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cc

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>> Good afternoon, everyone.

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I'm so pleased to see a good

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crowd here for our topic this

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afternoon.

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I'm Kate Vandenbosch.

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I'm the dean of the College of

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Agricultural and Life Sciences

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here at UW Madison.

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>> And I'm Paul Robbins,

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and I'm the director of

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the Nelson Institute for

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Environmental Studies here at

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the University of Wisconsin.

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We're here to talk about

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agriculture.

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Agriculture is facing enormous

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challenges.

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By the middle of the century

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when population, globally,

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levels off, we're going to be

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maybe nine, 10, or 11 billion

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people.

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That's a lot of folks to feed,

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and in addition to that, we've

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got scarce natural resources,

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problems with the availability

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of water, the availability of

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inputs into agriculture, and

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that is without saying anything

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about climate change, which we

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will not be discussing.

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[LAUGHTER]

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Even so, in the absence of

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an immediate solution,

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we're wondering whether GMOs,

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as they evolve, can be not only

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part of feeding people in the

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future but thinking a lot about

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stewarding our natural resources

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and moving forward to lighten

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our footprint on the land,

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whether or not that's possible.

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>> It's a really tall order,

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Paul, and we're also wondering

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how would eaters everywhere

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react to new GMO foods and would

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farmers embrace the expansion of

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available technologies.

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So we invited four panelists

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with varied expertise to address

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these and other questions.

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And they are Dominique Brossard,

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who is chair and professor of

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UW Life Sciences Communication

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Department.

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Dominique is internally known

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expert in public opinion

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dynamics, especially those

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related to controversial

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scientific issues.

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Her research emphasizes the role

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of values in shaping public

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attitudes.

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Professor Brossard is currently

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serving on a National Academy of

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Sciences committee to assess the

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concerns, claims, and promises

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of genetically engineered crops

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based on current evidence.

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Another panelist is

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Andy Diercks, who is a '93 UW

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grad with a BS from biological

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systems engineering, and he

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today runs a large sustainable

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farm in partnership with his dad

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and fellow alum Steve in

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Wisconsin Central Sands.

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They are third and fourth

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generation growers in a family

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that has partnered with UW

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potato researchers over the

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years in many ways, including

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leading to the development of

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the healthy grown certification

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of environmentally friendly

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growing conditions.

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In addition to potatoes,

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Coloma Farms produces corn,

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soybeans, and vegetable crops.

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Andy has been active in industry

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leadership in the state and

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beyond and currently chairs the

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citizen board for the state

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Department of Agriculture,

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Trade, and Consumer Protection,

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which is also known as DATCP.

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>> Travis Frey is with us here

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as well.

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He's another UW alum.

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He's currently the site lead for

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Monsanto's biotechnology campus

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in Middleton, Wisconsin, just

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outside of town, and the lead of

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soybean and cotton

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transformation applications.

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Dr. Frey received his masters

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from UW's plant breeding and

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plant genetics program in 2002

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and went on to complete his PhD

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at the University of Delaware.

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He's been with Monsanto since

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2006.

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So he's been around the block on

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this question.

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Erin Silva is here as well.

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She joined the UW faculty as

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assistant professor of plant

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pathology, though she's been a

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UW researcher for quite some

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time as an associate scientist

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in agronomy and the Center of

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Integrated Agricultural Systems,

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which is a great center on

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campus.

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Here research expertise is in

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organic and sustainable

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production systems for

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vegetable, row crops, and

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pasture based systems, and in

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her extension work, which is so

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fundamental to the UW outreach,

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Dr. Silva focuses on food safety

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practices on vegetable farms as

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well as tools for modeling costs

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on diversified farms.

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So Erin's teaching activities

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have included engaging students

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in community food production

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through urban farming in and

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around the city.

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>> So we've asked each of our

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four panelists to present their

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thoughts, and then we will open

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things up for discussion.

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But first, I wanted to get all

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of us on the same page with some

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definitions, and we decided to

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go to some language from the

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National Academy of Sciences

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Natural Research Council on

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these topics.

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So, what are genetically

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engineered crops?

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Well, they would be those crops

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whose genetic makeup has been

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altered using biotechnology

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techniques that precisely cut

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and insert DNA to make a

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specific and well characterized

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change in the genome of that

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crop.

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And these alterations may

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enhance or otherwise alter an

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existing trait that's present in

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the plant or they may introduce

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genes that confer a trait from

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another plant or other organism.

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So we could also ask, GE crops,

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GMOs, are they the same or

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different?

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Well, genetic modification is

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the broader concept, and even

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though they are used fairly

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synonymously oftentimes,

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especially in the popular press,

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more broadly speaking, genetic

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modification includes genetic

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engineering but also other

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techniques such as induced

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mutations, selection, and

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hybridization, and these latter

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techniques are frequently used

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in conventional plant breeding.

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So, in the US today, what

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genetically engineered crops are

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available?

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Well, that includes some

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varieties of corn, both field

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and sweetcorn, soybeans, cotton,

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canola, alfalfa, sugar beets,

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papaya, and squash.

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And many of these would be grown

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in Wisconsin, not so much the

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cotton and papaya, but the

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others would be here.

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Today, just to keep things

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simple, we're going to use the

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terms genetic engineering and

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genetic modification

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synonymously so we don't have to

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confuse ourselves with that.

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So that's enough background.

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And with that, I'd like to

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welcome Travis Frey to come up

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to the microphone and to tell us

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about his perspective.

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>> Good afternoon, everyone.

06:26.633 --> 06:28.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Thank you for inviting me, and I

06:28.500 --> 06:29.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
look forward to the Q&A coming

06:29.866 --> 06:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
out of the group a little bit

06:31.033 --> 06:32.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
later.

06:32.233 --> 06:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I did want to start off just

06:33.400 --> 06:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
very quickly, I've got some

06:34.566 --> 06:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
pamphlets in the back if folks

06:35.700 --> 06:36.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
are interested.

06:36.833 --> 06:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
If we don't get to your

06:38.033 --> 06:39.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
question, there's a great

06:39.133 --> 06:40.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
resource online that you can

06:40.233 --> 06:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
post a question, you can look

06:41.400 --> 06:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
for questions.

06:42.533 --> 06:44.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's called GMOanswers.com.

06:44.466 --> 06:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
Is it working?

06:45.500 --> 06:46.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Can you hear me?

06:46.866 --> 06:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So if you do have questions, you

06:48.633 --> 06:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
can get a pamphlet in the back,

06:50.166 --> 06:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
and that GMOanswers.com can

06:51.900 --> 06:53.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
hopefully help you find answers

06:53.700 --> 06:54.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
to questions you may have

06:54.966 --> 06:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
currently.

06:56.033 --> 06:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If there's no answers there, you

06:57.300 --> 06:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
can always post a question as

06:58.866 --> 07:00.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
well, and you'll get an answer

07:00.033 --> 07:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
back.

07:01.233 --> 07:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
What I wanted to really talk

07:02.700 --> 07:05.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
today about was in pertaining in

07:05.266 --> 07:07.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
GMOs and genetically modified

07:07.100 --> 07:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
crops, really the safety of the

07:09.866 --> 07:11.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
crop and the way it's been

07:11.300 --> 07:13.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
defined over the last 15 to 20

07:13.333 --> 07:14.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
years that have been out on the

07:14.666 --> 07:15.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
market.

07:15.833 --> 07:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
There's about four billion acres

07:17.333 --> 07:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of farmland that's been used for

07:20.966 --> 07:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
GMO production since about 1996

07:23.466 --> 07:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
when the first GMOs came out.

07:25.333 --> 07:27.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Of that, there's probably also

07:27.200 --> 07:28.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
been about a thousand or more,

07:28.766 --> 07:30.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
it's probably close to 1,100,

07:30.166 --> 07:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
studies that have been published

07:31.600 --> 07:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
on the safety of those

07:33.200 --> 07:36.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
particular products, and really

07:36.533 --> 07:37.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
what they've found is they are

07:37.833 --> 07:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
no different than conventionally

07:39.166 --> 07:40.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
bred materials.

07:40.633 --> 07:41.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And honestly, the only way they

07:41.933 --> 07:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
can be approved for growth in

07:43.833 --> 07:45.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the market and growth on

07:45.600 --> 07:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
farmer's fields is if they do

07:47.333 --> 07:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
not pose any significant

07:48.866 --> 07:51.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
difference.

07:51.700 --> 07:53.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So there's been about 30 years

07:53.600 --> 07:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of research and information out

07:57.000 --> 08:01.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there of GMOs in its entirety.

08:01.966 --> 08:03.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So, although they've only been

08:03.200 --> 08:04.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
on the market since 1996,

08:04.533 --> 08:05.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
they've been studied for over

08:05.533 --> 08:07.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
30 years.

08:07.066 --> 08:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
There's 63 different countries,

08:08.566 --> 08:09.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and this is actually growing,

08:09.800 --> 08:10.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I think it's actually closer to

08:10.933 --> 08:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
70 now, that GMs have been

08:13.933 --> 08:15.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
approved and found safe for

08:15.266 --> 08:18.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
growth and/or import.

08:18.933 --> 08:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And then, on average, it takes

08:21.166 --> 08:23.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
about 13 years to go from start

08:23.700 --> 08:24.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
to finish.

08:24.800 --> 08:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So that's from the laboratory,

08:26.300 --> 08:28.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
our laboratories out in

08:28.300 --> 08:30.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Middleton to the farmer's field.

08:30.833 --> 08:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So that 13 years comprises not

08:32.766 --> 08:34.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
just the development of the crop

08:34.233 --> 08:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
but all the safety testing,

08:35.700 --> 08:37.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
efficacy testing that goes on to

08:37.600 --> 08:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
ensure those crops are as safe

08:39.000 --> 08:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
as they possibly can be

08:41.700 --> 08:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
for the public.

08:45.000 --> 08:46.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So there's been a number, I

08:46.466 --> 08:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
could probably go on for two

08:48.233 --> 08:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
hours of the studies that have

08:49.766 --> 08:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
been done, and I just put three

08:51.066 --> 08:52.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
up here in particular over the

08:52.766 --> 08:54.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
last couple of years.

08:54.266 --> 08:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And you can read through what

08:55.933 --> 08:57.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
they say, but, essentially, a

08:57.966 --> 08:59.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
lot of organizations have come

08:59.700 --> 09:01.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
out actually in support of GM

09:01.966 --> 09:04.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
crops and their value to the

09:04.100 --> 09:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
world as a whole to help

09:06.200 --> 09:08.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
feed it.

09:08.500 --> 09:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And time and time again, whether

09:09.933 --> 09:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
it's here in the US or it's

09:11.266 --> 09:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
overseas in Europe or anywhere

09:13.933 --> 09:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
else, you can see organizations

09:15.866 --> 09:17.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that are standing behind the

09:17.333 --> 09:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
safety.

09:18.866 --> 09:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And so you can pretty much scan

09:21.600 --> 09:23.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
through any Google search, and

09:23.966 --> 09:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you'll get a lot of information.

09:25.733 --> 09:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Some of that information is

09:27.333 --> 09:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
really solid information; some

09:28.700 --> 09:30.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of that information is biased

09:30.900 --> 09:33.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and may not be completely true.

09:33.833 --> 09:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I just encourage you to continue

09:35.166 --> 09:36.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to look at both sides and make a

09:36.966 --> 09:38.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
choice based on the information

09:38.433 --> 09:40.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that you can pull together.

09:40.233 --> 09:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So look at some of these

09:41.633 --> 09:43.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
organizations as some of your

09:43.733 --> 09:47.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
sources of information.

09:47.433 --> 09:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So one of the most interesting

09:48.633 --> 09:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
things, when you think about

09:50.300 --> 09:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
crop production and what's been

09:51.566 --> 09:52.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
attributed or can be attributed

09:52.933 --> 09:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to GM crops themselves, between

09:55.300 --> 09:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
1996 and 2011, crop

09:59.000 --> 10:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
biotechnology has been

10:00.366 --> 10:01.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
responsible for almost

10:01.800 --> 10:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
16 million metric tons of

10:03.566 --> 10:05.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
cotton lint, additional,

10:05.400 --> 10:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
195 million metric tons of corn,

10:07.833 --> 10:10.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and 110 metric tons of soybeans.

10:10.933 --> 10:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So it's been a big, big jump.

10:12.933 --> 10:15.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And most of the GM crops that

10:15.533 --> 10:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
are out there, it's not

10:16.766 --> 10:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
necessarily providing more

10:18.166 --> 10:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
yield, it's protecting the yield

10:19.366 --> 10:20.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that's been bred into those

10:20.633 --> 10:21.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
crops.

10:21.800 --> 10:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So most of the traits that we

10:23.066 --> 10:24.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
see on the market today are

10:24.500 --> 10:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
traits that actually protect

10:25.700 --> 10:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that yield from being either

10:27.400 --> 10:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
destroyed from insects or

10:29.366 --> 10:31.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
herbicide or a lack of water.

10:35.433 --> 10:36.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Sorry, when I said herbicide,

10:36.800 --> 10:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
I meant that the weeds

10:37.800 --> 10:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
themselves.

10:38.800 --> 10:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So they're protected from the

10:39.866 --> 10:41.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
herbicide so we can actually

10:41.233 --> 10:42.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
eliminate the weeds that

10:42.700 --> 10:43.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
actually steal nutrients and

10:43.966 --> 10:46.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
water from the crops.

10:46.066 --> 10:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So when you start thinking,

10:47.333 --> 10:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
then, about, okay, if you're not

10:48.633 --> 10:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
having to apply herbicides and

10:50.133 --> 10:51.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
you're not having to apply

10:51.300 --> 10:52.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
different pesticides, the

10:52.400 --> 10:53.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
environmental impacts of that

10:53.666 --> 10:54.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
can be huge.

10:54.900 --> 10:57.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So between 1996 and 2012,

10:57.066 --> 11:00.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there's been about 503 million

11:00.100 --> 11:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
kilograms less pesticide sprayed

11:02.833 --> 11:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
into the environment.

11:05.466 --> 11:06.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And if you take that into

11:06.666 --> 11:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
consideration of environmental

11:08.033 --> 11:09.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
impact, the University of

11:09.633 --> 11:11.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Cornell has come out with what

11:11.066 --> 11:12.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
they call an environmental

11:12.400 --> 11:13.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
impact quotient, and it takes

11:13.700 --> 11:16.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
into consideration not only the

11:16.000 --> 11:17.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
farmer that's actually applying

11:17.600 --> 11:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
it, the bees, the secondary

11:19.666 --> 11:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
insects that it may be

11:21.033 --> 11:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
effecting, the soil, as well as

11:23.466 --> 11:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the crops and the environment.

11:25.500 --> 11:26.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
When you put all that together,

11:26.766 --> 11:28.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the environmental impact

11:28.033 --> 11:30.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
reduction by using GM crops has

11:30.233 --> 11:32.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
been almost 20%.

11:32.500 --> 11:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
18.7% to be exact.

11:35.800 --> 11:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
In 2012 alone, the biotech

11:37.666 --> 11:39.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
traits such as BT and herbicide

11:39.766 --> 11:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
resistance have really accounted

11:41.366 --> 11:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
for about 27 billion kilograms

11:43.600 --> 11:46.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
of CO2.

11:46.633 --> 11:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So a reduction in that because

11:48.033 --> 11:49.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we don't actually have to go out

11:49.366 --> 11:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
into the field and spray as

11:51.066 --> 11:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
often.

11:52.700 --> 11:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So tractors aren't going out,

11:54.233 --> 11:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
spraying pesticides, they're not

11:55.600 --> 11:56.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
going out spraying herbicides,

11:56.866 --> 11:58.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and more importantly, because

11:58.066 --> 12:00.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
they can use burned down

12:00.566 --> 12:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
herbicides like Roundup only

12:02.500 --> 12:03.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
once, they don't actually have

12:03.700 --> 12:05.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
to till the soil.

12:05.166 --> 12:06.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So they actually improve the

12:06.466 --> 12:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
soil quality quite a bit and

12:07.700 --> 12:08.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
keep a lot of the moisture and a

12:08.866 --> 12:10.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
lot of valuable nutrition and

12:10.666 --> 12:12.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
microflora in the soil intact

12:12.800 --> 12:14.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
and undisturbed.

12:14.900 --> 12:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So just a lot fewer moves in and

12:16.766 --> 12:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
out of the field, which really

12:20.300 --> 12:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
translates to, you put it into

12:21.633 --> 12:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
simple terms, almost 12 million

12:22.933 --> 12:24.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
cars that we've been able to

12:24.033 --> 12:25.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
pull off the road because of

12:25.300 --> 12:26.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
that.

12:26.533 --> 12:27.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And when you think about

12:27.766 --> 12:30.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
biotech, what it has created

12:30.366 --> 12:32.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
thus far, we would have had to

12:32.133 --> 12:33.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
probably plant an additional

12:33.800 --> 12:36.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
123 million hectares of land.

12:36.566 --> 12:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And that's a lot of land to keep

12:38.200 --> 12:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the food production where we're

12:39.466 --> 12:41.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
at today.

12:41.200 --> 12:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So without these crops, we would

12:42.666 --> 12:44.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
have had to add that many more

12:44.100 --> 12:45.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
acres and that many more

12:45.466 --> 12:47.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
hectares of field space.

12:47.733 --> 12:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And if you've driven around the

12:50.133 --> 12:53.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Madison, Middleton, Dane County

12:53.333 --> 12:54.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
area, if you notice how many

12:54.666 --> 12:57.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
fields have gone away because of

12:57.233 --> 12:58.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
construction.

12:58.666 --> 12:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I just went on a bike ride this

12:59.966 --> 13:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
afternoon and saw a number of

13:01.766 --> 13:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
new lots available for

13:03.500 --> 13:04.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
construction.

13:04.666 --> 13:05.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
That's farmland that's gone

13:05.900 --> 13:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
under building.

13:07.800 --> 13:09.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
We can't get that back.

13:09.800 --> 13:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So for every house that gets

13:11.533 --> 13:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
built and a farmland that goes

13:13.266 --> 13:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
down, we have to be that much

13:14.533 --> 13:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
more productive with the

13:15.700 --> 13:17.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
farmland that's left.

13:17.000 --> 13:19.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
So as population grows,

13:19.200 --> 13:20.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
farmlands decrease.

13:20.400 --> 13:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We need to be more and more

13:21.600 --> 13:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
productive.

13:23.900 --> 13:25.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And so the last thing I wanted

13:25.200 --> 13:26.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to put up here was just a place

13:26.633 --> 13:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to go if you want information.

13:28.133 --> 13:30.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We're very transparent with GM

13:30.933 --> 13:32.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
crops.

13:32.166 --> 13:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Where they're at, who's making

13:33.366 --> 13:34.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
them, who's testing them, where

13:34.700 --> 13:36.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
they're being tested.

13:36.000 --> 13:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
You can go to this particular

13:37.166 --> 13:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
site.

13:38.200 --> 13:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It's called an International

13:39.466 --> 13:41.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Service for the Acquisition of

13:41.800 --> 13:43.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Agri-biotech Applications.

13:43.366 --> 13:44.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Essentially, it basically takes

13:44.566 --> 13:46.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
every GM trait that's out there

13:46.100 --> 13:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that's registered to be tested,

13:48.200 --> 13:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
it lists it by trait, it lists

13:49.900 --> 13:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
it by company, university,

13:53.033 --> 13:55.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
whoever is wanting to trial it.

13:55.400 --> 13:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It tells you exactly what it is

13:56.633 --> 13:57.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
and what it does.

13:57.900 --> 13:58.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Very transparent.

13:58.966 --> 14:00.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And this is just an example of

14:00.066 --> 14:01.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
some of the traits that are

14:01.300 --> 14:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
coming in the future.

14:02.833 --> 14:04.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So it's not just what I've

14:04.133 --> 14:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
discussed today around BT and

14:05.500 --> 14:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
herbicide, but there's also

14:07.266 --> 14:09.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
things, enhancing yield and

14:09.100 --> 14:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
modifying --, drought stress

14:11.466 --> 14:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
tolerance, even anti-allergy and

14:13.933 --> 14:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
delayed ripening.

14:15.666 --> 14:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So these are things that will

14:17.300 --> 14:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
all be potentially on the market

14:18.533 --> 14:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
in the future.

14:19.800 --> 14:23.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
So check it out.

14:23.366 --> 14:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
Last slide.

14:25.700 --> 14:27.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
Thank you.

14:27.033 --> 14:29.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]

14:32.966 --> 14:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
>> So, next up we have

14:34.533 --> 14:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Erin Silva, and we're

14:35.766 --> 14:37.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
particularly interested in her

14:37.133 --> 14:39.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
thoughts on how and if GMOs fit

14:39.600 --> 14:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
into sustainability more

14:41.400 --> 14:42.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
generally in integrated

14:42.566 --> 14:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
agricultural systems.

14:44.133 --> 14:45.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So I'll welcome her to the

14:45.166 --> 14:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
floor.

14:46.133 --> 14:47.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Remember to speak into the mic.

14:47.133 --> 14:49.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
I've been warned.

14:55.666 --> 14:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
>> Thank you.

14:56.800 --> 14:58.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I'm thrilled to be here today,

14:58.100 --> 14:59.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and I'm thrilled to see such a

14:59.233 --> 15:00.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
great audience out there on a

15:00.700 --> 15:03.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Sunday afternoon.

15:03.300 --> 15:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Like Paul mentioned, I was asked

15:04.833 --> 15:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
to give my viewpoint on

15:06.200 --> 15:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
agricultural sustainability.

15:09.033 --> 15:11.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So in my eyes, agricultural

15:11.233 --> 15:13.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
sustainability really requires

15:13.733 --> 15:16.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the achievement of particularly

15:16.466 --> 15:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
three integrated goals:

15:18.200 --> 15:19.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
environmental health, economic

15:19.866 --> 15:22.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
profitability, and social and

15:22.400 --> 15:25.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
economic equity.

15:25.200 --> 15:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And truly, as we look at

15:27.466 --> 15:29.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
agriculture globally, and as

15:29.233 --> 15:30.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Paul mentioned in the

15:30.500 --> 15:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
introduction, feeding a growing

15:31.833 --> 15:33.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
population worldwide, really

15:33.766 --> 15:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
agriculture faces a grand

15:35.233 --> 15:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
challenge of maintaining an

15:36.633 --> 15:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
increasing system resiliency

15:38.300 --> 15:40.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
under changing conditions.

15:40.000 --> 15:41.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We need to continue if not

15:41.666 --> 15:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
increase the agricultural

15:42.933 --> 15:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
production that we're currently

15:44.133 --> 15:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
seeing.

15:45.500 --> 15:46.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And we know that we're seeing

15:46.866 --> 15:48.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
changing conditions, we're

15:48.133 --> 15:49.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
seeing changes in weather

15:49.933 --> 15:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
patterns, more extreme weather,

15:51.800 --> 15:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
and there's also changing

15:53.033 --> 15:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
social, economic, and political

15:54.500 --> 15:56.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
conditions across the globe.

15:56.233 --> 15:58.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And, really, one of the keys to

15:58.100 --> 16:00.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
resiliency is maintaining

16:00.533 --> 16:02.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
diversity.

16:02.166 --> 16:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
And that means not only

16:03.666 --> 16:04.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
maintaining diversity of crops

16:04.933 --> 16:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
and livestock across the

16:06.233 --> 16:10.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
landscape, but also maintaining

16:10.000 --> 16:11.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
diversity in production

16:11.166 --> 16:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
approaches.

16:12.700 --> 16:14.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So I really don't want to

16:14.000 --> 16:17.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
necessarily get into GMOs and

16:17.566 --> 16:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
their positive and negative

16:21.033 --> 16:22.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
impacts on our cultural

16:22.333 --> 16:23.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
sustainability, but instead

16:23.700 --> 16:27.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
emphasize the need for a

16:27.233 --> 16:28.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
continued diversity of

16:28.766 --> 16:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
production approaches to

16:30.400 --> 16:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
maintain the resiliency that's

16:31.700 --> 16:34.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
going to be required to continue

16:34.000 --> 16:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to maintain our crop production

16:35.233 --> 16:36.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
globally.

16:36.866 --> 16:38.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And that includes organic

16:38.066 --> 16:39.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
agriculture, that includes

16:39.266 --> 16:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
agriculture that is non-GMO, as

16:41.333 --> 16:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
well as potentially GMO based

16:43.866 --> 16:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
agriculture as well.

16:46.033 --> 16:47.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And alongside that is also

16:47.600 --> 16:49.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
maintaining diversity in variety

16:49.566 --> 16:50.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
choices.

16:50.833 --> 16:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
So the germplasm that's

16:52.233 --> 16:53.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
available to farmers, again both

16:53.733 --> 16:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
non-GMO and GMO varieties that

16:55.900 --> 16:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
are available on the marketplace

16:59.133 --> 17:01.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and that will in part increase

17:01.533 --> 17:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
resiliency to cropping systems,

17:04.233 --> 17:05.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
again not only in the US but

17:05.900 --> 17:08.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
across the globe.

17:08.433 --> 17:11.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So as Kate talked about a couple

17:11.366 --> 17:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
of definitions just to get

17:13.366 --> 17:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
everybody on the same playing

17:14.933 --> 17:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
field, I just wanted to get a

17:16.133 --> 17:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
couple benchmarks, I guess, out

17:18.300 --> 17:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there with respect to GMOs and

17:20.100 --> 17:22.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the organic regulation.

17:22.000 --> 17:23.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
As was mentioned, my expertise

17:23.200 --> 17:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
is really in organic

17:24.233 --> 17:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
agriculture.

17:25.233 --> 17:26.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I work extensively with organic

17:26.466 --> 17:27.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
farmers, not only in Wisconsin

17:27.700 --> 17:31.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
but also across the country.

17:31.533 --> 17:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And GMOs and organic agriculture

17:34.100 --> 17:38.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
have, there has been a

17:38.733 --> 17:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
recognition of how GMOs, I

17:41.033 --> 17:42.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
guess, relate to organic

17:42.366 --> 17:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
agriculture since the national

17:45.366 --> 17:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
organic programs inception.

17:47.633 --> 17:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Really, the federal regulatory

17:51.066 --> 17:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
landscape with respect to

17:52.333 --> 17:54.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
organic started in 1990, and at

17:54.366 --> 17:55.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
that time the Organic Food

17:55.733 --> 17:57.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Production Act did not mention

17:57.366 --> 17:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
biotechnology, engineering, or

17:59.433 --> 18:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
genetically modified organisms.

18:01.466 --> 18:02.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
At that point, they weren't out

18:02.966 --> 18:04.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
on the landscape, and there

18:04.166 --> 18:05.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
wasn't any way that it was

18:05.833 --> 18:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
addressed within that act.

18:07.733 --> 18:10.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
In 1997, that's where, really,

18:10.400 --> 18:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the first national organic

18:11.533 --> 18:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
program proposed rule was

18:13.800 --> 18:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
released out to the public and

18:16.866 --> 18:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
was released out to the public

18:18.166 --> 18:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
for comments, as typically is

18:21.533 --> 18:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
done, and that first iteration

18:23.833 --> 18:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of the rule did not prohibit GE

18:25.566 --> 18:28.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
substances or GMOs.

18:28.000 --> 18:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
However, once that rule was

18:31.166 --> 18:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
released and public comment came

18:35.033 --> 18:37.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
in, there was a huge negative

18:37.566 --> 18:40.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
outcry from the public.

18:40.233 --> 18:41.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And because of that negative

18:41.500 --> 18:43.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
outcry, immense response,

18:43.200 --> 18:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
200,000 or so responses against

18:45.366 --> 18:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
GMOs being included in the

18:46.833 --> 18:48.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
organic regulation, the proposed

18:48.500 --> 18:50.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
rule was amended.

18:50.100 --> 18:51.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And in 2000 when the second

18:51.466 --> 18:52.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
national organic program

18:52.766 --> 18:54.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
proposed rule came out, it

18:54.100 --> 18:55.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
excluded the use of GMOs in

18:55.466 --> 18:58.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
organic production.

18:58.100 --> 18:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So our current national organic

18:59.433 --> 19:01.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
program regulation does exclude

19:01.333 --> 19:04.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the use of GMOs, and also other

19:04.700 --> 19:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
genetic engineering techniques.

19:06.600 --> 19:08.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So that includes recombinant DNA

19:08.466 --> 19:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
techniques that alter gene

19:09.833 --> 19:11.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
position or copy number, that

19:11.300 --> 19:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
introduce foreign genes, and

19:13.300 --> 19:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
also self-fusion and micro and

19:15.100 --> 19:16.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
macro encapsulation.

19:16.733 --> 19:18.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But there are permitted methods,

19:18.933 --> 19:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
such as traditional breeding,

19:20.566 --> 19:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
in vitro fertilization,

19:21.900 --> 19:23.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
conjugation, fermentation,

19:23.400 --> 19:24.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
and tissue culture.

19:24.666 --> 19:26.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And I do have to say as a

19:26.233 --> 19:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
researcher that's involved in

19:27.500 --> 19:29.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
organic agriculture, organic

19:29.566 --> 19:31.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
agriculture also does recognize

19:31.366 --> 19:33.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the value of various techniques

19:33.733 --> 19:35.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
with understanding more broadly

19:35.000 --> 19:36.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
agricultural systems and how

19:36.933 --> 19:39.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
organic agriculture can be

19:39.233 --> 19:40.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
optimized.

19:40.700 --> 19:43.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And I'm happy in the Q&A section

19:43.033 --> 19:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to address more broadly how the

19:47.633 --> 19:49.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
organic community, how organic

19:49.866 --> 19:51.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
farmers view GMOs.

19:51.866 --> 19:53.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Organic farmers and the organic

19:53.100 --> 19:54.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
farming community is definitely

19:54.600 --> 19:56.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
not a monolithic group.

19:56.200 --> 19:57.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And there's a variety of

19:57.566 --> 20:00.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
opinions and a variety of voices

20:00.766 --> 20:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that talk about the role of GMOs

20:03.666 --> 20:05.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
more broadly in agriculture as

20:05.233 --> 20:07.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
well as in organic production.

20:07.166 --> 20:08.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But the one thing that I will

20:08.400 --> 20:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
address, which, again, I can

20:09.566 --> 20:11.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
address more extensively within

20:11.200 --> 20:13.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the Q&A section, is pretty

20:13.333 --> 20:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
broadly the organic community

20:14.933 --> 20:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
is, however, concerned with the

20:16.300 --> 20:17.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
issue of coexistence.

20:17.933 --> 20:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Coexistence being the current

20:19.500 --> 20:21.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
cultivation of conventional,

20:21.100 --> 20:23.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
organic, identity preserved, and

20:23.033 --> 20:24.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
genetically engineered crops

20:24.633 --> 20:26.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
consistent with underlying

20:26.133 --> 20:28.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
consumer preferences and farmer

20:28.000 --> 20:29.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
choices.

20:29.300 --> 20:31.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So how do all these diverse

20:31.100 --> 20:33.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
agricultural production methods,

20:33.466 --> 20:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
how can they coexist on the

20:35.033 --> 20:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
landscape and preserve the

20:36.400 --> 20:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
identity of the organic product

20:39.833 --> 20:41.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
and the organic farmers'

20:41.666 --> 20:43.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
preferences to have their

20:43.233 --> 20:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
product free of GMOs alongside a

20:46.533 --> 20:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
conventional farmer?

20:48.633 --> 20:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
How do we potentially minimize

20:50.866 --> 20:52.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
and prevent pollen drift?

20:52.633 --> 20:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Where does that burden lie?

20:55.300 --> 20:57.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Who bears that burden, whether

20:57.900 --> 20:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
it's organic farmer or the

20:59.333 --> 21:01.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
conventional farmer.

21:01.166 --> 21:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And recognizing the economic

21:02.500 --> 21:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
losses that the organic farmer

21:04.233 --> 21:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
does impart by having to bear

21:06.233 --> 21:07.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
that burden, whether it be

21:07.500 --> 21:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
through delayed planting,

21:08.833 --> 21:10.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
altering maturity dates, or

21:10.066 --> 21:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
putting buffers on their field.

21:12.000 --> 21:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So again, I'd be happy to expand

21:13.300 --> 21:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
upon that in the Q&A section,

21:14.600 --> 21:16.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
but for there I just want to

21:16.466 --> 21:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
give my introduction to organic

21:18.700 --> 21:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
agriculture and GMOs.

21:21.766 --> 21:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]

21:28.266 --> 21:29.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
>> Thank you, Erin.

21:29.500 --> 21:30.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
I want to invite

21:30.933 --> 21:32.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Dominique Brossard to come up

21:32.333 --> 21:33.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
now.

21:33.533 --> 21:34.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And Dominique, these are some

21:34.633 --> 21:36.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
really very complex issues.

21:36.600 --> 21:40.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And so, how are they perceived

21:40.966 --> 21:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
by consumers?

21:42.633 --> 21:43.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
How are these viewpoints

21:43.933 --> 21:45.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
influencing the marketplace, and

21:45.400 --> 21:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what is research saying about

21:46.666 --> 21:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
that now?

21:47.766 --> 21:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
Thank you.

21:49.000 --> 21:50.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
>> Thank you, Kate.

21:50.066 --> 21:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It's my pleasure to be here and

21:51.566 --> 21:53.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to talk about the complex issue

21:53.166 --> 21:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that I know is of interest to a

21:57.000 --> 21:58.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
lot of us.

21:58.033 --> 21:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Basically, what my department

21:59.200 --> 22:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
does here at UW Madison is

22:01.466 --> 22:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
exploring the mechanisms that

22:03.100 --> 22:05.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
explain why people adopt some

22:05.033 --> 22:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
technologies and what might

22:06.933 --> 22:08.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
explain why some people get

22:08.766 --> 22:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
fearful about them.

22:10.033 --> 22:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
People like us, you, I, have

22:13.800 --> 22:15.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
some potential concern about

22:15.033 --> 22:17.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
some technology and have also

22:17.000 --> 22:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
potential views that actually

22:20.066 --> 22:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
sustain our framework.

22:22.900 --> 22:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So the first thing that I'd like

22:24.333 --> 22:26.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to talk about very briefly, and

22:26.966 --> 22:28.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
I'll be able to elaborate,

22:28.166 --> 22:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
obviously, during the Q&A, is

22:30.433 --> 22:32.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the broad context of the

22:32.200 --> 22:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
understanding that we have about

22:34.100 --> 22:38.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
what explains how the public

22:38.133 --> 22:41.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
feels about technologies in

22:41.100 --> 22:42.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
general.

22:42.333 --> 22:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What we know is that anything

22:43.833 --> 22:46.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that's new tends to generate

22:46.466 --> 22:47.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
concerns at the societal level,

22:47.933 --> 22:49.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and that's not just with genetic

22:49.166 --> 22:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
engineering.

22:50.400 --> 22:51.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We see this with anything that's

22:51.400 --> 22:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
been introduced.

22:52.700 --> 22:54.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Starting with the car,

22:54.233 --> 22:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the train, the roller pen,

22:57.000 --> 22:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the electric bulb, etc.

22:59.333 --> 23:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We all, rightfully so, pose

23:01.766 --> 23:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
questions as far as how that

23:03.566 --> 23:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
might impact society as a whole.

23:05.466 --> 23:06.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And this is something that we've

23:06.800 --> 23:08.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
seen again and again and

23:08.366 --> 23:10.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
obviously we should take into

23:10.500 --> 23:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
account as we ponder the

23:12.133 --> 23:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
different technology.

23:14.066 --> 23:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
The concerns as far as a

23:15.333 --> 23:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
societal level can be negative

23:18.533 --> 23:19.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
but also potentially raise

23:19.966 --> 23:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
questions about this can help us

23:21.933 --> 23:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
as society.

23:23.133 --> 23:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So the first thing to keep in

23:24.166 --> 23:25.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
mind.

23:25.900 --> 23:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
At the individual level, what we

23:27.533 --> 23:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
know, and that's what's

23:29.033 --> 23:31.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
interesting, is that although in

23:31.066 --> 23:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
nature taking risk usually is

23:34.066 --> 23:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
related to actually having

23:35.666 --> 23:38.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
benefits, in our mind, in all of

23:38.266 --> 23:41.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
our minds, taking risks is

23:41.500 --> 23:42.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
actually usually not related to

23:42.733 --> 23:44.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
benefit.

23:44.000 --> 23:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
To translate that in lay

23:45.500 --> 23:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
language, it means that the

23:47.666 --> 23:49.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
risks that kill people and the

23:49.033 --> 23:50.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
risks that people are most upset

23:50.466 --> 23:52.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
about are most of the time

23:52.333 --> 23:53.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
unrelated.

23:53.466 --> 23:54.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And that's been coined, the term

23:54.866 --> 23:56.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that's been coined to explain

23:56.433 --> 23:58.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that is the idea that hazard is

23:58.833 --> 24:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
very different from outrage.

24:01.066 --> 24:02.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And, actually, what makes a risk

24:02.366 --> 24:04.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
a risk is a combination of the

24:04.433 --> 24:07.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
technological risk that you

24:07.633 --> 24:08.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
can measure and the amount of

24:08.733 --> 24:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
concerns and anger that it

24:10.466 --> 24:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
generates in people.

24:12.466 --> 24:13.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And this is the thing that all

24:13.833 --> 24:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of us in this room, from the

24:15.566 --> 24:17.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
dean of the College Agricultural

24:17.666 --> 24:19.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and Life Sciences to myself, we,

24:19.366 --> 24:22.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
as human beings, we'll be

24:22.033 --> 24:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
concerned about that.

24:23.233 --> 24:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I'm not sure what I've done

24:24.333 --> 24:25.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

24:25.433 --> 24:26.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I was trying to do the laser

24:26.466 --> 24:27.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
thing.

24:27.666 --> 24:28.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Risk is a hazard versus outrage

24:28.733 --> 24:30.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
is something that's important

24:30.000 --> 24:31.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
to us.

24:31.066 --> 24:32.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So that's why, for example, we

24:32.100 --> 24:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
are very scared sometimes of

24:34.566 --> 24:37.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
flying a plane because a plane,

24:37.033 --> 24:38.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
one plane crash will kill a

24:38.833 --> 24:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
lot of people.

24:40.200 --> 24:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We're not very afraid of driving

24:41.433 --> 24:42.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
our car because it's a familiar

24:42.766 --> 24:44.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
risk that we see every day.

24:44.933 --> 24:46.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Although, if you actually add

24:46.366 --> 24:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the number of deaths that are

24:48.200 --> 24:50.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
related to car driving, they're

24:50.200 --> 24:52.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
far higher than the number of

24:52.000 --> 24:53.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
deaths related to planes.

24:53.666 --> 24:55.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Does it mean that we're idiots?

24:55.200 --> 24:56.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5%
No.

24:56.333 --> 24:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
We're just human beings, and

24:57.433 --> 24:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
that's the way it is.

24:58.500 --> 24:59.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So that outrage, what makes us

24:59.766 --> 25:01.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
angry, most of the time when the

25:01.533 --> 25:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
things that we don't know about,

25:03.566 --> 25:05.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that are invisible to our eyes,

25:05.400 --> 25:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that have high magnitude, this

25:07.533 --> 25:10.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is the things that actually will

25:10.033 --> 25:12.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
produce more outrage.

25:12.066 --> 25:14.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So going back to the GE crops

25:14.366 --> 25:16.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and the type of concerns that

25:16.366 --> 25:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
are being raised again and again

25:17.766 --> 25:20.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
in different focus group

25:20.133 --> 25:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
research that we have undertaken

25:21.266 --> 25:23.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
around, actually, the world in

25:23.333 --> 25:24.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
different cultural contexts.

25:24.966 --> 25:26.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Obviously, food safety related

25:26.333 --> 25:28.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
issues have been a concern again

25:28.066 --> 25:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
from the proponent point of view

25:30.333 --> 25:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that we can actually create

25:31.700 --> 25:33.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
crops that may be more

25:33.300 --> 25:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
nutritious.

25:34.533 --> 25:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
From the opponent point of view,

25:36.066 --> 25:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the idea that he may raise

25:37.666 --> 25:40.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
related health issues.

25:40.600 --> 25:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Obviously, science can answer

25:41.900 --> 25:43.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
this kind of concerns.

25:43.266 --> 25:44.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
From an environmental point of

25:44.566 --> 25:46.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
view, we heard that potentially

25:46.400 --> 25:49.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and obviously can reduce the use

25:49.733 --> 25:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
of pesticide.

25:51.900 --> 25:53.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
However, others have raised the

25:53.833 --> 25:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
issue that it may create

25:55.300 --> 25:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
superweeds.

25:56.766 --> 25:58.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Again, science can answer those

25:58.166 --> 25:59.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
questions, and that's why the

25:59.566 --> 26:01.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
National Research Council is

26:01.100 --> 26:03.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
always making sure that the more

26:03.166 --> 26:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
detailed and the up to date

26:05.766 --> 26:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
science is used to produce their

26:07.333 --> 26:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
reports.

26:08.900 --> 26:10.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Regulatory issues also are

26:10.366 --> 26:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
something people have been

26:11.666 --> 26:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
concerned about.

26:12.966 --> 26:14.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What are, actually, the context

26:14.333 --> 26:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
in which this type of crops are

26:16.866 --> 26:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
used, and do we have, actually,

26:18.866 --> 26:20.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
safety mechanisms that ensure

26:20.766 --> 26:23.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
that all of us are safe?

26:23.300 --> 26:24.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And, again, this may be an issue

26:24.833 --> 26:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that's important to some of us,

26:26.566 --> 26:28.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that will create outrage,

26:28.300 --> 26:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
but not to others.

26:29.600 --> 26:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So in the broad picture though,

26:31.600 --> 26:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
this is something that was

26:33.100 --> 26:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
discussed.

26:34.200 --> 26:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Finally, international trade

26:35.700 --> 26:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
related issue.

26:37.533 --> 26:39.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Why if, for example, you are in

26:39.633 --> 26:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Zambia and you create some, you

26:41.900 --> 26:44.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have some crops that are created

26:44.233 --> 26:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with this technology, you may

26:46.033 --> 26:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
not be able to actually export

26:47.400 --> 26:48.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
your crops to Europe because

26:48.900 --> 26:50.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Europe doesn't accept them.

26:50.900 --> 26:52.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
This is a concern that actually

26:52.533 --> 26:54.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
impacts trade as a whole and has

26:54.800 --> 26:56.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
to be related to this public

26:56.433 --> 26:58.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
opinion mechanism.

26:58.166 --> 26:59.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
All those questions can be

26:59.366 --> 27:01.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
answered by science.

27:01.100 --> 27:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
We have a lot of data to

27:02.466 --> 27:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
actually answer them.

27:03.933 --> 27:05.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But let's remember, though, that

27:05.300 --> 27:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
all technology also raise

27:07.933 --> 27:10.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
concern and dimensions for which

27:10.233 --> 27:12.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
science itself cannot answer and

27:12.666 --> 27:14.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
cannot really bring answers.

27:14.133 --> 27:16.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
It's a societal choice.

27:16.633 --> 27:18.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
For example, things that have

27:18.100 --> 27:19.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
been raised is the idea of

27:19.466 --> 27:20.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
consumer choice.

27:20.700 --> 27:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Labeling, science cannot answer

27:22.433 --> 27:23.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
this issue.

27:23.466 --> 27:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
It's you and I, informed

27:25.033 --> 27:28.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
citizens and the policymakers

27:28.166 --> 27:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with public deliberation that

27:29.600 --> 27:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
include people of all of us in

27:32.000 --> 27:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
this room at different levels

27:33.366 --> 27:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that can answer those questions.

27:35.166 --> 27:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Distribution of benefits at the

27:36.700 --> 27:38.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
societal level.

27:38.000 --> 27:39.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Who do we think should reap the

27:39.433 --> 27:40.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
benefit of this?

27:40.800 --> 27:42.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Those big corporations that will

27:42.066 --> 27:43.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
make all the benefits or the

27:43.533 --> 27:44.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
farmers?

27:44.700 --> 27:46.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Are the consumers the ones that

27:46.100 --> 27:47.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
will actually get some benefits

27:47.800 --> 27:49.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
out of it?

27:49.366 --> 27:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
What does the impact on the role

27:50.600 --> 27:52.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
of developing communities?

27:52.833 --> 27:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Will this change the livelihood

27:53.866 --> 27:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
of different farming

27:55.000 --> 27:56.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
communities?

27:56.100 --> 27:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
This is something that can be

27:57.266 --> 27:58.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
pondered too and has been

27:58.533 --> 28:00.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
pondered in different settings.

28:00.166 --> 28:01.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What are the ownership issues

28:01.833 --> 28:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
that are linked to this

28:03.866 --> 28:05.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology?

28:05.200 --> 28:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And this is, again, a lot of

28:06.433 --> 28:07.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
discussions in different

28:07.633 --> 28:09.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
communities.

28:09.033 --> 28:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Finally, another discussion

28:10.333 --> 28:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that's been going on, what's the

28:11.933 --> 28:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
right of human beings to tamper

28:13.466 --> 28:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
with nature?

28:14.600 --> 28:15.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
What's the ethical dimension

28:15.800 --> 28:16.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
related to this?

28:16.933 --> 28:19.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Again, these are not questions

28:19.966 --> 28:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that should be ignored because

28:21.266 --> 28:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
they exist.

28:22.500 --> 28:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
These are questions as a society

28:24.166 --> 28:26.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
are discussed right now in a

28:26.533 --> 28:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
number of contexts and should be

28:28.633 --> 28:30.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
integrated when we think in

28:30.466 --> 28:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
terms of public dynamics and GE.

28:33.933 --> 28:35.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I'm going to finish very

28:35.100 --> 28:37.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
briefly by explaining how we

28:37.100 --> 28:39.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
know what people feel and how

28:39.733 --> 28:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
they actually form attitudes

28:41.266 --> 28:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
toward genetic engineering.

28:42.833 --> 28:44.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I mentioned the sociopolitical

28:44.300 --> 28:45.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
context.

28:45.433 --> 28:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The idea that in Europe, for

28:46.833 --> 28:48.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
example, the concerns that are

28:48.133 --> 28:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
raised are different from the

28:49.600 --> 28:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
ones that are raised as a

28:51.000 --> 28:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
culture, as a society, here.

28:53.033 --> 28:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
East Africa, West Africa, very

28:56.166 --> 28:57.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
different concern.

28:57.666 --> 29:00.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Food concern, putting food on

29:00.133 --> 29:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the table is something that's

29:01.400 --> 29:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
extremely important.

29:02.833 --> 29:04.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So at the societal level, the

29:04.600 --> 29:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
concerns are going to be

29:05.666 --> 29:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
different.

29:06.966 --> 29:08.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
At the information climate

29:08.266 --> 29:09.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
level, you're going to hear

29:09.500 --> 29:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
different groups telling you

29:10.600 --> 29:11.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
different things, and this is

29:11.800 --> 29:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
what we call the information

29:13.300 --> 29:15.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
climate, and this information

29:15.600 --> 29:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
climate can be actually impacted

29:19.133 --> 29:20.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
by different things such as

29:20.633 --> 29:22.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
media coverage, the type of

29:22.133 --> 29:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
marketing messages we all see,

29:24.266 --> 29:26.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
science fiction films that talk

29:26.266 --> 29:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
about genetic engineering.

29:27.266 --> 29:29.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
You all know about, let's say,

29:29.633 --> 29:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Jurassic Park for example.

29:31.500 --> 29:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
This is the film that people

29:32.866 --> 29:34.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
always bring to mind whenever we

29:34.366 --> 29:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
ask them a question about this.

29:35.700 --> 29:36.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Educational messages being

29:36.933 --> 29:38.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
another one.

29:38.266 --> 29:40.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So all these have to be taken

29:40.033 --> 29:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
into account when you think

29:41.366 --> 29:43.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
about these things.

29:43.100 --> 29:44.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And the last thing that actually

29:44.833 --> 29:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I would like leave you with when

29:47.000 --> 29:48.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
we think in terms of

29:48.466 --> 29:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
communication information

29:49.766 --> 29:51.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
climate is the idea that media

29:51.466 --> 29:53.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
frames that are put out there

29:53.200 --> 29:56.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and for the public to digest,

29:56.066 --> 29:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
but those frames that may be

29:57.466 --> 29:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
positive or negative, here just

29:59.466 --> 30:02.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
for the sake of this argument I

30:02.133 --> 30:03.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
put negative ones but it can be

30:03.433 --> 30:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
positive ones, it can mean

30:05.466 --> 30:06.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
different things to different

30:06.833 --> 30:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
people because as human beings

30:08.800 --> 30:11.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
what we do is we use filters to

30:11.433 --> 30:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
actually understand the messages

30:12.766 --> 30:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
out there.

30:13.866 --> 30:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So the same message, the same

30:15.700 --> 30:18.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
frame will mean different things

30:18.233 --> 30:19.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
to different people.

30:19.600 --> 30:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
If we are actually very

30:21.266 --> 30:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
concerned because we outrage,

30:22.566 --> 30:23.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we actually are going to amplify

30:23.800 --> 30:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
our views when we see different

30:25.233 --> 30:26.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
frames that are negative and

30:26.900 --> 30:29.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
resonant with what we think.

30:29.200 --> 30:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And I've been a big proponent in

30:30.533 --> 30:32.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
increasing media literacy among

30:32.366 --> 30:34.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
my students and our citizens for

30:34.600 --> 30:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
them to understand these kind of

30:35.733 --> 30:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
issues.

30:37.400 --> 30:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And finally, let's not forget

30:38.900 --> 30:40.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that we're all individuals and

30:40.400 --> 30:41.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
we're not irrational.

30:41.933 --> 30:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So we perceive risk and benefits

30:43.633 --> 30:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
in a way that make sense to us

30:45.133 --> 30:46.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
related to our concern as a

30:46.700 --> 30:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
whole.

30:48.200 --> 30:49.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We have different attitudes with

30:49.633 --> 30:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology.

30:50.733 --> 30:51.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We may prefer, actually, to

30:51.766 --> 30:53.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
leave it out of our life.

30:53.100 --> 30:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We have more consideration.

30:55.233 --> 30:57.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We know some things about the

30:57.033 --> 30:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
issue, and we talk about it with

30:58.133 --> 30:59.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
others.

30:59.866 --> 31:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We trust or we don't trust our

31:01.433 --> 31:03.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
information sources, and we may

31:03.333 --> 31:05.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
actually have different views of

31:05.566 --> 31:06.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what the culture authority of

31:06.900 --> 31:09.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
science can tell us about all

31:09.133 --> 31:10.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
of this.

31:10.566 --> 31:13.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
My talk seemed a little bit

31:13.133 --> 31:14.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
grandiose, but what you need to

31:14.566 --> 31:16.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
know is all those things that

31:16.033 --> 31:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I've shared with you are based

31:17.866 --> 31:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
on actual research in social

31:19.533 --> 31:21.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
psychology and communication

31:21.300 --> 31:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that explain those models, and

31:23.666 --> 31:24.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I'll be happy to give you more

31:24.900 --> 31:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
information about this in the

31:26.433 --> 31:27.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
Q&A.

31:27.933 --> 31:29.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]

31:32.966 --> 31:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> Andy Diercks is going to say

31:34.566 --> 31:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
a few words, but I'd like to

31:35.800 --> 31:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
bring the whole panel up here

31:37.333 --> 31:38.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
because Andy doesn't have

31:38.533 --> 31:41.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
slides, so we can get some down

31:41.133 --> 31:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and some Q&A as soon as possible

31:43.300 --> 31:45.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
right after Andy speaks.

31:45.200 --> 31:46.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I just would like to say

31:46.366 --> 31:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
word about, we thought it was

31:47.500 --> 31:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
very important to have a grower

31:48.633 --> 31:49.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

31:49.800 --> 31:50.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
None of this makes any sense or

31:50.900 --> 31:52.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
any difference if a farmer's

31:52.300 --> 31:54.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
life gets harder instead of

31:54.100 --> 31:55.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
easier as a result of a

31:55.300 --> 31:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
technology or he is less

31:57.266 --> 31:58.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
competitive in the market as a

31:58.633 --> 31:59.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
result of a technology.

31:59.833 --> 32:00.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So we really want to hear

32:00.900 --> 32:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Andy's experience.

32:04.233 --> 32:05.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
>> Thanks, Paul.

32:05.233 --> 32:07.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Thanks for the invitation.

32:07.066 --> 32:08.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
As Kate mentioned, we farm about

32:08.500 --> 32:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
70 miles north of here.

32:10.333 --> 32:12.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We farm about 2,700 acres.

32:12.066 --> 32:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We farm eight to 10 different

32:13.266 --> 32:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
crops.

32:15.066 --> 32:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Typically eight to 10 different

32:16.300 --> 32:17.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
types of potatoes for different

32:17.366 --> 32:18.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
markets.

32:18.833 --> 32:19.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And, really, my message is

32:19.866 --> 32:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
pretty simple.

32:21.033 --> 32:22.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We kind of fit in the middle of

32:22.200 --> 32:25.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the discussion you had here.

32:25.666 --> 32:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Agriculture is not like running

32:26.933 --> 32:28.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
a factory.

32:28.000 --> 32:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's much more complicated.

32:29.033 --> 32:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We're dealing with climate

32:30.033 --> 32:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
change and weather and all sorts

32:31.400 --> 32:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of things to do with the Earth

32:32.433 --> 32:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and nature, and so it's not as

32:34.066 --> 32:36.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
simple as just a simple question

32:36.166 --> 32:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of what are we going to plant

32:37.266 --> 32:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
this year.

32:38.366 --> 32:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
That's an incredibly complicated

32:39.466 --> 32:40.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
thing, and that's really the

32:40.500 --> 32:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
first step.

32:41.633 --> 32:43.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So we have to take into account

32:43.433 --> 32:44.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
all the things that were brought

32:44.500 --> 32:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
up earlier from is a crop going

32:47.766 --> 32:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to use less water, can we use

32:49.100 --> 32:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
less pesticides, is it going to

32:50.933 --> 32:52.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
have some consumer benefit, is

32:52.433 --> 32:53.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
it going to do something better

32:53.800 --> 32:54.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
for our employees because

32:54.900 --> 32:56.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
they're not spraying as often.

32:56.000 --> 32:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
All those things weigh into

32:57.466 --> 32:59.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
those decisions, and that, I

32:59.066 --> 33:00.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
said, I just the initial

33:00.433 --> 33:01.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
decision on our process, and

33:01.600 --> 33:02.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
then we have to continue to make

33:02.633 --> 33:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
those decisions all season long.

33:04.833 --> 33:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And so whether it's soil type,

33:08.800 --> 33:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
water use, customer acceptance,

33:11.533 --> 33:12.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
obviously that was brought up

33:12.833 --> 33:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
again as well.

33:14.066 --> 33:15.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Whether you're shipping

33:15.166 --> 33:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
domestically or sending

33:16.300 --> 33:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
something internationally, that

33:17.466 --> 33:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
may make a big difference.

33:18.533 --> 33:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We have customers that are

33:20.100 --> 33:21.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
making French fries that allow

33:21.700 --> 33:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
certain varieties and don't

33:22.866 --> 33:24.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
allow other varieties.

33:24.033 --> 33:25.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Those are not GM related, but

33:25.533 --> 33:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that's a huge part of the

33:27.300 --> 33:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
question of what we're going to

33:28.366 --> 33:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
grow.

33:29.533 --> 33:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
In some cases we don't know

33:30.600 --> 33:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
necessarily who the customer is

33:31.700 --> 33:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
going to be when we sell them.

33:32.766 --> 33:33.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So that has to play into it as

33:33.800 --> 33:34.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
well.

33:34.866 --> 33:36.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So my message is just that they

33:36.033 --> 33:37.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
got everything covered.

33:37.033 --> 33:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

33:38.033 --> 33:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And they're going to answer all

33:39.033 --> 33:40.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
of our question.

33:40.666 --> 33:41.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I can give you one example.

33:41.766 --> 33:42.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Potatoes, there was a

33:42.900 --> 33:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
commercially available GMO

33:44.600 --> 33:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
potato back, I think it was the

33:45.833 --> 33:46.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
late '90s.

33:46.833 --> 33:47.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It was called New Leaf from

33:47.933 --> 33:49.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Syngenta, and it basically

33:49.266 --> 33:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
reduced our need to spray for

33:50.700 --> 33:51.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Colorado potato beetles, which

33:51.866 --> 33:52.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is one of our biggest pests here

33:52.966 --> 33:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
in Wisconsin.

33:54.400 --> 33:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So it took probably two or three

33:56.300 --> 33:57.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
sprays out of our program.

33:57.900 --> 33:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It was incredibly effective from

33:59.433 --> 34:01.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
all scientific bases.

34:01.833 --> 34:03.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It was exactly the same as the

34:03.366 --> 34:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
varieties that it was replacing

34:05.333 --> 34:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and was grown commercially for a

34:06.566 --> 34:08.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
couple of years, and then the

34:08.333 --> 34:10.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
winds changed and Gerber and

34:10.666 --> 34:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
McDonald's and a couple of those

34:11.933 --> 34:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
companies decided they didn't

34:13.000 --> 34:14.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
want to have that so, boom, it

34:14.066 --> 34:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
was off the market.

34:15.100 --> 34:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It didn't make much difference

34:16.133 --> 34:17.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
to us.

34:17.133 --> 34:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Again, the economic question

34:18.300 --> 34:19.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that Erin brought up, that's a

34:19.466 --> 34:20.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
huge part of sustainability.

34:20.600 --> 34:22.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you can't do this profitably,

34:22.300 --> 34:23.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you can't make the right choices

34:23.966 --> 34:25.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to do the right things for the

34:25.066 --> 34:26.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
environment or for your

34:26.200 --> 34:27.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
neighbors or for your employees.

34:27.433 --> 34:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So that's a huge part of it, and

34:28.700 --> 34:30.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I can guarantee you that nobody

34:30.666 --> 34:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
is growing GMO crops because

34:32.000 --> 34:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
it's necessarily more

34:33.133 --> 34:35.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
profitable.

34:35.333 --> 34:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Travis' company knows how much

34:36.700 --> 34:38.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
it costs to replace those sprays

34:38.133 --> 34:39.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and generally they're priced

34:39.800 --> 34:40.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
comparable to if you're going to

34:40.966 --> 34:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
do something else.

34:42.133 --> 34:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So it's not a, the economics

34:43.633 --> 34:45.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
usually isn't what drives us one

34:45.900 --> 34:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
way or the other in that

34:47.033 --> 34:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
question because they're

34:48.233 --> 34:49.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
generally relatively balanced.

34:49.300 --> 34:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
They figure that out pricing

34:50.400 --> 34:51.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
wise.

34:51.500 --> 34:52.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I didn't mean to rip you at all,

34:52.633 --> 34:53.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
Travis.

34:53.633 --> 34:54.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

34:54.633 --> 34:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
I know that's not your

34:55.633 --> 34:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
department.

34:56.633 --> 34:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
It's a complicated choice.

34:57.633 --> 34:58.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So I think we're all looking

34:58.633 --> 34:59.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
forward to the Q&A,

34:59.633 --> 35:01.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
so let's go there.

35:01.100 --> 35:02.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
>> Thank you, Andy.

35:02.100 --> 35:03.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
>> Thanks.

35:03.200 --> 35:05.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]

35:06.200 --> 35:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> So, with that, we're going to

35:07.266 --> 35:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
open things up for questions

35:09.933 --> 35:12.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
from the audience.

35:12.400 --> 35:15.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We have a couple of runners

35:15.033 --> 35:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
with microphones.

35:16.600 --> 35:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So if you have a question,

35:17.866 --> 35:21.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
raise your hand.

35:21.066 --> 35:22.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I'm not seeing any right this

35:22.233 --> 35:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
minute.

35:23.233 --> 35:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
There's one.

35:27.500 --> 35:29.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
>> Thank you.

35:29.333 --> 35:31.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I don't know from where the

35:31.266 --> 35:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
information is coming that the

35:33.400 --> 35:35.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
amount of herbicides, some

35:35.100 --> 35:37.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
pesticides, are reduced because

35:37.366 --> 35:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
just a simple search on the

35:42.300 --> 35:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
internet shows the amount of

35:45.366 --> 35:47.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
herbicides has been increased

35:47.866 --> 35:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
since 1980 and continue

35:51.000 --> 35:53.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
increasing the use of

35:53.566 --> 35:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
herbicides.

35:55.500 --> 35:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What is more concerning is that

35:57.733 --> 36:01.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the use of these GMO crops are

36:01.533 --> 36:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
actually developing the

36:05.800 --> 36:08.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
resistant, right now there are

36:08.200 --> 36:11.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
18 varieties of weeds that are

36:11.266 --> 36:13.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
resistant to the herbicides and

36:13.200 --> 36:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
any scientific knows that the

36:16.600 --> 36:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
things happening with the BT

36:19.833 --> 36:24.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
pesticides you need to leave the

36:24.933 --> 36:27.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
part of the crops without BT

36:27.600 --> 36:31.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
because if one insect survived,

36:31.366 --> 36:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that insect is going to develop

36:33.366 --> 36:35.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
a population that is resistant.

36:35.466 --> 36:37.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So we're just playing with time.

36:37.500 --> 36:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
That's what we are doing.

36:41.700 --> 36:43.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> So there are two questions

36:43.433 --> 36:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
here, I think.

36:44.666 --> 36:46.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
One is about insects building

36:46.900 --> 36:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
resistance to BT, and then the

36:50.933 --> 36:52.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
weed control issue.

36:52.666 --> 36:53.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And, Travis, I think this one is

36:53.700 --> 36:54.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
for you.

36:54.700 --> 36:55.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> I guess that was targeted

36:55.766 --> 36:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
at me.

36:56.800 --> 36:58.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Yeah.

36:58.000 --> 36:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> I think your first question

36:59.133 --> 37:00.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
around the herbicides, I think

37:00.900 --> 37:02.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that those numbers are real in

37:02.900 --> 37:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
terms of how many herbicides,

37:04.833 --> 37:06.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
like the amount of herbicide

37:06.000 --> 37:07.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
that was reduced.

37:07.400 --> 37:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So you're right, there are

37:08.800 --> 37:10.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
different herbicides being used,

37:10.366 --> 37:11.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
which is actually a good thing

37:11.500 --> 37:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
because when we talk about

37:12.766 --> 37:13.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
herbicides as well as

37:13.866 --> 37:15.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
insecticides, we talk about

37:15.433 --> 37:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
modes of action.

37:17.166 --> 37:18.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I don't know if everyone

37:18.266 --> 37:19.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
knows what a mode of action is,

37:19.533 --> 37:21.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
but, essentially, the chemistry

37:21.466 --> 37:22.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
interacts differently with

37:22.833 --> 37:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
whatever it's trying to kill in

37:25.166 --> 37:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
this case, whether it be an

37:26.300 --> 37:27.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
insect or a plant.

37:27.866 --> 37:29.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And so the more diversity, just

37:29.133 --> 37:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
like the more diversity you can

37:30.433 --> 37:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
plant in the field, the more

37:31.633 --> 37:32.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
diversity you can use and the

37:32.966 --> 37:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
chemistry you use helps prevent

37:34.400 --> 37:35.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that resistance from building

37:35.500 --> 37:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5%
up.

37:36.633 --> 37:38.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And so regardless of whether

37:38.066 --> 37:40.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
it's a GM crop or it's a

37:40.300 --> 37:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
chemical or even if it's an

37:42.533 --> 37:44.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
organically certified chemical

37:44.033 --> 37:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
like BT, organic groups could

37:47.033 --> 37:50.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
use a BT pesticide.

37:50.333 --> 37:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Instead of it being engineered

37:51.533 --> 37:52.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
into the plant, they just

37:52.633 --> 37:53.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
sprinkle the protein on the

37:53.766 --> 37:55.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
plant.

37:55.166 --> 37:56.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
So you can also create

37:56.400 --> 37:57.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
resistance there, and it has

37:57.700 --> 37:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
created resistance as well.

37:58.900 --> 38:00.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So it just depends on how you

38:00.266 --> 38:02.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
manage it.

38:02.333 --> 38:04.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So I think it all goes back to

38:04.466 --> 38:06.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
what Andy mentioned as well.

38:06.066 --> 38:08.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
It's a system.

38:08.133 --> 38:10.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And if you abuse any one point

38:10.800 --> 38:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
in that system or you're not

38:12.766 --> 38:15.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
careful of how you use it, you

38:15.366 --> 38:17.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
certainly can risk losing it

38:17.600 --> 38:19.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
because you will build up

38:19.033 --> 38:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
resistance.

38:20.433 --> 38:21.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And that's sort of a challenge

38:21.800 --> 38:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that we deal with whether it's a

38:23.233 --> 38:24.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
GM crop or just conventional

38:24.933 --> 38:27.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
systems.

38:27.633 --> 38:29.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> I would echo that comment.

38:29.166 --> 38:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The resistance management, that

38:30.400 --> 38:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
wasn't brought up previously.

38:31.833 --> 38:33.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But that's an issue if you're

38:33.166 --> 38:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
using pesticides or you're using

38:35.800 --> 38:36.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
biological practices or if

38:36.966 --> 38:38.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
you're using GMOs.

38:38.333 --> 38:39.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
That's a huge part of the

38:39.433 --> 38:40.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
diversity that we have on our

38:40.633 --> 38:41.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
farm and that the university

38:41.766 --> 38:43.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
here pushes us to maintain.

38:43.566 --> 38:44.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Most of us that are using GM

38:44.633 --> 38:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
crops are also using non-GMO

38:45.933 --> 38:47.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
crops.

38:47.133 --> 38:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So you're trying to continue

38:49.766 --> 38:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
mixing up what you're using to

38:51.000 --> 38:53.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
deal with the pest pressures and

38:53.133 --> 38:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
the weed pressures.

38:55.000 --> 38:56.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I think everybody in the

38:56.233 --> 38:57.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
room understands that a strip

38:57.433 --> 38:58.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
monoculture of one variety of

38:58.566 --> 39:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
one pesticide program or one

39:00.800 --> 39:02.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
herbicide program is not a good

39:02.033 --> 39:03.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
way to go.

39:03.133 --> 39:04.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And certainly the university and

39:04.300 --> 39:06.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the companies understand that.

39:06.066 --> 39:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
That's a battle that we fight

39:07.666 --> 39:09.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
constantly to try to maintain as

39:09.733 --> 39:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
many tools in the toolbox as we

39:10.900 --> 39:12.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
can.

39:12.600 --> 39:15.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> So maybe for both of you too,

39:15.200 --> 39:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
what resources are available to

39:18.000 --> 39:20.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
producers, either from

39:20.400 --> 39:22.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
universities or companies or

39:22.700 --> 39:26.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
third party entities, to support

39:26.233 --> 39:28.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the farmer in deciding what are

39:28.300 --> 39:32.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
good management practices?

39:32.466 --> 39:34.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> So I can certainly say what

39:34.000 --> 39:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we've started doing with growers

39:35.666 --> 39:37.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
is offering packages.

39:37.866 --> 39:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So in the case of herbicides,

39:41.466 --> 39:43.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
obviously the main GM that's out

39:43.366 --> 39:46.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
there is Roundup resistance.

39:46.266 --> 39:47.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But we also realize that are

39:47.900 --> 39:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
weeds that are resistant to

39:49.100 --> 39:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Roundup, so we offer assistance

39:52.100 --> 39:55.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with other chemicals that the

39:55.400 --> 39:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
farmer can use and other

39:56.766 --> 39:58.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
cultural methods that they can

39:58.400 --> 39:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
use to control the weeds.

39:59.666 --> 40:00.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So we'll actually partner with

40:00.933 --> 40:02.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
them to help either provide

40:02.800 --> 40:05.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
information or even, in some

40:05.066 --> 40:07.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
cases, provide funding or

40:07.366 --> 40:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
rebates to actually get to those

40:09.200 --> 40:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
other modes of action of

40:10.600 --> 40:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
chemistry to help support what

40:12.200 --> 40:13.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
they're doing and help enable

40:13.533 --> 40:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
them to actually do a broader

40:16.700 --> 40:17.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
resistance program if they're

40:17.800 --> 40:19.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
not already doing it.

40:19.133 --> 40:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And that's just kind of one

40:20.533 --> 40:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
avenue.

40:21.600 --> 40:22.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I think the other big piece is

40:22.766 --> 40:24.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what's been put in place with

40:24.766 --> 40:27.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
most insect resistant crops is

40:27.666 --> 40:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
what we call refuge, and it's a

40:29.033 --> 40:30.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
mandatory federally regulated

40:30.566 --> 40:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
refuge that needs to be put into

40:32.000 --> 40:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
place.

40:34.466 --> 40:35.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
In the past, it was really

40:35.900 --> 40:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
difficult for a grower, and Andy

40:37.333 --> 40:38.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you can probably speak to this,

40:38.666 --> 40:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
they had to actually manage that

40:39.866 --> 40:40.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
themselves.

40:40.933 --> 40:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So they had to buy both types of

40:42.433 --> 40:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
seed, the BT seed and the non-BT

40:45.933 --> 40:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
seed, and they actually had to

40:47.100 --> 40:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
plant, depending on the product,

40:50.600 --> 40:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
up to a 20% refuge with the

40:52.100 --> 40:53.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
non-BT product.

40:53.433 --> 40:54.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They actually had to physically

40:54.566 --> 40:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
go in their field and mix it.

40:57.000 --> 40:58.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And that was challenging because

40:58.266 --> 40:59.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
a farmer had to manage these

40:59.933 --> 41:01.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
different things and did they

41:01.266 --> 41:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
have the right amount of refuge

41:02.466 --> 41:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to prevent the resistance.

41:03.666 --> 41:04.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What we've done since then is

41:04.733 --> 41:06.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
we've created a thing called

41:06.000 --> 41:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
refuge in the bag.

41:07.233 --> 41:08.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
What we've done is we've decided

41:08.966 --> 41:10.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to actually mix the seed ahead

41:10.200 --> 41:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of time so the farmer doesn't

41:11.533 --> 41:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
have to deal with that anymore.

41:13.233 --> 41:14.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And this has all come as a

41:14.466 --> 41:16.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
partnership with the growers

41:16.333 --> 41:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
because they've said they're

41:17.766 --> 41:18.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
challenged with managing this

41:18.900 --> 41:20.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
resistance in the field because

41:20.600 --> 41:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
they have to manage two

41:21.600 --> 41:22.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
different types of seed, so

41:22.700 --> 41:24.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we've kind of helped them manage

41:24.200 --> 41:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that so they can buy one bag of

41:25.733 --> 41:27.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
seed, plant it, and it gets

41:27.866 --> 41:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
mixed and they're abiding by the

41:29.366 --> 41:31.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
right rules to mitigate the

41:31.966 --> 41:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
resistance from building up.

41:34.400 --> 41:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So, something we've done.

41:35.733 --> 41:36.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
>> A couple other things

41:36.733 --> 41:37.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
I would say.

41:37.966 --> 41:39.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Certainly the university

41:39.566 --> 41:41.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
research, we fund a fair bit of

41:41.100 --> 41:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that, but it's ongoing research

41:42.300 --> 41:43.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that's done every year that

41:43.566 --> 41:44.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
tests efficacy of different

41:44.366 --> 41:45.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
products, different combinations

41:45.666 --> 41:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of products on different pests,

41:47.333 --> 41:49.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
different weeds.

41:49.000 --> 41:50.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And then probably the last thing

41:50.533 --> 41:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is the group that I know Travis'

41:52.100 --> 41:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
company is involved with as

41:53.300 --> 41:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
well.

41:54.500 --> 41:55.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
All the manufacturers of

41:55.766 --> 41:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
pesticides along with the EPA

41:58.133 --> 41:59.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
have, educationally now they've

41:59.966 --> 42:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
gone through and grouped

42:01.233 --> 42:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
everything by mode of action as

42:02.466 --> 42:03.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
an educational tool for the

42:03.700 --> 42:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
growers to understand that you

42:04.900 --> 42:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
need to use different modes of

42:06.033 --> 42:07.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
action.

42:07.100 --> 42:08.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It's especially effective on

42:08.200 --> 42:09.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
certain pests and things, but

42:09.666 --> 42:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that's now a very standardize

42:11.466 --> 42:13.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
process so that when I'm going

42:13.600 --> 42:14.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to go make an application for a

42:14.833 --> 42:16.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
certain weed, I can look and see

42:16.066 --> 42:17.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
what my choices are.

42:17.833 --> 42:19.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Some diseases and pests only

42:19.633 --> 42:20.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
have one or two modes of action

42:20.866 --> 42:22.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
but some have several, and so if

42:22.100 --> 42:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
you have to make multiple

42:23.233 --> 42:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
applications during the year,

42:24.266 --> 42:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
you can change those during

42:25.366 --> 42:26.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
the year.

42:26.466 --> 42:27.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And they've done a good job of

42:27.666 --> 42:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
letting us understand which

42:29.000 --> 42:30.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
products fall in which mode of

42:30.133 --> 42:31.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
action.

42:31.233 --> 42:32.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Okay, Dominique is going to

42:32.333 --> 42:33.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
respond, then we'll go back to

42:33.466 --> 42:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
the audience.

42:34.533 --> 42:35.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> Yeah, I just wanted to follow

42:35.666 --> 42:37.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
up on what you said because it's

42:37.100 --> 42:38.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
one of the challenges when you

42:38.766 --> 42:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
try to measure risk to a new

42:41.033 --> 42:42.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology.

42:42.700 --> 42:44.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And the one that you just

42:44.300 --> 42:46.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
addressed is a legitimate one.

42:46.200 --> 42:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
How can you actually identify

42:48.733 --> 42:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the risk related to the specific

42:50.300 --> 42:51.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
technology versus something

42:51.733 --> 42:52.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that's related to agricultural

42:52.833 --> 42:54.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
practices?

42:54.533 --> 42:55.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So are we talking about a

42:55.666 --> 42:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
problem with American

42:56.800 --> 42:58.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
agricultural systems, or are we

42:58.400 --> 42:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
talking about the problem

42:59.666 --> 43:00.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
related just to genetic

43:00.833 --> 43:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
engineering?

43:02.500 --> 43:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And that's, I think, something

43:03.733 --> 43:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that we forget very often, to

43:05.800 --> 43:07.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
try to dissociate or try to have

43:07.700 --> 43:09.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
a broader picture and put it

43:09.800 --> 43:11.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
back in the picture that Andy

43:11.066 --> 43:12.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
and Travis have very well

43:12.366 --> 43:14.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
explained.

43:14.800 --> 43:15.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> Yes, we have a question back

43:15.833 --> 43:16.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

43:16.900 --> 43:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
>> Hi.

43:18.333 --> 43:20.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I'm interested in kind of the

43:20.133 --> 43:21.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
farmer's perspective.

43:21.200 --> 43:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
I know there's a big mixed

43:22.500 --> 43:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
public opinion on GMOs and big

43:23.666 --> 43:25.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
debate, but is there more of a

43:25.466 --> 43:26.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
consensus or less of a consensus

43:26.966 --> 43:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
among farmers what they want to

43:28.933 --> 43:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
use?

43:30.066 --> 43:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And also, you mentioned that

43:31.800 --> 43:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
economics isn't really the

43:33.000 --> 43:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
driving factor in the choice, so

43:34.433 --> 43:35.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
what are some of the factors

43:35.633 --> 43:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
that play in?

43:37.333 --> 43:38.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
>> I can respond from the

43:38.833 --> 43:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
scientific research perspective

43:41.533 --> 43:42.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
as the data we have, and I think

43:42.933 --> 43:46.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you wouldn't say that there is a

43:46.166 --> 43:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
consensus about farmers.

43:47.666 --> 43:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It depends what type of farmers

43:48.866 --> 43:50.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you're talking about, and what's

43:50.166 --> 43:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
important to the type of farmers

43:51.533 --> 43:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
we're talking about.

43:53.233 --> 43:54.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
As far as the data that's

43:54.466 --> 43:58.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
available, we actually see that

43:58.200 --> 44:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the economic related information

44:00.866 --> 44:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
are important to farmers.

44:02.700 --> 44:04.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
At the end of the day, you know

44:04.066 --> 44:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
farmers are businessmen like all

44:05.366 --> 44:06.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
of us.

44:06.866 --> 44:08.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So they need to make a living

44:08.366 --> 44:09.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and they're trying to find the

44:09.466 --> 44:11.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
best way to satisfy consumers,

44:11.766 --> 44:12.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to actually make sure that their

44:12.800 --> 44:14.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
workers have a decent pay, and

44:14.200 --> 44:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
so on.

44:15.333 --> 44:16.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So we have found that the

44:16.466 --> 44:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
economic considerations are very

44:17.766 --> 44:19.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
important.

44:19.033 --> 44:20.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
As far as adaption levels, it

44:20.633 --> 44:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
depends on the type of farming

44:21.933 --> 44:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
community, and it depends on

44:23.233 --> 44:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what part of the world you're

44:25.233 --> 44:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
talking about too.

44:26.666 --> 44:29.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So that's the crucial point.

44:29.066 --> 44:30.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
>> Yeah, I would agree.

44:30.233 --> 44:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think Erin brought it up on

44:31.700 --> 44:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
the organic side.

44:32.766 --> 44:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
She said that is a pretty

44:34.100 --> 44:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
diverse opinion within the

44:35.233 --> 44:36.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
organic community, and that

44:36.266 --> 44:37.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
resonates through all of

44:37.400 --> 44:38.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
agriculture.

44:38.500 --> 44:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
We're all consumers.

44:39.500 --> 44:40.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We're all subjected to the same

44:40.666 --> 44:42.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
information that you guys are.

44:42.100 --> 44:44.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think most of us believe in

44:44.266 --> 44:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the science, especially those of

44:45.366 --> 44:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
us that work real closely with

44:46.533 --> 44:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
the university.

44:48.066 --> 44:49.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But there are a lot of factors,

44:49.500 --> 44:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
as I mentioned.

44:50.733 --> 44:52.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Whether it's environmental.

44:52.933 --> 44:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Some of the things that GMOs

44:54.000 --> 44:56.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
have allowed is us to use much

44:56.333 --> 44:57.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
softer pesticides.

44:57.533 --> 44:58.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We maybe aren't using less,

44:58.566 --> 44:59.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
which is what some of the

44:59.633 --> 45:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
challenge is in looking at just

45:00.800 --> 45:02.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
amounts or even amount of active

45:02.166 --> 45:03.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
ingredient over the last 20 or

45:03.333 --> 45:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
30 years.

45:04.500 --> 45:05.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The pesticides we use now are

45:05.900 --> 45:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
incredibly safer, both for our

45:07.600 --> 45:08.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
employees and for the

45:08.600 --> 45:09.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
environment, than they were

45:09.600 --> 45:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
20 years ago.

45:10.600 --> 45:11.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And that's something that isn't,

45:11.600 --> 45:12.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
you don't see because it's not

45:12.666 --> 45:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
necessarily less active

45:13.800 --> 45:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
ingredient but it's a much safer

45:15.000 --> 45:16.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
product.

45:16.000 --> 45:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It has much smaller impacts on

45:17.500 --> 45:18.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
beneficials, much easier to

45:18.933 --> 45:20.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
handle of the employees.

45:20.200 --> 45:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
My dad used to come home and

45:21.933 --> 45:23.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
had followed all the rules, but

45:23.333 --> 45:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
his toes would be yellow.

45:25.500 --> 45:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And it's from the products we

45:26.666 --> 45:27.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
used to use, and that just

45:27.700 --> 45:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
doesn't happen anymore.

45:29.100 --> 45:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And that's one of the things.

45:31.400 --> 45:32.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
If you can get to the things

45:32.500 --> 45:33.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that they're trying to do in the

45:33.600 --> 45:35.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
future, in potatoes if they

45:35.400 --> 45:36.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
could get late blight

45:36.533 --> 45:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
resistance, late blight is what

45:37.733 --> 45:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
caused the Irish potato famine.

45:39.000 --> 45:40.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It is responsible for well over

45:40.033 --> 45:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
half of our sprays here in

45:41.266 --> 45:43.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Wisconsin because it's such a

45:43.066 --> 45:44.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
devastating disease.

45:44.633 --> 45:46.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And we have a perfect climate

45:46.566 --> 45:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
for it here in Wisconsin with

45:48.866 --> 45:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the high humidity we have.

45:50.300 --> 45:51.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So if they could get that, and

45:51.400 --> 45:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
we have university genomics

45:52.733 --> 45:53.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
researchers here that are pretty

45:53.833 --> 45:55.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
close to doing that.

45:55.033 --> 45:56.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
They're just trying to get it

45:56.066 --> 45:57.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
into a more conventional

45:57.133 --> 45:58.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
variety.

45:58.233 --> 45:59.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
That would have huge

45:59.400 --> 46:00.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
implications for both our

46:00.700 --> 46:05.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
employees and the environment.

46:05.533 --> 46:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> I think we have another one

46:06.633 --> 46:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
at the panel here.

46:07.666 --> 46:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Yeah.

46:08.800 --> 46:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I just have one that maybe Erin

46:09.866 --> 46:11.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and Dominique could speak to.

46:11.200 --> 46:12.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I just got back from Oregon, and

46:12.300 --> 46:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
if you turn on the TV, what

46:13.300 --> 46:14.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you're going to see are a bunch

46:14.366 --> 46:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
of ads for and against a

46:16.666 --> 46:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
labeling referendum.

46:18.866 --> 46:20.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And Colorado is looking to vote

46:20.033 --> 46:21.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
on this as well.

46:21.100 --> 46:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
In this election cycle, there

46:22.433 --> 46:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
are several referenda, I

46:23.833 --> 46:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
believe, at least two but there

46:25.033 --> 46:27.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
may be more, for labeling GMOs,

46:27.433 --> 46:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and they're somewhat Byzantine

46:28.700 --> 46:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and I find the advertising very

46:30.333 --> 46:31.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
confusing.

46:31.666 --> 46:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And you see weird arguments on

46:33.100 --> 46:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
both sides.

46:34.100 --> 46:35.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
You have organic growers that

46:35.100 --> 46:36.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
are pro-labeling and

46:36.100 --> 46:37.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
anti-labeling.

46:37.100 --> 46:38.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So I wonder what you think about

46:38.100 --> 46:39.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
the communication issues,

46:39.533 --> 46:41.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Dominique, but also, Erin,

46:41.766 --> 46:44.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
what's up with labeling?

46:44.166 --> 46:45.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
>> I guess in terms of the

46:45.666 --> 46:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
diversity of viewpoints you may

46:47.100 --> 46:48.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
be seeing from an organic

46:48.500 --> 46:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
farmer, I think the organic

46:50.033 --> 46:52.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
community with respect to the

46:52.400 --> 46:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
farming and processing community

46:54.166 --> 46:57.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
prides itself on the fact that

46:57.133 --> 46:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
organic is a place where the

46:59.133 --> 47:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
consumer can go and be assured

47:01.366 --> 47:02.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that the product that they're

47:02.633 --> 47:05.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
purchasing is non-GMO.

47:05.133 --> 47:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So there may be a bit of

47:08.033 --> 47:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
contention between having

47:10.766 --> 47:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
another label out there against

47:13.000 --> 47:14.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
the organic label.

47:14.100 --> 47:15.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I could potentially see that

47:15.733 --> 47:17.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
being a concern of some organic

47:17.100 --> 47:19.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
farmers that it's creating

47:19.333 --> 47:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
confusion in the marketplace

47:20.733 --> 47:23.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
with various labels that may or

47:23.066 --> 47:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
may not be regulated in the same

47:25.500 --> 47:26.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
way.

47:26.600 --> 47:28.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
There's another label that you

47:28.033 --> 47:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
guys may see in Whole Foods or

47:29.900 --> 47:32.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
some other markets that's

47:32.600 --> 47:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
non-GMO product verified.

47:34.666 --> 47:35.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So there are multiple labels out

47:35.966 --> 47:37.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
there in the marketplace that

47:37.033 --> 47:38.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
can cause consumer confusion.

47:38.966 --> 47:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So that would be probably my

47:41.333 --> 47:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
thoughts in terms of why you're

47:43.633 --> 47:45.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
seeing those varied viewpoints

47:45.400 --> 47:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
in terms of organic farmers, but

47:48.366 --> 47:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
it's more the multi-label issue.

47:52.100 --> 47:53.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> That's a very good point,

47:53.400 --> 47:54.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
actually, and that's very

47:54.733 --> 47:55.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
representative of the state of

47:55.966 --> 47:57.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the debate right now in the

47:57.133 --> 47:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
United States.

47:58.333 --> 47:59.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And going back to Erin, I think

47:59.600 --> 48:01.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
this doesn't actually contribute

48:01.966 --> 48:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to individuals being clear about

48:04.900 --> 48:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
what to think about the issue.

48:06.566 --> 48:08.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But if you remember what I was

48:08.100 --> 48:09.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
telling you about, how people

48:09.766 --> 48:11.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
perceive risk and how ultimately

48:11.566 --> 48:13.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
they make decisions, rationality

48:13.700 --> 48:16.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
in all of us, myself included,

48:16.000 --> 48:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
may not be actually as important

48:18.166 --> 48:19.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
as we may think.

48:19.933 --> 48:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And when we think in terms of

48:21.166 --> 48:22.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
public opinion in the

48:22.400 --> 48:24.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
United States, genetically

48:24.200 --> 48:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
engineered crops, roughly,

48:25.700 --> 48:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
we have the same proportion of

48:27.266 --> 48:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
people that think it is causing

48:29.533 --> 48:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
serious health concern,

48:32.066 --> 48:33.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the ones who don't think it's

48:33.366 --> 48:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
causing a health concern, and

48:35.233 --> 48:37.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the ones who don't have any

48:37.600 --> 48:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
opinion about it.

48:38.700 --> 48:40.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So the ones that already think

48:40.100 --> 48:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
it causes serious health

48:41.533 --> 48:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
concerns may want labeling for

48:42.666 --> 48:44.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
very specific reasons.

48:44.800 --> 48:46.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The ones that don't have a clear

48:46.000 --> 48:47.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
idea, they're going to use what

48:47.800 --> 48:49.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
we call motivated reasoning.

48:49.533 --> 48:50.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So they're going to actually

48:50.666 --> 48:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
anchor the judgment of whatever

48:52.233 --> 48:53.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
somebody they trust is telling

48:53.366 --> 48:54.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
them.

48:54.466 --> 48:55.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So the advertising for that part

48:55.800 --> 48:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of the spectrum of opinion, that

48:57.633 --> 48:59.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
actually reinforces whatever

48:59.166 --> 49:00.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
they think.

49:00.266 --> 49:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And the ones that are against,

49:01.433 --> 49:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
the same way.

49:02.466 --> 49:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So to some extent, the ones that

49:03.733 --> 49:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
are most vocal as far as giving

49:05.500 --> 49:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
an idea that resonates with what

49:07.533 --> 49:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
we think already will win the

49:09.833 --> 49:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
game.

49:12.200 --> 49:13.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> Okay, let's go back to the

49:13.333 --> 49:14.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
audience.

49:14.400 --> 49:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We've got someone back there,

49:15.466 --> 49:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and I see some other hands, one

49:16.666 --> 49:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
other hand up here.

49:18.000 --> 49:19.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> Yeah, thank you very much.

49:19.633 --> 49:22.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I have two questions and some

49:22.466 --> 49:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
others ones, but I'll just ask

49:24.266 --> 49:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
these two.

49:25.566 --> 49:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The first one is, how much is

49:27.533 --> 49:29.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the UW investing in organic

49:29.866 --> 49:32.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
research like crop breeding

49:32.700 --> 49:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
compared to the amount of

49:34.533 --> 49:39.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
investing in GMO crops or

49:39.300 --> 49:41.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
research?

49:41.800 --> 49:43.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And the second question, you

49:43.033 --> 49:46.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
mentioned labeling, and I'm just

49:46.700 --> 49:48.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
going to go back to that.

49:48.400 --> 49:51.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
My question is, why are they

49:51.133 --> 49:53.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
opposing labeling?

49:53.533 --> 49:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What difference does it make to

49:55.600 --> 49:56.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the GMO companies or anybody

49:56.833 --> 49:58.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
else whether it's labeled or

49:58.166 --> 49:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
not?

49:59.200 --> 50:01.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It would seem to me and the

50:01.566 --> 50:04.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
person regarding the opinions of

50:04.100 --> 50:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
people and so forth, it seems to

50:06.333 --> 50:08.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
me then the people have a choice

50:08.733 --> 50:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
There seems to be the question

50:10.600 --> 50:12.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
here a lot of times of choice

50:12.866 --> 50:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and that you don't want to give

50:15.133 --> 50:16.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
the people choice.

50:16.266 --> 50:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
You just say we'll throw it all

50:17.433 --> 50:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
in because it's all the same.

50:18.800 --> 50:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But people make choices whether

50:20.566 --> 50:21.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
they're going to buy a red car,

50:21.733 --> 50:23.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
blue car, this type, that type

50:23.200 --> 50:24.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
and so forth.

50:24.900 --> 50:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
So thank you.

50:26.100 --> 50:27.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
>> Let's take the labeling

50:27.200 --> 50:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
question first.

50:30.400 --> 50:33.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> I can address a little bit of

50:33.466 --> 50:36.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
the cost side of it.

50:36.366 --> 50:37.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But I think our industry is in

50:37.566 --> 50:39.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
favor of voluntary labeling on

50:39.933 --> 50:41.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
a national level so we don't

50:41.366 --> 50:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
have 50 different labeling

50:42.466 --> 50:43.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
rules, which is going to be

50:43.566 --> 50:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
really complicated.

50:44.666 --> 50:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But I think the challenge comes,

50:46.133 --> 50:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
in potatoes it's not a

50:47.100 --> 50:48.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
challenge.

50:48.166 --> 50:49.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
We grow potatoes.

50:49.466 --> 50:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We grow specific varieties.

50:50.600 --> 50:52.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
They're all handled differently.

50:52.166 --> 50:53.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
They're going directly to

50:53.300 --> 50:54.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
market, very directly, maybe

50:54.533 --> 50:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
through distribution centers.

50:55.633 --> 50:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
So that's quite easy.

50:56.766 --> 50:57.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But when you get into some of

50:57.866 --> 50:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the commodity crops, corn and

50:59.000 --> 51:00.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
soybeans, where you're

51:00.133 --> 51:02.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
commingling millions of bushels

51:02.133 --> 51:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
at hundreds of facilities across

51:03.500 --> 51:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the country, you'd have to

51:06.200 --> 51:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
double, triple, quadruple

51:07.533 --> 51:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
probably, the amount of storage

51:08.900 --> 51:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
for those crops to handle them

51:10.466 --> 51:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
all separately at all stages.

51:11.900 --> 51:13.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I don't think anybody is

51:13.400 --> 51:14.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
equipped to make that sort of

51:14.966 --> 51:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
investment at this point.

51:16.866 --> 51:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I think the preference is that

51:18.200 --> 51:19.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
you might label the premium

51:19.466 --> 51:20.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
products that you would assume

51:20.833 --> 51:22.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
would be GMO free, and so that's

51:22.766 --> 51:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
being done already.

51:23.900 --> 51:26.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
That's the preserved products.

51:26.000 --> 51:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But labeling the full commodity

51:27.400 --> 51:28.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
crops that are currently

51:28.800 --> 51:30.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
commingled is a infrastructure

51:30.900 --> 51:32.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
nightmare, really.

51:32.400 --> 51:33.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> Yeah, and to follow up on

51:33.666 --> 51:35.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
what Andy has said is it's more

51:35.866 --> 51:37.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
complicated than we actually

51:37.566 --> 51:40.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
think it is because most of, 60%

51:40.833 --> 51:42.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of the food on the grocery store

51:42.600 --> 51:44.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
shelves right now contain some

51:44.133 --> 51:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
kind of GM because of corn syrup

51:47.000 --> 51:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
for example.

51:48.033 --> 51:49.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So if you think of processed

51:49.400 --> 51:51.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
food and think that you would

51:51.033 --> 51:52.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
have to actually make sure that

51:52.500 --> 51:54.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
you can accurately or because

51:54.666 --> 51:56.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
just labeling is great but

51:56.366 --> 51:58.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
actually labeling is a question

51:58.233 --> 51:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of accuracy and really represent

51:59.666 --> 52:01.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
what's out there.

52:01.266 --> 52:02.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It gets way more complicated.

52:02.933 --> 52:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
>> Right.

52:03.933 --> 52:05.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Maybe I should have been more

52:05.100 --> 52:06.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
accurate.

52:06.166 --> 52:07.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you're looking in the produce

52:07.233 --> 52:08.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
section where you're getting

52:08.300 --> 52:09.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
direct produce from the farm or

52:09.300 --> 52:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
through whatever channels,

52:10.300 --> 52:11.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that's fairly easy, but when you

52:11.333 --> 52:12.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
start using ingredients,

52:12.400 --> 52:13.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
especially on large scales, that

52:13.433 --> 52:14.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
are going into Betty Crocker or

52:14.766 --> 52:15.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
something like that, it gets

52:15.900 --> 52:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
much more complicated and much

52:17.466 --> 52:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
more expensive.

52:19.800 --> 52:20.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> Anything else from the panel

52:20.833 --> 52:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
on this?

52:22.866 --> 52:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The question before the labeling

52:25.000 --> 52:28.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
question was about how much is

52:28.400 --> 52:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the UW invested in one part or

52:31.166 --> 52:33.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
the other, correct?

52:33.033 --> 52:34.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
>> Yeah, that's correct.

52:34.133 --> 52:35.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Yeah.

52:35.366 --> 52:36.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So I think I'll invite Erin to

52:36.566 --> 52:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
comment, but I'll just first

52:37.800 --> 52:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
say, as dean, we have a very

52:40.200 --> 52:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
strong plant breeding and plant

52:41.433 --> 52:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
genetics program here for

52:44.600 --> 52:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
graduate student training.

52:47.100 --> 52:50.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And it's a very interesting mix.

52:50.100 --> 52:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
A number of folks go through

52:51.800 --> 52:53.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
that program and end up at

52:53.600 --> 52:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Monsanto or another biotech

52:55.000 --> 52:56.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
company.

52:56.233 --> 52:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Others go in other directions.

52:58.333 --> 52:59.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
We have a number of students

52:59.766 --> 53:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that have been very interested

53:01.066 --> 53:02.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
in breeding things for an

53:02.433 --> 53:04.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
organic market, looking at, and

53:04.833 --> 53:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I'll let you maybe comment about

53:06.433 --> 53:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
that, Erin.

53:07.600 --> 53:08.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Sure.

53:08.633 --> 53:09.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> Yeah, why don't you talk

53:09.700 --> 53:10.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
about that.

53:10.800 --> 53:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> I feel very lucky to be an

53:11.900 --> 53:13.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
organic specialist at UW.

53:13.300 --> 53:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think we are currently, and

53:15.300 --> 53:17.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
maybe my colleagues in other

53:17.233 --> 53:18.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
states would disagree, but a

53:18.633 --> 53:20.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
leader in organic breeding.

53:20.633 --> 53:23.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We're lucky to have several

53:23.033 --> 53:24.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
vital public breeding programs

53:24.766 --> 53:26.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
here on campus.

53:26.166 --> 53:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So there's active activities

53:27.400 --> 53:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
with breeding sweetcorn

53:28.933 --> 53:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
specifically for organic

53:30.400 --> 53:31.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
production, breeding carrots

53:31.533 --> 53:32.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
specifically for organic

53:32.800 --> 53:34.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
production, working with

53:34.333 --> 53:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
partners across the country,

53:35.600 --> 53:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
looking at breeding tomatoes and

53:37.166 --> 53:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
squash and snap beans

53:39.000 --> 53:40.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
specifically for organic

53:40.166 --> 53:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
production.

53:41.466 --> 53:44.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Again, that reflects upon CALS's

53:44.100 --> 53:45.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
commitment to public breeding

53:45.666 --> 53:47.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
programs in general

53:47.166 --> 53:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And those public breeders are

53:48.366 --> 53:49.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
really interested in working

53:49.666 --> 53:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with organic farmers and are,

53:50.733 --> 53:52.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and a lot of great students that

53:52.066 --> 53:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have been funded by fellowships.

53:53.933 --> 53:56.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Next summer many of our students

53:56.266 --> 53:58.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
are going to be planning,

53:58.000 --> 53:59.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I think it's the third or fourth

53:59.266 --> 54:00.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
annual student organic seed

54:00.666 --> 54:02.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
symposium.

54:02.000 --> 54:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Bringing students involved in

54:03.600 --> 54:04.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
organic breeding from across the

54:04.800 --> 54:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
country here to Madison and

54:06.133 --> 54:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
visiting sites around the state.

54:07.800 --> 54:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So there is a lot of investment

54:09.200 --> 54:10.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and commitment, I would say,

54:10.566 --> 54:11.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
from CALS and the broader

54:11.866 --> 54:13.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
UW campus.

54:13.533 --> 54:14.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> As far as public breeding

54:14.800 --> 54:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
programs are concerned, there

54:16.700 --> 54:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
are many crops that are not the

54:18.733 --> 54:20.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
big commodity crops where most

54:20.333 --> 54:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of the breeding is still done in

54:21.766 --> 54:23.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
universities.

54:23.200 --> 54:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But, Travis, perhaps you might

54:24.866 --> 54:27.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
want to mention beyond soybeans

54:27.133 --> 54:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
and corn the kinds of plant

54:29.366 --> 54:32.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
genetic programs that are at

54:32.166 --> 54:33.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
Monsanto.

54:33.833 --> 54:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Sure.

54:34.933 --> 54:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We've got most of our programs,

54:37.800 --> 54:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
for lack of a better term, they

54:39.033 --> 54:40.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
kind of are organic.

54:40.333 --> 54:41.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Our corn breeding program is

54:41.500 --> 54:43.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
completely GM free.

54:43.400 --> 54:44.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Most of our vegetable, actually,

54:44.800 --> 54:46.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
yeah, most of our vegetable

54:46.100 --> 54:49.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
breeding is entirely GM free

54:49.266 --> 54:50.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
until they actually go to the

54:50.533 --> 54:52.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
market.

54:52.033 --> 54:53.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So the breeding and the research

54:53.266 --> 54:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
is done on the crops before they

54:57.300 --> 55:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
go out to the grower, the

55:01.466 --> 55:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
farmer.

55:03.100 --> 55:04.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We have an integration process

55:04.733 --> 55:06.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that brings the GM traits

55:06.866 --> 55:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
together with the germplasm sort

55:09.000 --> 55:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of at the end of the process

55:10.333 --> 55:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
before it goes out.

55:11.666 --> 55:13.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So there is the ability if

55:13.533 --> 55:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
individuals are willing to or

55:15.100 --> 55:19.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
wanting that material, they can

55:19.333 --> 55:22.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
grow that type of material.

55:22.000 --> 55:23.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It's a little tougher with the

55:23.866 --> 55:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
larger row crops like corn,

55:26.566 --> 55:27.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
cotton, and soybeans just

55:27.766 --> 55:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
because of the size of the

55:29.600 --> 55:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
market that actually wants

55:31.766 --> 55:33.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
conventionally bred material

55:33.600 --> 55:35.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
versus conventionally bred with

55:35.333 --> 55:38.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
GM added is very small,

55:38.000 --> 55:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
typically.

55:39.333 --> 55:41.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
But in the vegetable side,

55:41.166 --> 55:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
it's much, much larger.

55:42.466 --> 55:43.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So we've gone the route that we

55:43.700 --> 55:45.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
still breed all our vegetables

55:45.033 --> 55:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
GM free, and then, actually,

55:47.500 --> 55:48.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
most of them right now still are

55:48.766 --> 55:50.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
GM free with a couple of

55:50.666 --> 55:52.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
products coming in the future.

55:52.966 --> 55:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So the germplasm is available

55:54.500 --> 55:55.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It's kind of a little unknown

55:55.633 --> 55:56.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
fact.

55:56.733 --> 55:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Most of the germplasm is

55:58.333 --> 56:00.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
available without GM in it, and

56:00.333 --> 56:01.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
we work very hard to keep it

56:01.533 --> 56:02.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
that way.

56:02.600 --> 56:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
That way we can do with it what

56:04.233 --> 56:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
we need.

56:05.333 --> 56:06.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If we need to go to an organic

56:06.500 --> 56:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
market where you want to grow

56:07.666 --> 56:10.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
corn or vegetables that don't

56:10.633 --> 56:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have GM in it, you'll have seed.

56:14.600 --> 56:15.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> Okay, let's go back to, I

56:15.800 --> 56:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
think there's at least one mic

56:17.166 --> 56:18.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
out here.

56:18.433 --> 56:20.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> My question also relates to

56:20.600 --> 56:23.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the organic section, and my

56:23.166 --> 56:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
observation is that it's a

56:25.733 --> 56:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
growing market and it also has

56:29.000 --> 56:30.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
customers that are very well

56:30.700 --> 56:32.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
informed and educated and often

56:32.300 --> 56:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
come from higher economic

56:34.466 --> 56:38.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
strata, but it has been

56:38.366 --> 56:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
consistently resistant to the

56:40.133 --> 56:43.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
idea of GMO in the face of

56:43.666 --> 56:45.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
evidence both pro and con.

56:45.700 --> 56:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I'm a member of the Willy Street

56:47.000 --> 56:49.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Co-Op, and I read their magazine

56:49.533 --> 56:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
every other month or so and it's

56:52.200 --> 56:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
consistently negative on GMO.

56:55.566 --> 56:56.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And I wonder what your thoughts

56:56.833 --> 56:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
are about this.

56:57.933 --> 56:59.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Is this going to be something

56:59.066 --> 57:00.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that eventually gets into the

57:00.533 --> 57:04.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
organic section?

57:04.233 --> 57:06.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> I don't see it getting in

57:06.400 --> 57:08.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
anytime soon.

57:08.666 --> 57:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I think, again, the organic

57:10.600 --> 57:14.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
farming community's opinions are

57:14.266 --> 57:15.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
diverse.

57:15.433 --> 57:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So I think there are definitely,

57:17.766 --> 57:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
across the spectrum,

57:19.500 --> 57:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
organic farmers that are opposed

57:21.633 --> 57:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to GMOs because of the broader

57:26.300 --> 57:28.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
safety concerns with the

57:28.433 --> 57:29.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology.

57:29.833 --> 57:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
But there's also another

57:31.166 --> 57:32.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
spectrum of concerns.

57:32.266 --> 57:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
There's definitely the market.

57:34.200 --> 57:36.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Organic is a marketing label.

57:36.433 --> 57:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So they definitely want to

57:37.733 --> 57:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
continue to be able to attract a

57:41.466 --> 57:42.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
certain segment of organic

57:42.700 --> 57:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
consumer.

57:43.866 --> 57:44.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But as you just reflected, the

57:44.933 --> 57:46.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
organic consumers aren't a

57:46.000 --> 57:47.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
monolithic group either.

57:47.133 --> 57:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But there's also, I think, a

57:48.866 --> 57:53.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
concern about, and Travis and I

57:53.833 --> 57:55.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
have served on several panels

57:55.066 --> 57:56.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
together so I don't want to

57:56.400 --> 57:59.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
debate him too much, but there

57:59.366 --> 58:01.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
is a concern about, as he

58:01.166 --> 58:02.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
mentioned in slides, a lot of

58:02.833 --> 58:04.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the yield increases that we do

58:04.366 --> 58:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
observe in many of the row crops

58:06.233 --> 58:08.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
is due to general breeding

58:08.666 --> 58:10.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
efforts, traditional breeding

58:10.233 --> 58:11.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
efforts, and organic farmers are

58:11.966 --> 58:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
concerned that a lot of those

58:13.933 --> 58:16.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
elite genetic lines are tied up

58:16.833 --> 58:18.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with GMO traits and that they

58:18.466 --> 58:19.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
don't have access.

58:19.633 --> 58:21.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And the fact that a lot of the

58:21.166 --> 58:23.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
GMO in breeding efforts are tied

58:23.700 --> 58:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
up to large corporations does

58:25.566 --> 58:28.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
narrow the germplasm base and

58:28.466 --> 58:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
narrow the germplasm choices to

58:31.033 --> 58:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
organic producers.

58:32.433 --> 58:36.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So there are those economic and

58:36.233 --> 58:37.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
socioeconomic drivers.

58:37.700 --> 58:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
There's also concerns that we

58:40.133 --> 58:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
don't necessarily understand all

58:41.433 --> 58:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the impacts of this new

58:43.633 --> 58:45.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
technology on the environment.

58:45.800 --> 58:47.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And as someone that works more

58:47.200 --> 58:48.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
broadly in organic systems and

58:48.466 --> 58:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
looking at managing soils

58:51.333 --> 58:53.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
organically, although science

58:53.166 --> 58:54.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
can answer a lot of questions,

58:54.700 --> 58:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
there's still the stuff that we

58:56.166 --> 58:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
don't understand which is makes

58:57.733 --> 58:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
it exciting to be a scientist as

58:58.866 --> 59:00.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
we learn more and more about

59:00.133 --> 59:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
natural systems and the

59:01.366 --> 59:03.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
complexity of natural systems.

59:03.366 --> 59:04.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Just like we're understanding

59:04.766 --> 59:06.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
from the human health

59:06.066 --> 59:08.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
perspective the microbiome that

59:08.800 --> 59:12.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
impacts health and the

59:12.166 --> 59:15.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
complexity of the interactions

59:15.166 --> 59:17.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
between microbiology and

59:17.266 --> 59:19.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
microorganisms and the natural

59:19.733 --> 59:21.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
environment.

59:21.500 --> 59:22.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
There's a perception amongst

59:22.966 --> 59:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
organic growers that we could be

59:24.333 --> 59:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
doing things to the agricultural

59:25.700 --> 59:28.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
system that we don't understand

59:28.066 --> 59:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and that risk reduction and the

59:30.866 --> 59:33.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
mitigation of risk and the

59:33.133 --> 59:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
precautionary principle really

59:34.466 --> 59:36.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
plays into decisions and

59:36.533 --> 59:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
approaches.

59:38.200 --> 59:40.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
So definitely a variety of

59:40.866 --> 59:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
opinions, but, long story short,

59:42.633 --> 59:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I don't see it changing any time

59:43.866 --> 59:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
soon.

59:45.733 --> 59:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> Is there any followup from

59:47.000 --> 59:48.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
the panel?

59:48.866 --> 59:50.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> I can just ask a followup

59:50.133 --> 59:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
question.

59:51.333 --> 59:52.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
We talked about maybe not

59:52.466 --> 59:53.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
bringing this up, but the

59:53.733 --> 59:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
intergenic versus transgenic, is

59:55.566 --> 59:56.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
there any potential on the

59:56.900 --> 59:58.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
organic side that maybe it's

59:58.766 --> 01:00:00.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
within species or just

01:00:00.433 --> 01:00:02.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
manipulation there because from

01:00:02.066 --> 01:00:04.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
my perspective, scientifically

01:00:04.300 --> 01:00:05.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that makes a big difference.

01:00:05.633 --> 01:00:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And agronomically, to me, the

01:00:06.966 --> 01:00:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
production system that has the

01:00:09.000 --> 01:00:10.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
most to gain from GMOs is

01:00:10.733 --> 01:00:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
organic because of some of the

01:00:12.466 --> 01:00:13.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
challenges, both on the cost

01:00:13.833 --> 01:00:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
side and the pesticides

01:00:15.100 --> 01:00:16.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
products.

01:00:16.600 --> 01:00:17.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
You could take potatoes, for

01:00:17.800 --> 01:00:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
example.

01:00:18.800 --> 01:00:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
There isn't anything that

01:00:19.766 --> 01:00:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
controls late blight that fits

01:00:20.800 --> 01:00:22.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
under organic.

01:00:22.433 --> 01:00:23.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So for an organic potato grower

01:00:23.966 --> 01:00:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
to have something that would

01:00:25.333 --> 01:00:26.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
late blight resistant

01:00:26.900 --> 01:00:28.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
would be a huge boom.

01:00:28.100 --> 01:00:29.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
>> I think...

01:00:29.200 --> 01:00:30.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
>> And that's...

01:00:30.266 --> 01:00:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Sorry, go ahead, Erin.

01:00:31.433 --> 01:00:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> The way that the national

01:00:33.200 --> 01:00:36.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
organic standards work and goes

01:00:36.233 --> 01:00:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
into play is that there's the

01:00:37.666 --> 01:00:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
national organics standards

01:00:38.866 --> 01:00:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
board as new technology or new

01:00:41.033 --> 01:00:43.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
products come into play and come

01:00:43.666 --> 01:00:45.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
online that there is a panel of

01:00:45.366 --> 01:00:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
people that represent the

01:00:47.400 --> 01:00:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
consumer viewpoint, the farmer

01:00:48.733 --> 01:00:50.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
viewpoint, the market viewpoint,

01:00:50.066 --> 01:00:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and they evaluate the pros and

01:00:53.866 --> 01:00:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
cons and the various risks.

01:00:55.500 --> 01:00:57.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So, as new technology emerges,

01:00:57.300 --> 01:00:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there's definitely a potential

01:00:59.333 --> 01:01:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
of that being integrated into

01:01:01.066 --> 01:01:02.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the organic regulation, but I

01:01:02.600 --> 01:01:05.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
think it really would take a

01:01:05.600 --> 01:01:10.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
broader view of how that impacts

01:01:10.233 --> 01:01:12.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
not only the consumer confidence

01:01:12.266 --> 01:01:13.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and consumer preferences, but

01:01:13.633 --> 01:01:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the benefits and risks with the

01:01:15.133 --> 01:01:18.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
agricultural practices as well.

01:01:18.666 --> 01:01:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Okay, let's get back to the

01:01:19.800 --> 01:01:20.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
audience.

01:01:20.866 --> 01:01:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
We have someone on the aisle

01:01:21.933 --> 01:01:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
with a question.

01:01:22.933 --> 01:01:24.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> Yeah, I have a question.

01:01:24.066 --> 01:01:25.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
You started with a list of eight

01:01:25.266 --> 01:01:29.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
crops that are approved for GMO.

01:01:29.700 --> 01:01:31.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Two questions, one is what do

01:01:31.333 --> 01:01:33.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
you think will be coming soon,

01:01:33.633 --> 01:01:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
additional crops?

01:01:35.166 --> 01:01:36.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
And then I just find it

01:01:36.466 --> 01:01:37.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
interesting that papaya and

01:01:37.700 --> 01:01:39.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
squash are on the list.

01:01:39.300 --> 01:01:40.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
They don't seem like they're

01:01:40.400 --> 01:01:41.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
large cash crops.

01:01:41.666 --> 01:01:44.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
How did those end up in this?

01:01:44.700 --> 01:01:48.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
Thank you.

01:01:48.800 --> 01:01:51.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> There's a couple new crops

01:01:51.700 --> 01:01:52.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
coming.

01:01:52.766 --> 01:01:54.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Wheat is going to be one of the

01:01:54.033 --> 01:01:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
newest ones that will be coming

01:01:56.633 --> 01:01:57.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
on sooner than later.

01:01:57.800 --> 01:02:00.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
There's quite a bit.

01:02:00.033 --> 01:02:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
With papaya, the interesting

01:02:01.233 --> 01:02:02.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
story about papaya, papaya was

01:02:02.300 --> 01:02:03.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
actually one of the first.

01:02:03.800 --> 01:02:06.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And the reason why it was being

01:02:06.066 --> 01:02:07.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
decimated by a disease, a viral

01:02:07.766 --> 01:02:11.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
disease that almost destroyed

01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:12.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
papaya as a crop.

01:02:12.833 --> 01:02:16.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And so the GM is actually a

01:02:16.233 --> 01:02:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
resistance to that disease.

01:02:18.533 --> 01:02:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So there's a lot of different

01:02:20.100 --> 01:02:22.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
crops that when we talk about, I

01:02:22.466 --> 01:02:23.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
think when Andy was talking

01:02:23.900 --> 01:02:26.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
about disease resistance, we

01:02:26.233 --> 01:02:28.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
have the technology to make some

01:02:28.666 --> 01:02:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of those diseases controllable.

01:02:33.000 --> 01:02:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And some of those diseases

01:02:34.566 --> 01:02:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
aren't controllable even with

01:02:35.733 --> 01:02:37.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
chemistry.

01:02:37.333 --> 01:02:39.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So we have the tool kits to be

01:02:39.600 --> 01:02:41.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
able to potentially do it.

01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It's just whether or not they'll

01:02:42.133 --> 01:02:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
be accepted.

01:02:43.300 --> 01:02:45.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
There were other, more recently

01:02:45.533 --> 01:02:47.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
eggplant in India.

01:02:47.600 --> 01:02:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you've heard the story of the

01:02:49.233 --> 01:02:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
-- eggplant, we were talking

01:02:50.933 --> 01:02:52.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
about this earlier.

01:02:52.066 --> 01:02:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
This is another great disease

01:02:53.900 --> 01:02:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
kind of story or, really, a

01:02:56.300 --> 01:03:00.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
great story about solving a big

01:03:00.066 --> 01:03:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
problem in eggplant.

01:03:03.066 --> 01:03:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But it was met with a ton of

01:03:05.666 --> 01:03:07.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
resistance, and, actually, I

01:03:07.366 --> 01:03:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
don't know if it's completely

01:03:08.566 --> 01:03:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
come off the market yet but it's

01:03:09.933 --> 01:03:11.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
been halted quite a bit because

01:03:11.633 --> 01:03:14.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
of the outrage.

01:03:14.500 --> 01:03:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And so, yeah, the biggest

01:03:17.433 --> 01:03:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
hurdle, honestly, is acceptance.

01:03:20.800 --> 01:03:23.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
It's both acceptance and a

01:03:23.866 --> 01:03:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
little bit economics.

01:03:25.633 --> 01:03:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
It costs a lot of money.

01:03:27.066 --> 01:03:28.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I think the estimates out there

01:03:28.766 --> 01:03:30.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
on average is between

01:03:30.700 --> 01:03:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
$120-$130 million to bring a

01:03:34.566 --> 01:03:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
product, a GM product to market.

01:03:36.700 --> 01:03:38.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Most of that cost is wrapped up

01:03:38.233 --> 01:03:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
in the 13 years of regulatory

01:03:39.866 --> 01:03:41.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
process that needs to go through

01:03:41.800 --> 01:03:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and safety testing and all the

01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:46.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
good things that we do to make

01:03:46.266 --> 01:03:48.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
sure they're safe.

01:03:48.266 --> 01:03:49.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It's part of that.

01:03:49.566 --> 01:03:51.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And so that's one of the biggest

01:03:51.100 --> 01:03:52.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
challenges.

01:03:52.166 --> 01:03:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
That's actually getting harder

01:03:53.233 --> 01:03:54.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
in the US.

01:03:54.500 --> 01:03:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So you think it'd actually be

01:03:55.600 --> 01:03:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
going the other way.

01:03:56.800 --> 01:03:58.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It's actually getting easier

01:03:58.033 --> 01:03:59.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
outside of the US and actually

01:03:59.200 --> 01:04:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
more difficult in the US to get

01:04:01.000 --> 01:04:02.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
through those regulatory

01:04:02.333 --> 01:04:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
processes because of some of the

01:04:03.766 --> 01:04:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
concerns that people are

01:04:06.133 --> 01:04:10.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
bringing up that are, whether or

01:04:10.166 --> 01:04:11.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
not you believe the science or

01:04:11.533 --> 01:04:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
not, whether they're founded or

01:04:13.166 --> 01:04:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
not, but there's quite a bit of

01:04:14.600 --> 01:04:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
concern and that's kind of

01:04:15.933 --> 01:04:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
slowing things down quite a bit.

01:04:18.200 --> 01:04:20.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We'd love to see more, I think,

01:04:20.200 --> 01:04:21.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
if the technology, if we could

01:04:21.466 --> 01:04:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
get it into more, I think you'd

01:04:22.866 --> 01:04:24.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
see more universities, more

01:04:24.466 --> 01:04:26.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
public sector groups actually

01:04:26.400 --> 01:04:27.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
using it because the cost would

01:04:27.866 --> 01:04:29.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
be driven down quite a bit.

01:04:29.600 --> 01:04:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Right now it's a very expensive

01:04:30.866 --> 01:04:32.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
thing to bring to market.

01:04:32.600 --> 01:04:33.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Paul, I know you have a lot

01:04:33.766 --> 01:04:34.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of interest in the international

01:04:34.966 --> 01:04:36.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
story.

01:04:36.066 --> 01:04:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Is there any followup that you'd

01:04:37.166 --> 01:04:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
like to contribute there?

01:04:38.300 --> 01:04:40.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
>> Yeah, the international

01:04:40.333 --> 01:04:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
markets are really complicated.

01:04:41.633 --> 01:04:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
In the end, as important and as

01:04:43.300 --> 01:04:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
big Andy's farm is, really what

01:04:45.000 --> 01:04:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
matters is what people in China

01:04:46.666 --> 01:04:48.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
decide to do.

01:04:48.500 --> 01:04:51.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So having seen BT cotton in

01:04:51.233 --> 01:04:53.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
India take off, it's very, very

01:04:53.433 --> 01:04:54.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
successful, whereas the eggplant

01:04:54.833 --> 01:04:56.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
was a total disaster, probably

01:04:56.533 --> 01:04:57.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because you eat it, I think

01:04:57.800 --> 01:04:59.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there's some perception issues

01:04:59.300 --> 01:05:00.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
there, but in terms of the

01:05:00.666 --> 01:05:01.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
international market, what is

01:05:01.833 --> 01:05:03.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
China doing and if you can't

01:05:03.800 --> 01:05:05.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
export to the EU, where are the

01:05:05.166 --> 01:05:06.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
markets for these

01:05:06.366 --> 01:05:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
internationally and how does

01:05:07.600 --> 01:05:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that affect the grower and the

01:05:08.900 --> 01:05:10.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
company?

01:05:10.866 --> 01:05:12.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> Sorry, if I can interject

01:05:12.300 --> 01:05:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

01:05:13.500 --> 01:05:14.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Something that gets very

01:05:14.866 --> 01:05:16.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
complicated when we think of

01:05:16.200 --> 01:05:17.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
this technology in relationship

01:05:17.633 --> 01:05:20.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to sustainability and food

01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
security, basically, is that the

01:05:21.933 --> 01:05:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
technology is really not

01:05:23.133 --> 01:05:25.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
available to the countries that

01:05:25.433 --> 01:05:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
actually would need it the most.

01:05:27.466 --> 01:05:30.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
If you look at the map of

01:05:30.000 --> 01:05:32.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
adoption of crops in

01:05:32.566 --> 01:05:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
relationship to where you have

01:05:34.433 --> 01:05:36.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the most people that starve,

01:05:36.200 --> 01:05:38.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
which is mainly Africa, they

01:05:38.133 --> 01:05:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
don't have, apart from South

01:05:39.466 --> 01:05:41.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Africa actually, you don't have

01:05:41.433 --> 01:05:43.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
much access because most of the

01:05:43.733 --> 01:05:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
research and development really

01:05:45.733 --> 01:05:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
has been done in western

01:05:47.333 --> 01:05:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
cultures for their staple crops.

01:05:50.700 --> 01:05:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So if you think of India, there

01:05:53.033 --> 01:05:55.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
was a lot of hope with BT

01:05:55.566 --> 01:05:56.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
eggplant because eggplant is

01:05:56.966 --> 01:05:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
actually one of the staple

01:05:58.133 --> 01:06:00.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
crops, and that crop was chosen

01:06:00.533 --> 01:06:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
by a consortium of public and

01:06:02.500 --> 01:06:03.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
private institutions in

01:06:03.933 --> 01:06:05.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
relationship with Cornell

01:06:05.066 --> 01:06:06.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
University and 20 other

01:06:06.700 --> 01:06:07.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
institutions from the public

01:06:07.966 --> 01:06:10.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
side to try to help the country

01:06:10.500 --> 01:06:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
develop capacity to make their

01:06:12.033 --> 01:06:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
own decisions related to the

01:06:13.366 --> 01:06:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology.

01:06:15.466 --> 01:06:17.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
But then it got, as Paul as

01:06:17.733 --> 01:06:20.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
rightfully pointed out, got very

01:06:20.500 --> 01:06:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
complicated because a lot of

01:06:22.733 --> 01:06:24.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
money was put into activities

01:06:24.166 --> 01:06:25.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
unrelated to the issue from both

01:06:25.766 --> 01:06:27.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
sides.

01:06:27.866 --> 01:06:29.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So unfortunately I would say,

01:06:29.266 --> 01:06:30.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
internationally, this is a very

01:06:30.666 --> 01:06:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
complex issue that puts on the

01:06:33.200 --> 01:06:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
table the agenda and the

01:06:35.200 --> 01:06:36.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
potential benefits for a lot of

01:06:36.466 --> 01:06:38.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
stakeholders.

01:06:38.066 --> 01:06:39.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And the people that ultimately

01:06:39.533 --> 01:06:41.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
would benefit or not from the

01:06:41.333 --> 01:06:43.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
technology are very often left

01:06:43.333 --> 01:06:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
out of the discussion to which

01:06:45.566 --> 01:06:47.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
crops should be developed, how

01:06:47.466 --> 01:06:48.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
much it will cost, how the

01:06:48.600 --> 01:06:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
farmers can benefit or not, how

01:06:50.400 --> 01:06:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
do we integrate with organic.

01:06:52.100 --> 01:06:55.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
So, very complicated.

01:06:55.033 --> 01:06:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> We have a question down here

01:06:56.033 --> 01:06:57.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
near the front.

01:06:57.366 --> 01:06:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> Yeah, I was wondering what

01:06:58.866 --> 01:07:01.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the implications are of GMOs for

01:07:01.600 --> 01:07:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
kind of more communal ownership

01:07:03.500 --> 01:07:07.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
of lines of crops and the

01:07:07.266 --> 01:07:09.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
freedom to replant and the

01:07:09.966 --> 01:07:16.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
freedom to share seeds freely.

01:07:16.133 --> 01:07:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And maybe if someone could

01:07:17.200 --> 01:07:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
explain, too, how patents work

01:07:18.800 --> 01:07:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
with GMOs versus other crops.

01:07:21.033 --> 01:07:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I'm not entirely clear on that.

01:07:24.866 --> 01:07:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> I guess that comes to me.

01:07:26.100 --> 01:07:27.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
>> That'd be you, Travis.

01:07:27.300 --> 01:07:28.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> Yeah, it's all me, right?

01:07:28.466 --> 01:07:29.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So, we're actually in a very

01:07:29.800 --> 01:07:31.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
interesting time.

01:07:31.033 --> 01:07:32.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I'll start off by saying that

01:07:32.366 --> 01:07:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
for the first time in history we

01:07:33.700 --> 01:07:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
actually have a GM crop or a GM

01:07:35.800 --> 01:07:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
trait which is going to be free.

01:07:39.033 --> 01:07:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Which is the first version of

01:07:40.366 --> 01:07:42.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Roundup in soybeans.

01:07:42.700 --> 01:07:44.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And so farmers will be able to

01:07:44.166 --> 01:07:46.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
save their seed.

01:07:46.266 --> 01:07:47.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
The whole seed saving thing

01:07:47.733 --> 01:07:49.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that's come up, and you probably

01:07:49.866 --> 01:07:52.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
heard a lot of the debate about

01:07:52.166 --> 01:07:53.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
big mean companies suing

01:07:53.800 --> 01:07:56.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
farmers, we don't sue farmers

01:07:56.600 --> 01:08:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
that get contaminated by

01:08:01.200 --> 01:08:03.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
uncontrollable reasons.

01:08:03.966 --> 01:08:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We typical sue farmers who are

01:08:05.500 --> 01:08:08.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
actually stealing the technology

01:08:08.466 --> 01:08:10.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
and actually selling it and

01:08:10.433 --> 01:08:12.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
growing it and knowingly grow it

01:08:12.366 --> 01:08:14.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
and select for it.

01:08:14.100 --> 01:08:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So, really, what it is, is it's

01:08:16.700 --> 01:08:19.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
the patents provide us the

01:08:19.233 --> 01:08:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
ability to regain some of the

01:08:20.533 --> 01:08:21.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
investments.

01:08:21.633 --> 01:08:22.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
As I said, it costs a lot of

01:08:22.833 --> 01:08:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
money to develop those crops and

01:08:25.033 --> 01:08:26.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
to get the yields and really

01:08:26.866 --> 01:08:28.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
sustain the yields that the

01:08:28.333 --> 01:08:29.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
growers want and the growers pay

01:08:29.800 --> 01:08:30.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
for.

01:08:30.966 --> 01:08:33.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The growers pay a premium for

01:08:33.066 --> 01:08:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
those crops that they buy with

01:08:35.266 --> 01:08:36.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
those traits in it.

01:08:36.866 --> 01:08:39.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And so if someone takes that and

01:08:39.600 --> 01:08:41.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
what they call brown-bag or

01:08:41.000 --> 01:08:43.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
saves a seed and resells that or

01:08:43.266 --> 01:08:44.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
doesn't resell it necessarily,

01:08:44.733 --> 01:08:46.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
grows it themselves and doesn't

01:08:46.000 --> 01:08:47.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
pay that premium, they're

01:08:47.300 --> 01:08:48.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
basically cheating their

01:08:48.600 --> 01:08:50.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
neighbors who are actually

01:08:50.000 --> 01:08:51.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
paying for that because their

01:08:51.400 --> 01:08:53.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
neighbors have to pay for it.

01:08:53.100 --> 01:08:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So it's kind of in the industry

01:08:55.233 --> 01:08:57.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
of we've all been there with

01:08:57.166 --> 01:08:58.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
music.

01:08:58.833 --> 01:09:02.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Certainly, you can copy a CD,

01:09:02.133 --> 01:09:03.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
but when you copy a CD and then

01:09:03.466 --> 01:09:04.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
you start distributing it and

01:09:04.566 --> 01:09:05.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
selling it, you're actually

01:09:05.866 --> 01:09:07.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
stealing from the intellectual

01:09:07.166 --> 01:09:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
property of a singer or a

01:09:09.566 --> 01:09:10.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
songwriter.

01:09:10.900 --> 01:09:14.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So it's kind of the same thing.

01:09:14.500 --> 01:09:16.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We would love to be able to have

01:09:16.433 --> 01:09:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
kind of a very open world where

01:09:18.866 --> 01:09:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
you could freely pass around

01:09:20.733 --> 01:09:23.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
seed and share our technologies,

01:09:23.400 --> 01:09:24.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
but, unfortunately, it takes so

01:09:24.433 --> 01:09:26.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
much money to develop these

01:09:26.133 --> 01:09:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
things, it's very difficult.

01:09:28.133 --> 01:09:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And in order for us to get 1% to

01:09:30.033 --> 01:09:32.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
2% to 3% extra yield every year,

01:09:32.533 --> 01:09:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
it costs a lot of money.

01:09:34.666 --> 01:09:35.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
And so part of the patent

01:09:35.800 --> 01:09:37.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
process is to give us some,

01:09:37.966 --> 01:09:40.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
essentially, limited monopoly to

01:09:40.766 --> 01:09:43.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
allow a return on that

01:09:43.333 --> 01:09:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
investment.

01:09:44.600 --> 01:09:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And then at the end of that

01:09:45.833 --> 01:09:47.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
time, it's free to the public to

01:09:47.166 --> 01:09:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
use.

01:09:48.333 --> 01:09:49.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So that's the case we're at

01:09:49.400 --> 01:09:51.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
right now with Roundup Ready 1.

01:09:51.200 --> 01:09:52.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
That's actually going to be made

01:09:52.700 --> 01:09:54.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
available, I think it's this

01:09:54.066 --> 01:09:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
year.

01:09:55.233 --> 01:09:56.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I have to know the exact numbers

01:09:56.633 --> 01:09:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I think it's sometime this year

01:09:57.933 --> 01:09:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
where it's actually going to be

01:09:59.000 --> 01:10:00.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
freely available.

01:10:00.500 --> 01:10:02.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So our competitors can use it.

01:10:02.133 --> 01:10:04.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Any farmer out there that's

01:10:04.333 --> 01:10:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
growing soy seed that has it in

01:10:06.566 --> 01:10:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
their seed, they can certainly

01:10:07.666 --> 01:10:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
reuse that seed and it's not a

01:10:10.300 --> 01:10:15.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
problem in terms of paying the

01:10:15.233 --> 01:10:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
price of that GM trait.

01:10:18.700 --> 01:10:20.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So kind of for the first time in

01:10:20.100 --> 01:10:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
history.

01:10:21.266 --> 01:10:22.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And we've taken a proactive

01:10:22.366 --> 01:10:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
approach to actually make sure

01:10:24.100 --> 01:10:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that trait, that trait still has

01:10:25.866 --> 01:10:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to keep its regulatory approval,

01:10:28.366 --> 01:10:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
it still has to keep all the

01:10:30.333 --> 01:10:32.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
regulatory stewardship around it

01:10:32.366 --> 01:10:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to make sure that it falls under

01:10:34.533 --> 01:10:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the federal guidelines of being

01:10:35.733 --> 01:10:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
managed correctly.

01:10:37.266 --> 01:10:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And that's up to us as a company

01:10:39.000 --> 01:10:40.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to make sure that stays in

01:10:40.066 --> 01:10:41.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
place, and we're doing that so

01:10:41.500 --> 01:10:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
that people can use it.

01:10:43.600 --> 01:10:44.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So I think you're going to see

01:10:44.800 --> 01:10:46.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
more and more of that happening

01:10:46.233 --> 01:10:47.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
as these traits now come off

01:10:47.633 --> 01:10:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
patent, and they're going to be

01:10:49.333 --> 01:10:51.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
able to be used more freely.

01:10:51.533 --> 01:10:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And that just opens up, that's

01:10:52.733 --> 01:10:54.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the whole point of IP is it

01:10:54.033 --> 01:10:55.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
takes a lot of money to get a

01:10:55.466 --> 01:10:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
certain thing but then you get

01:10:56.800 --> 01:10:58.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
things like generic drugs and

01:10:58.366 --> 01:10:59.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
things that are cheaper in the

01:10:59.533 --> 01:11:02.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
long run but it drives the

01:11:02.033 --> 01:11:04.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
innovation, that money and

01:11:04.200 --> 01:11:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
integration drives the

01:11:05.433 --> 01:11:06.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
innovation for the next

01:11:06.466 --> 01:11:07.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
generation products that

01:11:07.633 --> 01:11:12.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
hopefully gets us more yield.

01:11:12.233 --> 01:11:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> If I could followup, the

01:11:13.500 --> 01:11:14.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
question coming out of the

01:11:14.866 --> 01:11:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
question about patents, that

01:11:16.766 --> 01:11:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
historical circulation of seeds

01:11:18.733 --> 01:11:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
in communities and between

01:11:19.766 --> 01:11:21.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
communities is one of the things

01:11:21.266 --> 01:11:22.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
that's maintained genetic

01:11:22.700 --> 01:11:24.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
diversity.

01:11:24.000 --> 01:11:27.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So in what sense, how are we

01:11:27.200 --> 01:11:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
moving forward in the presence

01:11:28.866 --> 01:11:30.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of GMOs for the maintenance of

01:11:30.500 --> 01:11:32.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that kind of diversity over time

01:11:32.733 --> 01:11:35.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
in the absence of a much freer

01:11:35.066 --> 01:11:37.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
exchange network?

01:11:37.000 --> 01:11:38.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> I can tell you that was like

01:11:38.433 --> 01:11:40.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
one of our number one priorities

01:11:40.800 --> 01:11:42.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
as a breeding organization is to

01:11:42.200 --> 01:11:43.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
maintain diversity, and we have

01:11:43.500 --> 01:11:46.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
a very large supply of different

01:11:46.300 --> 01:11:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
types of germplasm that we're

01:11:47.666 --> 01:11:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
actually using and creating

01:11:49.600 --> 01:11:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
different combinations with so

01:11:50.866 --> 01:11:52.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that we can keep that diversity

01:11:52.033 --> 01:11:54.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
in the market.

01:11:54.200 --> 01:11:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It's challenging, just like for

01:11:56.166 --> 01:11:58.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the university who has limited

01:11:58.533 --> 01:12:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
funds, to keep a vast amount of

01:12:01.000 --> 01:12:03.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
germplasm in rotation.

01:12:03.900 --> 01:12:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And so anybody can take the

01:12:06.133 --> 01:12:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
germplasm that we've patented,

01:12:09.166 --> 01:12:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and when it comes off patent in

01:12:10.300 --> 01:12:11.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
20 years, it's all deposited in

01:12:11.633 --> 01:12:12.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
the seed repository.

01:12:12.900 --> 01:12:14.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
You can request that.

01:12:14.000 --> 01:12:15.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
You can request seed from

01:12:15.000 --> 01:12:16.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Monsanto, from Pioneer, from

01:12:16.366 --> 01:12:18.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Syngenta, from whoever and

01:12:18.133 --> 01:12:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
actually use it.

01:12:19.666 --> 01:12:22.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It's a little older, obviously.

01:12:22.000 --> 01:12:23.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you go by patents, it's about

01:12:23.500 --> 01:12:25.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
10 to 20 years behind the

01:12:25.233 --> 01:12:26.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
current germplasm, but you

01:12:26.600 --> 01:12:28.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
certainly could use it and start

01:12:28.533 --> 01:12:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
breeding with it, and if you

01:12:30.066 --> 01:12:32.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
wanted to continue, in theory,

01:12:32.333 --> 01:12:34.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the material from 20 years ago

01:12:34.700 --> 01:12:38.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that's now available was parents

01:12:38.400 --> 01:12:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of the material we have today.

01:12:39.866 --> 01:12:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So it is possible, but obviously

01:12:42.433 --> 01:12:43.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
it takes a huge amount of

01:12:43.533 --> 01:12:44.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
investment.

01:12:44.666 --> 01:12:47.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So the challenge, I think, is

01:12:47.066 --> 01:12:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
whether or not you want the most

01:12:48.366 --> 01:12:51.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
modern, innovative, elite

01:12:51.233 --> 01:12:52.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
germplasm that the companies are

01:12:52.800 --> 01:12:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
investing millions and millions

01:12:54.166 --> 01:12:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
of dollars in developing.

01:12:55.500 --> 01:12:57.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If you say yes, I want that, I

01:12:57.066 --> 01:12:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
want it for free, that's going

01:12:58.133 --> 01:12:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
to be tough.

01:12:59.466 --> 01:13:00.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But if you say I'll take the

01:13:00.600 --> 01:13:02.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
material that's a couple years

01:13:02.266 --> 01:13:03.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
behind and I'll work it forward

01:13:03.966 --> 01:13:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
and I'll try to get the best

01:13:05.466 --> 01:13:06.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
material out of that, that's

01:13:06.700 --> 01:13:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
certainly very easy to do in the

01:13:08.833 --> 01:13:10.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
way that the patent system

01:13:10.966 --> 01:13:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
works.

01:13:12.000 --> 01:13:13.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It's all available to anybody.

01:13:13.200 --> 01:13:14.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Any one of you can call them up

01:13:14.400 --> 01:13:15.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and say, hey, I'd like, I don't

01:13:15.633 --> 01:13:17.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
know how many seeds you get,

01:13:17.400 --> 01:13:19.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
honestly, from the seeds banks,

01:13:19.066 --> 01:13:20.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
somebody will have to let me

01:13:20.266 --> 01:13:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
know.

01:13:21.533 --> 01:13:22.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But you can get a couple hundred

01:13:22.800 --> 01:13:23.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
seed from the seed bank and

01:13:23.866 --> 01:13:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
plant it in your backyard and

01:13:25.000 --> 01:13:26.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
start a breeding program.

01:13:26.033 --> 01:13:27.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
I recommend it.

01:13:27.033 --> 01:13:28.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It's a lot of fun.

01:13:28.033 --> 01:13:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
I'm a breeder so I love

01:13:29.033 --> 01:13:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
breeding.

01:13:30.333 --> 01:13:31.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
If you've never done

01:13:31.333 --> 01:13:32.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
it, it could be a lot of fun.

01:13:32.466 --> 01:13:33.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> I'm going to go back to the

01:13:33.533 --> 01:13:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
audience at this point.

01:13:34.666 --> 01:13:36.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> Accepting the science of the

01:13:36.033 --> 01:13:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
safety of GMO products, there's

01:13:39.500 --> 01:13:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
a lot of people, including me,

01:13:41.900 --> 01:13:44.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that think that many of the

01:13:44.233 --> 01:13:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
government organizations that

01:13:47.333 --> 01:13:48.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
approve these things are wholly

01:13:48.566 --> 01:13:51.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
owned subsidiaries of American

01:13:51.166 --> 01:13:52.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
corporate life.

01:13:52.866 --> 01:13:55.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So the question arises, why, if

01:13:55.666 --> 01:13:57.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the science is the same, do the

01:13:57.733 --> 01:14:00.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
European nations have such a

01:14:00.900 --> 01:14:04.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
high degree of resistance to GMO

01:14:04.166 --> 01:14:07.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
versus the United States?

01:14:07.900 --> 01:14:09.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> I can answer that to the best

01:14:09.666 --> 01:14:10.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
of my knowledge.

01:14:10.966 --> 01:14:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's an excellent question.

01:14:12.700 --> 01:14:14.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And when I was, remember when I

01:14:14.000 --> 01:14:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
tried to explain why we would

01:14:16.300 --> 01:14:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
react differently to different

01:14:17.500 --> 01:14:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
technology, I put first the

01:14:19.666 --> 01:14:21.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
socioeconomic political context

01:14:21.566 --> 01:14:23.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and then the individual level

01:14:23.600 --> 01:14:26.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
was much more remote.

01:14:26.633 --> 01:14:30.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Well, Europe, as a whole, as far

01:14:30.666 --> 01:14:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
as they manage risk is based on

01:14:33.233 --> 01:14:34.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the precautionary principle.

01:14:34.966 --> 01:14:36.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And this means that unless

01:14:36.666 --> 01:14:38.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
you're sure that something is

01:14:38.066 --> 01:14:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
totally safe, you're not going

01:14:39.166 --> 01:14:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
to use it.

01:14:41.400 --> 01:14:43.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Versus here we have a -- of

01:14:43.266 --> 01:14:44.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
equivalence which is very

01:14:44.500 --> 01:14:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
different.

01:14:45.566 --> 01:14:47.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So as a society, the way risk is

01:14:47.566 --> 01:14:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
managed is very different.

01:14:50.733 --> 01:14:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
However, there is also different

01:14:53.966 --> 01:14:58.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
scientific advisory panels and

01:14:58.300 --> 01:15:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
even the National Academy of

01:15:00.366 --> 01:15:02.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Science, European Academy of

01:15:02.300 --> 01:15:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Science, that actually also have

01:15:05.466 --> 01:15:06.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
made statements as far as the

01:15:06.733 --> 01:15:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
safety of this kind of

01:15:07.933 --> 01:15:10.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
technology, which doesn't mean

01:15:10.066 --> 01:15:11.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that when the world believes it,

01:15:11.800 --> 01:15:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
it's based on let's do it until

01:15:15.133 --> 01:15:16.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
you have evidence that shows

01:15:16.266 --> 01:15:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
it's not safe.

01:15:17.433 --> 01:15:18.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So it's really the idea that

01:15:18.866 --> 01:15:20.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
culturally speaking the way they

01:15:20.666 --> 01:15:23.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
deal with risk is very different

01:15:23.600 --> 01:15:24.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
from the way we deal with it

01:15:24.900 --> 01:15:26.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

01:15:26.166 --> 01:15:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
>> And that's where I was

01:15:27.333 --> 01:15:28.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
stating with the organic

01:15:28.333 --> 01:15:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
farmers, many of them tend to

01:15:29.366 --> 01:15:30.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
operate more on the

01:15:30.500 --> 01:15:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
precautionary principle.

01:15:31.566 --> 01:15:32.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Yeah, it's a cultural value

01:15:32.733 --> 01:15:33.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
as far as who you access risk,

01:15:33.833 --> 01:15:35.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
really, at the cultural level.

01:15:35.200 --> 01:15:36.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
>> Followup question.

01:15:36.466 --> 01:15:38.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The implication to the question

01:15:38.100 --> 01:15:39.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
beyond the cultural side is that

01:15:39.800 --> 01:15:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
there are very different

01:15:41.033 --> 01:15:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
regulatory environments, and the

01:15:42.666 --> 01:15:45.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
suspicion here is a particular

01:15:45.500 --> 01:15:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
form of regulatory management

01:15:48.300 --> 01:15:49.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
has relationships in industry

01:15:49.600 --> 01:15:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
that's different than Europe.

01:15:50.933 --> 01:15:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Do you think that's an unfair

01:15:52.266 --> 01:15:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
charge?

01:15:55.900 --> 01:15:57.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> I do.

01:15:57.233 --> 01:15:59.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I've got a good friend of mine,

01:15:59.033 --> 01:16:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Peter Jensen, who, he's got a

01:16:00.866 --> 01:16:04.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
young son, probably 18 months

01:16:04.033 --> 01:16:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
old now.

01:16:05.666 --> 01:16:07.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The last thing he would ever do

01:16:07.766 --> 01:16:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
or allow would be something to

01:16:09.166 --> 01:16:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
get out that isn't safe.

01:16:11.466 --> 01:16:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
That's his whole job is to make

01:16:12.766 --> 01:16:13.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
sure that the crops that we

01:16:13.900 --> 01:16:15.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
produce and the GM traits that

01:16:15.266 --> 01:16:16.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
we produce are safe.

01:16:16.900 --> 01:16:22.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It's my job as an owner, part

01:16:22.600 --> 01:16:24.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
owner of Monsanto and really of

01:16:24.300 --> 01:16:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
society is to make sure that the

01:16:25.633 --> 01:16:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
products that I'm producing or

01:16:27.333 --> 01:16:28.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
helping to produce actually are

01:16:28.666 --> 01:16:29.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
safe.

01:16:29.766 --> 01:16:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It's the last thing I would want

01:16:31.566 --> 01:16:32.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
to do is to put something out on

01:16:32.733 --> 01:16:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the market that isn't safe.

01:16:33.933 --> 01:16:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So we do our best to do every

01:16:35.233 --> 01:16:37.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
bit of science we possibly can,

01:16:37.500 --> 01:16:38.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
and we go above and beyond.

01:16:38.833 --> 01:16:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
If you look at Monsanto's track

01:16:41.566 --> 01:16:43.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
record in terms of what we do to

01:16:43.033 --> 01:16:46.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
make sure that we have tested

01:16:46.600 --> 01:16:48.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
everything thoroughly and what

01:16:48.066 --> 01:16:50.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
we don't actually even touch.

01:16:50.733 --> 01:16:51.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So there's a lot of traits out

01:16:51.800 --> 01:16:55.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
there that companies and

01:16:55.533 --> 01:16:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
universities are working with,

01:16:57.466 --> 01:16:59.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and we won't touch because the

01:16:59.100 --> 01:17:00.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
implications that it may

01:17:00.600 --> 01:17:02.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
actually cause an allergen or it

01:17:02.233 --> 01:17:05.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
may have a larger safety concern

01:17:05.033 --> 01:17:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
or it may have a similarity to

01:17:06.566 --> 01:17:10.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
something in our immune system

01:17:10.233 --> 01:17:11.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
or whatever.

01:17:11.400 --> 01:17:13.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We just don't even play with it.

01:17:13.800 --> 01:17:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So that's our promise to society

01:17:15.300 --> 01:17:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that we're going to do our best

01:17:17.200 --> 01:17:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
to make sure we don't put a

01:17:18.333 --> 01:17:19.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
product out there that isn't

01:17:19.500 --> 01:17:21.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
unsafe, or that isn't safe.

01:17:21.766 --> 01:17:24.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So that's always the toughest

01:17:24.133 --> 01:17:26.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
challenge, is to say that we go

01:17:26.333 --> 01:17:29.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
through, honestly, about, and

01:17:29.433 --> 01:17:31.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I'm going to get this number

01:17:31.266 --> 01:17:33.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
wrong, but it's a plethora of

01:17:33.866 --> 01:17:36.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
regulatory agencies all over the

01:17:36.000 --> 01:17:37.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
world.

01:17:37.433 --> 01:17:38.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I'll be honest with you,

01:17:38.666 --> 01:17:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
some of the hardest agencies to

01:17:40.366 --> 01:17:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
please, it's not the US, it's

01:17:43.300 --> 01:17:45.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Japan, it's China.

01:17:45.766 --> 01:17:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Those are some of the toughest

01:17:47.000 --> 01:17:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
regulatory bodies to actually

01:17:48.633 --> 01:17:50.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
convince that it's safe.

01:17:50.933 --> 01:17:52.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So when they say it's safe,

01:17:52.300 --> 01:17:53.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
there's a lot of data behind

01:17:53.800 --> 01:17:55.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
that.

01:17:55.133 --> 01:17:56.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And we won't put anything on the

01:17:56.866 --> 01:17:58.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
market until we get those

01:17:58.100 --> 01:17:59.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
approvals.

01:17:59.900 --> 01:18:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So it's not just US approval.

01:18:01.233 --> 01:18:02.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It has to be global approval.

01:18:02.900 --> 01:18:04.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
>> Okay, we have several

01:18:04.100 --> 01:18:05.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
questions on this side.

01:18:05.233 --> 01:18:06.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I'm going to take this one first

01:18:06.300 --> 01:18:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and then the third row and then

01:18:07.333 --> 01:18:08.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
the second row.

01:18:08.533 --> 01:18:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
>> As someone who has been

01:18:09.866 --> 01:18:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
involved in agricultural

01:18:11.033 --> 01:18:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
research for the last 25 years,

01:18:12.200 --> 01:18:13.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
it seems we went through this

01:18:13.666 --> 01:18:18.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
about 25 years ago with RBST.

01:18:18.166 --> 01:18:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Have any lessons been learned in

01:18:20.066 --> 01:18:22.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
terms of communicating GMO to

01:18:22.100 --> 01:18:24.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the public from that, and do you

01:18:24.000 --> 01:18:26.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
think in maybe 10 years this

01:18:26.166 --> 01:18:29.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
won't even be an issue anymore?

01:18:29.333 --> 01:18:30.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> I'll be the first one to

01:18:30.533 --> 01:18:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
admit, and I think the CEO and

01:18:32.066 --> 01:18:34.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the CTO will be the first one to

01:18:34.100 --> 01:18:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
admit, we did GMO wrong.

01:18:37.733 --> 01:18:39.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The way we communicated about

01:18:39.933 --> 01:18:42.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
what GMOs were, the safety of

01:18:42.600 --> 01:18:43.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
them.

01:18:43.700 --> 01:18:45.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We kind of drove behind the idea

01:18:45.700 --> 01:18:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that science would pave the way.

01:18:47.766 --> 01:18:49.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
If we did the right science and

01:18:49.066 --> 01:18:51.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
we showed the right data, that

01:18:51.633 --> 01:18:53.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
everyone would believe it, it'd

01:18:53.200 --> 01:18:54.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
be the right thing.

01:18:54.733 --> 01:18:55.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And what we didn't do is we

01:18:55.966 --> 01:18:57.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
didn't ask people, what do you

01:18:57.066 --> 01:18:58.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
think?

01:18:58.200 --> 01:19:00.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
How do you feel?

01:19:00.100 --> 01:19:00.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What are you concerned about?

01:19:00.933 --> 01:19:03.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And in all honesty, I think if

01:19:03.333 --> 01:19:04.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you talk to anybody at Monsanto

01:19:04.966 --> 01:19:06.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
today, they'll be the first ones

01:19:06.566 --> 01:19:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to stand up and say, yeah, we

01:19:07.800 --> 01:19:09.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
did it completely wrong.

01:19:09.000 --> 01:19:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
BST was the same era.

01:19:12.033 --> 01:19:14.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I think, in general, we have

01:19:14.233 --> 01:19:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
taken a much different approach.

01:19:15.566 --> 01:19:16.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It's one of the reasons why I'm

01:19:16.766 --> 01:19:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
here.

01:19:17.900 --> 01:19:19.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
It's one of the reasons why we

01:19:19.633 --> 01:19:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
promote the GMOanswers.com

01:19:21.033 --> 01:19:22.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
because it's an area where you

01:19:22.266 --> 01:19:24.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
can actually ask those questions

01:19:24.066 --> 01:19:26.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
and get those answers.

01:19:26.333 --> 01:19:28.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So we want to know how you feel.

01:19:28.900 --> 01:19:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We're going to do our best.

01:19:30.400 --> 01:19:32.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We can't convince you, I know

01:19:32.633 --> 01:19:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we're talking a lot about GM and

01:19:34.533 --> 01:19:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think everyone on the panel

01:19:35.766 --> 01:19:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
here will be the first one, GMOs

01:19:37.533 --> 01:19:38.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
are not the only tool in the

01:19:38.666 --> 01:19:40.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
toolbox.

01:19:40.166 --> 01:19:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Agriculture is a massive system.

01:19:42.466 --> 01:19:43.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
>> That's the thing.

01:19:43.766 --> 01:19:45.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> And we can't necessarily

01:19:45.633 --> 01:19:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
close our eyes to any one tool.

01:19:48.300 --> 01:19:49.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We have to be able to use all of

01:19:49.433 --> 01:19:50.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
them because we don't know which

01:19:50.666 --> 01:19:51.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
one is going to work.

01:19:51.633 --> 01:19:53.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But we also don't want to put

01:19:53.066 --> 01:19:54.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
all our eggs in one basket.

01:19:54.933 --> 01:19:57.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
GMOs are not going to be the

01:19:57.566 --> 01:19:59.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
answer to everything.

01:19:59.566 --> 01:20:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I work for a GMO company, I'll

01:20:01.200 --> 01:20:03.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
be the first one to tell you if

01:20:03.200 --> 01:20:04.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
we put all of our eggs in the

01:20:04.566 --> 01:20:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
GMO basket, we'd be out of

01:20:05.766 --> 01:20:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
business.

01:20:06.966 --> 01:20:08.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We have a lot of different

01:20:08.100 --> 01:20:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
things.

01:20:09.233 --> 01:20:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We're looking at this as a total

01:20:10.300 --> 01:20:11.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
package.

01:20:11.400 --> 01:20:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So we look at the environment.

01:20:12.466 --> 01:20:13.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
We look at the soils.

01:20:13.566 --> 01:20:14.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
We look at how we plant that

01:20:14.666 --> 01:20:16.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
seed, where we plant that seed,

01:20:16.033 --> 01:20:17.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
what we plant the seed with,

01:20:17.966 --> 01:20:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
what the growers challenges are

01:20:19.900 --> 01:20:21.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
from diseases and pests.

01:20:21.466 --> 01:20:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It is a very big system, and GM

01:20:24.100 --> 01:20:27.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
is one portion of that.

01:20:27.200 --> 01:20:28.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
And it's actually a...

01:20:28.500 --> 01:20:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> I think that's an excellent

01:20:29.733 --> 01:20:31.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
question, and interestingly

01:20:31.866 --> 01:20:34.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
enough though, I think, indeed,

01:20:34.000 --> 01:20:35.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Monsanto didn't do a very good

01:20:35.400 --> 01:20:37.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
job with this.

01:20:37.033 --> 01:20:38.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The idea that, as we say, human

01:20:38.933 --> 01:20:41.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
beings have concerns that are

01:20:41.233 --> 01:20:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
legitimate and most of the time

01:20:42.633 --> 01:20:45.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
by actually addressing them, you

01:20:45.166 --> 01:20:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
help society as a whole.

01:20:47.666 --> 01:20:49.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And that's, I would say,

01:20:49.666 --> 01:20:51.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
communication 101 for anything.

01:20:51.466 --> 01:20:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And as a professor here, if I

01:20:53.033 --> 01:20:54.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
don't listen to the concern of

01:20:54.133 --> 01:20:55.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
my students, most likely I'm

01:20:55.733 --> 01:20:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
going to be a terrible

01:20:56.800 --> 01:20:58.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
professor.

01:20:58.166 --> 01:20:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
But going back to genetic

01:20:59.333 --> 01:21:01.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
engineering, we need to remember

01:21:01.433 --> 01:21:02.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
also that it's not only using

01:21:02.700 --> 01:21:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
agriculture and consumers and

01:21:05.766 --> 01:21:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
individuals as a whole have very

01:21:07.733 --> 01:21:09.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
different types of reactions

01:21:09.400 --> 01:21:10.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
depending on how you use the

01:21:10.500 --> 01:21:11.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
technology.

01:21:11.700 --> 01:21:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
For example, there's been an

01:21:12.966 --> 01:21:14.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
overwhelming support of the

01:21:14.166 --> 01:21:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
technology as used in medicine,

01:21:16.300 --> 01:21:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
for example, to actually be able

01:21:18.200 --> 01:21:20.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
to create some medicinal

01:21:20.466 --> 01:21:22.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
products that could be used for

01:21:22.033 --> 01:21:24.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the welfare of society.

01:21:24.466 --> 01:21:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Whenever you talk about food

01:21:25.833 --> 01:21:26.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
though, and I think Paul

01:21:26.833 --> 01:21:28.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
mentioned that, whenever you

01:21:28.100 --> 01:21:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
talk about ingesting something,

01:21:30.866 --> 01:21:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
then all of us, we have a gut

01:21:33.000 --> 01:21:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
reaction to be concerned.

01:21:34.466 --> 01:21:36.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And I think legitimately so and

01:21:36.100 --> 01:21:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
there are potentially other

01:21:37.200 --> 01:21:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
concerns.

01:21:38.300 --> 01:21:40.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So Monsanto, maybe because of

01:21:40.066 --> 01:21:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
historically being a chemical

01:21:42.433 --> 01:21:44.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
company, I would say, and not

01:21:44.200 --> 01:21:46.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
really a company that was

01:21:46.333 --> 01:21:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
involved in agriculture as other

01:21:49.100 --> 01:21:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
companies were, such as Pioneer,

01:21:50.866 --> 01:21:52.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Syngenta, and such, may have

01:21:52.733 --> 01:21:54.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
misunderstood that that's a

01:21:54.533 --> 01:21:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
legitimate concern that may be

01:21:56.033 --> 01:21:57.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
raised and been able to actually

01:21:57.933 --> 01:21:59.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
listen to those in a very

01:21:59.033 --> 01:22:01.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
productive way.

01:22:01.633 --> 01:22:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
>> Let's try to get these two

01:22:03.100 --> 01:22:04.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
questions, and if we can keep

01:22:04.666 --> 01:22:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the answers crisp, we can get

01:22:06.433 --> 01:22:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
them both.

01:22:07.933 --> 01:22:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
Yes, go ahead.

01:22:09.866 --> 01:22:11.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> All right, so when I look at

01:22:11.433 --> 01:22:12.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
agriculture and sustainability

01:22:12.933 --> 01:22:14.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
today, the thing that concerns

01:22:14.233 --> 01:22:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
me most is looking at water

01:22:16.700 --> 01:22:18.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
availability.

01:22:18.433 --> 01:22:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And I know you said you farmed

01:22:19.900 --> 01:22:21.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
in the Central Sands, so

01:22:21.433 --> 01:22:22.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
normally you don't think of

01:22:22.866 --> 01:22:24.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Wisconsin as a water-stressed

01:22:24.200 --> 01:22:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
area, but I suppose that would

01:22:25.500 --> 01:22:26.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
probably be the most

01:22:26.600 --> 01:22:27.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
water-stressed part of the

01:22:27.700 --> 01:22:28.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
state, is it not?

01:22:28.833 --> 01:22:30.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
>> No it's not.

01:22:30.100 --> 01:22:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> As far as the soil retention

01:22:31.800 --> 01:22:33.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
or the water retention in the

01:22:33.066 --> 01:22:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
soil?

01:22:34.200 --> 01:22:35.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Yeah.

01:22:35.400 --> 01:22:36.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
I'll let you finish your

01:22:36.566 --> 01:22:37.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
question, sorry.

01:22:37.800 --> 01:22:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> This isn't necessarily have

01:22:39.066 --> 01:22:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to be limited to GM products,

01:22:41.700 --> 01:22:43.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
but how would drought

01:22:43.000 --> 01:22:45.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
resistance, as in are GM traits,

01:22:45.200 --> 01:22:46.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
how soon would that potentially

01:22:46.900 --> 01:22:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
be on the market, and what are

01:22:48.366 --> 01:22:50.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
other practices that are

01:22:50.300 --> 01:22:54.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
potentially being used now or

01:22:54.866 --> 01:22:56.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
being developed to help reduce

01:22:56.766 --> 01:22:59.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
water consumption?

01:22:59.366 --> 01:23:01.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> So the first GM drought trait

01:23:01.300 --> 01:23:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
went out last year.

01:23:03.266 --> 01:23:04.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Actually, it was in tests even

01:23:04.700 --> 01:23:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
the year before that.

01:23:06.600 --> 01:23:08.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
There's been non-GM drought

01:23:08.900 --> 01:23:11.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
breeding for a very, very long

01:23:11.233 --> 01:23:13.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
time.

01:23:13.066 --> 01:23:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And if you look at last year's

01:23:15.300 --> 01:23:17.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
yields, in particular, that same

01:23:17.066 --> 01:23:19.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
drought in the 1980s, I think,

01:23:19.466 --> 01:23:20.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
produced on average somewhere

01:23:20.833 --> 01:23:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
around, I don't know, 50 to 80

01:23:22.566 --> 01:23:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
bushels an acre.

01:23:24.333 --> 01:23:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think our average last year

01:23:25.866 --> 01:23:31.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
was closer to 120 to 140.

01:23:31.133 --> 01:23:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
so the drought breeding itself,

01:23:32.900 --> 01:23:34.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
not just the GM, but the drought

01:23:34.566 --> 01:23:36.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
breeding itself conventionally

01:23:36.000 --> 01:23:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
has helped out immensely with

01:23:37.533 --> 01:23:38.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
that stress, and it will

01:23:38.766 --> 01:23:40.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
continue to do that.

01:23:40.333 --> 01:23:41.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Yeah, and that's certainly,

01:23:41.700 --> 01:23:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
we don't consider drought

01:23:43.866 --> 01:23:46.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
resistance, but water and

01:23:46.500 --> 01:23:47.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
nutrient efficiency.

01:23:47.666 --> 01:23:48.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Potatoes are a perfect example

01:23:48.833 --> 01:23:50.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of a crop that's really pretty

01:23:50.066 --> 01:23:51.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
terrible at both of those.

01:23:51.433 --> 01:23:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And there are a lot of crops

01:23:53.000 --> 01:23:54.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that way, and we think there's a

01:23:54.133 --> 01:23:55.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
lot of opportunities because

01:23:55.666 --> 01:23:57.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
there certainly are varieties of

01:23:57.166 --> 01:23:58.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
many of those crops.

01:23:58.233 --> 01:23:59.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Potatoes, for example, there are

01:23:59.566 --> 01:24:00.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
something like 2,000 or 3,000

01:24:00.733 --> 01:24:02.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
varieties of potatoes of which

01:24:02.400 --> 01:24:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
we might grow 50 in the US.

01:24:03.866 --> 01:24:05.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
So there are lots of

01:24:05.033 --> 01:24:06.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
opportunities through both

01:24:06.200 --> 01:24:07.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
traditional and GM breeding

01:24:07.833 --> 01:24:09.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
processes that might bring some

01:24:09.233 --> 01:24:10.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
potential there.

01:24:10.400 --> 01:24:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But again, the GM processes you

01:24:12.466 --> 01:24:13.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
said was about 13 years.

01:24:13.833 --> 01:24:15.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The traditional breeding process

01:24:15.100 --> 01:24:16.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
to do that same thing is

01:24:16.466 --> 01:24:18.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
probably 20, 30, 40 years.

01:24:18.300 --> 01:24:20.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
So it's a slow process.

01:24:20.033 --> 01:24:21.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But it's a huge concern for all

01:24:21.600 --> 01:24:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
of us.

01:24:22.933 --> 01:24:24.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> And then on top of that there

01:24:24.233 --> 01:24:25.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
are precision agricultural

01:24:25.433 --> 01:24:26.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
approaches.

01:24:26.666 --> 01:24:28.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So ways to image crops and make

01:24:28.400 --> 01:24:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
targeted inputs rather than just

01:24:30.433 --> 01:24:32.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
giving an average input to a

01:24:32.233 --> 01:24:33.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
field.

01:24:33.533 --> 01:24:34.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And we're going to see a lot of

01:24:34.866 --> 01:24:36.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
advancements in that area really

01:24:36.500 --> 01:24:38.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
rapidly now, I believe.

01:24:38.600 --> 01:24:40.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
Last question.

01:24:40.033 --> 01:24:42.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
>> I kind of have, like, three.

01:24:42.866 --> 01:24:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

01:24:45.133 --> 01:24:47.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
>> Pick the most pressing.

01:24:47.233 --> 01:24:48.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
>> Okay.

01:24:48.400 --> 01:24:50.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Do we actually need GMOs?

01:24:50.566 --> 01:24:52.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
If so, why?

01:24:52.233 --> 01:24:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
If not, why not?

01:24:53.933 --> 01:24:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
>> Wow.

01:25:00.633 --> 01:25:03.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> It depends of the outcome you

01:25:03.333 --> 01:25:06.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
try to achieve.

01:25:06.466 --> 01:25:07.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So people from international

01:25:07.866 --> 01:25:09.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
perspective, if you want to

01:25:09.366 --> 01:25:11.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
insure food security, for

01:25:11.000 --> 01:25:13.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
example, by the means we have

01:25:13.066 --> 01:25:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
now, people might actually

01:25:15.333 --> 01:25:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
conclude that we do because as

01:25:17.166 --> 01:25:19.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
far as the toolbox that we have,

01:25:19.166 --> 01:25:21.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
for example, to have simple

01:25:21.466 --> 01:25:24.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
crops in Africa in which we feed

01:25:24.100 --> 01:25:27.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
people, then we do.

01:25:27.100 --> 01:25:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If the goal is something else,

01:25:29.100 --> 01:25:30.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
it's to move towards a more

01:25:30.766 --> 01:25:32.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
organic type of farming in the

01:25:32.966 --> 01:25:34.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
United States, then no.

01:25:34.933 --> 01:25:38.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So, really, there's not a no or

01:25:38.700 --> 01:25:39.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
yes answer to your question.

01:25:39.866 --> 01:25:41.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It's really depending what's the

01:25:41.133 --> 01:25:42.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
outcome.

01:25:42.333 --> 01:25:43.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
As a society, what are the cost

01:25:43.666 --> 01:25:44.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
benefits of whatever path we

01:25:44.933 --> 01:25:46.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
choose.

01:25:46.166 --> 01:25:47.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> I would go back to my first

01:25:47.700 --> 01:25:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
slide about, really, diversity

01:25:49.900 --> 01:25:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
as it relates to resilience.

01:25:51.333 --> 01:25:52.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I would argue that GMO traits

01:25:52.866 --> 01:25:54.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
may not be best suited for

01:25:54.266 --> 01:25:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Africa because you're looking at

01:25:56.300 --> 01:25:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the requirement of overlaying

01:25:57.466 --> 01:25:58.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
additional inputs that within

01:25:58.933 --> 01:26:00.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the instability in the region

01:26:00.933 --> 01:26:04.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you may actually be compromising

01:26:04.133 --> 01:26:05.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
resilience or yield because of

01:26:05.700 --> 01:26:09.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the reliance on the pesticides

01:26:09.366 --> 01:26:10.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and the herbicides on that crop.

01:26:10.966 --> 01:26:12.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But to not, as Travis said, we

01:26:12.500 --> 01:26:13.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
were looking at multiple, or

01:26:13.633 --> 01:26:16.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
maybe it was Andy, toolbox.

01:26:16.200 --> 01:26:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I think it's dangerous to say

01:26:19.766 --> 01:26:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
definitively yes or no we don't

01:26:22.933 --> 01:26:25.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
need it versus to overall look

01:26:25.800 --> 01:26:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
at diversifying agricultural

01:26:27.400 --> 01:26:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
approaches and supporting

01:26:29.100 --> 01:26:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
diversity, whether it be through

01:26:30.333 --> 01:26:32.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
regulatory or economic or other

01:26:32.100 --> 01:26:33.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
means, but, really, supporting

01:26:33.800 --> 01:26:36.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
diversity is key.

01:26:36.233 --> 01:26:37.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> If you look on our farm right

01:26:37.766 --> 01:26:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
now, no.

01:26:39.033 --> 01:26:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We could produce the same amount

01:26:42.133 --> 01:26:44.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of product we produce given our

01:26:44.033 --> 01:26:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
inputs with non-GMO products,

01:26:46.033 --> 01:26:47.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
certainly.

01:26:47.100 --> 01:26:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you want me to go back to the

01:26:48.300 --> 01:26:49.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
previous question and try to do

01:26:49.533 --> 01:26:51.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that 10 years from now with half

01:26:51.133 --> 01:26:53.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
as much water, then yes.

01:26:53.333 --> 01:26:54.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If it's going to be that soon,

01:26:54.366 --> 01:26:55.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
yeah, I probably do need some

01:26:55.533 --> 01:26:57.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
GMO help to do that.

01:26:57.066 --> 01:26:58.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
There are ways to do that over

01:26:58.300 --> 01:26:59.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the longer term, and there are

01:26:59.500 --> 01:27:00.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
things we can do short term.

01:27:00.800 --> 01:27:02.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We can deficit irrigate certain

01:27:02.033 --> 01:27:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
crops, but some crops, like

01:27:03.266 --> 01:27:04.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
potatoes, you can't do that.

01:27:04.433 --> 01:27:05.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
We can deficit irrigate corn and

01:27:05.633 --> 01:27:06.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
soybeans, if we're careful

01:27:06.833 --> 01:27:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
about it.

01:27:08.033 --> 01:27:09.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We're learning through our UW

01:27:09.200 --> 01:27:10.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
work.

01:27:10.533 --> 01:27:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But, again, it's no yes or no

01:27:11.466 --> 01:27:12.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
answer there.

01:27:12.766 --> 01:27:14.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
>> Yeah, it's a depends.

01:27:14.833 --> 01:27:17.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The papaya example was a great

01:27:17.200 --> 01:27:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
example that, yes, GM is

01:27:19.700 --> 01:27:20.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
necessary.

01:27:20.966 --> 01:27:23.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
If you want to find a resistance

01:27:23.400 --> 01:27:24.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
in the native papaya for the

01:27:24.666 --> 01:27:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
disease, it doesn't exist.

01:27:25.866 --> 01:27:26.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So the only way to do it is with

01:27:26.933 --> 01:27:28.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:7.5%
GM.

01:27:28.800 --> 01:27:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So, yeah, it really just

01:27:30.433 --> 01:27:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
depends.

01:27:33.100 --> 01:27:34.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I think what we've done so far

01:27:34.466 --> 01:27:36.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
is we've tried to use it where

01:27:36.033 --> 01:27:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
it's beneficial.

01:27:37.666 --> 01:27:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And the areas where it's not, it

01:27:38.800 --> 01:27:42.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
hasn't really been used.

01:27:42.500 --> 01:27:45.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
>> Paul, last thoughts from you?

01:27:45.300 --> 01:27:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
>> Oh, I don't have any last

01:27:46.666 --> 01:27:48.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
thoughts except having watched

01:27:48.033 --> 01:27:50.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
this debate unfold both in the

01:27:50.466 --> 01:27:51.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
United States and

01:27:51.633 --> 01:27:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
internationally over the last 30

01:27:53.000 --> 01:27:54.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
years, it is strange how much it

01:27:54.833 --> 01:27:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
reminds me of the climate change

01:27:56.033 --> 01:27:59.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
debate but in a kind of strange

01:27:59.800 --> 01:28:02.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
fun house mirror about trust in

01:28:02.266 --> 01:28:03.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
science and lack of trust in

01:28:03.766 --> 01:28:05.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
science.

01:28:05.000 --> 01:28:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Many people who trust climate

01:28:06.133 --> 01:28:07.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
science don't trust the GMO

01:28:07.466 --> 01:28:08.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
science, and there's question

01:28:08.633 --> 01:28:09.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
about the relationship between

01:28:09.833 --> 01:28:12.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
these systems and regulation and

01:28:12.033 --> 01:28:13.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
corporate power.

01:28:13.633 --> 01:28:14.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
And I think it's a very

01:28:14.766 --> 01:28:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
interesting thing to watch

01:28:15.933 --> 01:28:17.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
unfold in the larger

01:28:17.066 --> 01:28:18.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
environmental context and see

01:28:18.400 --> 01:28:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
what happens.

01:28:19.800 --> 01:28:21.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Well, that was a great last

01:28:21.333 --> 01:28:24.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
question, actually And I can see

01:28:24.300 --> 01:28:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
there's a lot of interest in

01:28:25.833 --> 01:28:27.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
this topic, so I wanted to just

01:28:27.366 --> 01:28:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
let you know about some

01:28:28.933 --> 01:28:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
additional resources.

01:28:30.600 --> 01:28:32.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The GMO answers has a website,

01:28:32.433 --> 01:28:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
and, Travis, we moved those

01:28:34.200 --> 01:28:35.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
brochures to the table just

01:28:35.733 --> 01:28:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
outside of the room.

01:28:37.666 --> 01:28:40.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Erin made reference to the

01:28:40.633 --> 01:28:42.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
USDA's national organic program

01:28:42.833 --> 01:28:44.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and what's permitted and what's

01:28:44.233 --> 01:28:45.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
not, and that information is

01:28:45.600 --> 01:28:46.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
there.

01:28:46.866 --> 01:28:48.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And Dominique, just briefly, can

01:28:48.100 --> 01:28:49.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you tell us what's the idea for

01:28:49.766 --> 01:28:51.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
this National Academy effort to

01:28:51.700 --> 01:28:53.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
look at genetically engineered

01:28:53.466 --> 01:28:54.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
crops.

01:28:54.733 --> 01:28:56.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
>> Yeah, so, basically, the

01:28:56.400 --> 01:28:58.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
National Academy of Sciences

01:28:58.266 --> 01:29:02.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
have charged 18 of us, an

01:29:02.300 --> 01:29:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
interdisciplinary committee to

01:29:03.400 --> 01:29:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
look at the available science

01:29:07.600 --> 01:29:12.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that could basically tell us in

01:29:12.233 --> 01:29:15.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
2014 what can we conclude about

01:29:15.766 --> 01:29:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
genetic engineering.

01:29:17.433 --> 01:29:19.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They have asked us particularly

01:29:19.666 --> 01:29:21.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
to look at not only the

01:29:21.066 --> 01:29:22.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
environment and health and the

01:29:22.966 --> 01:29:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
types of concerns we talked

01:29:24.333 --> 01:29:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
about today but also put that in

01:29:25.833 --> 01:29:28.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
a broader perspective including

01:29:28.200 --> 01:29:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
international focus.

01:29:30.333 --> 01:29:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So exciting but daunting.

01:29:32.066 --> 01:29:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's going to be a two-year

01:29:33.100 --> 01:29:34.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
process with a lot of public

01:29:34.400 --> 01:29:35.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
input.

01:29:35.533 --> 01:29:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We already had public meetings

01:29:37.300 --> 01:29:38.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
in DC.

01:29:38.400 --> 01:29:40.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
This is going to go on for two

01:29:40.133 --> 01:29:41.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
years.

01:29:41.900 --> 01:29:43.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I strongly suggest for all of

01:29:43.233 --> 01:29:44.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
you to look at that website.

01:29:44.433 --> 01:29:45.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Put your comments, you want to

01:29:45.733 --> 01:29:46.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
participate in the debate,

01:29:46.933 --> 01:29:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that's what we want to have as

01:29:48.333 --> 01:29:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
many perspectives as possible.

01:29:50.033 --> 01:29:51.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
At this point, we are at the

01:29:51.333 --> 01:29:54.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
information gathering stage by

01:29:54.833 --> 01:29:55.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
gathering all the scientific

01:29:55.866 --> 01:29:57.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
studies that we may have found

01:29:57.633 --> 01:29:59.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
on all the topics that are

01:29:59.900 --> 01:30:01.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
important to take into account.

01:30:01.466 --> 01:30:03.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So hopefully a lot of people

01:30:03.100 --> 01:30:04.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
will be involved in the

01:30:04.200 --> 01:30:05.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
discussion.

01:30:05.400 --> 01:30:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> So there's already a lot of

01:30:06.633 --> 01:30:07.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
information at the site.

01:30:07.800 --> 01:30:08.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Although, it won't conclude

01:30:08.966 --> 01:30:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
until 2016.

01:30:10.600 --> 01:30:12.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So I want to thank you for being

01:30:12.000 --> 01:30:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
a great audience.

01:30:13.266 --> 01:30:14.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
These are terrific questions,

01:30:14.833 --> 01:30:17.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and I appreciate the engagement

01:30:17.133 --> 01:30:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and your interest in the topic.

01:30:18.533 --> 01:30:19.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
I also want to thank my

01:30:19.833 --> 01:30:22.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
co-moderator, Paul Robbins, and

01:30:22.000 --> 01:30:23.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
all of our panelists for

01:30:23.733 --> 01:30:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
bringing a lot to the

01:30:25.033 --> 01:30:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
discussion.

01:30:26.100 --> 01:30:27.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Thank you very much.

01:30:27.166 --> 01:30:28.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]