 --> 31:34.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% $20,000. 31:34.300 --> 31:35.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% You can see really reasonable 31:35.866 --> 31:37.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% cost equipment so this is a lot 31:37.066 --> 31:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% of off the shelf servos and 31:38.300 --> 31:39.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% controls and meters. 31:39.633 --> 31:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Not free but things that are 31:41.266 --> 31:43.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% built at a low cost I can 31:43.366 --> 31:44.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% transfer to underwriters 31:44.733 --> 31:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% laboratory who would normally 31:45.933 --> 31:47.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have to start at a half million 31:47.233 --> 31:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% dollars and go to a million 31:48.300 --> 31:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% dollars to get a certification 31:49.766 --> 31:51.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% program going which means that 31:51.033 --> 31:52.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% each article might add $1000 to 31:52.533 --> 31:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% the cost of that article to 31:54.000 --> 31:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% certify it now brings that cost 31:55.900 --> 31:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% down so that the incremental 31:57.600 --> 31:59.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% costs can be singles of dollars 31:59.100 --> 32:00.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% added to get that UL stamp. 32:00.233 --> 32:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Just to give you an idea of what 32:01.433 --> 32:02.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% things cost to build enough 32:02.600 --> 32:04.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% extra couplers to destroy and 32:04.000 --> 32:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% test the insertion force and 32:05.333 --> 32:06.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% things like that, I think it's 32:06.900 --> 32:09.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% about $70,000 plus another 32:09.100 --> 32:10.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% $30,000 of testing. 32:10.966 --> 32:12.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% To get a UL mark on this 32:12.666 --> 32:14.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% connector is $100,000. 32:14.766 --> 32:16.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% If I sell even 1000 connectors, 32:16.366 --> 32:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that's $100 per connector extra 32:18.866 --> 32:20.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% cost just to get that mark on 32:20.900 --> 32:22.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% it. 32:22.333 --> 32:23.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I can't sell it without that 32:23.600 --> 32:24.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% mark. 32:24.700 --> 32:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% It turns out in the history of 32:25.866 --> 32:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% things, I was the one who 32:27.300 --> 32:28.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% coughed up the 100 grand to get 32:28.433 --> 32:30.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% that UL stamp on there because 32:30.166 --> 32:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% it was a year behind. 32:31.633 --> 32:32.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% Nobody was going to pay. 32:32.700 --> 32:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It's like everybody's staring at 32:33.700 --> 32:34.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% the check on the table. 32:34.733 --> 32:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Who's going to pick it up? 32:35.766 --> 32:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% A lot of companies said not me; 32:37.133 --> 32:38.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% do you realize how much it's 32:38.433 --> 32:39.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% going to add to the cost of each 32:39.566 --> 32:40.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% car? 32:40.800 --> 32:41.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% It's not my coupler and of 32:41.933 --> 32:43.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% course a couple of people said 32:43.200 --> 32:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I'm selling the couplers so do 32:44.366 --> 32:45.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% you want to pay $1000 for it or 32:45.900 --> 32:47.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% $700? 32:47.166 --> 32:48.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Difference is what it costs. 32:48.833 --> 32:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Anyway, your tax dollars at 32:50.166 --> 32:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% work. 32:51.800 --> 32:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Standards, we can go over this. 32:53.000 --> 32:54.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% There's lots and lots of 32:54.333 --> 32:55.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% standards as they always say, 32:55.533 --> 32:56.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% standards, we've got hundreds of 32:56.566 --> 32:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% them. 32:57.600 --> 32:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Two-way flow of information so 32:58.766 --> 32:59.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% every use case on how you plug 32:59.900 --> 33:01.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% your car in or how information 33:01.566 --> 33:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% flows or how energy flows is 33:03.400 --> 33:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% covered by wireless standard. 33:05.433 --> 33:07.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can see 2931/7 is security. 33:07.566 --> 33:09.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Points of vulnerability, you 33:09.533 --> 33:10.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% don't want to plug into your car 33:10.866 --> 33:12.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and find out some person had a 33:12.666 --> 33:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% fancy coupler that they put in 33:13.866 --> 33:15.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% between and became man in the 33:15.533 --> 33:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% middle. 33:16.866 --> 33:17.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I basically steal electricity by 33:17.933 --> 33:19.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% going around with my funny 33:19.100 --> 33:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% coupler and I basically have the 33:20.300 --> 33:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% vulnerability point that I'm 33:21.400 --> 33:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% exploiting. 33:22.433 --> 33:24.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% 2931/7 says, I'm identifying all 33:24.000 --> 33:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% the vulnerability points and 33:25.366 --> 33:26.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% moving the security bar up 33:26.733 --> 33:27.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% because again if you could get 33:27.966 --> 33:29.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% into the utility network that 33:29.266 --> 33:30.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% would be a point of 33:30.366 --> 33:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% vulnerability. 33:31.700 --> 33:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's a lot of money, many, many 33:33.133 --> 33:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% zeros of money being spent on 33:35.700 --> 33:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% cyber security for the electric 33:37.400 --> 33:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% grid, electric vehicles are no 33:38.866 --> 33:40.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% different. 33:40.300 --> 33:42.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Metering, we talked a little bit 33:42.400 --> 33:44.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% about it that everybody's used 33:44.266 --> 33:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to this but this doesn't really 33:45.500 --> 33:46.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% fit in your pocket, doesn't fit 33:46.900 --> 33:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% in your car, it doesn't fit 33:48.033 --> 33:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% where it needs to go so there's 33:49.100 --> 33:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% no standard for electric vehicle 33:50.166 --> 33:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% fueling. 33:51.066 --> 33:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% That's where handbook 44 and 33:52.266 --> 33:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% handbook 130 the new sections 33:53.866 --> 33:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% are being added to that to 33:55.000 --> 33:56.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% create a standard. 33:56.066 --> 33:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% My lab has done a lot of 33:57.433 --> 33:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% pioneering work. 33:58.500 --> 33:59.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% There's a company called 2G 33:59.633 --> 34:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Engineering in Sun Prairie. 34:00.800 --> 34:01.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% It's one of the contractors I 34:01.900 --> 34:02.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% work with very closely right 34:02.900 --> 34:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% here. 34:03.766 --> 34:04.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You said where'd that thing get 34:04.733 --> 34:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% invented? 34:05.800 --> 34:06.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% Right here in Madison. 34:06.866 --> 34:08.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% A lot of these new ideas came 34:08.333 --> 34:09.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% right here so this handbook 130, 34:09.700 --> 34:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% handbook 44 there has to be a 34:10.900 --> 34:12.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% fuel verification device. 34:12.066 --> 34:13.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% You see the pelican case is here 34:13.400 --> 34:14.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% so this is the size of the 34:14.866 --> 34:16.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% verification device that I think 34:16.500 --> 34:18.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% we can build for less then $1000 34:18.266 --> 34:20.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% because each state regulator has 34:20.366 --> 34:22.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% to put a stamp on your car. 34:22.266 --> 34:23.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Every year you've got to get a 34:23.566 --> 34:24.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% fresh sticker on that said this 34:24.700 --> 34:26.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% is actually, if it were a 34:26.066 --> 34:27.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% meat scale it would say that is 34:27.733 --> 34:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% for legal trade. 34:28.933 --> 34:30.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% As you know the budgets are all 34:30.133 --> 34:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% in the red, we won't pay $20,000 34:31.800 --> 34:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% or $50,000 or hire staffers. 34:33.933 --> 34:35.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% We want to get rid of staffers. 34:35.300 --> 34:36.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% They'd like to do self 34:36.733 --> 34:37.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% certification but that leads 34:37.900 --> 34:39.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% towards corruption. 34:39.700 --> 34:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% A small case that can plug right 34:41.433 --> 34:43.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% into your car and gives you a 34:43.166 --> 34:44.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% red light, green light and it 34:44.533 --> 34:45.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% prints out a sticker, that's 34:45.600 --> 34:46.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% actually where we're headed. 34:46.800 --> 34:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% You say what does the future 34:48.033 --> 34:48.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% look like? 34:48.966 --> 34:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% It looks like the secure IC's 34:50.300 --> 34:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% you can see this dotted line 34:51.566 --> 34:52.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% around here that said this 34:52.766 --> 34:54.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% metering IC right there has all 34:54.333 --> 34:55.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% the security features built into 34:55.733 --> 34:57.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% it for $2. 34:57.700 --> 34:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's kind of where things are 34:59.533 --> 35:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% going. 35:01.066 --> 35:02.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Credit card sized things, 35:02.200 --> 35:03.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% matchbook sized things that fit 35:03.433 --> 35:04.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% inside other things that talk to 35:04.533 --> 35:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% off the shelf gateways that talk 35:05.666 --> 35:06.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% to connectors that talk to motor 35:06.900 --> 35:08.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% drives; everything talking to 35:08.766 --> 35:10.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% each other in a secure manner. 35:10.633 --> 35:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Safety, I know a lot of people 35:12.133 --> 35:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% are looking at the future but 35:13.466 --> 35:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you have to look at where we are 35:14.933 --> 35:16.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% today. 35:16.233 --> 35:18.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The dream liner had a little 35:18.266 --> 35:19.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% issue on overheating batteries. 35:19.566 --> 35:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Some hobbyist decided to just 35:21.033 --> 35:22.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% put a whole bunch of batteries 35:22.366 --> 35:23.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% in the truck of their car and 35:23.600 --> 35:24.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% charge them up or over charge 35:24.766 --> 35:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% them so these batteries used to 35:25.833 --> 35:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% be about three-quarter inch 35:27.533 --> 35:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% thick and you can see they're 35:28.933 --> 35:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% about three feet wide now. 35:30.033 --> 35:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% They just got really big and 35:31.033 --> 35:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% very angry. 35:32.000 --> 35:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% A lot of these vehicles burned 35:33.133 --> 35:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% to the ground and they erase all 35:34.066 --> 35:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% evidence of what happened. 35:35.033 --> 35:36.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% That's another problem that 35:36.233 --> 35:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% people, like I don't see any 35:37.300 --> 35:38.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% car, I don't see and garage. 35:38.500 --> 35:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% The thing that caused the 35:39.866 --> 35:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% problem was you goofing around 35:41.266 --> 35:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% with things that you didn't 35:42.666 --> 35:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% comply to standards. 35:44.133 --> 35:45.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Overheating transformers so 35:45.333 --> 35:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% just briefly touch upon where 35:46.533 --> 35:49.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% these loads are and most people 35:49.033 --> 35:52.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% are afraid that electric 35:52.133 --> 35:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% vehicles are going to cause our 35:53.933 --> 35:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% grid to crash or everything to 35:55.933 --> 35:57.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% go up in smoke. 35:57.833 --> 35:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Most neighborhoods have a meter 35:59.133 --> 36:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% survey system and I forget what 36:03.166 --> 36:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% the acronym is for the product. 36:06.133 --> 36:07.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Basically they can add up all 36:07.966 --> 36:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the loads of all the houses in 36:09.566 --> 36:10.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% that neighborhood and figure out 36:10.733 --> 36:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% how much load is on each 36:12.033 --> 36:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% transformer. 36:13.000 --> 36:14.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% Basically they have a 36:14.100 --> 36:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% transformer load monitoring 36:15.133 --> 36:16.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% system that doesn't actually put 36:16.100 --> 36:17.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% a monitor on the transformer. 36:17.233 --> 36:18.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% This is a picture of my 36:18.566 --> 36:19.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% transformer. 36:19.633 --> 36:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% One day I just walked out my 36:20.966 --> 36:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% door and did this. 36:22.900 --> 36:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% That's what it looks like. 36:24.166 --> 36:26.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% When you look at where the 36:26.500 --> 36:28.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% electrical vehicle load on the 36:28.766 --> 36:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% amount of energy you would 36:30.533 --> 36:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% deliver to charge your car per 36:31.833 --> 36:33.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% year, you see it's right there 36:33.300 --> 36:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% between the clothes dryer and 36:34.433 --> 36:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% the water heater. 36:36.400 --> 36:37.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Not a lot but not a little. 36:37.466 --> 36:38.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% If you had an electric home 36:38.633 --> 36:40.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% heating system it would be a lot 36:40.166 --> 36:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of energy, refrigeration and air 36:41.400 --> 36:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% conditioning; again, above 36:43.900 --> 36:45.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% lighting but not huge. 36:45.666 --> 36:47.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% You can just see how this 36:47.933 --> 36:49.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% transformer base load you'd have 36:49.266 --> 36:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% to size it properly for that. 36:50.833 --> 36:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Most of the people who do 36:52.200 --> 36:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% electric distribution know 36:54.233 --> 36:55.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% exactly when you have a cluster 36:55.833 --> 36:57.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of vehicles that, that summation 36:57.833 --> 36:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% of all the meter bills in that 36:59.533 --> 37:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% area are going to put a 37:00.866 --> 37:02.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% transformer at risk, they'll 37:02.000 --> 37:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% upgrade the transformer. 37:03.566 --> 37:04.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Much like the old joke doctor, 37:04.966 --> 37:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% doctor it hurts when I do this, 37:06.200 --> 37:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% don't do that. 37:07.233 --> 37:08.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% The transformer is being 37:08.233 --> 37:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% overloaded, put a bigger 37:09.233 --> 37:10.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% transformer in. 37:10.166 --> 37:11.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You can do shifting and that's 37:11.300 --> 37:12.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% really where we're headed when 37:12.500 --> 37:13.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% you say what does the future 37:13.700 --> 37:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% look like. 37:14.533 --> 37:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% We're going to multiplex cars. 37:15.666 --> 37:17.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You won't have the Wild West of 37:17.266 --> 37:18.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% everybody plugs in whatever they 37:18.566 --> 37:19.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% feel like where ever, whenever, 37:19.566 --> 37:20.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% however. 37:20.700 --> 37:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% You will reserve a time spot. 37:21.900 --> 37:23.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% You would say the energy is 37:23.600 --> 37:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% delivered to my car in this 37:24.866 --> 37:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% window. 37:25.866 --> 37:26.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Somebody might get a 3 am to 6 37:26.966 --> 37:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% am spot, someone might get a 37:28.366 --> 37:29.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% midnight to one, someone might 37:29.866 --> 37:31.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% get a 9 pm till midnight spot 37:31.533 --> 37:33.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% that average draw will be 37:33.466 --> 37:35.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% averaged out but you have to 37:35.100 --> 37:36.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% know which cars are plugged in 37:36.500 --> 37:38.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% and when they would be full. 37:38.066 --> 37:39.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's where this communication 37:39.266 --> 37:40.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% again comes in. 37:40.433 --> 37:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% The communication and the 37:41.700 --> 37:42.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% dynamic interaction between 37:42.966 --> 37:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% vehicles and charging 37:43.900 --> 37:45.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% infrastructure is a smart grid. 37:45.266 --> 37:46.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% You can make the smart grid more 37:46.466 --> 37:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% resilient. 37:47.400 --> 37:48.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% You can have cars that can 37:48.600 --> 37:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% export power, V to B. 37:50.033 --> 37:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% V to B is huge, vehicle to 37:51.266 --> 37:52.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% building is very huge. 37:52.500 --> 37:54.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% We had snow storms, we had that 37:54.200 --> 37:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% six inch storm we didn't really 37:55.633 --> 37:57.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% loose power here in Madison but 37:57.333 --> 37:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% a lot of other people in the 37:59.000 --> 38:00.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% country, winds and ice and it's 38:00.066 --> 38:01.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% happened where some people are 38:01.666 --> 38:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% without power for three days, 38:02.933 --> 38:04.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% not three minutes or three 38:04.366 --> 38:05.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% hours. 38:05.400 --> 38:06.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% A vehicle that said, oh it's 38:06.533 --> 38:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% built into the car. 38:07.533 --> 38:08.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% I just plug the car in and 38:08.633 --> 38:09.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% there's a switch in the house 38:09.733 --> 38:11.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% that says things seem to be 38:11.100 --> 38:12.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% really bad let me put into a 38:12.533 --> 38:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% configuration where your fridge 38:13.866 --> 38:15.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and your wifi and your lighting 38:15.833 --> 38:17.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% are all held up by your car. 38:17.833 --> 38:19.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% Isn't that a great future? 38:19.233 --> 38:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Those are features that are 38:20.533 --> 38:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% coming built in by standards. 38:21.766 --> 38:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% There's a standard called 2847/3 38:23.133 --> 38:24.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% which is reverse power flow 38:24.400 --> 38:25.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% through the connector. 38:25.766 --> 38:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You say, wow that can be done? 38:27.266 --> 38:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Yes, it can be done but now the 38:28.700 --> 38:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% utilities and all the other 38:30.433 --> 38:31.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% standard bodies have to agree 38:31.933 --> 38:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% how it is done. 38:33.233 --> 38:34.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% Here's some pictures of 38:34.600 --> 38:36.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% equipment that you've seen in 38:36.133 --> 38:37.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% your house just to point on how 38:37.466 --> 38:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% will these things have to fit 38:38.900 --> 38:40.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% together with communication? 38:40.166 --> 38:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% There are smart thermostats, 38:41.466 --> 38:42.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% there are gateways which you see 38:42.733 --> 38:43.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% right here, there are small 38:43.966 --> 38:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% electric vehicle supply 38:45.133 --> 38:46.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% equipment, there are larger 38:46.233 --> 38:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% electric vehicle supply 38:47.300 --> 38:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% equipment. 38:48.233 --> 38:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% There are disconnects because 38:49.233 --> 38:50.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% again a lot of local electrical 38:50.766 --> 38:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% codes require to have a 38:51.933 --> 38:52.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% disconnect near the point of 38:52.966 --> 38:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% load so that if you were 38:54.000 --> 38:54.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% servicing it you can pull that 38:54.966 --> 38:56.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% disconnect. 38:56.200 --> 38:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% These in fact are that 38:57.266 --> 38:58.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% disconnect so this connecting 38:58.600 --> 38:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% closure can be purchased for $5 38:59.666 --> 39:01.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% retail. 39:01.133 --> 39:02.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Normally you would think $105, 39:02.400 --> 39:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% $55 even the couplers on here 39:03.766 --> 39:05.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% are $5. 39:05.133 --> 39:07.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% Five dollars for that 60 amp 39:07.400 --> 39:09.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% base, this thing that fits into 39:09.100 --> 39:10.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% it is $10 materials cost again, 39:10.533 --> 39:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% sell at $100 but the point is I 39:11.933 --> 39:13.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% can add metering to any 39:13.566 --> 39:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% infrastructure by pulling out 39:15.100 --> 39:16.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% that T-bar and putting this in 39:16.400 --> 39:18.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% there. 39:18.033 --> 39:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's the vision of the future 39:19.366 --> 39:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% is that you can do this smart 39:20.533 --> 39:23.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% charging, retro fit. 39:23.033 --> 39:25.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Same with these connectors, I 39:25.100 --> 39:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% have a version of this meter 39:26.433 --> 39:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that fits into the connector so 39:27.933 --> 39:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% all I do for these 10 and 20 39:30.033 --> 39:31.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% year old legacy systems is I 39:31.666 --> 39:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% take the connector off and I put 39:33.133 --> 39:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% an instrumented connector on it. 39:34.533 --> 39:35.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% That's a bold future so the 39:35.933 --> 39:37.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% department of energy and other 39:37.433 --> 39:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% people are discussing how do I 39:38.700 --> 39:40.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% get the grid to be more modern? 39:40.266 --> 39:42.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% How do I get electric vehicle 39:42.000 --> 39:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% infrastructure without starting 39:43.300 --> 39:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% over? 39:44.366 --> 39:45.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Turns out I can just change the 39:45.533 --> 39:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% handle. 39:46.666 --> 39:48.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% There's a lot of lies people 39:48.133 --> 39:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% say this is good and this is 39:49.333 --> 39:50.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% bad. 39:50.200 --> 39:51.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% This is big and this is small, 39:51.133 --> 39:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% it's really gradients. 39:52.733 --> 39:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% This is representative of a 39:54.233 --> 39:55.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% level one AC which has 120 volt 39:55.733 --> 39:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% plug that fits in the trunk of 39:57.000 --> 39:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% the Ford Focus. 39:58.766 --> 40:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% This is a product made by -- 40:01.066 --> 40:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% I can go about five miles per 40:03.500 --> 40:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% hour of charging at about 1700 40:05.800 --> 40:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% watts, 16 amps continuous on a 40:08.700 --> 40:10.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% 20 amp brand circuit. 40:10.400 --> 40:12.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% The next level up, again level 40:12.100 --> 40:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% one is 120, level two is 240 but 40:13.500 --> 40:14.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% you have the minimum level which 40:14.966 --> 40:17.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% runs at 16 amps or the bigger 40:17.066 --> 40:18.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% level which runs at 80 amps. 40:18.600 --> 40:19.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% And 80 amp cord is pretty big, 40:19.866 --> 40:21.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% pretty heavy and you need 80 amp 40:21.200 --> 40:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% of extra service in your house, 40:23.233 --> 40:24.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% not 80 amps of service, 80 amps 40:24.800 --> 40:26.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% of extra service. 40:26.066 --> 40:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Most people have to put a new 40:27.500 --> 40:29.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% panel in and again most vehicles 40:29.333 --> 40:31.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% don't charge at 20 kilowatt only 40:31.300 --> 40:32.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% the Tesla model S right now 40:32.800 --> 40:34.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% beside commercial vehicles will 40:34.500 --> 40:35.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% charge at the full 20 kilowatt 40:35.966 --> 40:37.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% or 19.2 kilowatt of that 40:37.833 --> 40:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% connector. 40:39.833 --> 40:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You can go from 19 to 3 to 1700 40:41.566 --> 40:44.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% or basically 60 miles an hour of 40:44.233 --> 40:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% charging or five miles an hour 40:45.833 --> 40:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% of charging with the same 40:47.333 --> 40:49.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% coupler, same inlet, same 40:49.266 --> 40:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% everything. 40:50.833 --> 40:52.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It's just really blurred between 40:52.800 --> 40:54.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and then we have this DC level 40:54.533 --> 40:56.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% one that we talked about which 40:56.133 --> 40:57.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% was just this coupler running at 40:57.666 --> 40:59.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% 80 amps and 500 volts is 40 40:59.033 --> 41:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% kilowatt. 41:00.200 --> 41:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I can do 120 miles per hour for 41:01.733 --> 41:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% $50 coupler, pretty good deal. 41:03.400 --> 41:04.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% This one is more expensive can 41:04.966 --> 41:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% do 100 kilowatt. 41:06.600 --> 41:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% There's one above that called 41:07.933 --> 41:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% level three DC can do 250 41:09.200 --> 41:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% kilowatt. 41:10.333 --> 41:11.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You can see a lot of power can 41:11.566 --> 41:12.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% be transferred all on existing 41:12.900 --> 41:14.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% standards. 41:14.266 --> 41:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Adapters so you can see there 41:15.566 --> 41:17.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% are proprietary standards such 41:17.033 --> 41:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% as the --, because they didn't 41:18.300 --> 41:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% want to wait for this one 41:19.533 --> 41:20.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% to be ratified because 41:20.700 --> 41:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% it takes a lot of people 41:21.933 --> 41:23.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% globally to harmonize this. 41:23.166 --> 41:24.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Every other country has now 41:24.366 --> 41:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% harmonized this but these people 41:25.866 --> 41:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% have been shipping this coupler 41:27.333 --> 41:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% for four years now, five years. 41:28.633 --> 41:31.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% We got it now or we got it 41:31.133 --> 41:32.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% international and so there's a 41:32.833 --> 41:34.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% lot of discussing. 41:34.733 --> 41:36.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Right now what I'm building in 41:36.433 --> 41:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% my lab is an adapter between 41:37.733 --> 41:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% this and this. 41:38.800 --> 41:40.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% There's a protocol converter, 41:40.033 --> 41:41.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% there's galvanic isolation, 41:41.300 --> 41:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% there's a bunch of differences 41:42.433 --> 41:43.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% between the standards but one 41:43.666 --> 41:44.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% that can speak this language and 41:44.833 --> 41:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% one that can speak another 41:45.933 --> 41:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% language is effectively a 41:47.033 --> 41:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% translator. 41:48.066 --> 41:49.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Tesla has lots of adaptors to 41:49.166 --> 41:50.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% say from other infrastructures 41:50.233 --> 41:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% to our infrastructure but not 41:51.533 --> 41:52.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% from the Tesla super charger 41:52.866 --> 41:54.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% infrastructure back to NSAE 41:54.100 --> 41:56.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% or to --. 41:56.233 --> 41:57.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% It's always good to borrow 41:57.900 --> 41:59.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% somebody else's infrastructure 41:59.300 --> 42:00.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% but please don't use ours 42:00.633 --> 42:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% because it's exclusive, it's 42:01.733 --> 42:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% proprietary. 42:02.933 --> 42:04.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Adapters are an issue and I 42:04.300 --> 42:05.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% don't have any melty plug 42:05.566 --> 42:07.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% pictures in here but again, 42:07.433 --> 42:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% anybody who's driving a Tesla 42:08.800 --> 42:10.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% this is not an indictment it's 42:10.433 --> 42:11.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% just really a factual statement, 42:11.700 --> 42:13.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% even though -- does, 42:13.566 --> 42:14.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% I have no recalls. 42:14.966 --> 42:16.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% These are not problems we're 42:16.366 --> 42:18.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% just going to out of gratitude 42:18.266 --> 42:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% send out 29,000 new chargers 42:20.533 --> 42:22.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% because some of you had problems 42:22.233 --> 42:24.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% with the box melting out of the 42:24.133 --> 42:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% wall and lighting the garage on 42:25.233 --> 42:26.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% fire. 42:26.333 --> 42:27.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% It's not a recall, it's not a 42:27.433 --> 42:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% safety issue I just decided on 42:28.566 --> 42:29.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% my own good will to replace 42:29.700 --> 42:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% 29,000 units. 42:31.033 --> 42:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I'm like oh at $1000 a piece 42:32.766 --> 42:34.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% it's 2.9 million dollars. 42:34.633 --> 42:36.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% One lawsuit so you just say wow, 42:36.900 --> 42:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% look at that. 42:38.200 --> 42:39.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Pretty good sense to say I'm not 42:39.566 --> 42:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% wrong but we're going to change 42:41.400 --> 42:42.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% them anyway. 42:42.966 --> 42:44.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's where adapters fit in so 42:44.100 --> 42:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% by the national electric code 42:45.933 --> 42:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% adapters are not allowed but 42:47.633 --> 42:49.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% people are doing it anyway. 42:49.166 --> 42:50.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% This is the triangle I talked 42:50.666 --> 42:52.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% about is transformative nature 42:52.366 --> 42:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% of workplace charging and 42:53.966 --> 42:55.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% multifamily dwellings, multi 42:55.166 --> 42:56.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% dwelling units that have a lot 42:56.666 --> 42:58.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% of rows of people in a small 42:58.100 --> 43:00.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% place, don't have their own 43:00.100 --> 43:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% parking garage or stall with 43:03.100 --> 43:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% their own outlet, they have a 43:04.900 --> 43:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% shared space. 43:06.333 --> 43:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% That share space, multifamily 43:07.733 --> 43:09.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% home or work place charging most 43:09.433 --> 43:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% people underestimate the 43:11.033 --> 43:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% transformative nature to say if 43:12.766 --> 43:14.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I had charging at work I might 43:14.300 --> 43:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% consider buying an electric car. 43:15.866 --> 43:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% My work place gets to take all 43:17.333 --> 43:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the carbon credits because any 43:18.733 --> 43:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% vehicle I charge at work they 43:20.433 --> 43:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% get carbon reduction for. 43:21.633 --> 43:22.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The biggest way to do carbon 43:22.966 --> 43:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% offsets for your building is to 43:24.266 --> 43:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% put a plug outside to say 43:25.500 --> 43:26.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% anybody that plugs in that plug 43:26.600 --> 43:27.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% they get the credit for it. 43:27.733 --> 43:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% I'll just leave credits all by 43:28.866 --> 43:30.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% just putting an outlet on there 43:30.133 --> 43:31.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% but there's tax implications and 43:31.333 --> 43:32.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% again I don't have time to get 43:32.500 --> 43:33.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% into it but there is this de 43:33.766 --> 43:35.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% minimus part of the tax code 43:35.333 --> 43:36.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% said if you can declare 43:36.600 --> 43:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% something de minimus much like 43:37.800 --> 43:39.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% the electricity for the coffee 43:39.266 --> 43:40.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% pot. 43:40.433 --> 43:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Most people say I paid for the 43:41.566 --> 43:42.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% coffee but they don't have to 43:42.800 --> 43:44.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% tax you for the electricity it 43:44.000 --> 43:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% took to brew the coffee because 43:45.133 --> 43:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% you got benefit. 43:46.133 --> 43:47.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Not everybody drinks coffee so 43:47.200 --> 43:48.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% everybody gets a 10-99 for the 43:48.433 --> 43:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% value of the electricity that 43:50.133 --> 43:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% went to heat the coffee. 43:51.800 --> 43:53.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% You say I don't want to do that 43:53.133 --> 43:54.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% right that's de minimus. 43:54.566 --> 43:55.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% There's a lot of big push right 43:55.700 --> 43:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% now to have somebody set the 43:56.766 --> 43:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% president that said electricity 43:57.933 --> 43:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% at the work place is de minimus 43:59.133 --> 44:00.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% or there can be an open 44:00.433 --> 44:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% understanding between the 44:01.766 --> 44:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% employer and the employee that 44:02.933 --> 44:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% you will on a voluntary basis 44:04.500 --> 44:06.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% contribute towards the value of 44:06.066 --> 44:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% the electricity that's dispersed 44:07.700 --> 44:09.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to offset it against the people 44:09.433 --> 44:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% who don't take advantage of it. 44:11.033 --> 44:12.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% The big issue is, and as they 44:12.366 --> 44:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% say, the people who are most 44:13.933 --> 44:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% upset about work place charging 44:15.333 --> 44:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% are the ones who don't charge at 44:16.700 --> 44:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% the work place. 44:17.866 --> 44:18.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They would like free gasoline. 44:18.933 --> 44:20.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% If you get free electricity I 44:20.200 --> 44:22.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% want a gallon of gas on my desk. 44:22.066 --> 44:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% That's only fair to assume but 44:23.466 --> 44:24.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% hey how about if we don't do 44:24.900 --> 44:26.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that and we say everybody works 44:26.266 --> 44:27.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% for the greater good. 44:27.600 --> 44:28.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% That's where workplace charging 44:28.966 --> 44:30.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% can be transformative towards 44:30.300 --> 44:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% getting more people to do more 44:31.800 --> 44:33.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% carbon offsetting by doing the 44:33.600 --> 44:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% right thing without being paid 44:35.266 --> 44:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% to do the right thing. 44:36.700 --> 44:38.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Finally we talk about wireless 44:38.933 --> 44:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% charging so here's a wireless 44:40.200 --> 44:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% charger being installed in a 44:42.533 --> 44:44.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% bottom of a Chevy Volt. 44:44.266 --> 44:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% You can see it's a very large 44:45.566 --> 44:46.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% electronic assembly with a coil 44:46.933 --> 44:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% in the middle. 44:48.033 --> 44:49.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's a lot of loops of wire and 44:49.266 --> 44:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% loops of wire on the floor. 44:50.400 --> 44:51.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Here is Nikola Tesla's sketch 44:51.600 --> 44:52.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% from 100 some years ago that 44:52.833 --> 44:54.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% said electricity for everybody. 44:54.866 --> 44:56.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Of course, George Westinghouse 44:56.433 --> 44:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% said that's pretty good but how 44:57.933 --> 44:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% about meters for everybody and 44:59.200 --> 45:00.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% he said I haven't quite figured 45:00.266 --> 45:01.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% that out. 45:01.300 --> 45:02.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% If I've got ubiquitous access to 45:02.366 --> 45:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% electricity, how do I meter 45:03.400 --> 45:04.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% everybody? 45:04.300 --> 45:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Of course he never made his 45:05.500 --> 45:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% money back and most people knew 45:06.600 --> 45:07.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% the story of Tesla and the, I 45:07.866 --> 45:09.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% was trying to remember the name 45:09.800 --> 45:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% of the location. 45:13.300 --> 45:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Anyway the place in New Jersey 45:14.600 --> 45:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% where they built the tower, very 45:16.133 --> 45:17.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% large tower, very large coil 45:17.700 --> 45:18.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% that went down into the ground a 45:18.933 --> 45:19.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% hundred years ago. 45:19.966 --> 45:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Got hit with some inflation and 45:21.166 --> 45:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% so it turns out the price of the 45:22.566 --> 45:24.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% lumber and the copper and the 45:24.366 --> 45:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% other things to make this 45:25.633 --> 45:27.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% tripled between the time he 45:27.100 --> 45:28.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% started the project and when he 45:28.400 --> 45:29.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% finished it. 45:29.566 --> 45:30.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% They actually just ran out of 45:30.700 --> 45:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% money because the building 45:31.800 --> 45:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% materials went up so much. 45:32.866 --> 45:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% It wasn't that it was a bad 45:33.933 --> 45:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% idea, they just came up short on 45:35.033 --> 45:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% their budget. 45:36.066 --> 45:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% Most people said doomsday 45:37.200 --> 45:38.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% weapon. 45:38.100 --> 45:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% You can actually change the 45:39.066 --> 45:39.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% weather, you can change our 45:39.966 --> 45:41.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% polar axis all these different 45:41.000 --> 45:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% things, let's burn it. 45:41.900 --> 45:42.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% They did. 45:42.966 --> 45:44.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% They went out of business. 45:44.066 --> 45:45.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% They demolished it and all was 45:45.333 --> 45:46.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% gone but a century later this is 45:46.866 --> 45:47.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% what we're going to be doing on 45:47.900 --> 45:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% cars. 45:49.000 --> 45:49.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% You say what does the future 45:49.933 --> 45:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% look like? 45:50.833 --> 45:52.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Every car, not some car, every 45:52.033 --> 45:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% car will have the option to have 45:53.233 --> 45:54.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% a wireless charging system into 45:54.266 --> 45:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% it. 45:55.233 --> 45:56.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% I'll just close with the thought 45:56.200 --> 45:57.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% of what does the future hold? 45:57.366 --> 45:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% The future will be like your 45:58.866 --> 46:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% garage door, 1950 it was okay to 46:00.800 --> 46:02.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% drive up, put your key in the 46:02.433 --> 46:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% door turn the knob, lift the 46:03.666 --> 46:05.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% door up, drive your car in, 46:05.166 --> 46:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% close the door and go into the 46:06.266 --> 46:07.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% house. 46:07.300 --> 46:08.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% Where today some cars say I'm 46:08.433 --> 46:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% near the garage open the door 46:09.566 --> 46:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% for me. 46:10.766 --> 46:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% You get out of your car and go 46:11.933 --> 46:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% in the house and push the button 46:12.966 --> 46:14.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% and the door closes. 46:14.133 --> 46:15.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% That's the way wireless 46:15.233 --> 46:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% charging is. 46:16.133 --> 46:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% It's okay to pull the connector 46:17.200 --> 46:18.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% off the wall and plug it into my 46:18.466 --> 46:20.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% car and take it out of the car 46:20.500 --> 46:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% and plug it in and say it's 20 46:21.600 --> 46:22.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% seconds this way 20 seconds that 46:22.633 --> 46:23.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% way, 40 seconds out of my day. 46:23.966 --> 46:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Or I just pull in my garage and 46:25.233 --> 46:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% then I leave or parking spot or 46:26.933 --> 46:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% where ever it happens to be. 46:28.933 --> 46:30.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Ubiquitous wireless charging is 46:30.200 --> 46:31.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% coming, the standards are a 46:31.333 --> 46:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% little bit behind because 46:32.433 --> 46:33.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% there's a lot of arguing about 46:33.466 --> 46:35.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% the cost and frequency and 46:35.000 --> 46:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% safety issues and that's a lot 46:36.400 --> 46:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% of what I'm working on in my 46:37.400 --> 46:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10% lab. 46:38.300 --> 46:39.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% I think we're going to end here 46:39.566 --> 46:40.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% and you can have questions 46:40.533 --> 46:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% afterward. 46:41.266 --> 46:42.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% Thank you very much. 46:42.366 --> 46:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [applause]