WEBVTT 00:00.700 --> 00:02.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - So now it's my pleasure 00:02.766 --> 00:06.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to introduce to you Dr. Kevin Strang. 00:06.600 --> 00:08.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Dr. Strang has been at UW-Madison 00:08.866 --> 00:10.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% for quite a bit of time. 00:10.833 --> 00:13.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% He and I have collaborated several times 00:13.800 --> 00:15.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in having conversations 00:15.933 --> 00:18.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with members of the community 00:18.333 --> 00:21.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and with students in my class and other classes 00:22.066 --> 00:25.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% on the topic of the world's second most popular drug. 00:25.666 --> 00:29.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So, Kevin, if you're ready, it's all yours. 00:29.900 --> 00:34.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% (audience applauds) 00:35.600 --> 00:37.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - Thank you, Dr. Shakhashiri. 00:37.266 --> 00:39.933 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% So caffeine is number one, and when I speak to those audiences, they often, 00:40.033 --> 00:41.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when I say, "What's the most popular?" 00:41.333 --> 00:42.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They say, "Cocaine, marijuana," 00:42.933 --> 00:44.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you know, illegal drug after illegal drug. 00:45.066 --> 00:47.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They don't stop and think about a perfectly ordinary 00:47.666 --> 00:48.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% everyday substance like caffeine, 00:49.066 --> 00:51.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% which people take for a reason. 00:51.133 --> 00:52.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It alters their body function. 00:52.500 --> 00:54.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It has side effects. That's what a drug is. 00:54.666 --> 00:57.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Anything we take with the intent of altering body function 00:57.400 --> 01:00.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but that also has side effects because of the redundant plan 01:00.166 --> 01:01.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that the human body's built on. 01:01.666 --> 01:03.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's a drug, 01:03.133 --> 01:04.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so I unapologetically tell college students, 01:04.900 --> 01:08.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "Yes, you are ingesting a drug when you're drinking alcohol." 01:08.500 --> 01:10.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So this is my general scheme for the evening. 01:10.466 --> 01:12.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I've got three sort of overall things I'm gonna do. 01:12.633 --> 01:14.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I'm gonna talk about why we drink. 01:14.533 --> 01:17.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% How does it work at a chemical, physiological level? 01:17.666 --> 01:20.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I'm gonna then talk about some of the neurological effects 01:20.133 --> 01:21.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that people are after. 01:21.366 --> 01:23.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Why do people medicate themselves with alcohol? 01:23.200 --> 01:24.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% What are they looking for? 01:24.700 --> 01:27.566 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% We'll talk about that for a while, for the main body of the talk. 01:27.666 --> 01:29.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And then at the very end, I'm gonna 01:29.633 --> 01:31.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% maybe be slightly controversial, maybe intrigue you and suggest 01:31.866 --> 01:34.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% some really great reading having to do 01:34.166 --> 01:35.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with a particular reason we drink 01:35.900 --> 01:39.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that has to do with the cultural, historical, 01:39.800 --> 01:43.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the history of alcohol in human civilization. 01:43.333 --> 01:44.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So that'll be at the very end. 01:44.966 --> 01:46.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So that's my general plan. 01:46.600 --> 01:48.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So why do people drink? 01:48.166 --> 01:51.200 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% And I've polled many college audiences and I ask, "Why do you reach?" 01:51.300 --> 01:53.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And I make 'em really think, "Why do you reach for a drink?" 01:54.000 --> 01:56.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And it comes down to the first five on this list, 01:56.300 --> 01:59.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% basically are reasons people self-medicate with alcohol. 01:59.133 --> 02:00.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% To get a mood boost, it is a euphorigen. 02:01.000 --> 02:04.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We'll talk about that. It increases social confidence. 02:04.600 --> 02:06.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% People have this misconception 02:06.133 --> 02:08.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that is is an anxiolytic drug, it is a relaxant. 02:08.666 --> 02:11.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It is not, and I'll show you a study that proves it is not. 02:11.766 --> 02:13.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Many people you've heard of taking a nightcap 02:13.766 --> 02:16.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to help you sleep, a very common thing in our culture. 02:16.866 --> 02:18.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It turns out it's a terrible sleep aid, 02:18.666 --> 02:20.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and I'll tell you why. 02:20.233 --> 02:21.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% And then escape from problems. 02:21.766 --> 02:25.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So people drink to forget things that they want to forget, 02:25.300 --> 02:27.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and that may work to an extent, 02:27.200 --> 02:28.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but very often, as I'll talk about, 02:28.900 --> 02:31.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they forget things that they're not intending to forget. 02:31.733 --> 02:33.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And then the last thing, it's not really, 02:33.900 --> 02:35.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% people aren't self-medicating 02:35.900 --> 02:37.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because of their culture or history maybe, 02:37.900 --> 02:39.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% unless they've got one of those families, 02:39.566 --> 02:41.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I have one of those families, 02:41.100 --> 02:43.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but I think it is an underlying reason why. 02:43.666 --> 02:45.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, here we are in the great state of Wisconsin. 02:45.933 --> 02:47.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcohol is a very important topic, 02:47.566 --> 02:49.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% one of the most important public health topics 02:50.066 --> 02:53.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on a college campus in a state that I think there is, 02:53.600 --> 02:55.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which is why I'm so passionate about talking 02:55.633 --> 02:59.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% about this topic to all the audiences that I talk to. 02:59.433 --> 03:01.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Okay, so at fundamental level, 03:01.833 --> 03:03.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I bet most people who drink 03:03.266 --> 03:05.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% don't really know exactly how this drug works. 03:05.466 --> 03:07.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's unique in the drug world. 03:07.233 --> 03:09.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When a pharmacologist designs a drug 03:09.400 --> 03:10.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% aimed at a brain protein 03:10.866 --> 03:12.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or aimed at your kidney or your liver, 03:12.633 --> 03:13.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they're often massive molecules 03:14.000 --> 03:17.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that are shaped very specficially 03:17.366 --> 03:19.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to attach to certain targets chemically. 03:20.000 --> 03:22.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% As we'll see, alcohol, it's a skeleton key. 03:22.266 --> 03:23.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's a universal key. 03:23.700 --> 03:25.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So quickly, all about you, 03:25.666 --> 03:27.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you're made of about 75 trillion cells 03:27.766 --> 03:29.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and those cells make up 03:29.333 --> 03:31.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the different organ systems of your body, 03:31.333 --> 03:33.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and each one of those cells 03:33.766 --> 03:36.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% has some features in common and some different 03:36.900 --> 03:38.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% from cells that are in other organs. 03:38.566 --> 03:40.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So you've got cells in your eyeball 03:40.500 --> 03:42.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that when a photon of light strikes it, 03:42.500 --> 03:44.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a neural signal goes to your brain 03:44.133 --> 03:45.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and tells you you're seeing something. 03:45.700 --> 03:47.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You've got cells that are in your muscles, for example, 03:47.866 --> 03:50.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that can, much like ethanol in a combustion engine, 03:50.900 --> 03:52.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they can turn chemical energy in the food you eat 03:52.900 --> 03:55.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% into physical force, into movement. 03:55.166 --> 03:57.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% These are all the things that cells are specialized to do, 03:57.833 --> 04:00.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but there is a similarity among all those cells. 04:00.333 --> 04:02.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It comes down to they are basically 04:02.600 --> 04:05.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a bag of lipid, a lipid that has a consistency 04:05.766 --> 04:08.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% very similar to chris-kal oil, but at a molecular scale, 04:08.800 --> 04:11.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's a fairly stiff cell membrane or cell wall, 04:11.733 --> 04:13.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so you see the double blue band, 04:13.500 --> 04:16.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's a phospholipid bilayer membrane, 04:16.800 --> 04:18.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and then you've got proteins. 04:18.966 --> 04:20.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Proteins are the machines 04:20.800 --> 04:24.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that distinguish one body cell's ability to do one function 04:24.133 --> 04:26.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% from another body cell's ability to do another function. 04:26.900 --> 04:28.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So those photons of light are striking 04:28.866 --> 04:30.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% specific proteins in your eyes 04:30.866 --> 04:32.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you don't have those proteins in your muscles, 04:32.866 --> 04:35.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which is why you can't see with your muscles. 04:35.200 --> 04:37.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So those protein machines take on all kinds of form. 04:37.433 --> 04:38.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They're ion channels, they're enzymes, 04:38.833 --> 04:40.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they're receptors, they're signals. 04:40.266 --> 04:42.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Anything your body can do, it does 04:42.866 --> 04:45.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because of this generic membrane hosting the cell 04:45.866 --> 04:47.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then proteins that are in the membrane, 04:48.000 --> 04:49.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% proteins that are inside and out 04:49.700 --> 04:52.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that act throughout your body. 04:52.300 --> 04:55.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, it turns out the chemistry of ethanol 04:55.866 --> 04:57.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% interacts very nicely with proteins. 04:57.533 --> 04:59.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So the cartoon at the upper right there. 04:59.266 --> 05:00.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% If you don't know, 05:00.600 --> 05:02.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a protein is a long string of amino acids, 05:03.066 --> 05:06.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and, by the way, this fabulous, elegant molecule here, DNA, 05:06.200 --> 05:08.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's where your genetic heritage lies, 05:08.300 --> 05:10.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and what it really does is when you go 05:10.600 --> 05:14.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to make a muscle cell or a brain cell or liver cell, 05:14.266 --> 05:17.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the DNA that's in all of your cells is exactly the same, 05:17.466 --> 05:20.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but what happens is different parts of it get expressed, 05:20.466 --> 05:22.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% get translated into a protein 05:22.500 --> 05:24.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that gets put into that cell for its function. 05:24.733 --> 05:27.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So remember that, all proteins are made from DNA, 05:27.733 --> 05:30.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% all the same DNA is in all of your cells, 05:30.266 --> 05:31.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but only certain ones are expressed. 05:31.933 --> 05:33.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So that cartoon of a protein, 05:34.033 --> 05:35.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the green blob sticking out to the side, 05:35.666 --> 05:37.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% amino acids have side chains, 05:37.366 --> 05:39.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% side chains with chemical natures, 05:39.300 --> 05:42.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you heard a little bit about polar and non-polar bonds here. 05:42.266 --> 05:45.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So the blue ones are to identify 05:45.266 --> 05:48.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% polar side groups that are very friendly with water. 05:48.666 --> 05:50.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They dissolve well in water. 05:50.266 --> 05:52.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They have electrical charges, some of them. 05:52.233 --> 05:55.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And the green blobs represent animo acids that have 05:55.733 --> 05:57.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% something like a hydrocarbon side chain, 05:57.533 --> 06:00.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% something like these carbon-carbon 06:00.833 --> 06:03.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with hydrogen chains with no oxygens involved. 06:03.366 --> 06:07.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So that's a very oily type of molecular structure. 06:07.300 --> 06:08.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The blue ones represent hydrophilic, 06:09.000 --> 06:10.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a water-loving chemical structure, 06:10.600 --> 06:13.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and depending on the sequence of amino acids, 06:13.400 --> 06:16.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you take that long string, if I dunk it into water, 06:16.266 --> 06:18.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% what's gonna happen to it, it's gonna fold. 06:18.733 --> 06:19.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's gonna fold into a shape. 06:20.066 --> 06:22.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You know if you put oil and water in a jar 06:22.233 --> 06:23.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you shake it, they separate, right? 06:23.800 --> 06:26.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That fundamental force is one of the huge forces 06:26.733 --> 06:29.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that drives the design of the human body, 06:29.466 --> 06:31.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% hydrophobic interactions or the fear 06:31.833 --> 06:34.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of non-polar substances for water. 06:34.900 --> 06:37.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So in a watery climate, that's what that protein would do. 06:37.300 --> 06:39.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It would fold so that all those blue blobs, 06:39.900 --> 06:41.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the amino acid side chains 06:41.300 --> 06:42.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are facing the watery bloodstream, 06:43.033 --> 06:46.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if that's where we are, and the hydrophobic ones, 06:46.366 --> 06:50.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the polar side chains are gonna be like the oil 06:50.300 --> 06:53.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% gathering itself together inside of a jar, 06:53.133 --> 06:55.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it turns out ethanol, so you've seen the structure, 06:55.333 --> 06:57.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there's a simple representation of ethanol. 06:57.333 --> 06:59.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's an amphipathic molecule. 06:59.266 --> 07:01.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It has both the non-polar 07:01.200 --> 07:03.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and the carbon chains with the hydrogens, 07:03.133 --> 07:04.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% so that's a very lipid friendly, 07:04.466 --> 07:06.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% fatty friendly substance, 07:06.200 --> 07:09.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then it's got the O-H group at the other end, 07:09.200 --> 07:11.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I'm glad we also got the introduction. 07:11.800 --> 07:14.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When I say alcohol, I'm always talking about ethanol. 07:14.400 --> 07:16.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There are many alcohols obviously. 07:16.766 --> 07:20.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But if you take that little tiny generic molecule 07:20.133 --> 07:21.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and introduce it to a big protein 07:22.033 --> 07:23.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that is folded in a certain way 07:23.500 --> 07:28.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because of non-polar and pole side chains 07:28.500 --> 07:30.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% interacting with each other, it'll wedge into a crack 07:30.466 --> 07:33.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it might twist it open and make it function less well. 07:33.566 --> 07:36.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It might twist it in another way and increase its function. 07:36.233 --> 07:37.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's highly random. 07:37.766 --> 07:40.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's like a skeleton key that can open any door, 07:40.166 --> 07:42.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you have proteins in every cell of your body, 07:42.833 --> 07:45.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so ethanol is this universal key 07:45.566 --> 07:48.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that can affect proteins throughout your body, 07:48.200 --> 07:50.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so we're gonna talk about the brain today, 07:50.600 --> 07:53.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but I think, if you're well aware in the popular culture, 07:53.333 --> 07:56.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% someone who drinks too much, the cardiovascular system suffers. 07:56.166 --> 07:57.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% High blood pressure happens. 07:57.500 --> 07:59.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Heart failure happens. 07:59.100 --> 08:00.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Any emergency room doctor will tell you 08:01.000 --> 08:04.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that in December every year there's a rash of people my age 08:04.566 --> 08:07.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and slightly older coming into emergency rooms 08:07.233 --> 08:10.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with heart arrhythmias, with even heart attacks 08:10.133 --> 08:12.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because they overindulge in alcohol that time of year 08:13.033 --> 08:15.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then one of the side effects of doses of alcohol 08:15.266 --> 08:18.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are the arrhythmias of the heart. 08:18.566 --> 08:20.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Gastrointestinal system, I'm sure you know 08:20.200 --> 08:22.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that long, heavy use of alcohol will cause 08:22.433 --> 08:25.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% cirrhosis of the liver, it'll destroy the liver. 08:25.433 --> 08:28.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcohol in high doses contributes to gastric ulcers. 08:28.766 --> 08:30.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And urinary system, you might or might not be aware 08:31.033 --> 08:33.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that if you drink 12 ounces of an alcoholic beverage 08:33.333 --> 08:35.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because you're thirsty, which means your body 08:35.333 --> 08:37.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is crying for more liquid volume, 08:37.233 --> 08:38.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% what will happen is that 12 ounces 08:38.766 --> 08:41.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% will come out in your urine as well as about four ounces 08:41.200 --> 08:42.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% of your own body fluid. 08:42.533 --> 08:44.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So that's why people wake up in the morning 08:44.500 --> 08:46.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% after a night of drinking very dehydrated. 08:46.500 --> 08:48.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Even though they've taken in all that liquid 08:48.300 --> 08:49.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the night before, they're very dehydrated 08:49.700 --> 08:52.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because alcohol blocks the kidney's ability 08:52.933 --> 08:55.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to concentrate your urine. 08:55.233 --> 08:56.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Reproductive and endocrine disorders, 08:56.900 --> 08:58.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so very often women who are of an age 08:58.900 --> 09:00.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% where they're trying to conceive 09:00.733 --> 09:02.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% might have difficulty if they're regular alcohol users 09:03.066 --> 09:06.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because alcohol will alter the shape of proteins 09:06.133 --> 09:09.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that are hormones that cause the female menstrual cycle 09:09.133 --> 09:11.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to regulate normally, and so you can have 09:11.266 --> 09:13.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% menstrual cycle irregularities that prevent fertility. 09:13.500 --> 09:16.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I try not to say that to my college age crowd 09:16.266 --> 09:17.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because I don't what them using alochol 09:18.000 --> 09:19.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% as a form of birth control. 09:19.433 --> 09:20.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Not suggested. 09:21.000 --> 09:22.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The reason people self-medicate though, 09:22.333 --> 09:23.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% at the lower right, is the nervous system, 09:23.833 --> 09:25.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and so I'm gonna talk in more depth 09:25.400 --> 09:26.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% at a cellular molecular level. 09:26.733 --> 09:28.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% How does alcohol affect the nervous system? 09:28.900 --> 09:32.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So on the left, you see a pink neuron, a nerve cell, 09:32.166 --> 09:34.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they're actually much longer, more dramatic than that, 09:34.500 --> 09:36.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's a cartoon, but the key feature here 09:36.966 --> 09:40.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is that that pink neuron, you see a few dozen neurons 09:40.700 --> 09:42.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% coming to it and making contacts with it 09:42.933 --> 09:44.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then it's branching four times 09:44.500 --> 09:45.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it's contacting four other neurons. 09:45.933 --> 09:48.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, in your brain and spinal cord, 09:48.133 --> 09:50.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% a neuron might branch thousands 09:50.166 --> 09:52.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to tens of thousands of times, and so in your brain, 09:52.966 --> 09:54.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you have maybe a hundred billion neurons 09:54.666 --> 09:57.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but that isn't what makes you talented or intelligent 09:57.666 --> 09:59.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% or that's not why you have 09:59.100 --> 10:01.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% all the wonderful memories that you have. 10:01.600 --> 10:03.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Your brain really functions on the synapses. 10:03.700 --> 10:06.033 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Where those neurons touch each other there's a small gap, 10:06.133 --> 10:08.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% at the right, you see a bigger cartoon of the gap, 10:08.633 --> 10:10.100 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% called a synapse, and that synapse 10:10.200 --> 10:12.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is a place where a chemical signal is sent 10:12.666 --> 10:14.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% from one nerve cell to the next 10:14.500 --> 10:17.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% either telling it, "Hey, you should fire a signal," 10:17.133 --> 10:19.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or telling it, "Don't fire a signal," 10:19.333 --> 10:21.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and when you branch a hundred billion neurons 10:21.333 --> 10:25.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and interconnect them and any neuron in that set, 10:25.100 --> 10:28.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in that network, every second of every day of your life, 10:28.200 --> 10:30.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there are thousands of neurons telling that neuron, 10:30.400 --> 10:32.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "You should fire, you shouldn't fire," 10:32.266 --> 10:33.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and it has to make a decision. 10:33.766 --> 10:36.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's basically a processor that based on 10:36.600 --> 10:39.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the total number of inputs, if more say, "Fire," it fires, 10:39.700 --> 10:41.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then its message gets passed along the chain. 10:41.833 --> 10:43.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In those connections, in those chains 10:43.666 --> 10:45.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% is where all your memories are. 10:45.200 --> 10:47.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% If you learn something new about chemistry tonight, 10:47.666 --> 10:49.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the reason you will remember it tomorrow 10:49.266 --> 10:51.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is that your brain is physically different. 10:51.400 --> 10:54.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The synapses between neurons are stronger, 10:54.266 --> 10:56.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there are more of them, they're different. 10:56.333 --> 10:58.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So very profound, the interconnection between neurons, 10:58.466 --> 11:00.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that everything you learn, everything you are, 11:00.400 --> 11:02.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% everything you can do, is in those synapses. 11:02.800 --> 11:04.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, if you look at the synapse close, 11:04.566 --> 11:06.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you see a bunch of little oval circles. 11:06.533 --> 11:09.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That's cartoons of proteins, proteins that are ion channels, 11:09.733 --> 11:11.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% proteins involved in releasing that chemical 11:11.933 --> 11:14.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% called the neurotransmitter when a signal comes down. 11:15.033 --> 11:16.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So those proteins are abundant, 11:16.800 --> 11:18.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it turns out they're very sensitive 11:18.633 --> 11:21.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to alcohol's effects to alter their shape. 11:21.866 --> 11:23.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In some people, they're up regulated. 11:23.566 --> 11:25.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Sometimes they're down regulated. 11:25.533 --> 11:27.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Within a person and between people, it varies a little bit. 11:27.933 --> 11:30.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I should've mentioned when we talked about proteins, 11:30.600 --> 11:32.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% me and just about anyone in the room, 11:32.800 --> 11:35.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you compared a protein in the same cell type 11:35.800 --> 11:38.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the same part of our body that does the same thing, 11:38.466 --> 11:40.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% we don't have exactly the same protein sequence. 11:40.800 --> 11:42.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In fact, if you have an identical twin 11:42.800 --> 11:44.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you looked at all your proteins, 11:44.600 --> 11:46.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they're not exactly the same. 11:46.100 --> 11:48.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Life experience changes the sequence of our proteins. 11:48.700 --> 11:51.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It changes the expression of our DNA, 11:51.233 --> 11:52.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that's important because we're gonna talk about 11:52.966 --> 11:55.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the wildly variable ways that alcohol affects people 11:55.966 --> 11:57.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and that's part of the basis 11:57.600 --> 12:00.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because this generic skeleton key of alcohol 12:00.900 --> 12:03.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% doesn't affect all proteins exactly the same. 12:03.966 --> 12:06.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So this is a short list of neurotransmitters, 12:06.566 --> 12:08.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the chemical signal between neurons 12:09.033 --> 12:11.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that have been shown to be profoundly affected by alcohol, 12:11.833 --> 12:13.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and at different doses, 12:13.733 --> 12:15.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they have differential sensitivities, 12:15.433 --> 12:17.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in different people with slightly different sequences 12:17.800 --> 12:19.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of proteins, they're gonna have different effects, 12:19.933 --> 12:22.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so alcohol is a terrible medication 12:23.033 --> 12:24.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because, I mean, what makes a good medication 12:24.933 --> 12:26.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% is when you take it. 12:26.266 --> 12:27.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% When anyone on Earth takes it, 12:27.700 --> 12:29.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you want it to have a consistent effect. 12:29.800 --> 12:32.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% One like that is Valium. 12:32.166 --> 12:34.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So Valium is a drug that you give to anyone on Earth, 12:34.833 --> 12:36.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% everyone has the same reaction. 12:36.166 --> 12:38.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's a very specific, it's an anxiolytic, 12:38.166 --> 12:39.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% it calms people down. 12:39.666 --> 12:41.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It slows your brain down. 12:41.133 --> 12:42.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Alcohol can do that 12:42.766 --> 12:45.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but it can also do a lot of other things 12:45.266 --> 12:47.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it has to do with it affects so many different things, 12:47.966 --> 12:50.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it's sometimes been called a pharmacological hand grenade. 12:50.466 --> 12:52.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Cocaine is a pharmacological scalpel. 12:52.566 --> 12:53.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It really affects one thing. 12:53.966 --> 12:55.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Alcohol affects a lot of things, 12:56.066 --> 12:58.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so the outcome can be very unpredictable. 12:58.533 --> 13:00.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So, one outcome. 13:00.100 --> 13:02.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Why do people medicate themselves with alcohol? 13:02.566 --> 13:05.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, very often, I mean, various words are used, 13:05.900 --> 13:08.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to get a buzz, to get high. 13:08.166 --> 13:10.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% The word I'll use is euphoria. 13:10.333 --> 13:12.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You know, you poll a college audience 13:12.100 --> 13:14.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you'll hear probably 50 different word. 13:14.600 --> 13:15.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This is real. 13:16.033 --> 13:17.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% This happens to most people who drink alcohol. 13:17.666 --> 13:19.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So you have these pleasure centers in your brain 13:19.700 --> 13:21.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that are there for a good reason. 13:21.200 --> 13:23.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When you do something that increases 13:23.200 --> 13:25.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the likelihood of your survival 13:25.300 --> 13:27.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or your species' survival, there's a pleasure center 13:27.500 --> 13:29.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in your brain that lights up. 13:29.300 --> 13:31.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You get this great feeling that reinforces it. 13:31.666 --> 13:33.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It says, "Do that again." 13:33.166 --> 13:36.066 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% So if you get a big bowl of fatty ice cream, this center lights up. 13:36.166 --> 13:38.933 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% Do that again. You know, you'll survive the next famine. 13:39.033 --> 13:41.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Someone tells you they love you and they really mean it 13:41.533 --> 13:44.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you know they mean it, this pleasure center lights up. 13:44.200 --> 13:46.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Interactions between people are really reinforced 13:46.233 --> 13:49.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% by this pleasure center and specifically dopamine. 13:49.233 --> 13:50.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The neurotransmitter chemical dopamine 13:50.833 --> 13:52.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% is a very important one. 13:52.600 --> 13:55.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It turns out the way alcohol influences 13:55.100 --> 13:58.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the dopamine pathway explains why binge drinking happens 13:58.566 --> 14:00.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it also can explain why some people 14:00.433 --> 14:04.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% become dependent on alcohol for enjoyment, 14:04.500 --> 14:06.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so I'm gonna explain this with a graph 14:06.433 --> 14:08.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that I've kind of invented, a very simple graph, 14:08.633 --> 14:10.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but follow my logic, if you will. 14:10.466 --> 14:11.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So what we've got here 14:11.866 --> 14:13.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is time flowing along the bottom axis. 14:13.833 --> 14:16.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Your blood alcohol is on the vertical axis. 14:17.033 --> 14:20.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And so if you have one drink, this is what it would look like. 14:20.833 --> 14:22.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Your blood alcohol would rise while you were drinking it. 14:22.833 --> 14:25.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When you stop drinking, your liver and stomach 14:25.933 --> 14:27.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% have enzymes we'll talk about later 14:27.333 --> 14:28.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that can remove alcohol. 14:28.833 --> 14:31.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% About one drink an hour in an average person gets removed. 14:31.633 --> 14:33.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So as soon as you stop drinking, the blood alcohol declines. 14:34.000 --> 14:35.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Well, if you just felt okay 14:36.066 --> 14:38.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you didn't have that drink for any particular reason, 14:38.100 --> 14:40.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% most people on Earth will experience 14:40.766 --> 14:42.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a rush, a euphoria, a sudden mood 14:42.900 --> 14:44.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that is better than their mood was 14:45.033 --> 14:47.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% before they started drinking. 14:47.666 --> 14:50.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Dopamine, it turns out, is a double-edged sword. 14:50.800 --> 14:52.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Dopamine is a great thing. 14:52.233 --> 14:54.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It lights up your pleasure center, it makes you feel good, 14:54.666 --> 14:57.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but there are many disease conditions like schizophrenia, 14:57.300 --> 14:59.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% excess of dopamine is one of the underlying factors 14:59.900 --> 15:02.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in people who have the mental disorder of schizophrenia. 15:02.533 --> 15:04.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So anything in the body in excess, 15:05.033 --> 15:07.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that body has a, what I call, what physiologists call 15:08.000 --> 15:09.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% a negative feedback response. 15:09.366 --> 15:11.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They say, "Hey, that's too much of that," 15:11.166 --> 15:13.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so there are mechanisms that will compensate, 15:13.133 --> 15:14.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that will counter it. 15:14.466 --> 15:16.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Turns out dopamine, this happens very fast. 15:16.366 --> 15:19.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So you might think, you slide from a happy place 15:19.900 --> 15:22.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% back down to your okay place, but what happens is, 15:22.300 --> 15:25.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as soon as your blood alcohol starts down, 15:25.833 --> 15:27.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the dopamine receptors have been desensitized. 15:28.000 --> 15:29.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They've been hidden. 15:29.466 --> 15:32.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% What happens is your mood dips to below baseline level. 15:32.566 --> 15:34.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% People whose blood alcohol has fallen, 15:34.133 --> 15:36.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% even while it's still elevated, 15:36.166 --> 15:37.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they're not happy anymore. 15:38.033 --> 15:39.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% I call this the rising phase effect 15:39.733 --> 15:41.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% 'cause in the rising phase, we feel good, 15:41.966 --> 15:43.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and then when we're in the falling phase, 15:43.566 --> 15:45.200 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% blood alcohol is still elevated, 15:45.300 --> 15:48.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but we aren't as sensitive to it, 15:48.166 --> 15:51.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and this, if you've ever observed 15:51.866 --> 15:53.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the student body at a UW football game 15:53.866 --> 15:55.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and, you know, thinking that they're like camels 15:56.066 --> 15:58.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that can drink a bunch of water before they cross the desert, 15:58.700 --> 16:01.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% many of them will drink a lot of beer before going into the game, 16:01.733 --> 16:03.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% so it will last the whole game long. 16:03.500 --> 16:05.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Those who have overindulged, what you'll see, 16:05.500 --> 16:08.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% is they're going crazy in the first half of the game, 16:08.566 --> 16:10.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that's the rising phase, and then 3rd and 4th quarter 16:10.933 --> 16:12.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% regardless of what's happening in the game 16:12.666 --> 16:14.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you start to see them sinking lower 16:14.500 --> 16:16.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you start to see the body posture 16:16.266 --> 16:17.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of someone who's not having fun anymore, 16:17.933 --> 16:19.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you've ever been in a setting 16:19.533 --> 16:21.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where you've drank and then stopped drinking 16:21.166 --> 16:23.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and stayed awake, you might've experienced that. 16:23.600 --> 16:25.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% This is why binge drinking is gonna happen. 16:25.666 --> 16:27.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's inevitable, especially in young people. 16:27.700 --> 16:28.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So binge drinking looks like this. 16:29.000 --> 16:31.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You go to a situation, social situation 16:31.400 --> 16:32.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% where there's alcohol 16:32.833 --> 16:34.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and your blood alcohol rises after your first drink 16:34.800 --> 16:37.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you say, "That's it, I'm done, I just wanted one." 16:37.466 --> 16:38.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Well, as soon as it starts down, 16:38.933 --> 16:40.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you've got several hours of social yet to go 16:41.066 --> 16:42.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and your blood alcohol is on the way down, 16:43.033 --> 16:44.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the social situation isn't fun. 16:44.700 --> 16:47.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Your pleasure center is turned down, 16:47.366 --> 16:48.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so people will reach for another one. 16:49.033 --> 16:52.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% As long as the rising phrase is maintained, 16:52.366 --> 16:54.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the euphoria, the mood boost is maintained, 16:54.933 --> 16:56.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so in our culture, people tend 16:56.600 --> 16:58.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to start drinking in the evening 16:58.600 --> 17:01.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they drink as many as it takes to get them to the end, 17:01.466 --> 17:03.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I say people, I'm talking about the young people 17:03.566 --> 17:05.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that I normally speak to. 17:05.500 --> 17:07.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Apologies to those of you who 17:07.766 --> 17:10.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% don't necessarily fit the profile of my typical talk, 17:10.733 --> 17:12.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but binge drinking does occur and that's why it occurs, 17:13.033 --> 17:14.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they do it in the evening 17:14.700 --> 17:17.400 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% and then they stop drinking and go home, and what do they do? 17:17.500 --> 17:20.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They lie in bed for eight hours or 10 hours or 12 hours, 17:20.466 --> 17:22.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they are not aware but they're feeling horrible. 17:22.933 --> 17:25.833 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% Their mood is terrible, but they're unconscious, and so they're not aware of it. 17:25.933 --> 17:27.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% People don't drink from eight to noon 17:27.433 --> 17:28.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and then go about their day 17:28.933 --> 17:31.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because you would have the worst day of your life. 17:31.100 --> 17:33.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Pharmacologically, if that's when we drank, in the morning, 17:33.233 --> 17:34.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you could not feel good all day long 17:35.033 --> 17:36.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I think it would be a negative reinforcement 17:37.000 --> 17:38.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% of drinking. 17:38.333 --> 17:40.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So we drink in the evening so that we're unconscious. 17:40.733 --> 17:43.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I'm not an anti-alcohol crusader. 17:43.133 --> 17:45.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% My version of what responsible drinking is 17:45.366 --> 17:47.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% is the following. 17:47.333 --> 17:50.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's be aware that high doses of alcohol has side effects, 17:50.633 --> 17:52.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% negative side effects you don't want. 17:52.466 --> 17:55.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So aim for a number of drinks that's okay to have, 17:55.966 --> 17:58.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and find a way to slow the rate of the rising phase 17:58.400 --> 18:00.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so that you get that buzz, that euphoria 18:00.200 --> 18:02.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% without ever reaching the range where vomiting occurs 18:02.766 --> 18:05.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and crashing of cars occurs and that kind of thing. 18:05.766 --> 18:08.400 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% And then there's a short time frame where you don't feel well. 18:08.500 --> 18:10.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% The rate of removal is the same. 18:10.166 --> 18:11.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In my book, that's responsible drinking 18:11.666 --> 18:13.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and having food in your stomach 18:13.566 --> 18:15.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% slows the rate of rise by three fold 18:15.866 --> 18:18.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% versus drinking on an empty stomach. 18:18.466 --> 18:21.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Also, the type of liquor makes a big difference. 18:21.166 --> 18:22.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So somebody who does a shot, 18:22.666 --> 18:24.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a one and a half ounce shot of whiskey, 18:24.766 --> 18:26.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it starts up just like the red pattern there 18:27.000 --> 18:28.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it starts going down very quickly 18:28.866 --> 18:30.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to people who drink low alcohol, 18:30.866 --> 18:32.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% beer, wine, that kind of thing. 18:32.933 --> 18:34.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You know, alcoholism as we know it 18:34.633 --> 18:36.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% didn't exist until the 1600s 18:36.633 --> 18:38.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when distillation was discovered. 18:39.066 --> 18:41.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So basically the ability to make the percent alcohol 18:41.533 --> 18:45.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the beverage go up into the 40 and 50 and 60% range, 18:45.433 --> 18:48.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's when alcoholism really became a problem. 18:48.133 --> 18:49.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Did I see a question back there? 18:49.533 --> 18:51.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Audience Member] Particularly at this point dopamine, 18:51.966 --> 18:55.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% then are you prepared at all to tell us about 18:55.766 --> 18:59.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% binge drinking's effects on somebody's judgement? 18:59.400 --> 19:00.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - [Kevin] Oh, absolutely. 19:00.733 --> 19:02.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Bassam] Can you repeat the question slightly? 19:02.566 --> 19:03.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - Yeah, so the question was, 19:04.066 --> 19:06.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% am I going to talk about the effects of binge drinking, 19:06.333 --> 19:07.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% especially on judgement? 19:07.900 --> 19:10.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And that's exactly the point I'm about to make. 19:11.000 --> 19:12.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% You lead me to the point 19:12.666 --> 19:14.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that I really need to make with my young audiences 19:14.900 --> 19:16.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when I talk about this, so thank you. 19:16.466 --> 19:17.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Yes, that's where we're going. 19:17.933 --> 19:20.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So dopamine tolerance, think of it in two different time frames. 19:20.233 --> 19:21.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In one bout of drinking, you desensitize 19:21.766 --> 19:23.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and so you want more. 19:23.233 --> 19:25.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It explains why people drink too much in a bout. 19:25.400 --> 19:28.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Over time, the dopamine system can become 19:28.366 --> 19:31.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% desensitized to the point where someone chronically, 19:31.133 --> 19:33.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to feel normal, to feel happy, and this is the definition 19:33.900 --> 19:36.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of an alcoholic or an alcohol dependent person, 19:36.600 --> 19:40.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they need something boosting their dopamine to feel normal, 19:40.133 --> 19:42.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to feel happy, and it has to do 19:42.600 --> 19:45.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with the dopamine system and related systems. 19:45.700 --> 19:47.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So young people are going to binge drink 19:48.033 --> 19:49.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you give them access to alcohol. 19:49.766 --> 19:51.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's not their fault. 19:51.200 --> 19:53.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It will happen because the left frontal lobe of the brain, 19:53.900 --> 19:55.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which is where our impulse control center is, 19:55.866 --> 19:57.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it doesn't mature until someone's in their 20s. 19:58.066 --> 20:00.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% If you put a M&M in front of a three year old 20:00.700 --> 20:02.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you say, "All right, I'm gonna leave the room, 20:03.033 --> 20:04.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "and if you leave that there, 20:04.533 --> 20:06.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "when I come back, I'll give you three M&Ms." 20:06.533 --> 20:08.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They'll eat it anyway the minute you're outta the room. 20:08.866 --> 20:10.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% As we get older, 20:10.266 --> 20:12.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% we can delay gratification better and better 20:12.466 --> 20:14.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and in our 20s is really when 20:14.133 --> 20:15.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that left frontal lobe is developed, 20:15.900 --> 20:17.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so younger drinkers are gonna be 20:17.666 --> 20:19.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% more susceptible to the inability to say no 20:19.800 --> 20:22.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to a second drink than someone who's in their 20s. 20:23.000 --> 20:25.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We can control those impulses better, 20:25.400 --> 20:27.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and of the people who binge drink early, 20:27.566 --> 20:29.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% by age 14 that data suggests, 20:29.666 --> 20:31.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they have a 50-50 shot at some point 20:31.800 --> 20:34.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% being identified as someone who's alcohol dependent. 20:34.533 --> 20:36.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% People who don't drink until their 20s, 20:36.266 --> 20:39.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% until early 20s, only an 8% chance, 20:39.666 --> 20:42.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% still a chance, but the odds go way, way down. 20:42.233 --> 20:45.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So early exposure to alcohol desensitizes 20:45.133 --> 20:47.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the dopamine system in some people permanently 20:47.500 --> 20:51.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it makes them susceptible to alcoholism. 20:51.433 --> 20:56.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% CDC statistic, 17% of US adults binge drink, 20:56.200 --> 20:57.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you take it to the college age, 20:58.033 --> 20:59.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the group that I talk to most often, 20:59.800 --> 21:02.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 50% binge drink regularly, 21:02.400 --> 21:05.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it's nine drinks at a sitting. 21:05.300 --> 21:07.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, I can't walk after three drinks, 21:07.100 --> 21:08.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% not that I've ever tried that. 21:08.433 --> 21:10.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Well, I mean, I've tried that. 21:10.166 --> 21:12.133 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Nine drinks, it's amazing the tolerance, 21:12.233 --> 21:13.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the tolerance of youth, 21:13.700 --> 21:14.933 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and there is a physiological difference 21:15.033 --> 21:16.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% between young and old people. 21:16.500 --> 21:18.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% I don't know if you've noticed, if you're scanning the newspaper 21:18.833 --> 21:20.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and you see drunk driving arrest reports, 21:20.866 --> 21:24.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% very frequently you'll see people in their 40s and 50s 21:24.966 --> 21:27.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% being arrested fro drunk driving, 21:27.266 --> 21:30.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and if it's a first offense, very often that person 21:30.500 --> 21:32.333 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% has been drunk driving for years and years, 21:32.433 --> 21:35.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but our motor tolerance goes down as we get older. 21:35.800 --> 21:37.266 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% An 18 year old who is drunk 21:37.366 --> 21:39.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% is a better drink than a 50 year old who is drunk. 21:39.733 --> 21:42.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Neither are good drivers, but if I had to compare them, 21:42.400 --> 21:44.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the 18 year old is the better driver. Question? 21:44.833 --> 21:46.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - [Audience] As you know, 21:46.633 --> 21:51.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the Lewis and Clark expedition was, 21:51.800 --> 21:56.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as you know, the Lewis and Clark expedition 21:56.700 --> 21:59.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% was fueled by copious amounts of alcohol. 21:59.733 --> 22:02.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It was the most important thing they had on their journey. 22:02.700 --> 22:05.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - [Kevin] Yeah, yeah. 22:05.433 --> 22:07.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Audience Member] Why has it become, 22:07.766 --> 22:10.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% why did we adopt a more Calvanistic attitude 22:10.700 --> 22:13.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% towards alcohol in our society now? 22:13.466 --> 22:14.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% - That's an excellent question, 22:14.800 --> 22:17.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you can just hold off gratification, 22:17.433 --> 22:19.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% your left frontal lobe, if you can just dampen it, 22:19.600 --> 22:22.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that's exactly what the finish line of this talk is about. 22:22.366 --> 22:24.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There is a great book I'm gonna refer you to. 22:24.433 --> 22:26.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, every military campaign in history 22:26.500 --> 22:27.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% has been fueled by alcohol. 22:28.000 --> 22:30.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It is such a part of our culture, 22:30.166 --> 22:32.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the politics, war, religion. 22:33.000 --> 22:35.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You can't extricate alcohol from our culture, 22:35.400 --> 22:37.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you're not wrong about Lewis and Clark, 22:37.400 --> 22:40.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and there's a trade off that I'll talk about at the end 22:40.200 --> 22:41.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% having to do with, do you wanna die 22:42.033 --> 22:43.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in your 20s of cholera or do you wanna die 22:44.000 --> 22:45.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of your 40s of cirrhosis of the liver? 22:45.733 --> 22:48.766 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% And that's often been the choice that's had to been made throughout history, so. 22:48.866 --> 22:50.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Audience] Think of the achievements. 22:50.100 --> 22:51.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - Oh, but lots of great achievements. 22:51.766 --> 22:53.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I agree with that completely. 22:53.233 --> 22:55.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some of the greatest artists and writers of our time, 22:55.800 --> 22:58.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% alcohol fueled, and this book I'm gonna refer you to 22:58.200 --> 23:01.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% tells the story eloquently and beautifully. 23:01.300 --> 23:03.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So great question. 23:03.566 --> 23:05.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% People drink, especially young people, 23:06.033 --> 23:08.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to overcome inhibitions, and this same left frontal lobe 23:08.433 --> 23:10.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of your brain that I talked about being 23:10.400 --> 23:13.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% your impulse control center, it also makes you shy. 23:13.100 --> 23:16.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It keeps you from, say, some of you in an audience like this 23:16.800 --> 23:18.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% might have a very insightful question, 23:18.766 --> 23:20.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but you're just a little bit too inhibited 23:20.900 --> 23:22.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to raise your hand and ask it. 23:22.433 --> 23:25.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That's normal, acceptable, important social behavior. 23:25.966 --> 23:28.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It stops us from doing inappropriate things socially. 23:28.700 --> 23:31.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcohol, that's one of the first centers it hits, 23:31.333 --> 23:34.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it increases our social confidence. 23:34.800 --> 23:36.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% To think normally, you need a normal balance 23:36.833 --> 23:38.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of two neurotransmitters in particular. 23:38.400 --> 23:40.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% 90% of the neurotransmitters in your brain 23:40.300 --> 23:41.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% are either glutamate or GABA. 23:41.900 --> 23:43.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Glutamate is the main gas pedal. 23:43.533 --> 23:45.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's the main excitatory neurotransmitter system 23:45.333 --> 23:47.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and GABA is the main inhibitory one. 23:47.400 --> 23:50.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Valium, by the way, stimluates the GABA system. 23:50.566 --> 23:52.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The GABA system slows your brain down. 23:52.266 --> 23:53.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It calms your brain. 23:53.866 --> 23:55.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The glutamate system excites your brain, 23:55.466 --> 23:58.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and for you to be normal and make normal good decisions, 23:58.200 --> 24:01.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% you need to have a good balance. 24:01.700 --> 24:05.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So things happen to you and you have thoughts 24:05.100 --> 24:06.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and you do something. 24:06.666 --> 24:08.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You have some behavior, some external behavior 24:08.633 --> 24:11.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in response to thoughts and to experiences that you have, 24:11.633 --> 24:15.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and a lot goes in, this amazing 100 billion neuron processor 24:15.300 --> 24:19.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you have is capable of accessing a lot of things 24:19.333 --> 24:21.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in milliseconds before it makes a decision. 24:21.100 --> 24:22.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, you have a basic personality. 24:23.066 --> 24:25.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Is the glass half full to you or half empty? 24:25.633 --> 24:26.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% You have an empathy compassion. 24:26.966 --> 24:28.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They found neutrons in the brain now, by the way, 24:29.066 --> 24:30.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that are the empathy neurons, 24:30.500 --> 24:32.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that stimulating that neuron makes you understand 24:32.266 --> 24:34.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% how another person feels, 24:34.400 --> 24:36.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but we all have an empathy and compassion 24:36.333 --> 24:38.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with the exception of a few sociopaths probably. 24:38.666 --> 24:41.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We have a sense of what's just, what's fair. 24:41.366 --> 24:43.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We all have an understanding of cause and effect. 24:43.700 --> 24:46.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% If I touch an electrode to a bottle full of ethanol, 24:46.566 --> 24:48.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% what's gonna happen? 24:48.100 --> 24:49.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And then much more complicated situations 24:50.033 --> 24:51.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in the real world. 24:51.133 --> 24:53.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% If I use this racial slur 24:53.733 --> 24:55.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to this person standing in front of me, 24:55.566 --> 24:57.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% what's likely to happen? 24:58.066 --> 25:00.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Biological drives, we have parts of our brains 25:00.400 --> 25:03.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that are programmed in sexual ways, 25:03.333 --> 25:04.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in appetitive ways. 25:04.966 --> 25:06.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We had this hedonistic appetite for salt 25:07.033 --> 25:08.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that's a biological drive, 25:08.766 --> 25:10.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that goes into the decisions that we make. 25:10.666 --> 25:12.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Situational memories, 25:12.166 --> 25:14.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you've not only experienced life, 25:14.400 --> 25:16.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but you've seen other people exerience lives 25:16.233 --> 25:19.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and cause and effect, and you can access memories 25:19.466 --> 25:21.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% like that before you make a decision 25:21.166 --> 25:23.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% about what to say, what to do, how to act, 25:23.200 --> 25:24.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and then cultural learning, 25:24.966 --> 25:26.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% things that are acceptable in one culture 25:26.600 --> 25:28.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are not in another, and it takes a lifetime sometimes 25:28.933 --> 25:31.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to learn exactly what's appropriate in a context, 25:31.100 --> 25:32.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in the cultural context. 25:32.500 --> 25:34.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So somebody says something to me, 25:34.966 --> 25:37.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% all of these different centers of my brain, 25:37.166 --> 25:39.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I can access them, I can come up with a net judgment, 25:39.833 --> 25:42.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and this is all synapses talking to each other, 25:42.100 --> 25:44.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then a behavior, an outcome results. 25:44.833 --> 25:46.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Question? 25:46.266 --> 25:47.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Audience Member] So glut GABA circuits 25:47.733 --> 25:49.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% are feedback loops then? 25:49.900 --> 25:53.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - So glutamate and GABA circuits are related 25:53.166 --> 25:54.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in a negative feedback. 25:54.466 --> 25:56.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So if you get too much glutamate activity, 25:56.866 --> 25:59.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and someone who's like that might have anxiety 25:59.300 --> 26:01.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and shaky hands, might not be able to sleep, 26:01.433 --> 26:03.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so there are negative feedback built in 26:03.533 --> 26:05.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on both of those, so too much glutamate 26:06.000 --> 26:09.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% will tell the glutamate neurons to stop releasing so much, 26:09.100 --> 26:11.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and also when the glutamate neurons release too much, 26:11.100 --> 26:12.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% GABA neurons will ramp up 26:12.733 --> 26:14.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they'll tell the glutamate neurons, "Calm down." 26:14.733 --> 26:16.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% That's how you stay balanced 26:16.566 --> 26:19.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and feel normal. 26:19.233 --> 26:21.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So it's well known pharmacologically 26:21.433 --> 26:24.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that alcohol is bad for glutamate synapses, 26:24.600 --> 26:26.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it inhibits them, and it's good for GABA synapses 26:27.066 --> 26:28.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% like Valium is. 26:28.733 --> 26:30.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And so someone who has alcohol in their system, 26:31.033 --> 26:32.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% as the dose goes up effectively, 26:32.966 --> 26:34.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% if their brain was a computer, 26:34.400 --> 26:35.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the processing speed gets slower 26:36.066 --> 26:37.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and slower and slower as the dose rises, 26:37.966 --> 26:40.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so think of a computer with a slow processor. 26:40.333 --> 26:42.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You can only have one window open at a time 26:42.333 --> 26:43.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% or a few windows open at a time, 26:43.966 --> 26:47.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and effectively the human brain becomes like that. 26:47.533 --> 26:50.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There's a very eloquent model by a scientist named Claude Bernard 26:50.566 --> 26:53.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who used this really simple basic thing 26:53.433 --> 26:55.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that alcohol does, slow the processor, to explain 26:55.666 --> 26:58.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% a lot of the unpredictability 26:58.933 --> 27:01.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the behavioral effects of alcohol, 27:01.433 --> 27:02.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and the model's called myopia, 27:02.900 --> 27:04.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you don't know, myopia means near sighted, 27:04.733 --> 27:07.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so alcohol myopia means basically 27:07.166 --> 27:10.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on high doses of alcohol, a person becomes 27:10.300 --> 27:11.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% cognitively near sighted. 27:11.966 --> 27:15.000 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% All they can think about is what's right in fron of them at that moment. 27:15.100 --> 27:17.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They can't, you know, a myopia person can see right here 27:17.566 --> 27:19.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but they can't see in the distance 27:19.266 --> 27:22.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so as your brain becomes simplified 27:22.266 --> 27:23.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% by high doses of alcohol, 27:23.900 --> 27:25.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% something may happen to you 27:25.266 --> 27:27.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you may only access one or another 27:27.600 --> 27:29.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but not all of the complex decision making circuits 27:29.966 --> 27:31.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% you have in your brain. 27:31.300 --> 27:33.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So it's been shown very convincingly 27:33.100 --> 27:35.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that people can be more empathetic and compassionate 27:35.400 --> 27:36.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% when they're drunk. 27:37.000 --> 27:38.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% If you've ever been to a fundraiser, 27:38.566 --> 27:41.433 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% one of the first things they do is they hand you a glass of champagne. 27:41.533 --> 27:43.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% People tip more, people donate more 27:43.100 --> 27:45.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when there's alcohol in their system. 27:45.433 --> 27:48.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's also very clear that sexual assault, 27:48.533 --> 27:50.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% alcohol is a major factor on college campuses 27:50.533 --> 27:53.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and elsewhere in sexual assault, basic human drives. 27:53.733 --> 27:55.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Any kind of domestic violence, 27:55.400 --> 27:58.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% very often alcohol and basic biological drives 27:58.566 --> 28:01.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% override thoughts of cause and effect, 28:01.366 --> 28:04.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% consequences, situational memories, 28:04.300 --> 28:06.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so very simple model to explain, 28:06.433 --> 28:09.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% why does alcohol have such dispart effects? 28:09.233 --> 28:11.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So here's a study that I'm gonna use 28:11.200 --> 28:13.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to demonstrate that and also to debunk a myth. 28:14.033 --> 28:15.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcohol is not an anti-anxiety drug. 28:16.000 --> 28:17.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This study proves it. 28:17.366 --> 28:18.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So this is how the study goes. 28:18.900 --> 28:20.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Volunteers invited to a party 28:20.533 --> 28:22.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they're told, "Free alcohol," 28:22.166 --> 28:23.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and this is college aged crowd, 28:23.833 --> 28:26.566 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% so it's very easy to get volunteers for a study like this. 28:26.666 --> 28:28.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Half are given drinks. 28:28.200 --> 28:29.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% The other half have drinks 28:30.000 --> 28:31.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they smell like there's alcohol 28:31.900 --> 28:33.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% but there's not really alcohol. 28:33.200 --> 28:34.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Everybody has to think they're drinking 28:34.633 --> 28:37.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to have a perfect control, scientific control. 28:37.166 --> 28:39.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So they all drink for half an hour 28:39.166 --> 28:42.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then the researchers say, "Oh, we forget to tell you. 28:42.700 --> 28:44.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "In about 15 minutes, you have to go on stage 28:45.033 --> 28:46.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "and give an impromptu speech, 28:46.566 --> 28:50.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "what I most dislike about my body and physical appearance." 28:50.266 --> 28:52.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So snakes, spiders, and public speaking 28:52.800 --> 28:54.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are the things people fear the most, 28:55.033 --> 28:56.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so this was a stimulus designed 28:56.633 --> 28:58.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to make these people anxious 28:58.833 --> 29:01.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so then they're gonna have to sit for 15 minutes 29:01.733 --> 29:03.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and their speech is gonna happen. 29:03.400 --> 29:04.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They're gonna have a crowd of strangers 29:04.966 --> 29:07.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% looking at their body as they discuss their body. 29:07.166 --> 29:10.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, what could be more anxiety-inducing than that? 29:10.166 --> 29:12.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But then to make this experiment a little more complicated, 29:12.400 --> 29:13.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% so they got these two groups, 29:13.700 --> 29:16.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the drinkers and the think they're drinkers, 29:16.500 --> 29:18.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they divide them into four groups 29:18.633 --> 29:20.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and one group just sits and does nothing, 29:20.700 --> 29:22.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they're just waiting for their speech, 29:22.300 --> 29:23.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then there's three groups that are kept 29:23.900 --> 29:25.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% busier and busier sorting slides, 29:25.466 --> 29:29.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% an intellectual task that takes more and more mental effort, 29:29.666 --> 29:31.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and then they measure anxiety, 29:31.200 --> 29:33.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they use physiological and psychotropic measures 29:33.200 --> 29:36.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to see how anxious they got over the next 15 minutes. 29:36.900 --> 29:39.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The data are very simple. This is what they look like. 29:39.466 --> 29:41.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% On the left, you see the people who thought 29:41.966 --> 29:44.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they were drinking but were not, the placebo group. 29:44.333 --> 29:46.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Any bar that goes up from the midline, 29:46.233 --> 29:47.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they got more stressed, 29:47.566 --> 29:49.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and any bar that goes down, they got less stressed, 29:49.766 --> 29:52.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you'll see they didn't experience a lot of stress, 29:52.200 --> 29:53.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% increase in stress during the 15 minutes. 29:53.866 --> 29:55.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, the ones in the black bar 29:55.800 --> 29:58.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that were really kept busy sorting slides, 29:58.866 --> 30:00.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they actually become less nervous 30:00.433 --> 30:02.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because they didn't have time to think or worry 30:02.933 --> 30:05.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% about this speech, this impending speech. 30:05.833 --> 30:07.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Look at the group on the right. 30:07.366 --> 30:10.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The only group that became more anxious 30:10.666 --> 30:12.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are the ones that had alcohol in their system 30:12.600 --> 30:14.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and had nothing to do. 30:14.966 --> 30:17.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcohol doesn't make you relaxed. 30:17.400 --> 30:20.666 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Alcohol exaggerates whatever mood you're in. 30:20.766 --> 30:22.200 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Whatever's happening to you, 30:22.300 --> 30:24.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% you're myopically responding to whatever is in your world. 30:25.066 --> 30:27.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% If there's a death in your family and you get drunk, 30:27.500 --> 30:29.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that will become the only thing you can think about. 30:29.733 --> 30:31.333 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% If you're out at a party with your friends 30:31.433 --> 30:32.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and somebody says something funny, 30:32.600 --> 30:33.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% you'll laugh uproariously 30:34.000 --> 30:35.933 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because that's the only thing you think about. 30:36.033 --> 30:37.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% You become myopic. 30:37.600 --> 30:41.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And in this case, anxiety was the situation 30:41.166 --> 30:43.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and anxiety is enhanced, 30:43.500 --> 30:45.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% is intensified by alcohol. 30:45.400 --> 30:49.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It doesn't relax you unless you're in a relaxing situation, 30:49.333 --> 30:51.266 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% then it does. 30:51.366 --> 30:52.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And it boosts self-confidence, 30:52.833 --> 30:55.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% so I told you young people drink for self-esteem reasons. 30:55.333 --> 30:57.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So here's where I'm a little bit irreverent, 30:57.466 --> 30:59.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% I apologize, but The Onion is funny 30:59.900 --> 31:02.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because it's so often true, 31:02.400 --> 31:05.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and alcohol beverage consumer confidence does skyrocket 31:05.800 --> 31:08.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% as the evening goes on very often because of myopia. 31:08.933 --> 31:11.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When someone who's drinking can only think about 31:11.666 --> 31:14.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% what a great dancer they are or how good looking they are 31:14.333 --> 31:15.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they don't stop and think about all the times 31:16.033 --> 31:17.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that there's been someone much good looking 31:17.666 --> 31:20.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or better dancer next to them, their confidence skyrockets, 31:20.566 --> 31:22.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and often they have brilliant epiphanies 31:22.466 --> 31:26.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% like this young man coming up with this brilliant tactic 31:26.366 --> 31:28.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% for being attractive to women, 31:28.466 --> 31:32.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and not to sort of bias things from a gender standpoint, 31:32.233 --> 31:33.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, ladies, they have their own version 31:34.066 --> 31:38.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of bad things arising from excess of social confidence. 31:38.266 --> 31:40.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Here's to the question that I was asked earlier. 31:40.566 --> 31:41.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Not only does confidence go up 31:42.033 --> 31:44.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but because of the simplification of the processor 31:44.433 --> 31:46.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and all of the things that you're not able to access 31:46.933 --> 31:48.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% at high doses of alcohol, 31:49.033 --> 31:51.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% bad ideas galore begin to spawn. 31:52.000 --> 31:54.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So let me just flash a few bad ideas 31:54.533 --> 31:57.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that you might spawn at high doses of alcohol. 31:57.966 --> 31:59.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That's a bad idea, if you know anything 32:00.000 --> 32:01.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% about electricity at all. 32:01.800 --> 32:03.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This is a bad idea 32:03.300 --> 32:06.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you're a doctor who works in the burn unit, for example. 32:07.066 --> 32:09.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Halloween parties should never end this way. 32:09.566 --> 32:11.033 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (audience laughs) 32:11.133 --> 32:15.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% According to the CDC, 38% of emergency room visits, 32:15.800 --> 32:17.200 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% alcohol's involved. 32:17.300 --> 32:19.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Now stop and think how much emergency room visits 32:19.666 --> 32:21.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% there must be across this country. 32:22.000 --> 32:26.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% 38%, bad judgment and also motor coordination. 32:26.466 --> 32:28.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Car accidents are a large part of that number, 32:28.700 --> 32:31.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but bad ideas often leading to injury 32:31.866 --> 32:33.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% are because of the poor judgment, 32:33.966 --> 32:37.200 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because of people whose normally brilliant minds 32:37.300 --> 32:38.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% are not functioning 32:38.633 --> 32:42.133 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with all of their RAM intact. 32:42.233 --> 32:45.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So another important thing is that in adults 32:45.766 --> 32:48.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% those proteins fold and then they unfold 32:48.166 --> 32:51.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you don't have necessarily irreversible cognitive effects 32:51.133 --> 32:53.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% until you get really, really high doses. 32:53.233 --> 32:56.933 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So binge drinkers by the age of 14 have smaller brains 32:57.033 --> 32:59.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they're not as smart as people 32:59.166 --> 33:00.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% who didn't binge drink when they were young. 33:00.833 --> 33:03.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So one interpretation of those data might be, 33:03.700 --> 33:06.666 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% oh, then maybe it's just the kids with small brains 33:06.766 --> 33:08.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% who are dumb to being with 33:08.333 --> 33:10.266 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% are the ones that are binge drinking so early. 33:10.366 --> 33:12.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Animal studies have very convincingly shown 33:12.666 --> 33:14.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that if you take identical groups of animals 33:14.966 --> 33:16.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and one group drinks as adolescents 33:16.866 --> 33:18.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and the other group doesn't drink until later, 33:18.566 --> 33:20.000 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% you see exactly the same thing. 33:20.100 --> 33:22.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% A big part of this is cause and effect. 33:22.533 --> 33:23.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It shrinks. 33:24.033 --> 33:26.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So I like to use this analogy to explain that. 33:26.866 --> 33:29.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Think of your body's proteins as construction workers. 33:29.900 --> 33:34.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So if a construction worker basically 33:34.100 --> 33:35.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% drinks in the evening, drinks on the weekend 33:35.866 --> 33:37.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when they're not actually building, 33:37.533 --> 33:39.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the building they're working on is gonna be fine. 33:39.466 --> 33:40.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They're building when they're sober. 33:40.700 --> 33:43.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But if they're drunk while they are building, 33:43.266 --> 33:45.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a young person's nervous system is being built, 33:45.600 --> 33:47.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% those proteins are part of the building, 33:47.233 --> 33:49.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the synapses are part of the building, 33:49.266 --> 33:51.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% twisting those proteins during the construction 33:51.466 --> 33:54.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is gonna make for poor construction 33:54.233 --> 33:55.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% of the nervous system, 33:55.700 --> 33:58.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and in the extreme, you get fetal alcohol syndrome, 33:58.300 --> 34:00.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but you get more subtle measurable effects 34:00.766 --> 34:03.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% even in kids who just start binge drinking 34:03.533 --> 34:05.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% when they're 14. 34:07.200 --> 34:09.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Okay. another self-medication mode, 34:09.866 --> 34:12.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to forget, to escape from problems, 34:12.400 --> 34:13.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and sleep and forgetting 34:13.700 --> 34:16.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is gonna be part of the theme that runs here. 34:16.233 --> 34:17.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So when people drink, 34:17.933 --> 34:19.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if they're in a boring situation, 34:19.966 --> 34:22.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% dark quiet room, a nightcap will make you sleepy. 34:22.200 --> 34:24.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It changes the brain chemistry in the direction 34:24.266 --> 34:25.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that sleep becomes more likely, 34:25.966 --> 34:29.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but alcohol induced sleep is not true sleep. 34:29.833 --> 34:31.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It looks very relaxing. 34:31.933 --> 34:33.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Somebody might seem difficult to rouse 34:33.666 --> 34:35.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% like they're in a deep, deep sleep. 34:35.566 --> 34:37.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% What it is is it's surgical anesthesia. 34:37.533 --> 34:40.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Natural sleep, in natural neurological sleep, 34:40.500 --> 34:42.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% people's brains have time frames 34:42.500 --> 34:45.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% when they are much more active than even the waking brain. 34:45.533 --> 34:47.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There are very important functions that happen, 34:47.266 --> 34:50.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% especially in a mode of sleep called rapid eye movement sleep. 34:50.266 --> 34:51.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It's when you're dreaming. 34:51.866 --> 34:54.000 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The brain has very important job to do 34:54.100 --> 34:56.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and it has to do with going through 34:56.266 --> 34:58.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the whole day's worth of data you've just lived, 34:58.600 --> 35:01.100 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% all the thoughts you had, everything you saw and heard, 35:01.200 --> 35:02.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and it decides which of these things 35:02.866 --> 35:05.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% need to be encoded in a synapse that I want with me tomorrow 35:05.833 --> 35:07.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and which was just superfluous detail 35:07.533 --> 35:10.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that I might go crazy if I remembered. 35:10.533 --> 35:13.333 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So that's happening when a person sleeps. 35:13.433 --> 35:15.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% When someone is in an alcohol induced slumber, 35:15.866 --> 35:17.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% or any level of alcohol, is gonna reduce 35:17.633 --> 35:19.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the ability of the brain to do that. 35:19.533 --> 35:22.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So very simplistically, short term memory, 35:22.666 --> 35:23.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% what's you're thinking about now 35:24.000 --> 35:26.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% becomes a memory through a process called LTP, 35:26.533 --> 35:29.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% long term potentiation, 35:29.533 --> 35:31.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and that happens in REM sleep. 35:31.733 --> 35:33.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Alcohol doesn't let you do REM sleep. 35:33.400 --> 35:35.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% You may be unconscious for eight or nine hours 35:35.166 --> 35:36.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but you're not refreshed. 35:36.566 --> 35:38.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% REM sleep is what you need to feel refreshed, 35:38.800 --> 35:41.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and people often feel very tired after a night 35:41.333 --> 35:43.100 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in bed after a night of drinking 35:43.200 --> 35:45.133 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because they didn't actually get REM sleep. 35:45.233 --> 35:48.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The next night, you'll have to get catch up sleep. 35:48.800 --> 35:50.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So this memory formation process 35:50.966 --> 35:53.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% does not happen as well or normally 35:53.166 --> 35:54.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% when someone lays down with alcohol in their system, 35:55.000 --> 35:58.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so you can't drink to forget past memories. 35:58.733 --> 36:00.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You can drink to forget what you did last night 36:00.833 --> 36:02.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and people who drink to the point 36:02.366 --> 36:03.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where they have blackouts, walk around, 36:03.966 --> 36:05.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% young people especially often walk around 36:05.900 --> 36:08.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and function and do things and have conversations 36:08.233 --> 36:11.300 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% and pictures of them show up on Facebook and they have no memory. 36:11.400 --> 36:12.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% There was no recording. 36:12.900 --> 36:15.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% While alcohol is in your system, you can't form memory, 36:15.466 --> 36:17.033 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but escaping past problems doesn't work, 36:17.133 --> 36:18.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and people often become depressed 36:18.700 --> 36:21.033 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because that alcohol myopia might focus 36:21.133 --> 36:23.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% their mind only on the depressing thing in their life. 36:23.933 --> 36:25.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They can't escape from it. 36:25.733 --> 36:27.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It consumes them. 36:27.566 --> 36:30.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It becomes the only thing in their world. 36:30.600 --> 36:34.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So relevant to my college student crowd, 36:34.700 --> 36:37.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% drinking goes on at colleges in great quantities. 36:37.233 --> 36:38.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% 50% of college students binge drink. 36:39.033 --> 36:40.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Many college students fail out their freshman year. 36:41.066 --> 36:42.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This is a big reason. 36:42.633 --> 36:44.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They don't understand the relationship 36:44.366 --> 36:47.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% between learning, sleep, and alcohol. 36:47.666 --> 36:49.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So they'll study for six hours on a Thursday night, 36:49.966 --> 36:51.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they have a test on Friday, 36:51.533 --> 36:52.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they'll say, "Yeah, that's it. 36:53.000 --> 36:54.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "I've studied it all, I'm done, I'm ready," 36:54.800 --> 36:56.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then rather than go to sleep, 36:56.300 --> 36:57.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they go out with their friends. 36:57.766 --> 36:58.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So they drink for three hours, 36:59.033 --> 37:01.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they lay in bed for eight hours or 10 hours. 37:01.200 --> 37:02.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They take the test and they find they have 37:02.833 --> 37:04.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% very little memory of what they studied 37:04.233 --> 37:06.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% during that six hour time frame. 37:06.266 --> 37:08.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They don't understand that you need the sleep 37:08.466 --> 37:09.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to concretize the memory. 37:09.966 --> 37:12.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I tell my students, "If you study for six hours, 37:12.666 --> 37:14.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "sleep that night." 37:14.200 --> 37:15.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% If you drink the next night, 37:15.966 --> 37:17.666 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% memories of the past are secure. 37:17.766 --> 37:19.200 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% You're not gonna ruin your college career 37:19.300 --> 37:23.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% if you can separate learning and sleeping from drinking. 37:23.500 --> 37:27.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% You can live the college experience to some extent. 37:27.166 --> 37:30.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% I urge moderation, don't get me wrong, 37:30.633 --> 37:33.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but I'm not unrealistic enough to believe 37:33.633 --> 37:35.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that I could ever get a college crowd 37:35.833 --> 37:37.933 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to stop drinking because of anything I say 37:38.033 --> 37:39.333 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% no matter how scary, 37:39.433 --> 37:41.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but if they can learn about the physiology 37:41.533 --> 37:43.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of memory and alcohol and sleep, 37:43.500 --> 37:44.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% maybe I can save some college careers 37:45.066 --> 37:47.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% by spreading this message. 37:47.333 --> 37:49.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Okay, and now to the question that we wanna get to, 37:50.066 --> 37:52.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so sort of the little final phase I'm wanna talk about. 37:52.400 --> 37:54.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So people drink because they're self-medicating 37:55.000 --> 37:57.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% for the reasons that we just talked about 37:57.500 --> 38:00.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and with the mechanisms that we just talked about. 38:00.600 --> 38:03.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Here we are in Wisconsin. We have a rich cultural history. 38:03.500 --> 38:06.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We have an history of alcohol, drinking and alcohol, 38:06.766 --> 38:10.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, drinking in our culture in Wisconsin. 38:10.433 --> 38:13.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I'm gonna quickly go through some animal studies 38:13.200 --> 38:17.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that prove alcohol preference 38:17.200 --> 38:20.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and alcohol behavior effects are, they're highly generic. 38:20.366 --> 38:21.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They're highly producible. 38:21.866 --> 38:23.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So for example, fruit fly studies. 38:23.466 --> 38:24.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Many years ago, 40 years ago, 38:25.000 --> 38:27.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% fruit flies, you give 'em a little alcohol vapor 38:27.233 --> 38:29.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they do what humans do after they've been drinking, 38:29.433 --> 38:30.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they tend to fall down, 38:30.833 --> 38:33.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it turns out if you take a bunch of flies 38:33.233 --> 38:34.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and you expose them to a vapor 38:34.800 --> 38:37.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and the first few who fall, you sweep 'em aside, 38:37.133 --> 38:39.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then later on, you introduce those 38:39.666 --> 38:42.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you introduce those and they have offspring, 38:42.733 --> 38:45.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% their offspring will be even more likely 38:46.000 --> 38:47.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to fall down quickly. 38:47.466 --> 38:49.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The fly line is called cheap date sort of humorously 38:49.700 --> 38:51.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% by the scientist who developed it 38:51.266 --> 38:53.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because a low, low dose of alcohol, 38:53.700 --> 38:55.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% these flies become effectively inebriated 38:56.066 --> 38:57.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or whatever passes for inebriated in a fly. 38:58.000 --> 39:01.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So you can breed into them lightweightness, 39:01.133 --> 39:03.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% if that is a characteristic. 39:03.766 --> 39:06.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There is a lab, it started in Stanford, 39:06.266 --> 39:07.666 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% now it's in Boulder, Colorado. 39:07.766 --> 39:10.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% 1960s, they took a bunch of mice and they, 39:10.366 --> 39:13.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% animals don't like to drink, so often they vaporize the alcohol, 39:13.266 --> 39:16.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% sometimes they inject it, but they get a bunch of mice drunk 39:16.233 --> 39:17.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they see how they behave, 39:17.966 --> 39:19.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then they'll say, "Well, these two both, 39:19.966 --> 39:22.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "when they get drunk, they sleep a long time. 39:22.200 --> 39:23.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "Let's breed them." 39:23.733 --> 39:25.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And then breed their kids and then breed their kids, 39:25.900 --> 39:28.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you can selectively breed mice 39:28.433 --> 39:31.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to have the entire range of behaviors 39:31.400 --> 39:33.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that you might see in yourself or in your friends 39:33.800 --> 39:35.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or in your families or in your culture. 39:35.433 --> 39:38.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So some mice fall asleep after a little bit of drinking 39:38.433 --> 39:39.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they sleep for hours. 39:39.966 --> 39:42.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some mice fall immediately to sleep and they wake up 39:42.266 --> 39:43.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with their heart pounding and sweaty, 39:43.566 --> 39:46.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you can interpret the mice behavior, 39:46.833 --> 39:48.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and many people do this after heavy drinking. 39:48.666 --> 39:51.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They'll only sleep a few hours. They have this rebound effect. 39:51.200 --> 39:52.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They're wide awake. 39:52.700 --> 39:55.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some of these mice act like they're at a party, at a rave. 39:55.766 --> 39:57.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They go crazy. 39:57.100 --> 39:58.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They run around the cage when they're drunk. 39:58.866 --> 40:00.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They don't fall asleep at all. 40:00.366 --> 40:02.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some them, the body temperature falls. 40:02.100 --> 40:03.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some of them, the body temperature skyrockets. 40:03.966 --> 40:06.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Some are very degenerative tremor prone. 40:06.733 --> 40:09.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When they sober up, they shake violently, 40:09.233 --> 40:11.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which happens to many human alcoholics 40:12.066 --> 40:14.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% after a long binge when you deprive them of alcohol, 40:14.433 --> 40:18.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then there's also a super strain of college-aged mice 40:18.633 --> 40:20.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that no matter how much alcohol you give them, 40:20.833 --> 40:22.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they pass all the coordination tests. 40:22.666 --> 40:24.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They'll have these rotating wooden bars 40:25.000 --> 40:27.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they'll have the mice walk across 40:27.133 --> 40:29.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and how far they get says how coordinated they are, 40:29.766 --> 40:32.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so a sober mouse will make it all the way across. 40:32.266 --> 40:34.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% One that's a little drunker will fall off earlier 40:34.766 --> 40:36.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and one that's drunker will fall off earlier. 40:36.533 --> 40:39.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, this resistant strain of mice, 40:39.133 --> 40:42.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they bred into their DNA, into their protein structure 40:42.633 --> 40:45.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the ability to handle enormous amounts of alcohol, 40:45.100 --> 40:46.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they walk right across that bar 40:46.666 --> 40:48.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they don't fall down, 40:48.800 --> 40:50.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you see that maybe in people you know. 40:50.800 --> 40:53.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There are some people you know who drink a little bit 40:53.100 --> 40:54.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they're silly and they're tipsy 40:54.366 --> 40:56.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they fall down and they slur their words, 40:56.333 --> 40:58.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and others you might know who, after their ninth drink, 40:58.800 --> 41:01.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% might be hard to tell that they've been drinking, 41:01.500 --> 41:03.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I'm about to go into the cultural history 41:03.366 --> 41:05.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% why that might be. 41:05.333 --> 41:08.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But more crossbreeding experiments have been done 41:08.700 --> 41:10.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and these last two are kind of interesting. 41:10.766 --> 41:13.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Animals don't like to drink alcohol usually, 41:13.400 --> 41:16.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but if you can find a couple of animals that don't mind it 41:16.900 --> 41:19.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and crossbreed them and then take their offspring 41:19.900 --> 41:22.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and find ones that don't mind it or even like it 41:22.200 --> 41:23.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and crossbreed them, you can breed in 41:24.000 --> 41:26.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a love for drinking alcohol over water 41:26.433 --> 41:28.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% or fruit juice or anything else. 41:28.266 --> 41:31.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So the love of the feeling of drinking alcohol 41:31.466 --> 41:33.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% is also genetic and can be bred 41:33.400 --> 41:36.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% into a population of monkeys. 41:36.700 --> 41:40.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Another thing that can create alcohol preference, 41:40.100 --> 41:42.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and this one is a little bit sad to me, 41:42.666 --> 41:44.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it's an important experiment that was done 41:44.366 --> 41:46.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it's one you can't do in humans, 41:46.166 --> 41:49.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but it is the natural experiment sadly is done. 41:49.500 --> 41:51.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% This group at NIH took a bunch of baby monkeys 41:52.000 --> 41:53.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they took 'em away from their mothers 41:53.900 --> 41:55.666 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they gave 'em all to foster mothers, 41:55.766 --> 41:57.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% half of which were known to be very good mothers. 41:58.000 --> 41:59.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They cuddled the babies. They groomed them. 42:00.000 --> 42:01.400 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They feed them well. 42:01.500 --> 42:03.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And then half were known to be not very good mothers. 42:04.066 --> 42:06.000 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They abused the children. They neglected them. 42:06.100 --> 42:08.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They didn't feed them. They never groomed them. 42:08.400 --> 42:10.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The equivalent of giving a monkey a bad childhood. 42:10.733 --> 42:13.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And then later on, these big community cages they put 'em in 42:13.566 --> 42:16.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they had a choice, water, fruit juice, alcohol. 42:16.733 --> 42:18.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Inevitably, the monkeys who were raised 42:18.900 --> 42:21.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in stressful, abusive environments 42:22.000 --> 42:24.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% willingly, happily went after the alcohol 42:24.166 --> 42:26.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and the ones that had good childhoods did not. 42:26.600 --> 42:28.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So the DNA in your body, 42:29.000 --> 42:31.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the proteins it expresses aren't automatic. 42:31.966 --> 42:34.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% What you're exposed to in your life 42:34.266 --> 42:36.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% has a lot to do with which proteins get expressed 42:36.766 --> 42:40.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and in the alcohol abuse preference system, 42:40.266 --> 42:42.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it turns out you can breed in effectively 42:42.633 --> 42:44.900 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% someone who's got a predisposition to be an alcoholic 42:45.000 --> 42:47.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% or to abuse alcohol. 42:48.666 --> 42:51.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So this book is fantastic. 42:51.133 --> 42:53.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% If you like history, if you like culture, 42:53.600 --> 42:55.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% sociology, science, this book starts 42:55.666 --> 42:57.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% at the beginning of civilization 42:57.900 --> 43:00.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it studies the cultural, sociological effects 43:00.533 --> 43:02.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% of alcohol throughout history. 43:02.200 --> 43:03.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It talks about alcohol and warfare. 43:03.866 --> 43:06.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The Romans, how the Romans would invade territories. 43:06.600 --> 43:09.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So the territory were drinking weak beer at the time. 43:09.266 --> 43:12.466 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% The Romans were sipping their high-alcohol wine for about a month 43:12.566 --> 43:14.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they turned them all into drunken sots, 43:14.566 --> 43:16.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then they had no problem overwhelming the populace 43:16.500 --> 43:18.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because they were all a bunch of alcoholics 43:19.033 --> 43:21.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% had just been created and they weren't capable of fighting. 43:21.333 --> 43:23.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But that being said, the Roman soldiers, 43:23.500 --> 43:26.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they got regular doses of alcohol. 43:26.200 --> 43:27.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When they went into battle, it made them courageous, 43:28.033 --> 43:30.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it made them brave, and there's fabulous quotes 43:30.633 --> 43:32.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% from Ancient Greece and Roman and China, 43:32.833 --> 43:36.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% every civilization that has developed alcohol. 43:36.766 --> 43:38.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So just quick snapshots of this book. 43:38.933 --> 43:42.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The first evidence of humans producing intentionally alcohol, 43:42.766 --> 43:44.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 10,000 years ago. 43:44.500 --> 43:48.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% 8,000 BC, they find residue of alcohol in pots, 43:48.300 --> 43:50.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it happens after humans start, 43:50.533 --> 43:53.533 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% they take up argiculture and they start living in cities, in groups. 43:53.633 --> 43:55.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That's when alcohol production begins. 43:55.166 --> 43:57.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% By 1,000 BC, all over the world 43:57.833 --> 43:59.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where people were living in cities, 43:59.933 --> 44:01.233 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% alcohol was being produced. 44:01.333 --> 44:02.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It was an important commodity. 44:02.833 --> 44:04.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It was being drank in large quantities. 44:04.533 --> 44:06.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Now early on, it wasn't like the alchol we have today. 44:07.066 --> 44:09.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, it wasn't distilled spirits of high concentration. 44:09.600 --> 44:11.733 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It was relatively weak beer and wine 44:11.833 --> 44:14.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that doesn't even approach what today's wines are. 44:14.666 --> 44:16.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So Iain Gately attests in this book 44:16.600 --> 44:19.133 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% most modern humans, people alive today 44:19.233 --> 44:22.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% are descendants of people who lived in cities 44:22.566 --> 44:23.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% who were exposed to alcohol 44:23.866 --> 44:26.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as part of their religious systems, 44:26.166 --> 44:27.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as part of their political systems. 44:27.966 --> 44:30.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% He goes into Prohibition. 44:30.200 --> 44:33.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, this book is a tour de force if you find alcohol 44:33.566 --> 44:37.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and its effects or its use in our culture interesting. 44:37.200 --> 44:38.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So he sets the stage. 44:38.533 --> 44:40.300 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Then a beautiful book, 44:40.400 --> 44:42.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% one of the best books I've ever read 44:42.633 --> 44:45.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I highly recommend is The Ghost Map, 44:45.266 --> 44:47.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and in this book, Steven Johnson 44:47.500 --> 44:50.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% really puts together the bottleneck 44:50.966 --> 44:54.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that makes alcohol use an evolutionary selection pressure. 44:54.866 --> 44:58.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So this is the story, and so just read the little subtitle, 44:58.133 --> 45:00.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the story of London's most terrifying epidemic 45:00.100 --> 45:03.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. 45:03.300 --> 45:04.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This is a profound book. 45:04.933 --> 45:07.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It really tells us about how the modern world was shaped, 45:07.200 --> 45:09.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% everything from public healthy, sewer systems 45:09.866 --> 45:12.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to what we understand about the germ theory, and science. 45:12.900 --> 45:15.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% This is a tour de force in science as well. 45:15.866 --> 45:17.433 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% This is a detective novel. 45:17.533 --> 45:19.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's the story of an anesthesiologist, 45:19.366 --> 45:21.066 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% brilliant man named John Snow 45:21.166 --> 45:23.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and a clergyman named Henry Whitehead 45:23.466 --> 45:25.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who independently are trying to figure out 45:25.233 --> 45:27.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% why is cholera killing people in London. 45:27.666 --> 45:29.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Periodically, these outbreaks happen 45:29.566 --> 45:31.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and hundreds of people die, 45:31.500 --> 45:33.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and then the outbreak goes away and it comes back, 45:33.633 --> 45:35.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and at the time, people thought it was bad humors, 45:35.900 --> 45:37.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% it was bad air. 45:37.233 --> 45:39.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The germ theory, people didn't have any idea 45:39.333 --> 45:40.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that there would be something in water 45:40.833 --> 45:43.266 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that could make people sick. 45:43.366 --> 45:44.766 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% So this book is great. 45:44.866 --> 45:46.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Read this book please. 45:46.500 --> 45:48.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, here's the ghost map itself 45:48.500 --> 45:51.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or one version of the ghost map, and so what you see on this map, 45:52.066 --> 45:54.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so what Henry Whitehead and John Snow did 45:54.566 --> 45:56.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is they basically, one of the pieces of evidence is 45:56.866 --> 45:58.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% they drew a map of the city. 45:58.733 --> 46:00.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% The orange circles are pumps 46:00.600 --> 46:03.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and there's one called the Broad Street pump 46:03.100 --> 46:04.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% you'll see right in the middle. 46:05.033 --> 46:08.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% All the black dots are records of somebody died in that house, 46:08.100 --> 46:09.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% somebody died in that location. 46:09.566 --> 46:12.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% 700 people died in two weeks 46:12.133 --> 46:14.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you drew this map, you'd see that it radiates. 46:14.766 --> 46:16.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's very dense around the Broad Street pump 46:17.033 --> 46:19.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and around the other pumps, it's less and less, 46:19.733 --> 46:21.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and some of the outlying cases, 46:21.566 --> 46:23.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there were cases that people died in houses 46:23.900 --> 46:26.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% very never other pumps, but Henry Whitehead interviewed 46:26.566 --> 46:28.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the family and they said, "Oh, he hated the taste 46:29.033 --> 46:30.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "of the water from our pump. 46:30.566 --> 46:32.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "He used to walk over to Broad Street 46:32.533 --> 46:33.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "and drink from that pump," 46:34.033 --> 46:36.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so they traced, they figured out 46:37.066 --> 46:39.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it was the well, it was the water 46:39.200 --> 46:41.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where cholera lives and it was causing this outbreak. 46:42.033 --> 46:43.500 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% But there's a cool fact 46:43.600 --> 46:46.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that is kind of a little subscript in the book 46:46.233 --> 46:49.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but I jumped on because it's so cool. 46:49.133 --> 46:50.866 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Literally feet from that pump, 46:50.966 --> 46:53.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there's a brewery where there are 70 workers. 46:53.500 --> 46:57.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Not a single one of them died, not a single one, 46:57.466 --> 46:59.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and on interviewing, well, why is that? 46:59.133 --> 47:02.200 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% None of them walked to the pump because they get free beer with their lunch hour 47:02.300 --> 47:03.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they get free beer all day long, 47:04.033 --> 47:06.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and so people who drink alcohol, 47:06.733 --> 47:08.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% alcohol was a safe thing to drink 47:08.533 --> 47:09.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the Middle Ages in these cities. 47:09.966 --> 47:12.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In any city, alcohol was a safe thing to drink 47:12.500 --> 47:15.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because the process of producing it was sterile. 47:15.666 --> 47:19.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% You didn't have cholera, you didn't have dysentery. 47:19.100 --> 47:21.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So just really, really cool fact in there. 47:21.633 --> 47:25.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So this is how Steven Johnson's scenario goes 47:25.333 --> 47:29.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as far as human history, culture, and alcohol. 47:29.100 --> 47:32.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Water in cities is inevitably gonna get tainted. 47:32.200 --> 47:33.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Where large numbers of people come together 47:33.966 --> 47:36.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the era prior to us understanding sewage 47:37.066 --> 47:39.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and public health and bacteria, 47:39.666 --> 47:41.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% epidemics of cholera, dysentery and other things 47:41.466 --> 47:42.800 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% are gonna break out. 47:42.900 --> 47:45.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Those who preferred alchol to water 47:45.866 --> 47:47.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and could handle its toxicity 47:47.833 --> 47:49.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are gonna survive more often and have more children. 47:50.000 --> 47:51.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Their genes are gonna be passed along. 47:51.633 --> 47:53.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So you can imagine there are three groups of people, 47:53.866 --> 47:56.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if there were an experiment, three groups of people. 47:56.233 --> 47:59.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There's one group that likes alcohol 47:59.400 --> 48:01.133 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but they get really drunk and unruly 48:01.233 --> 48:03.433 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they fall down and they can't function. 48:03.533 --> 48:04.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There's another group that drinks alcohol 48:05.066 --> 48:06.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they're high functioning. 48:06.566 --> 48:09.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They can drink it, tolerate it, detoxify it, and move on, 48:09.333 --> 48:11.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and then there's a group that just don't like 48:11.400 --> 48:13.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the taste of alcohol, they're gonna drink water. 48:13.333 --> 48:15.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% one of those groups is gonna be selected for, 48:15.466 --> 48:17.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the one that can drink alcohol 48:17.166 --> 48:19.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and can handle their alcohol. 48:19.933 --> 48:22.000 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There are a couple of cultures on this Earth 48:22.100 --> 48:24.500 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% so I don't know if you're aware, 48:24.600 --> 48:26.766 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in the scientific reports, it's very clear, 48:26.866 --> 48:29.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% sociological reports, there are a couple of populations 48:29.733 --> 48:31.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of people on the planet who don't do well 48:31.800 --> 48:34.633 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in the modern world with the alcohol we have access to, 48:34.733 --> 48:36.933 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Native Americans and Australian Aborigines. 48:37.033 --> 48:39.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Those are hunter-gatherer cultures 48:39.266 --> 48:40.800 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that never gathered into cities. 48:40.900 --> 48:45.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They never came up with a regular fermentation product 48:45.266 --> 48:46.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that they got alcohol from, 48:46.933 --> 48:49.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so now in the modern world with the alcohol so present, 48:49.600 --> 48:50.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% the rates of alcoholism, 48:51.066 --> 48:52.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the rates of all sorts of alcohol related issues 48:52.966 --> 48:56.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in those groups are sky high, not because of, 48:56.666 --> 48:58.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% many racist theories have come out, 48:58.733 --> 49:00.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% you know, weak constitution 49:00.233 --> 49:02.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you just can't believe that there's the history 49:02.466 --> 49:04.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where things like that, theories like that 49:04.466 --> 49:06.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% were actually given scientific credence. 49:06.400 --> 49:08.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I think this is a very good explanation. 49:08.500 --> 49:09.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They have been through a culture 49:10.000 --> 49:11.600 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% where they were not selected 49:11.700 --> 49:14.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% for their ability to handle alcohol. 49:16.633 --> 49:19.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Not only do brain proteins and behavior get selected 49:19.600 --> 49:20.966 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% but very interesting phenomenon, 49:21.066 --> 49:22.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% not I won't go too much into alcohol detoxification 49:23.066 --> 49:25.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but there is an enzyme we have in our body 49:25.433 --> 49:26.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% called alcohol dehydrogenase. 49:27.033 --> 49:29.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Ethanol is turned into harmless acetic acid in two steps 49:29.966 --> 49:32.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that first enzyme, this is all it seems to do 49:32.900 --> 49:34.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in the body. 49:34.466 --> 49:36.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It starts the process of detoxifying alcohol. 49:36.366 --> 49:38.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's in your stomach. It's in your liver. 49:38.633 --> 49:41.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There is no reason for that molecule to be there 49:41.266 --> 49:43.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if it hadn't been bred into there 49:43.966 --> 49:46.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% by many, many generations of exposure to alcohol. 49:46.400 --> 49:47.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's the reason why people on average 49:48.066 --> 49:50.033 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% can get rid of one drink in an hour, 49:50.133 --> 49:52.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and people who have lots of it can get rid of 49:52.466 --> 49:53.900 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% faster than that, getting rid of alcohol, 49:54.000 --> 49:55.833 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% so someone of Irish ancestry 49:55.933 --> 49:57.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or northern European ancestry might be able 49:57.900 --> 50:00.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to get rid of alcohol faster, much faster 50:00.233 --> 50:02.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% than someone who's, let's say, from Korea. 50:03.033 --> 50:06.300 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% In Japan, turns out 50% of the population or so 50:06.400 --> 50:09.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% has mutations in the enzyme, the second enzyme, 50:09.466 --> 50:12.100 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the aldehyde dehydrogenase, so that it doesn't work, 50:12.200 --> 50:14.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and when they drink, their skin turns bright red 50:14.800 --> 50:17.166 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because the chemical acetaldehyde skyrockets. 50:17.266 --> 50:19.033 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It's very toxic, and they vomit. 50:19.133 --> 50:21.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% A very low dose of alcohol, they become violently ill. 50:21.466 --> 50:23.533 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% So that's an example of a human population 50:23.633 --> 50:26.333 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% where those proteins are expressed differentially. 50:28.933 --> 50:31.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Now let's come back to the state we love. 50:31.633 --> 50:32.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% When you say Wisconsin, 50:33.033 --> 50:36.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you've said a lot about the alcohol culture. 50:36.500 --> 50:38.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% This ia compile from Google Maps. 50:38.566 --> 50:40.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Everywhere you see an orange dot, 50:40.200 --> 50:42.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that pixel has more grocery stores than bars 50:42.833 --> 50:44.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and everywhere there's a red dot, 50:44.333 --> 50:46.200 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there are more bars than there are grocery stores, 50:46.300 --> 50:48.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you don't have to be very good at geography 50:48.966 --> 50:51.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to be able to pick out Wisconsin. 50:51.100 --> 50:54.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The upper Midwest is a highly red place to be. 50:55.933 --> 50:59.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And if you stop and think about what I just told you, 50:59.100 --> 51:01.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% these profound books about the cultural history 51:01.366 --> 51:03.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of alcohol use, who settled the upper Midwest? 51:03.866 --> 51:07.866 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It was settlers from large cities in Europe 51:07.966 --> 51:09.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where if you didn't drink alcohol 51:09.700 --> 51:11.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and if you weren't good at drinking alcohol, 51:11.666 --> 51:13.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you would've died of cholera or dysentery, 51:13.900 --> 51:16.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and so our culture is one that's been selected 51:16.866 --> 51:19.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and now there's different, it's not just genetic. 51:19.100 --> 51:20.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There are different kinds of culture. 51:20.566 --> 51:21.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% There's sociological cultures. 51:22.033 --> 51:24.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There are ideas, the Wisconsin Idea, we hope 51:24.633 --> 51:26.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to pass down good ideas to people. 51:26.566 --> 51:27.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So there's also cultural learning 51:28.033 --> 51:29.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that doesn't have to do with genetics, 51:29.900 --> 51:31.933 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and that's part of this too. 51:32.033 --> 51:35.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But Wisconsin has a drinking problem. 51:35.466 --> 51:37.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I don't know if you're aware of that. 51:37.833 --> 51:40.166 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% We have clean water here. 51:40.266 --> 51:42.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, history has completely turned things. 51:42.166 --> 51:45.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We understand the germ theory. We understand public sanitation. 51:45.733 --> 51:47.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Not everyone has access to good drinking water, 51:47.366 --> 51:49.833 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but for the most part in America, we do. 51:49.933 --> 51:52.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But we also have access to alcohol 51:52.233 --> 51:56.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and have bred into us I think this love of drinking it, 51:57.033 --> 51:59.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and the public health problems are enormous. 51:59.333 --> 52:01.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Six billion dollars a year in Wisconsin 52:01.833 --> 52:04.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is what it costs to deal with alcohol issues. 52:04.400 --> 52:07.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Alcoholism is a leading cause of domestic violence 52:07.100 --> 52:08.733 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and other types of violence. 52:08.833 --> 52:12.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% One in 10 deaths are attributed to alcohol use in Wisconsin 52:12.100 --> 52:14.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and an alcohol related car crash every two minutes 52:14.400 --> 52:16.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and in every 30 minutes, somebody dies in the crash, 52:16.466 --> 52:18.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I think you it's frequently not the drunk driver. 52:18.733 --> 52:21.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Frequently, it's the sober driver that they hit head on 52:21.366 --> 52:23.566 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I don't know if you know why that is, 52:23.666 --> 52:26.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but a drunk driver, their reflexes are slow. 52:27.066 --> 52:28.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They go into the other lane 52:28.800 --> 52:31.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they're so slow they're basically rubbery 52:31.500 --> 52:33.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when they hit the steering wheel and dashboard, 52:33.333 --> 52:35.500 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and any of you who knows about martial arts, 52:35.600 --> 52:37.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% if you relax into a fall, you don't break bones. 52:37.833 --> 52:40.800 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% A sober person will quick reflexes sees the crash, 52:40.900 --> 52:42.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they stiffen their arms, they stiffen their legs, 52:42.733 --> 52:44.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they stiffen their torso, and bones break 52:44.800 --> 52:46.100 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they penetrate organs, 52:46.200 --> 52:48.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it's just horrifically worse for somebody 52:48.500 --> 52:50.700 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who reacts and braces for a crash 52:50.800 --> 52:53.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% than somebody who relaxes into a crash. 52:53.233 --> 52:55.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So that's another sad fact about drunk driving accidents. 52:55.333 --> 52:56.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Yes? 52:56.800 --> 53:00.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% (audience member speaking off microphone) 53:00.333 --> 53:01.933 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Ah, no, thank you for point that out. 53:02.033 --> 53:04.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% No, the third statistic is a national statistic. 53:04.866 --> 53:06.333 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% First one is Wisconsin specific. 53:06.433 --> 53:09.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The last two are national statistics. 53:09.433 --> 53:11.366 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Thank you. 53:11.466 --> 53:15.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So I have a habit when I talk to my young audiences, 53:15.233 --> 53:18.366 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I mean, I'm sure if you've ever heard someone speak 53:18.466 --> 53:20.400 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% about public health and alcohol 53:20.500 --> 53:22.666 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and Wisconsin and the deplorable record 53:22.766 --> 53:24.133 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% we have for how we drink, 53:24.233 --> 53:26.966 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% you'll hear something like, "We are number one. 53:27.066 --> 53:29.233 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "Wisconsin is number one when it comes to binge drinking, 53:29.333 --> 53:31.466 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "number one when it comes to 53:31.566 --> 53:34.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "alcohol use per person." 53:34.633 --> 53:37.333 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% When I say that to a group of Wisconsin students, 53:37.433 --> 53:40.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when I say, "We are number one," they didn't let me finish. 53:40.266 --> 53:42.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They're like, "Yeah! Wisconsin is number one!" 53:42.566 --> 53:44.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So I don't say that in my talks anymore. 53:44.533 --> 53:45.900 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I say we are number 50. 53:46.000 --> 53:48.066 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Wisconsin is the least responsible state 53:48.166 --> 53:49.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when it comes to drinking and driving, 53:49.733 --> 53:51.033 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% when it comes to binge drinking, 53:51.133 --> 53:53.133 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% when it comes to the responsible use of alcohol. 53:53.233 --> 53:54.700 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% It's a sad fact, 53:54.800 --> 53:58.000 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but I think there might be some explanations 53:58.100 --> 54:00.200 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% in the literature, 54:00.300 --> 54:03.600 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the evidence we have out there. 54:03.700 --> 54:06.266 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Not that this makes it okay, understanding it. 54:06.366 --> 54:08.566 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I think we are, 54:08.666 --> 54:12.533 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% I think it's really a goal 54:12.633 --> 54:14.000 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to overcome our biology. 54:14.100 --> 54:16.633 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It might be our biology, but I think society I think, 54:16.733 --> 54:19.733 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the Wisconsin idea is about overcoming our biology 54:19.833 --> 54:23.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with learning, and I'm hoping that we can learn better. 54:23.200 --> 54:25.166 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% - [Bassam] Please join me in thanking Dr. Strang 54:25.266 --> 54:27.100 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% for this presentation, thanks so much. 54:27.200 --> 54:28.466 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Thank you very much. 54:28.566 --> 54:30.566 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (audience applauds)