WEBVTT 00:00.433 --> 00:05.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% >> Welcome to the last on our series for the semester of our 00:05.400 --> 00:09.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% distinguished faculty lecture series here in the Department of 00:09.266 --> 00:11.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% Gender and Women's Studies. 00:11.733 --> 00:15.500 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% My name is Janet Hyde and I'm the director for the Center for 00:15.500 --> 00:19.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% Research on Gender and Women which is the research arm of the 00:19.966 --> 00:23.233 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% Department of Gender and Women's Studies. 00:23.233 --> 00:29.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% I am delighted to introduce our speaker today, Professor Myra 00:29.100 --> 00:36.433 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% Marx Ferree, who is the Alice Cook Professor of Sociology here 00:36.433 --> 00:40.433 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% at the University of Wisconsin and has also served many years 00:40.433 --> 00:45.633 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% as the director of the Center for German and European Studies. 00:45.633 --> 00:51.400 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% Myra earned her Bachelor's degree at Bryn Mawr College in 00:51.400 --> 00:53.900 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% political science, actually. 00:53.900 --> 00:55.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% I didn't know that until I read it. 00:55.966 --> 00:59.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% And then earned her PhD in social psychology in the 00:59.366 --> 01:02.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:57.5% program-- in the social psychology program of the 01:02.733 --> 01:07.333 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% Department of Psychology and Social Relations at Harvard. 01:07.333 --> 01:11.233 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% She was also, before coming here, she was at the University 01:11.233 --> 01:14.800 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% of Connecticut where she was director of their women's 01:14.800 --> 01:18.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:40% studies program. 01:18.666 --> 01:20.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% Myra has published numerous books. 01:20.666 --> 01:23.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% I'm not gonna tell you about all of them because I think you'd 01:23.866 --> 01:27.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% rather hear her than hear my long list but I wanna call to 01:27.166 --> 01:29.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% your attention some of her most recent ones. 01:29.733 --> 01:34.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% In 2014, the book Gender:  Ideas, Interactions, 01:34.466 --> 01:38.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% Institutions, which was  co-authored by former graduate 01:38.033 --> 01:41.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% student Lisa Wade and published by Norton. 01:41.033 --> 01:42.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% That's a textbook, too, right? 01:42.566 --> 01:44.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% For undergraduate courses. 01:44.266 --> 01:49.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% In 2013, the book Gender,  Violence, and Human Security: 01:49.533 --> 01:53.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Critical Feminist Perspectives,  which was co-edited with Aili 01:53.300 --> 01:57.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Tripp and Christina Ewig, also of the Department of Gender and 01:57.100 --> 01:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% Women's Studies. 01:59.466 --> 02:05.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And then in 2012, Varieties of  Feminism: German Gender Politics 02:05.000 --> 02:10.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% in Global Context, which was  published by Stanford University 02:10.900 --> 02:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Press and won a bunch of awards. 02:15.933 --> 02:20.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% I also want to mention one article by Myra because it's my 02:20.400 --> 02:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% favorite one. 02:21.933 --> 02:23.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% I've used it in my own work. 02:23.333 --> 02:27.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% The title of that article is: "Practicing Intersectionality in 02:27.766 --> 02:32.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, 02:32.100 --> 02:37.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities", 02:37.200 --> 02:41.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% which was published in "Sociological Theory" in 2010 02:41.400 --> 02:44.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% and won an award from the section on race, class, and 02:44.933 --> 02:48.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% gender of the American Sociological Association. 02:48.933 --> 02:53.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Without further ado, let me introduce Dr. Myra Marx Ferree, 02:53.766 --> 02:58.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% who will speak-- be speaking today about gender equality in 02:58.333 --> 03:00.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% the age of academic capitalism. 03:00.300 --> 03:01.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% Myra. 03:01.933 --> 03:03.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% >> Thank you. 03:03.433 --> 03:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [applause] 03:05.433 --> 03:06.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% It's quite an honor to be in 03:06.966 --> 03:09.133 align:start position:10% line:10% size:55% this list, you have to understand. 03:09.133 --> 03:11.866 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% I mean, I've come to the previous three distinguished 03:11.866 --> 03:14.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:65% talks and they were really excellent... 03:14.000 --> 03:16.066 align:start position:10% line:10% size:25% [laughter] ...and I'm like, okay, the bar 03:16.066 --> 03:19.400 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% is pretty high here, let's see what I can do. 03:19.400 --> 03:23.166 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% But I have to say it was a great idea of Janet's to invite the 03:23.166 --> 03:26.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% faculty of the department to talk. 03:26.666 --> 03:29.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% I've learned a lot and I hope I don't disappoint you. 03:29.533 --> 03:33.800 align:start position:10% line:10% size:67.5% This is a talk in which I'm really going to just be laying 03:33.800 --> 03:37.933 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% out a few ideas about how stratification processes in 03:37.933 --> 03:41.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% universities are changing and what this has to do with gender 03:41.533 --> 03:42.833 align:start position:10% line:10% size:22.5% equality. 03:42.833 --> 03:45.666 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% This is a book project that's still in its relatively early 03:45.666 --> 03:49.800 align:start position:10% line:10% size:72.5% stages which seems odd to say since we've been slaving away at 03:49.800 --> 03:52.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:62.5% it for about three years. 03:52.000 --> 03:55.966 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% But it's coming along and I'm on sabbatical next year, so we're 03:55.966 --> 03:58.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% hoping that it will really come along. 03:58.533 --> 04:02.533 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% I'm interested particularly in understanding feminist 04:02.533 --> 04:06.466 align:start position:10% line:10% size:70% mobilization in a university context as an institution that's 04:06.466 --> 04:11.033 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% undergoing a lot of stress and strain, as those of us here in 04:11.033 --> 04:14.766 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% Wisconsin know all too well, but I'm also interested in putting 04:14.766 --> 04:16.700 align:start position:10% line:10% size:60% it into an international context. 04:16.700 --> 04:20.900 align:start position:10% line:10% size:75% [low voice] And, what the heck here? 04:20.900 --> 04:23.633 align:start position:10% line:10% size:52.5% What am I doing here? 04:23.633 --> 04:26.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:45% This is not right. 04:26.733 --> 04:29.866 align:start position:10% line:10% size:27.5% Here we go. 04:29.866 --> 04:35.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% My 2012 book Varieties of  Feminism, was really the 04:35.700 --> 04:41.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% inspiration for this project because, in looking at the very 04:41.500 --> 04:44.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% significant differences in how gender was understood and how 04:44.500 --> 04:47.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% gender politics was done in Germany and the United States, 04:47.166 --> 04:50.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% and in particular the intersections between race and 04:50.700 --> 04:56.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% class and how race and class were mobilized differently by 04:56.566 --> 05:01.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% feminists in Germany and the US to understand what gender meant, 05:01.966 --> 05:06.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% that really got me thinking about intersectionality and, as 05:06.400 --> 05:09.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Janet said, Hae Yeon Choo and I did this paper in which we were 05:09.866 --> 05:13.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% trying to think about level of intersectionality and we drew a 05:13.233 --> 05:17.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% lot on Kimberle Crenshaw in that, but tried to move a little 05:17.100 --> 05:19.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% beyond where she was. 05:19.100 --> 05:22.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% And she was talking about structural intersectionality and 05:22.966 --> 05:24.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% political intersectionality. 05:24.800 --> 05:28.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Structural being sort of like where you are and political 05:28.033 --> 05:31.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% intersectionality being more what you claim. 05:31.866 --> 05:35.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And as I have been struggling with how to think about 05:35.600 --> 05:40.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% institutions in an intersectional light I've also 05:40.800 --> 05:44.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% had the good fortune to be reading work that Keisha 05:44.200 --> 05:46.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Lindsay, one of my colleagues, has been working on about 05:46.800 --> 05:50.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% intersectionality and helping to think about the different kinds 05:50.066 --> 05:54.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% of claims-making that are done in different sites and how these 05:54.166 --> 05:58.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% are intersectional without necessarily being progressive. 05:58.100 --> 06:01.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% So, if we think about intersectionality as Keisha 06:01.566 --> 06:05.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% does, as what she calls normatively malleable analytic 06:05.066 --> 06:08.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% framework, then we have to ask the question about who has voice 06:08.933 --> 06:12.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% and what power they have to be heard and how do you succeed? 06:12.533 --> 06:15.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% What kind of discourses have hegemonic power? 06:15.866 --> 06:19.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So, in this talk, and in this project, I'm trying to approach 06:19.800 --> 06:22.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% the idea of intersectionality as something that happens at the 06:22.866 --> 06:25.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% level of discourse. 06:25.600 --> 06:29.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And if you think about that-- or a metaphor that I've been 06:29.433 --> 06:32.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% thinking-- woke up this morning thinking about, I don't have a 06:32.866 --> 06:35.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% slide for it because I just woke up this morning thinking about 06:35.733 --> 06:37.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:12.5% it... [laughter] 06:37.400 --> 06:40.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% ...but if you think about it as different things like patriarchy 06:40.466 --> 06:45.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and neoliberalism as being like rocks thrown into a pond, and 06:45.800 --> 06:49.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% you have a number of different ponds, Germany being one and the 06:49.233 --> 06:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% United States being another. 06:51.800 --> 06:54.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And these different rocks are thrown with different velocity, 06:54.833 --> 06:57.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% they come from different angles, but what they do is they produce 06:57.933 --> 06:59.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% waves. 06:59.700 --> 07:03.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% And the physicists refer to these circles of waves when they 07:03.433 --> 07:09.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% intersect as being interference patterns and that everybody is 07:09.133 --> 07:12.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% located somewhere in these interference patterns. 07:12.700 --> 07:16.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% These intersections are not optional but they're very 07:16.900 --> 07:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% specific to particular sites. 07:19.533 --> 07:25.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So, this leads me to the question of: what is the age of 07:25.566 --> 07:27.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% academic capitalism? 07:27.133 --> 07:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% What's throwing rocks? 07:29.000 --> 07:30.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% What is going on here? 07:30.933 --> 07:35.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And the main thing that I think we've all experienced in one 07:35.433 --> 07:38.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% form or another is that universities are a place where 07:38.466 --> 07:40.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% there's something being transformed and struggled over 07:40.700 --> 07:46.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and academic capitalism is a word now much in use, borrowed 07:46.666 --> 07:51.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% from Slaughter and Leslie's book in the 1990s, that's talking 07:51.900 --> 07:55.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% about corporatization as a process that emphasizes economic 07:55.333 --> 08:01.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% growth, global education markets, the new managerial 08:01.533 --> 08:07.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% class of administrators, the profit potential that exists in 08:07.133 --> 08:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% universities. 08:08.566 --> 08:12.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Now, this academic capitalism is sometimes called neoliberalism 08:12.166 --> 08:16.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% but I wanna emphasize that neoliberalism is never a term 08:16.600 --> 08:19.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% that is used by the people who are advocating it or defending 08:19.933 --> 08:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5% it. 08:21.533 --> 08:25.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Like patriarchy is also never used by its advocates and 08:25.433 --> 08:27.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% defenders. 08:27.166 --> 08:30.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% If you're actually arguing for patriarchy or neoliberalism it's 08:30.233 --> 08:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% not the term. 08:32.900 --> 08:39.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% But, nonetheless, there is what is clearly recognized as a 08:39.566 --> 08:43.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% transnational phenomenon affecting universities and it's 08:43.900 --> 08:48.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% part of a broad and, I would say, global restructuring of 08:48.300 --> 08:53.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% higher education that has multiple dimensions. 08:53.700 --> 08:57.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% One of which is what is sometimes called massification. 08:57.700 --> 09:00.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% That is to say higher education now serves more students than 09:00.933 --> 09:02.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% ever before. 09:02.333 --> 09:06.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% What used to be an elite thing is now much more available to a 09:06.133 --> 09:11.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% much larger number of students and a much more diverse range of 09:11.533 --> 09:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% students. 09:12.933 --> 09:16.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And by diverse I do not mean by that just not white and middle 09:16.100 --> 09:19.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% class but I also mean in different parts of the world and 09:19.300 --> 09:21.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% bringing different kinds of experiences and different 09:21.700 --> 09:25.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% expectations into higher education. 09:25.533 --> 09:30.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And this restructuring that is producing this particular form 09:30.266 --> 09:33.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% of neoliberalism that affects universities, and in the slide I 09:33.666 --> 09:36.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% sort of sketch out some of the aspects that you have probably 09:36.933 --> 09:43.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% directly encountered being here at the university, but it's also 09:43.033 --> 09:46.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% part of a broader global knowledge economy, where we have 09:46.933 --> 09:51.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% information being financialized. 09:51.133 --> 09:53.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Lillian has been studying intellectual property regimes, 09:53.633 --> 09:55.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% for example, as a part of that process. 09:55.866 --> 09:59.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Post colonial migration regimes. 09:59.366 --> 10:02.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I wanna remind everybody, for example, that passports and 10:02.333 --> 10:04.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% student visas and things like that are only an invention of 10:04.900 --> 10:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% the last century. 10:06.633 --> 10:10.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% People traveled much more freely before that. 10:10.733 --> 10:13.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% But, also, transnationalism, the acceleration of physical travel 10:13.933 --> 10:17.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and virtual communication, as ways of managing intellectual 10:17.933 --> 10:19.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% capital. 10:19.266 --> 10:23.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And any of you who've ever used Skype know how that can be. 10:23.766 --> 10:28.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So, what does this have to do with gender equality reform 10:28.766 --> 10:30.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% politics? 10:30.933 --> 10:38.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Well, I'm arguing that gender equality is also a politics that 10:38.466 --> 10:42.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% is shaping universities and it is a major mobilization. 10:42.000 --> 10:48.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And like neoliberalism it is both inside universities and 10:48.000 --> 10:49.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% transcends them. 10:49.866 --> 10:53.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% It has its particular forms of university gender politics as 10:53.233 --> 10:56.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% well as the things that go beyond it. 10:56.900 --> 11:03.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Gender equality politics is a way of thinking both about the 11:03.300 --> 11:06.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% kinds of claims that are being made but also the political work 11:06.533 --> 11:11.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% that is being done with these kinds of contested claims. 11:11.066 --> 11:17.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And I'm just kinda heuristically laying out three types of gender 11:17.566 --> 11:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% equality reform politics. 11:20.100 --> 11:23.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% The first is what I call gender representation. 11:23.700 --> 11:28.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And that may be in the sphere of politics with things like party 11:28.566 --> 11:35.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% quotas, electoral goals, set asides of particular seats. 11:35.333 --> 11:40.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In family or educational systems representation means the rights 11:40.900 --> 11:47.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% of women and men to have custody over their children, to have 11:47.633 --> 11:51.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% access to certain kinds of jobs, to enter certain kinds of 11:51.400 --> 11:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% educational institutions. 11:53.033 --> 11:56.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And here, again, let me remind you that a lot of the gender 11:56.000 --> 11:58.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% representation that we now take for granted in educational 11:58.766 --> 12:05.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% institutions has really only been achieved since the 1970s. 12:05.400 --> 12:08.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Gender knowledge transfer is another kind of gender equality 12:08.800 --> 12:11.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% politics that's very relevant to universities but is also 12:11.233 --> 12:13.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% relevant outside of universities. 12:13.900 --> 12:16.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% It's everything from what we do here in Gender and Women's 12:16.533 --> 12:21.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Studies to what Europeans call gender mainstreaming projects. 12:21.833 --> 12:26.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Advocacy-- gender equality advocacy networks, networks out 12:26.666 --> 12:31.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% of state or local level like the Wisconsin Women's Network, the 12:31.666 --> 12:38.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% gender networks, but also transnational women in science 12:38.933 --> 12:43.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and other things or other areas. 12:43.933 --> 12:47.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% I'm a proud member of Sociologists for Women in 12:47.066 --> 12:50.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Society which is a knowledge transfer network in sociology 12:50.500 --> 12:52.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% around feminist work. 12:52.766 --> 12:55.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And there's a lot of popular writing about gender, too, and 12:55.700 --> 12:59.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% any of you who have been in the feminist blogosphere lately know 12:59.166 --> 13:05.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% that is a large and expanding area of gender mobilization. 13:05.100 --> 13:07.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% And the third type is what I'm calling gender 13:07.233 --> 13:11.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% transformations, and that's the actual changes of institutions. 13:11.933 --> 13:19.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Mary Katzenstein argued that the last major wave of feminism in 13:19.300 --> 13:22.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% the early part of the 20th century was really about 13:22.766 --> 13:25.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% constructing institutions for women and a lot of that carried 13:25.766 --> 13:30.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% over into the 1970s of making women's groups, women's 13:30.500 --> 13:36.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% programs, women's things just as the late 19th and early 20th 13:36.400 --> 13:40.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% century established women's colleges and built institutions 13:40.433 --> 13:43.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% for women and networks for women. 13:43.766 --> 13:50.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% What we see now is a lot more gender equality mobilization 13:50.666 --> 13:53.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% that's about gender transformation. 13:53.000 --> 13:55.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% Reorganizing existing organizations to do more than to 13:55.900 --> 13:59.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% represent and include women but to change how they function, to 13:59.566 --> 14:03.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% change the ways that schools evaluate children, to change the 14:03.933 --> 14:09.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% kinds of ways that families operate and how the division of 14:09.233 --> 14:14.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% labor is organized, to change the way that work is supervised. 14:14.900 --> 14:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% So transformational work. 14:17.500 --> 14:21.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And, of course, transformational work around gender cannot help 14:21.466 --> 14:25.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% but intersect and collide with the kinds of transformations in 14:25.566 --> 14:30.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% institutions that are happening because of neoliberalism, 14:30.166 --> 14:33.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% academic capitalism, or the knowledge economy, whichever you 14:33.566 --> 14:36.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% want to call as the causal factor here. 14:36.166 --> 14:38.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% But the transformations that come with the differences in the 14:38.900 --> 14:43.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% economy. 14:43.366 --> 14:46.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% However, I also want to argue that gender equality 14:46.166 --> 14:50.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% reform politics, however broadly we can put them into these three 14:50.433 --> 14:54.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% categories and recognize the similarities across many 14:54.366 --> 14:57.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% different contexts, we should also think about how they're 14:57.166 --> 15:01.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% very specific, in particular, in various contexts. 15:01.800 --> 15:04.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And that's the point that I made in Varieties of Feminism 15:04.666 --> 15:07.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% looking at the German case and then bringing it into comparison 15:07.800 --> 15:11.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% with the United States and the UK and other countries in terms 15:11.600 --> 15:15.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% of thinking about what is it that's specific about Germany. 15:15.300 --> 15:18.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% In this book, what we're trying to do is to think about what is 15:18.100 --> 15:22.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% specific about both Germany and the US. 15:22.133 --> 15:27.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Both at the level of thinking about the kinds of discursive 15:27.100 --> 15:30.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% campaigns, the national campaigns to make people think 15:30.700 --> 15:33.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% differently about gender, work differently about gender, 15:33.700 --> 15:37.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% transform institutions, gain representation. 15:37.033 --> 15:42.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% You know, what kind of gender knowledge transfer is going on? 15:42.033 --> 15:44.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% What kind of representation is being sought? 15:44.500 --> 15:48.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% What kind of institutional transformations are being looked 15:48.733 --> 15:52.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% for broadly in these different contexts, Germany and the US? 15:52.800 --> 15:55.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And then we're trying to bore down on the specific 15:55.700 --> 15:58.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% institutions of colleges and universities, the systems of 15:58.833 --> 16:01.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% higher education, in these two countries. 16:01.300 --> 16:04.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And the ways in which there are real struggles going on that are 16:04.433 --> 16:08.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% different in Germany and the US and even different if you look 16:08.733 --> 16:12.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% at the US or Germany between what's going on, say, in 16:12.200 --> 16:15.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% engineering and in English or between what's going on in 16:15.300 --> 16:19.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% economics and in sociology or what's going on in languages and 16:19.700 --> 16:22.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% literature and what's going on in fine arts. 16:22.566 --> 16:25.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% There really are different struggles being waged that are 16:25.200 --> 16:29.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% specific to particular places and so we need to look for how, 16:29.500 --> 16:33.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% if you will, those interference patterns of different kinds of 16:33.433 --> 16:36.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% positioning and different kinds of interests happen in very 16:36.600 --> 16:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% specific little ponds. 16:38.700 --> 16:43.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And Wisconsin's one of those nice, little ponds, right? 16:43.066 --> 16:48.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So, let me just go back to the how to think about how the 16:48.600 --> 16:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% university is changing. 16:50.600 --> 16:52.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% What is academic capitalism doing? 16:52.933 --> 16:57.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% What kinds of things in this system are really about academic 16:57.733 --> 17:02.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% capitalism or might be about something else? 17:02.433 --> 17:08.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Is it just capitalism in the neoliberal, dare not speak its 17:08.566 --> 17:15.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% name, kind of terrible remaking and destruction of the 17:15.000 --> 17:16.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% university? 17:16.333 --> 17:19.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Or are there also other changes happening that we could see 17:19.266 --> 17:24.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% perhaps in a different light, positive or negative, but 17:24.433 --> 17:25.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% different? 17:25.800 --> 17:29.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And we're arguing that there are really two kinds of changes 17:29.233 --> 17:34.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% reshaping universities like Wisconsin or the Ruhr University 17:34.900 --> 17:39.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Bochum where I had the privilege of spending a semester. 17:39.966 --> 17:45.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And these different universities and within a country each 17:45.300 --> 17:48.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% different university is a different university. 17:48.066 --> 17:51.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Wisconsin is not Yale but Wisconsin is also not MATC or 17:51.500 --> 17:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% Edgewood. 17:53.033 --> 17:55.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So there really are very specific kinds of things about 17:55.300 --> 17:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% universities. 17:57.266 --> 17:59.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% So, what are the things that are happening? 17:59.566 --> 18:05.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And we're arguing that there are two broad transformational 18:05.066 --> 18:07.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% processes that are going on. 18:07.200 --> 18:10.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% These are structural transformations but they're also 18:10.233 --> 18:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% discursive formations. 18:12.700 --> 18:15.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% They're ways of making sense about how these structures are 18:15.633 --> 18:18.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% happening and helping it to go along or holding it back. 18:18.766 --> 18:21.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So I don't think it's useful to call everything neoliberalism, 18:21.900 --> 18:26.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% but there are feedbacks between both of these systems with each 18:26.733 --> 18:28.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% other. 18:28.500 --> 18:31.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% The first is what I'm calling modernity, or the world is flat, 18:31.700 --> 18:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% principle. 18:33.233 --> 18:36.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% I owe that to Nicholas Kristof's term. 18:36.900 --> 18:41.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% And that's a fairly positive view of the transformations, but 18:41.833 --> 18:46.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% it is a view that this is the post-enlightenment world, the 18:46.500 --> 18:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% modern era. 18:48.366 --> 18:51.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Faith in science dominates, along with reverence for the 18:51.533 --> 18:55.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% rituals of objectivity, like quantification, and the actual 18:55.600 --> 18:59.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% technological innovations, from the steam engine to the 18:59.066 --> 19:01.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Internet, that are actually changing what we can do and what 19:01.533 --> 19:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% we do. 19:03.066 --> 19:05.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% What we actually do and what we talk about it-- how we talk 19:05.900 --> 19:07.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% about it. 19:07.500 --> 19:10.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Political liberalism is also part of this notion of the 19:10.033 --> 19:12.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% modern era. 19:12.066 --> 19:15.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% In emphasizing individual autonomy and the humanist 19:15.733 --> 19:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% freedoms of thought an inquiry. 19:18.166 --> 19:23.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% It is part of what has been described as the world polity in 19:23.533 --> 19:29.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% which NGOs and other forms of transnational organizations have 19:29.300 --> 19:33.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% increased their power and many of them advocate a normative 19:33.700 --> 19:40.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% stance that is gender inclusive, pro-citizenship rights, and in 19:40.633 --> 19:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% favor of human development. 19:43.500 --> 19:48.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% While it is transnational the modernity principle is far from 19:48.800 --> 19:51.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% equally empowering for all. 19:51.633 --> 19:54.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And one of the important factors here is that the global north, 19:54.666 --> 19:57.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% in general, wields disproportionate power in 19:57.533 --> 19:59.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% transnational governance systems. 19:59.900 --> 20:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% So, for example, English. 20:03.400 --> 20:06.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% English, as the common language for both science and for 20:06.233 --> 20:09.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% transnational governance, confers special advantages on 20:09.500 --> 20:13.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% English speakers and on their national institutions. 20:13.800 --> 20:17.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And by the fact that the English speakers get to do a lot to 20:17.100 --> 20:20.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% define the nature of the club to which others get to seek 20:20.966 --> 20:24.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% admittance, institutional responses are often directed 20:24.200 --> 20:28.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% towards conforming to the best practices of these more powerful 20:28.400 --> 20:29.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% actors. 20:29.833 --> 20:33.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% So the thing that I wanna stress here is the modernity principle 20:33.900 --> 20:39.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% is a principle not of competition but of isomorphism, 20:39.233 --> 20:42.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% a nice sociological term for how organizations tend to resemble 20:42.400 --> 20:49.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% each other through imitation, cooperation, filling the same 20:49.766 --> 20:54.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% niche in an environment tends to make them evolve to look pretty 20:54.766 --> 20:56.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% similar. 20:56.600 --> 20:59.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% Not directly through competition, though of course, 20:59.700 --> 21:03.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% not unrelated to competitive pressures. 21:03.200 --> 21:05.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% The second, of course, in addition to modernity is markets 21:05.666 --> 21:08.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% and markets are not the same thing as modernity, but they're 21:08.900 --> 21:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% certainly related to it. 21:11.466 --> 21:16.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And there the principle is the winner take all and it's a 21:16.966 --> 21:20.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% certainly less sunny view of transformation. 21:20.100 --> 21:24.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And this is what's often called neoliberalism. 21:24.300 --> 21:27.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% I dislike the term neoliberalism not only because its own 21:27.400 --> 21:31.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% defenders won't use it but because there's nothing neo 21:31.666 --> 21:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% about it in the United States. 21:34.400 --> 21:40.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% It's a long standing way of thinking about profit, 21:40.866 --> 21:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% entrepreneurship, privatization. 21:45.633 --> 21:49.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% I prefer to call the US version of the transformation that is 21:49.200 --> 21:52.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% happening market fundamentalism. 21:52.066 --> 21:55.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% And what it stands for is the kind of deregulation of 21:55.433 --> 21:59.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% capitalism to allow more winner take all competition among 21:59.600 --> 22:03.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% unequals. 22:03.133 --> 22:07.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% It emphasizes the disruptive power of capitalism, especially 22:07.200 --> 22:10.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% as it enters into academic institutions. 22:10.533 --> 22:14.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% The promoters may applaud and call this the entrepreneurial 22:14.766 --> 22:16.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% university. 22:16.200 --> 22:21.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Or the critics may talk about the ruthlessness of privatizing 22:21.733 --> 22:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% profits. 22:25.733 --> 22:28.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Like modernity, market models have internal 22:28.266 --> 22:32.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% contradictions and these are especially visible in unfree 22:32.400 --> 22:37.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% market mechanisms, such as monopolies and managerialism, 22:37.166 --> 22:40.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% which are techniques for controlling the risks that 22:40.933 --> 22:45.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% unfettered markets produce even for the powerful. 22:45.233 --> 22:49.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Managers exercise organizational power directly, make decisions 22:49.300 --> 22:53.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% about what is to be produced and how, set up structures to 22:53.033 --> 22:57.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% define, assess, and increase productivity and to reduce 22:57.133 --> 22:58.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% costs. 22:58.800 --> 23:02.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In many ways, what we see in the form of academic capitalism is 23:02.766 --> 23:05.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% not so much the unrestrained winner take all form of 23:05.733 --> 23:09.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% competition that we think of as being capitalism, but the 23:09.400 --> 23:14.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% managerialism of controlling productivity, reducing costs, 23:14.366 --> 23:20.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and defining and structuring the ways in which people do their 23:20.800 --> 23:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% work. 23:22.433 --> 23:25.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Managers' interests do not automatically align with those 23:25.666 --> 23:28.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% of owners or with those of workers or with those of 23:28.733 --> 23:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% consumers. 23:30.866 --> 23:33.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Their work is shaped by the bureaucratic logic of growth and 23:33.733 --> 23:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% of measurement. 23:36.400 --> 23:40.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And modern transnational enterprises use these modern 23:40.533 --> 23:44.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% tools to navigate market systems. 23:44.400 --> 23:47.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In these systems productivity is frequently and quantitatively 23:47.800 --> 23:51.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:30% assessed and management-by-objectives is 23:51.466 --> 23:55.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% institutionalized, along with many short-term market centered 23:55.766 --> 23:58.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% metrics. 23:58.000 --> 24:02.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Okay, that's my introduction to academic capitalism as we see it 24:02.233 --> 24:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% here. 24:03.866 --> 24:07.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So, what does that have to do with gender equality 24:07.466 --> 24:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% movements? 24:10.033 --> 24:14.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Our argument is that they share the principles of modernity in 24:14.533 --> 24:17.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% markets to various varying degrees but they are 24:17.666 --> 24:22.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% heterogeneous, both in their discourses and in their 24:22.333 --> 24:26.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% political demands, that there's no one global gender equality 24:26.666 --> 24:32.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% movement but a variety of movements. 24:32.066 --> 24:38.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% In their discourses there are different themes that overlap to 24:38.733 --> 24:43.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% a greater or lesser extent with the themes that are brought 24:43.033 --> 24:47.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% forward in the discourses of modernity and of markets. 24:47.833 --> 24:54.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% The modernity discourse in universities overlaps with many 24:54.433 --> 24:56.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% of the demands that are identified by political 24:56.900 --> 24:59.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% scientists with classical liberalism. 24:59.700 --> 25:03.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% That doesn't mean leftish or mildly-leftish as it does in the 25:03.500 --> 25:09.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% United States but, rather, the liberal classical view of 25:09.433 --> 25:15.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% self-governance called democracy, a bourgeois 25:15.866 --> 25:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% privileged elite claimed. 25:18.800 --> 25:21.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Self-governance in the university also echoes that 25:21.400 --> 25:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% classical liberal idea. 25:25.366 --> 25:30.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Liberalism talks about pluralism and the competition of ideas and 25:30.633 --> 25:35.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% the university institutionalizes that in the freedom of research 25:35.166 --> 25:36.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% and teaching. 25:36.466 --> 25:40.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% It's a classical liberal way of thinking about it. 25:40.000 --> 25:44.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% And the individualism of classical liberalism is also 25:44.733 --> 25:47.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% operationalized in university structures as a mandate for 25:47.866 --> 25:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% self-development. 25:49.233 --> 25:52.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% You shouldn't be just learning how to do a job; you should be 25:52.200 --> 25:54.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% learning how to be a better person. 25:54.800 --> 25:57.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:47.5% So, there are these discourses about progress and 25:57.700 --> 26:01.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% development that are part of modernity, part of classical 26:01.366 --> 26:05.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% liberalism, and part of the institutional structures of 26:05.033 --> 26:11.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% universities which feminists have long been very critical of. 26:11.733 --> 26:18.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% At the same time the discourse of markets also comes into play. 26:18.066 --> 26:20.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% The discourse of market fundamentalism, managerial 26:20.566 --> 26:23.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% standards, efficient productivity talks about not 26:23.366 --> 26:26.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% wasting human capital but developing it. 26:26.733 --> 26:31.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Let's instrumentalize inclusion because diversity has its own 26:31.000 --> 26:34.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% rewards It increases creativity, it produces better decision 26:34.533 --> 26:35.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5% making. 26:35.966 --> 26:41.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% We need true merit and real competition, not male bias, not 26:41.333 --> 26:46.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% racist standards, but ones that would be fair and inclusive. 26:46.033 --> 26:51.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And we can see gender equality movements picking up these 26:51.466 --> 26:56.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% claims of modernity, for freedom of research and individual 26:56.433 --> 27:00.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% self-development and democracy and self-governance, as well as 27:00.733 --> 27:06.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% the claims of the market in terms of trying to identify and 27:06.633 --> 27:11.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% eradicate bias so that we could have fair and equal competition, 27:11.433 --> 27:15.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% that we can monitor progress by collecting statistics on gender 27:15.700 --> 27:20.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% inclusions, and we can apply managerial strategies of rewards 27:20.866 --> 27:26.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% and sanctions to push decision makers to make every effort to 27:26.300 --> 27:30.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% do affirmative action. 27:30.000 --> 27:34.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% These are principles for changing universities that are 27:34.966 --> 27:38.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% not separate from the principles that are actually 27:38.500 --> 27:43.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% institutionalized in the university. 27:43.300 --> 27:45.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% So, what happens at the intersection? 27:45.266 --> 27:46.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% That's our big question. 27:46.766 --> 27:50.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And here I want to introduce you to Cassandra and Pollyanna. 27:50.800 --> 27:55.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% [laughter] Cassandra is the one who sees 27:55.300 --> 27:59.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% this as one big threat and talks about governance feminism as 27:59.933 --> 28:03.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% maybe even a reason why we should say goodbye to feminism 28:03.366 --> 28:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30% for a while. 28:05.366 --> 28:10.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Cassandras, such as Janet Halley and Nancy Fraser, are so 28:10.166 --> 28:13.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% critical of capitalism and so unsympathetic to political 28:13.133 --> 28:20.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% liberalism that they think that there's nothing to be gained by 28:20.533 --> 28:25.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% engaging constructively with institutions that are being 28:25.366 --> 28:30.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% transformed in these modernizing/marketizing ways. 28:30.500 --> 28:33.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% Pollyannas, on the other hand, tend to be the people who 28:33.300 --> 28:37.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% are in the trenches, the gender equality advocates who are doing 28:37.166 --> 28:39.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% gender mainstreaming work or involved in international 28:39.866 --> 28:42.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% development enterprises. 28:42.566 --> 28:47.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Their optimism is part of what keeps them going. 28:47.333 --> 28:50.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% I'm presenting this a little bit more starkly than is real 28:50.500 --> 28:54.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% just to make the poles of the continuum clear. 28:54.866 --> 29:00.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% But the Cassandra view of all higher education reforms as 29:00.000 --> 29:04.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% being necessarily, and inherently, neoliberal and 29:04.766 --> 29:08.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% inegalitarian and, thus, never possible for serving feminist 29:08.933 --> 29:12.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% purposes, it's certainly a bleak view. 29:12.733 --> 29:17.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Competition, privatization, precariousness they emphasize as 29:17.100 --> 29:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% being allowed to grow unchecked. 29:19.833 --> 29:22.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% You cannot treat women and men as if they were the same and 29:22.933 --> 29:29.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% ignore the very different realities they face without 29:29.000 --> 29:37.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% destroying the particular values outside of markets that somehow 29:37.900 --> 29:39.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% are also associated with women. 29:39.700 --> 29:44.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% The illusion of equal treatment makes feminism, as a movement, 29:44.300 --> 29:49.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% more abound and useless and the equalities are legitimated as if 29:49.100 --> 29:52.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% they were the natural outcomes of a neutral market, which of 29:52.100 --> 29:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% course, they're not. 29:53.866 --> 29:57.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5% So, Cassandra's pretty bleak. 29:57.200 --> 30:01.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% Pollyanna, on the other hand, is also a problem in my 30:01.166 --> 30:02.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% view. 30:02.566 --> 30:05.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Pollyanna's a little quick to brush off Cassandra's warning. 30:05.800 --> 30:10.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Pollyanna sees the normative force of gender equality as 30:10.400 --> 30:15.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% really incredibly successful in transforming the composition of 30:15.566 --> 30:17.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% political parties and professions. 30:17.800 --> 30:21.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% The numbers in terms of representation are staggeringly 30:21.566 --> 30:25.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% better than they were 50 years ago. 30:25.433 --> 30:30.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Pollyanna talks about imposing new legal standards of equal 30:30.633 --> 30:33.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% citizenship rights and re-directing investments in 30:33.566 --> 30:36.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% development towards women's empowerment. 30:36.533 --> 30:39.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Women seat at the table of decision makers allows women's 30:39.366 --> 30:43.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% interests to be articulated and the old boy clubs are being 30:43.533 --> 30:46.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% challenged by merit-based selection mechanism. 30:46.633 --> 30:50.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Femocratic change, led by empowered women, becomes the 30:50.700 --> 30:56.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% insider strategy that feminist movements can and should rely on 30:56.333 --> 30:59.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% with only an occasional public outcry needed to help strengthen 30:59.766 --> 31:03.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% the hand of the inside bargainers. 31:03.000 --> 31:06.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Attention to standpoints and inclusivity brought into higher 31:06.100 --> 31:09.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% education by Gender and Women's Studies offers support, then, 31:09.933 --> 31:14.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:52.5% even to talking about mainstreaming diversity across 31:14.000 --> 31:16.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% organizations and one of the ways that this is often talked 31:16.700 --> 31:19.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% about, especially in Europe where mainstreaming is a big 31:19.233 --> 31:23.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% thing, is to talk about it as gender plus inequality. 31:23.233 --> 31:25.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% So gender plus this, gender plus that. 31:25.600 --> 31:28.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Notice gender stays in the center place the way we don't do 31:28.000 --> 31:30.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% that in the US. 31:30.633 --> 31:35.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So we're trying to avoid being either Cassandra or Pollyanna. 31:35.300 --> 31:37.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% So, we're looking at two different systems. 31:37.866 --> 31:42.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% We're looking at German system and the US system of academia 31:42.166 --> 31:45.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% and where are the women? 31:45.033 --> 31:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It's both similar and different. 31:47.033 --> 31:52.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% On the one hand, you see the trend from the lowest level, 31:52.266 --> 31:56.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% i.e. Bachelor students, to the top level, grade A which is full 31:56.966 --> 31:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% professor. 31:58.500 --> 32:00.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% The trend is down in all those countries. 32:00.600 --> 32:02.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% The US is at the top. 32:02.166 --> 32:03.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% Germany's at the bottom. 32:03.633 --> 32:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% The EU average is in the middle. 32:05.500 --> 32:09.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% But the overall trend can be expressed now as it was in the 32:09.366 --> 32:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% 1970s. 32:11.033 --> 32:14.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The higher you go, the fewer the women you find. 32:14.066 --> 32:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% So the trend is still there. 32:16.133 --> 32:21.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% But, of course, at the low end, women are now 50% or above. 32:21.466 --> 32:26.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And that's a big change from 50 years ago. 32:26.600 --> 32:29.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% It is also the case that the German and American patterns do 32:29.100 --> 32:33.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% not resemble each other quite so sharply as the general EU and US 32:33.566 --> 32:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% does. 32:35.033 --> 32:36.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% Germany's different. 32:36.366 --> 32:40.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% The big obstacle in Germany is in the entry into the first 32:40.266 --> 32:45.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% postdoctoral phase, what they call level C, what we would call 32:45.566 --> 32:49.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% assistant professorships or tenure track jobs. 32:49.600 --> 32:53.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% There's just a huge barrier there. 32:53.900 --> 32:58.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Those postdoctoral positions, which are not in fact all ten-- 32:58.133 --> 33:01.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% in fact there's no such thing as a tenure track in Germany. 33:01.400 --> 33:05.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So they're not secure positions but even to enter them is a 33:05.633 --> 33:09.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% much, much bigger obstacle in Germany than in the US. 33:09.800 --> 33:14.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So, what do we know about the two systems that tell us 33:14.066 --> 33:16.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% something about how they're different? 33:16.133 --> 33:19.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Well, the main thing that I wanna stress here, and I have a 33:19.566 --> 33:22.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% lot of details up there from another talk, but I just wanna 33:22.533 --> 33:27.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% stress that the stratification is different in the two systems. 33:27.500 --> 33:31.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% It's hard to talk about it being more or less. 33:31.800 --> 33:34.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% In the United States we have a lot of interuniversity 33:34.900 --> 33:37.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% stratification. 33:37.100 --> 33:40.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% We think that it makes a big difference whether you're at UW 33:40.933 --> 33:48.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Madison or UW Stout or Edgewood or MATC or wherever. 33:48.700 --> 33:51.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And we think that there's a lot of stratification even within a 33:51.466 --> 33:54.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% category like research one universities. 33:54.633 --> 33:59.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So we are busy thinking about ourselves and working on the 33:59.933 --> 34:03.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% stratification processes that organize our universities 34:03.966 --> 34:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% relative to each other. 34:05.800 --> 34:11.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% How good are we as UW relative to the University of Illinois 34:11.166 --> 34:14.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% relative to the University of California Berkeley? 34:14.633 --> 34:18.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Ranking systems are really important. 34:18.233 --> 34:21.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% The German system is quite different. 34:21.233 --> 34:24.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The universities are under their individual state's control. 34:24.900 --> 34:28.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% They are all entirely state universities. 34:28.100 --> 34:31.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% The very first new privatized universities were only founded 34:31.600 --> 34:35.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% in the 1990s and are extremely marginalized. 34:35.500 --> 34:40.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Universities are all treated as being equal. 34:40.133 --> 34:43.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% You can go to any university from any state. 34:43.300 --> 34:46.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% In theory, they are all equally good. 34:46.433 --> 34:49.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% This has been true until very, very recently. 34:49.966 --> 34:53.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% 2005, the German government introduced a program called the 34:53.733 --> 34:58.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Excellence Initiative which was finally, in their terms, to 34:58.000 --> 35:00.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% introduce some stratification between the universities to 35:00.700 --> 35:04.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% identify where the beacons of excellence were in the overall 35:04.600 --> 35:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% German university landscape. 35:07.333 --> 35:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5% We don't have that problem. 35:08.700 --> 35:13.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% On the other hand, as much as we might say, oh my god, we are 35:13.033 --> 35:16.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% just so stratified, we are not nearly as stratified as the 35:16.033 --> 35:20.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Germans are within any given university department. 35:20.033 --> 35:23.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% The German system is one in which very small number of 35:23.966 --> 35:28.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% professors are individually responsible for the people who 35:28.033 --> 35:29.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% are under them. 35:29.766 --> 35:34.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So, assistant professors really are assistant professors. 35:34.700 --> 35:40.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% They are hired by the professor to be his or her assistant and 35:40.033 --> 35:44.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% the professors control the lines for postdoctoral research 35:44.200 --> 35:47.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% positions, for secretaries, for graduate student. 35:47.966 --> 35:51.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% A graduate student is a paid job. 35:51.733 --> 35:55.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% You don't pay to be a graduate student but you have to compete 35:55.433 --> 36:01.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% and find a professor who will bring you in as the graduate 36:01.766 --> 36:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% student for that individual. 36:05.466 --> 36:10.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% Competition here in the United States is problematic in 36:10.100 --> 36:12.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% a different way than it is in Germany. 36:12.300 --> 36:17.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Germany's striving very hard to gain a position in the global 36:17.866 --> 36:20.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% system that it has lost. 36:20.700 --> 36:26.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% So, I'm going to just point to a couple things where the way that 36:26.500 --> 36:31.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% the pond is different in Germany and the US has something to do 36:31.133 --> 36:34.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% with how feminists are engaging with academic capitalism in 36:34.600 --> 36:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% these two places. 36:36.633 --> 36:39.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% So, let me see here. 36:39.433 --> 36:41.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% Wait a minute. 36:41.166 --> 36:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5% Yeah. 36:43.833 --> 36:47.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% What I've got here is just a comparison between the US and 36:47.066 --> 36:50.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Germany in terms of the kinds of academic capitalism. 36:50.666 --> 36:55.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% And the differences are pronounced enough that when we 36:55.133 --> 36:57.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% start talking about this with people who haven't really 36:57.700 --> 37:01.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% experienced one system or the other, they kind of go like, 37:01.600 --> 37:05.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% well, are you talking about it being neoliberal or academic 37:05.300 --> 37:06.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% capitalist then? 37:06.833 --> 37:09.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So the US version is big on austerity. 37:09.700 --> 37:11.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% Tell us about it, right? 37:11.166 --> 37:13.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% [laughter] The German system, at the 37:13.633 --> 37:17.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% moment, the neoliberal German system, the system that 37:17.833 --> 37:21.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Cassandra in Germany thinks is being destroyed, is having huge 37:21.566 --> 37:25.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% infusions of money being put into the universities to make 37:25.400 --> 37:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% them competitive. 37:27.333 --> 37:31.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% They are turning, in the words of one feminist critic; they are 37:31.766 --> 37:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% turning professors into PIs. 37:35.200 --> 37:38.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% This is a bad thing because they're making lots of grant 37:38.733 --> 37:40.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% money available. 37:40.300 --> 37:44.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% They've tripled or quadrupled the amount of grant funding in 37:44.300 --> 37:46.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% most disciplines. 37:46.366 --> 37:50.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% They have grant competitions that treat the sciences and the 37:50.566 --> 37:54.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% humanities and the social sciences with relatively similar 37:54.900 --> 37:56.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45% levels of funding. 37:56.866 --> 38:02.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Although again, whether you want to call it markets or modernity, 38:02.200 --> 38:05.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% science and technology is taking the lead in the new knowledge 38:05.566 --> 38:08.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% economy and the money is beginning to shift more towards 38:08.500 --> 38:12.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% the sciences. 38:12.166 --> 38:17.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% There are also, in Germany, the emphasis is on international 38:17.533 --> 38:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% mobility. 38:19.700 --> 38:24.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% The big horrible thing that has happened to German universities 38:24.200 --> 38:28.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% in the eyes of German feminist professors is that you now have 38:28.366 --> 38:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% to count credits in courses. 38:31.633 --> 38:34.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Courses need to be measurable in terms of credits. 38:34.800 --> 38:38.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% You need to know how many credit hours you are teaching. 38:38.233 --> 38:41.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% And credits need to be transferable between 38:41.333 --> 38:45.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% universities outside of Germany as well as within. 38:45.666 --> 38:47.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% So, a lot of credit accounting. 38:47.900 --> 38:53.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And your status as a university rises if you are able to attract 38:53.366 --> 38:55.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% international students. 38:55.066 --> 38:58.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% So, international, not intranational, rankings are 38:58.733 --> 39:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% important. 39:00.366 --> 39:03.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% And how do you attract international students if you 39:03.266 --> 39:05.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% are teaching in German? 39:05.533 --> 39:08.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So professors are supposed to offer more and more of their 39:08.600 --> 39:15.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% courses in English and retool their courses to follow a more 39:15.766 --> 39:22.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% American-style credit hour model and be taught in English. 39:22.800 --> 39:26.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Managerialism in Germany means mostly a shift from state 39:26.100 --> 39:27.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5% ministries. 39:27.566 --> 39:30.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% In the past if you wanted to hire, say, a professor of 39:30.833 --> 39:37.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% sociology, the various professors in the area of 39:37.333 --> 39:42.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% sociology, and there might only be six or seven of them because 39:42.133 --> 39:47.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% they're large middle bow lower level of support, the professors 39:47.700 --> 39:50.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% would get together and they'd come up with a ranked list of 39:50.266 --> 39:53.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% three and they'd submit them to the Ministry of Higher Education 39:53.466 --> 40:00.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and the minister would pick the professor from the short list. 40:00.166 --> 40:03.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% So, managerialism and the growing role of the 40:03.666 --> 40:07.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% administration is now passing the buck from the ministry to 40:07.800 --> 40:12.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% the university and empowering deans at the university level to 40:12.566 --> 40:17.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5% make decisions like that. 40:17.566 --> 40:23.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% In the US, managerialism is more about shifting from 40:23.000 --> 40:26.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% professors to deans. 40:26.633 --> 40:29.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% So far the self-governance of professors in Germany has hardly 40:29.766 --> 40:35.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% been touched in ways that, here, we've been seeing, I'm afraid, 40:35.433 --> 40:37.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% altogether too often. 40:37.866 --> 40:40.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So let's just look, at the moment, at what that means for 40:40.700 --> 40:43.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40% gender politics. 40:43.933 --> 40:48.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:57.5% It means that feminists contesting representation in the 40:48.466 --> 40:51.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% United States are worried about the effects of austerity and 40:51.400 --> 40:55.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% diversity; therefore, looking at students, looking at access to 40:55.166 --> 40:59.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% the tenure track and adjuncts, there is no tenure track in 40:59.500 --> 41:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20% Germany. 41:00.866 --> 41:03.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So everybody, in that sense, is an adjunct. 41:03.000 --> 41:05.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% They are looking at the United States as a possible model for 41:05.666 --> 41:08.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% introducing a tenure track so that people could stay at the 41:08.233 --> 41:11.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% same university and become a professor, which is a totally 41:11.100 --> 41:14.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% radical idea there. 41:14.033 --> 41:18.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Knowledge transfer: we're worrying about the ways in which 41:18.600 --> 41:22.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% the definition of what universities do can be defended 41:22.700 --> 41:24.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% from defunding. 41:24.633 --> 41:28.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% The recent proposal, for example, to cut National Science 41:28.500 --> 41:32.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% Foundation funding for the social sciences in half. 41:32.000 --> 41:34.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% But, at the same time, we've also seen a lot of 41:34.800 --> 41:38.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% institutionalization of Gender and Women's Studies, strong 41:38.366 --> 41:40.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% programs with a lot of outreach. 41:40.633 --> 41:46.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% And, as a member of the Gender and Women's Studies program, 41:46.566 --> 41:49.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% I can tell you that you start debating: what are we going to 41:49.666 --> 41:52.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% do as a Gender and Women's Studies program when there are 41:52.666 --> 41:55.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% also all of these people who are doing gender studies off in 41:55.133 --> 41:59.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% their departments who don't even, like, check in with us? 41:59.500 --> 42:02.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% That's a really tough problem to have. 42:02.333 --> 42:04.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% It's not a problem the Germans have. 42:04.966 --> 42:07.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:55% Those small numbers of professors are still very, very, 42:07.400 --> 42:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% very male. 42:09.000 --> 42:12.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:35% Organizational transformation... we're also 42:12.633 --> 42:17.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% talking about diversity and how to do diversity politics. 42:17.266 --> 42:19.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% What about the Germans? 42:19.033 --> 42:21.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Well, they have so few women professors. 42:21.800 --> 42:26.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% They established, again, just recently in 2007, a special 42:26.166 --> 42:30.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% program in which the ministries gave money to universities if 42:30.300 --> 42:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60% they would hire a woman. 42:31.766 --> 42:34.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% [laughter] And they made it competitive 42:34.233 --> 42:37.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% in the sense of first come, first served. 42:37.300 --> 42:39.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% So the further you were along in a search in which you'd 42:39.900 --> 42:43.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% identified a potentially hirable woman the more likely you were 42:43.466 --> 42:47.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% to get matching funds to go hire that person. 42:47.233 --> 42:49.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75% Providing positive incentives. 42:49.466 --> 42:52.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% Challenge grants of various kinds. 42:52.500 --> 42:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% Knowledge transfer. 42:55.100 --> 43:00.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Feminists are networking like mad among the EU countries to 43:00.800 --> 43:06.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% put pressure on the universities in terms of competition. 43:06.366 --> 43:09.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So that little graph that I showed you of: here's Germany 43:09.333 --> 43:12.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and look how bad it is compared to the US and EU, the German 43:12.400 --> 43:16.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% feminists made that graph, they have a point to make with it. 43:16.300 --> 43:20.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% They want to network around the ideas of how can we transform 43:20.800 --> 43:22.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5% the university? 43:22.333 --> 43:24.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% How do you go about transforming the university? 43:24.733 --> 43:28.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Well, law mandates gender mainstreaming, which is to say 43:28.166 --> 43:33.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% active efforts to consider gender in the policy structures 43:33.000 --> 43:38.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% of all state agencies, and universities are state agencies. 43:38.300 --> 43:43.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% So every university has to have a gender equality plan and they 43:43.300 --> 43:46.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% have now been asked to make it not just a gender equality plan 43:46.166 --> 43:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5% but a gender plus plan. 43:49.233 --> 43:51.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% A diversity plan. 43:51.700 --> 43:55.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% Some gender equality officers are having fits. 43:55.600 --> 43:58.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% You're not paying attention to gender anymore. 43:58.266 --> 44:00.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% Now we're just talking about diversity, whatever the heck 44:00.533 --> 44:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5% diversity is. 44:03.166 --> 44:06.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% We wanna focus on gender not on diversity. 44:06.300 --> 44:10.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% There's a positive appeal to international standards This 44:10.433 --> 44:13.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Excellence Initiative, all this money to create beacons of 44:13.533 --> 44:16.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% excellence, they did the first round. 44:16.900 --> 44:18.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% In order to decide which universities were beacons of 44:18.966 --> 44:22.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% excellence they, of course, had international reviewers look at 44:22.900 --> 44:24.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% the proposals. 44:24.733 --> 44:27.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Where do you think you get high status international reviewers? 44:27.366 --> 44:30.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5% In the US and the UK. 44:30.500 --> 44:33.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% What do the international reviewers from the US and the UK 44:33.733 --> 44:37.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% say when they see these German proposals? 44:37.100 --> 44:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70% You don't have enough women. 44:39.333 --> 44:40.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50% Where are the women? 44:40.900 --> 44:43.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Aren't there any women in your discipline? 44:43.366 --> 44:48.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So, as a consequence of the first round review the president 44:48.033 --> 44:50.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% of the Association of German Universities wrote a letter 44:50.733 --> 44:54.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% saying we are not meeting international standards of 44:54.866 --> 44:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% gender inclusivity. 44:56.300 --> 44:59.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% [laughter] In the next round please take 44:59.900 --> 45:03.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:50% seriously the gender mainstreaming plan and the law 45:03.266 --> 45:10.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% that says gender inclusion is mandated as a responsibility of 45:10.633 --> 45:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% you as a state agency. 45:13.233 --> 45:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5% We will be looking. 45:15.700 --> 45:18.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% Well, the percentage of women, what do you think? 45:18.300 --> 45:21.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% It jumped up on the second round. 45:21.900 --> 45:24.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:25% [laughter] It could be done. 45:24.966 --> 45:28.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Anyway, as I said, this is in an early stage. 45:28.400 --> 45:31.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% One of the things that we're doing at the moment is we're 45:31.566 --> 45:33.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% looking around demands for inclusion and how they're framed 45:33.900 --> 45:39.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% in terms of modernity and market arguments. 45:39.000 --> 45:42.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% And we're using some of the very, very many, I don't expect 45:42.700 --> 45:45.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% you to read them here, it's just an indication of the fact that 45:45.466 --> 45:49.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% there are like 20 reports that have been issued internationally 45:49.633 --> 45:55.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and nationally about the really problematic situation of women 45:55.100 --> 46:01.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:45% in the sciences in economically-developed global 46:01.633 --> 46:04.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% knowledge economies and what are we going to do about it? 46:04.900 --> 46:08.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% So we're doing a discourse analysis of how these kinds of 46:08.166 --> 46:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55% claims are being made. 46:10.900 --> 46:13.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% And then the other piece of the project that I'm doing is 46:13.366 --> 46:19.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% looking Title IX and the 40 plus years of evolution of Title IX 46:19.800 --> 46:23.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% as a program that started out making claims, not only about 46:23.266 --> 46:28.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% representation, but about the content of teaching that got 46:28.900 --> 46:32.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:60% narrowed in a process of political contestation into 46:32.100 --> 46:36.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% talking as if we thought that Title IX was only about sports, 46:36.400 --> 46:40.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% but actually has a lot of interesting gender mainstreaming 46:40.866 --> 46:42.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5% components to it. 46:42.366 --> 46:45.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:75% So I'm working on a paper that calls it: "a rose by any other 46:45.400 --> 46:46.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15% name". 46:46.733 --> 46:49.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% That is to say it's gender mainstreaming in the sense of an 46:49.800 --> 46:52.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:72.5% affirmative action program in the way that Europeans think 46:52.566 --> 46:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5% about it. 46:53.933 --> 46:58.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% In other words, not so much comparing lists and numbers, per 46:58.166 --> 47:01.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:65% se, but thinking about the institutional transformations 47:01.433 --> 47:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% that would need to be included. 47:03.566 --> 47:06.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:70% So Title IX is being used to confront sexual harassment. 47:06.866 --> 47:10.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Title IX is being used to confront campus sexual assault. 47:10.000 --> 47:15.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% Title IX is being used to confront the provision of 47:15.633 --> 47:19.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:62.5% services for pregnant and parenting students. 47:19.600 --> 47:23.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% So it's actually looking at institutional transformation in 47:23.100 --> 47:25.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:67.5% the ways that the Europeans think they invented with gender 47:25.633 --> 47:27.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35% mainstreaming. 47:27.600 --> 47:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% So, that's where the project is. 47:30.033 --> 47:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65% I thank you for listening. 47:31.700 --> 47:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25% [applause]