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cc

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>> Good afternoon, everyone.

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I'm so pleased to see a good

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crowd here for our topic this

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afternoon.

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I'm Kate Vandenbosch.

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I'm the dean of the College of

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Agricultural and Life Sciences

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here at UW Madison.

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>> And I'm Paul Robbins,

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and I'm the director of

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the Nelson Institute for

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Environmental Studies here at

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the University of Wisconsin.

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We're here to talk about

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agriculture.

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Agriculture is facing enormous

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challenges.

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By the middle of the century

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when population, globally,

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levels off, we're going to be

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maybe nine, 10, or 11 billion

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people.

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That's a lot of folks to feed,

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and in addition to that, we've

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got scarce natural resources,

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problems with the availability

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of water, the availability of

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inputs into agriculture, and

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that is without saying anything

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about climate change, which we

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will not be discussing.

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[LAUGHTER]

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Even so, in the absence of

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an immediate solution,

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we're wondering whether GMOs,

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as they evolve, can be not only

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part of feeding people in the

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future but thinking a lot about

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stewarding our natural resources

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and moving forward to lighten

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our footprint on the land,

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whether or not that's possible.

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>> It's a really tall order,

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Paul, and we're also wondering

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how would eaters everywhere

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react to new GMO foods and would

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farmers embrace the expansion of

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available technologies.

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So we invited four panelists

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with varied expertise to address

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these and other questions.

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And they are Dominique Brossard,

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who is chair and professor of

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UW Life Sciences Communication

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Department.

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Dominique is internally known

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expert in public opinion

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dynamics, especially those

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related to controversial

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scientific issues.

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Her research emphasizes the role

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of values in shaping public

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attitudes.

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Professor Brossard is currently

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serving on a National Academy of

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Sciences committee to assess the

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concerns, claims, and promises

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of genetically engineered crops

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based on current evidence.

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Another panelist is

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Andy Diercks, who is a '93 UW

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grad with a BS from biological

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systems engineering, and he

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today runs a large sustainable

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farm in partnership with his dad

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and fellow alum Steve in

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Wisconsin Central Sands.

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They are third and fourth

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generation growers in a family

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that has partnered with UW

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potato researchers over the

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years in many ways, including

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leading to the development of

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the healthy grown certification

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of environmentally friendly

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growing conditions.

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In addition to potatoes,

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Coloma Farms produces corn,

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soybeans, and vegetable crops.

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Andy has been active in industry

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leadership in the state and

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beyond and currently chairs the

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citizen board for the state

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Department of Agriculture,

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Trade, and Consumer Protection,

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which is also known as DATCP.

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>> Travis Frey is with us here

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as well.

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He's another UW alum.

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He's currently the site lead for

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Monsanto's biotechnology campus

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in Middleton, Wisconsin, just

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outside of town, and the lead of

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soybean and cotton

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transformation applications.

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Dr. Frey received his masters

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from UW's plant breeding and

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plant genetics program in 2002

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and went on to complete his PhD

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at the University of Delaware.

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He's been with Monsanto since

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2006.

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So he's been around the block on

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this question.

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Erin Silva is here as well.

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She joined the UW faculty as

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assistant professor of plant

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pathology, though she's been a

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UW researcher for quite some

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time as an associate scientist

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in agronomy and the Center of

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Integrated Agricultural Systems,

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which is a great center on

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campus.

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Here research expertise is in

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organic and sustainable

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production systems for

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vegetable, row crops, and

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pasture based systems, and in

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her extension work, which is so

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fundamental to the UW outreach,

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Dr. Silva focuses on food safety

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practices on vegetable farms as

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well as tools for modeling costs

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on diversified farms.

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So Erin's teaching activities

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have included engaging students

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in community food production

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through urban farming in and

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around the city.

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>> So we've asked each of our

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four panelists to present their

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thoughts, and then we will open

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things up for discussion.

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But first, I wanted to get all

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of us on the same page with some

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definitions, and we decided to

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go to some language from the

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National Academy of Sciences

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Natural Research Council on

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these topics.

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So, what are genetically

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engineered crops?

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Well, they would be those crops

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whose genetic makeup has been

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altered using biotechnology

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techniques that precisely cut

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and insert DNA to make a

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specific and well characterized

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change in the genome of that

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crop.

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And these alterations may

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enhance or otherwise alter an

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existing trait that's present in

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the plant or they may introduce

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genes that confer a trait from

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another plant or other organism.

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So we could also ask, GE crops,

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GMOs, are they the same or

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different?

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Well, genetic modification is

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the broader concept, and even

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though they are used fairly

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synonymously oftentimes,

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especially in the popular press,

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more broadly speaking, genetic

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modification includes genetic

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engineering but also other

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techniques such as induced

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mutations, selection, and

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hybridization, and these latter

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techniques are frequently used

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in conventional plant breeding.

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So, in the US today, what

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genetically engineered crops are

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available?

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Well, that includes some

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varieties of corn, both field

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and sweetcorn, soybeans, cotton,

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canola, alfalfa, sugar beets,

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papaya, and squash.

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And many of these would be grown

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in Wisconsin, not so much the

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cotton and papaya, but the

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others would be here.

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Today, just to keep things

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simple, we're going to use the

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terms genetic engineering and

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genetic modification

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synonymously so we don't have to

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confuse ourselves with that.

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So that's enough background.

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And with that, I'd like to

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welcome Travis Frey to come up

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to the microphone and to tell us

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about his perspective.

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>> Good afternoon, everyone.

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Thank you for inviting me, and I

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look forward to the Q&A coming

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out of the group a little bit

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later.

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I did want to start off just

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very quickly, I've got some

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pamphlets in the back if folks

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are interested.

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If we don't get to your

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question, there's a great

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resource online that you can

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post a question, you can look

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for questions.

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It's called GMOanswers.com.

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Is it working?

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Can you hear me?

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So if you do have questions, you

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can get a pamphlet in the back,

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and that GMOanswers.com can

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hopefully help you find answers

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to questions you may have

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currently.

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If there's no answers there, you

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can always post a question as

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well, and you'll get an answer

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back.

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What I wanted to really talk

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today about was in pertaining in

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GMOs and genetically modified

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crops, really the safety of the

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crop and the way it's been

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defined over the last 15 to 20

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years that have been out on the

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market.

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There's about four billion acres

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of farmland that's been used for

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GMO production since about 1996

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when the first GMOs came out.

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Of that, there's probably also

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been about a thousand or more,

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it's probably close to 1,100,

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studies that have been published

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on the safety of those

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particular products, and really

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what they've found is they are

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no different than conventionally

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bred materials.

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And honestly, the only way they

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can be approved for growth in

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the market and growth on

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farmer's fields is if they do

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not pose any significant

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difference.

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So there's been about 30 years

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of research and information out

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there of GMOs in its entirety.

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So, although they've only been

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on the market since 1996,

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they've been studied for over

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30 years.

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There's 63 different countries,

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and this is actually growing,

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I think it's actually closer to

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70 now, that GMs have been

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approved and found safe for

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growth and/or import.

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And then, on average, it takes

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about 13 years to go from start

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to finish.

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So that's from the laboratory,

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our laboratories out in

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Middleton to the farmer's field.

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So that 13 years comprises not

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just the development of the crop

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but all the safety testing,

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efficacy testing that goes on to

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ensure those crops are as safe

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as they possibly can be

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for the public.

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So there's been a number, I

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could probably go on for two

290
00:08:48,233 --> 00:08:49,766
hours of the studies that have

291
00:08:49,766 --> 00:08:51,066
been done, and I just put three

292
00:08:51,066 --> 00:08:52,766
up here in particular over the

293
00:08:52,766 --> 00:08:54,266
last couple of years.

294
00:08:54,266 --> 00:08:55,933
And you can read through what

295
00:08:55,933 --> 00:08:57,966
they say, but, essentially, a

296
00:08:57,966 --> 00:08:59,700
lot of organizations have come

297
00:08:59,700 --> 00:09:01,966
out actually in support of GM

298
00:09:01,966 --> 00:09:04,100
crops and their value to the

299
00:09:04,100 --> 00:09:06,200
world as a whole to help

300
00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:08,500
feed it.

301
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:09,933
And time and time again, whether

302
00:09:09,933 --> 00:09:11,266
it's here in the US or it's

303
00:09:11,266 --> 00:09:13,933
overseas in Europe or anywhere

304
00:09:13,933 --> 00:09:15,866
else, you can see organizations

305
00:09:15,866 --> 00:09:17,333
that are standing behind the

306
00:09:17,333 --> 00:09:18,866
safety.

307
00:09:18,866 --> 00:09:21,600
And so you can pretty much scan

308
00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:23,966
through any Google search, and

309
00:09:23,966 --> 00:09:25,733
you'll get a lot of information.

310
00:09:25,733 --> 00:09:27,333
Some of that information is

311
00:09:27,333 --> 00:09:28,700
really solid information; some

312
00:09:28,700 --> 00:09:30,900
of that information is biased

313
00:09:30,900 --> 00:09:33,833
and may not be completely true.

314
00:09:33,833 --> 00:09:35,166
I just encourage you to continue

315
00:09:35,166 --> 00:09:36,966
to look at both sides and make a

316
00:09:36,966 --> 00:09:38,433
choice based on the information

317
00:09:38,433 --> 00:09:40,233
that you can pull together.

318
00:09:40,233 --> 00:09:41,633
So look at some of these

319
00:09:41,633 --> 00:09:43,733
organizations as some of your

320
00:09:43,733 --> 00:09:47,433
sources of information.

321
00:09:47,433 --> 00:09:48,633
So one of the most interesting

322
00:09:48,633 --> 00:09:50,300
things, when you think about

323
00:09:50,300 --> 00:09:51,566
crop production and what's been

324
00:09:51,566 --> 00:09:52,933
attributed or can be attributed

325
00:09:52,933 --> 00:09:55,300
to GM crops themselves, between

326
00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:59,000
1996 and 2011, crop

327
00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:00,366
biotechnology has been

328
00:10:00,366 --> 00:10:01,800
responsible for almost

329
00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:03,566
16 million metric tons of

330
00:10:03,566 --> 00:10:05,400
cotton lint, additional,

331
00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:07,833
195 million metric tons of corn,

332
00:10:07,833 --> 00:10:10,933
and 110 metric tons of soybeans.

333
00:10:10,933 --> 00:10:12,933
So it's been a big, big jump.

334
00:10:12,933 --> 00:10:15,533
And most of the GM crops that

335
00:10:15,533 --> 00:10:16,766
are out there, it's not

336
00:10:16,766 --> 00:10:18,166
necessarily providing more

337
00:10:18,166 --> 00:10:19,366
yield, it's protecting the yield

338
00:10:19,366 --> 00:10:20,633
that's been bred into those

339
00:10:20,633 --> 00:10:21,800
crops.

340
00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:23,066
So most of the traits that we

341
00:10:23,066 --> 00:10:24,500
see on the market today are

342
00:10:24,500 --> 00:10:25,700
traits that actually protect

343
00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:27,400
that yield from being either

344
00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:29,366
destroyed from insects or

345
00:10:29,366 --> 00:10:31,366
herbicide or a lack of water.

346
00:10:35,433 --> 00:10:36,800
Sorry, when I said herbicide,

347
00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:37,800
I meant that the weeds

348
00:10:37,800 --> 00:10:38,800
themselves.

349
00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:39,866
So they're protected from the

350
00:10:39,866 --> 00:10:41,233
herbicide so we can actually

351
00:10:41,233 --> 00:10:42,700
eliminate the weeds that

352
00:10:42,700 --> 00:10:43,966
actually steal nutrients and

353
00:10:43,966 --> 00:10:46,066
water from the crops.

354
00:10:46,066 --> 00:10:47,333
So when you start thinking,

355
00:10:47,333 --> 00:10:48,633
then, about, okay, if you're not

356
00:10:48,633 --> 00:10:50,133
having to apply herbicides and

357
00:10:50,133 --> 00:10:51,300
you're not having to apply

358
00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:52,400
different pesticides, the

359
00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:53,666
environmental impacts of that

360
00:10:53,666 --> 00:10:54,900
can be huge.

361
00:10:54,900 --> 00:10:57,066
So between 1996 and 2012,

362
00:10:57,066 --> 00:11:00,100
there's been about 503 million

363
00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:02,833
kilograms less pesticide sprayed

364
00:11:02,833 --> 00:11:05,466
into the environment.

365
00:11:05,466 --> 00:11:06,666
And if you take that into

366
00:11:06,666 --> 00:11:08,033
consideration of environmental

367
00:11:08,033 --> 00:11:09,633
impact, the University of

368
00:11:09,633 --> 00:11:11,066
Cornell has come out with what

369
00:11:11,066 --> 00:11:12,400
they call an environmental

370
00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:13,700
impact quotient, and it takes

371
00:11:13,700 --> 00:11:16,000
into consideration not only the

372
00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:17,600
farmer that's actually applying

373
00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:19,666
it, the bees, the secondary

374
00:11:19,666 --> 00:11:21,033
insects that it may be

375
00:11:21,033 --> 00:11:23,466
effecting, the soil, as well as

376
00:11:23,466 --> 00:11:25,500
the crops and the environment.

377
00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:26,766
When you put all that together,

378
00:11:26,766 --> 00:11:28,033
the environmental impact

379
00:11:28,033 --> 00:11:30,233
reduction by using GM crops has

380
00:11:30,233 --> 00:11:32,500
been almost 20%.

381
00:11:32,500 --> 00:11:35,800
18.7% to be exact.

382
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:37,666
In 2012 alone, the biotech

383
00:11:37,666 --> 00:11:39,766
traits such as BT and herbicide

384
00:11:39,766 --> 00:11:41,366
resistance have really accounted

385
00:11:41,366 --> 00:11:43,600
for about 27 billion kilograms

386
00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:46,633
of CO2.

387
00:11:46,633 --> 00:11:48,033
So a reduction in that because

388
00:11:48,033 --> 00:11:49,366
we don't actually have to go out

389
00:11:49,366 --> 00:11:51,066
into the field and spray as

390
00:11:51,066 --> 00:11:52,700
often.

391
00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:54,233
So tractors aren't going out,

392
00:11:54,233 --> 00:11:55,600
spraying pesticides, they're not

393
00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:56,866
going out spraying herbicides,

394
00:11:56,866 --> 00:11:58,066
and more importantly, because

395
00:11:58,066 --> 00:12:00,566
they can use burned down

396
00:12:00,566 --> 00:12:02,500
herbicides like Roundup only

397
00:12:02,500 --> 00:12:03,700
once, they don't actually have

398
00:12:03,700 --> 00:12:05,166
to till the soil.

399
00:12:05,166 --> 00:12:06,466
So they actually improve the

400
00:12:06,466 --> 00:12:07,700
soil quality quite a bit and

401
00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:08,866
keep a lot of the moisture and a

402
00:12:08,866 --> 00:12:10,666
lot of valuable nutrition and

403
00:12:10,666 --> 00:12:12,800
microflora in the soil intact

404
00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:14,900
and undisturbed.

405
00:12:14,900 --> 00:12:16,766
So just a lot fewer moves in and

406
00:12:16,766 --> 00:12:20,300
out of the field, which really

407
00:12:20,300 --> 00:12:21,633
translates to, you put it into

408
00:12:21,633 --> 00:12:22,933
simple terms, almost 12 million

409
00:12:22,933 --> 00:12:24,033
cars that we've been able to

410
00:12:24,033 --> 00:12:25,300
pull off the road because of

411
00:12:25,300 --> 00:12:26,533
that.

412
00:12:26,533 --> 00:12:27,766
And when you think about

413
00:12:27,766 --> 00:12:30,366
biotech, what it has created

414
00:12:30,366 --> 00:12:32,133
thus far, we would have had to

415
00:12:32,133 --> 00:12:33,800
probably plant an additional

416
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,566
123 million hectares of land.

417
00:12:36,566 --> 00:12:38,200
And that's a lot of land to keep

418
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:39,466
the food production where we're

419
00:12:39,466 --> 00:12:41,200
at today.

420
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:42,666
So without these crops, we would

421
00:12:42,666 --> 00:12:44,100
have had to add that many more

422
00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:45,466
acres and that many more

423
00:12:45,466 --> 00:12:47,733
hectares of field space.

424
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:50,133
And if you've driven around the

425
00:12:50,133 --> 00:12:53,333
Madison, Middleton, Dane County

426
00:12:53,333 --> 00:12:54,666
area, if you notice how many

427
00:12:54,666 --> 00:12:57,233
fields have gone away because of

428
00:12:57,233 --> 00:12:58,666
construction.

429
00:12:58,666 --> 00:12:59,966
I just went on a bike ride this

430
00:12:59,966 --> 00:13:01,766
afternoon and saw a number of

431
00:13:01,766 --> 00:13:03,500
new lots available for

432
00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:04,666
construction.

433
00:13:04,666 --> 00:13:05,900
That's farmland that's gone

434
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:07,800
under building.

435
00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:09,800
We can't get that back.

436
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:11,533
So for every house that gets

437
00:13:11,533 --> 00:13:13,266
built and a farmland that goes

438
00:13:13,266 --> 00:13:14,533
down, we have to be that much

439
00:13:14,533 --> 00:13:15,700
more productive with the

440
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:17,000
farmland that's left.

441
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,200
So as population grows,

442
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:20,400
farmlands decrease.

443
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:21,600
We need to be more and more

444
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,900
productive.

445
00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:25,200
And so the last thing I wanted

446
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:26,633
to put up here was just a place

447
00:13:26,633 --> 00:13:28,133
to go if you want information.

448
00:13:28,133 --> 00:13:30,933
We're very transparent with GM

449
00:13:30,933 --> 00:13:32,166
crops.

450
00:13:32,166 --> 00:13:33,366
Where they're at, who's making

451
00:13:33,366 --> 00:13:34,700
them, who's testing them, where

452
00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:36,000
they're being tested.

453
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:37,166
You can go to this particular

454
00:13:37,166 --> 00:13:38,200
site.

455
00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:39,466
It's called an International

456
00:13:39,466 --> 00:13:41,800
Service for the Acquisition of

457
00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:43,366
Agri-biotech Applications.

458
00:13:43,366 --> 00:13:44,566
Essentially, it basically takes

459
00:13:44,566 --> 00:13:46,100
every GM trait that's out there

460
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:48,200
that's registered to be tested,

461
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:49,900
it lists it by trait, it lists

462
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:53,033
it by company, university,

463
00:13:53,033 --> 00:13:55,400
whoever is wanting to trial it.

464
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:56,633
It tells you exactly what it is

465
00:13:56,633 --> 00:13:57,900
and what it does.

466
00:13:57,900 --> 00:13:58,966
Very transparent.

467
00:13:58,966 --> 00:14:00,066
And this is just an example of

468
00:14:00,066 --> 00:14:01,300
some of the traits that are

469
00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:02,833
coming in the future.

470
00:14:02,833 --> 00:14:04,133
So it's not just what I've

471
00:14:04,133 --> 00:14:05,500
discussed today around BT and

472
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,266
herbicide, but there's also

473
00:14:07,266 --> 00:14:09,100
things, enhancing yield and

474
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:11,466
modifying --, drought stress

475
00:14:11,466 --> 00:14:13,933
tolerance, even anti-allergy and

476
00:14:13,933 --> 00:14:15,666
delayed ripening.

477
00:14:15,666 --> 00:14:17,300
So these are things that will

478
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:18,533
all be potentially on the market

479
00:14:18,533 --> 00:14:19,800
in the future.

480
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,366
So check it out.

481
00:14:23,366 --> 00:14:25,700
Last slide.

482
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:27,033
Thank you.

483
00:14:27,033 --> 00:14:29,066
[APPLAUSE]

484
00:14:32,966 --> 00:14:34,533
>> So, next up we have

485
00:14:34,533 --> 00:14:35,766
Erin Silva, and we're

486
00:14:35,766 --> 00:14:37,133
particularly interested in her

487
00:14:37,133 --> 00:14:39,600
thoughts on how and if GMOs fit

488
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,400
into sustainability more

489
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:42,566
generally in integrated

490
00:14:42,566 --> 00:14:44,133
agricultural systems.

491
00:14:44,133 --> 00:14:45,166
So I'll welcome her to the

492
00:14:45,166 --> 00:14:46,133
floor.

493
00:14:46,133 --> 00:14:47,133
Remember to speak into the mic.

494
00:14:47,133 --> 00:14:49,133
I've been warned.

495
00:14:55,666 --> 00:14:56,800
>> Thank you.

496
00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:58,100
I'm thrilled to be here today,

497
00:14:58,100 --> 00:14:59,233
and I'm thrilled to see such a

498
00:14:59,233 --> 00:15:00,700
great audience out there on a

499
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:03,300
Sunday afternoon.

500
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:04,833
Like Paul mentioned, I was asked

501
00:15:04,833 --> 00:15:06,200
to give my viewpoint on

502
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:09,033
agricultural sustainability.

503
00:15:09,033 --> 00:15:11,233
So in my eyes, agricultural

504
00:15:11,233 --> 00:15:13,733
sustainability really requires

505
00:15:13,733 --> 00:15:16,466
the achievement of particularly

506
00:15:16,466 --> 00:15:18,200
three integrated goals:

507
00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:19,866
environmental health, economic

508
00:15:19,866 --> 00:15:22,400
profitability, and social and

509
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:25,200
economic equity.

510
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,466
And truly, as we look at

511
00:15:27,466 --> 00:15:29,233
agriculture globally, and as

512
00:15:29,233 --> 00:15:30,500
Paul mentioned in the

513
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:31,833
introduction, feeding a growing

514
00:15:31,833 --> 00:15:33,766
population worldwide, really

515
00:15:33,766 --> 00:15:35,233
agriculture faces a grand

516
00:15:35,233 --> 00:15:36,633
challenge of maintaining an

517
00:15:36,633 --> 00:15:38,300
increasing system resiliency

518
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:40,000
under changing conditions.

519
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:41,666
We need to continue if not

520
00:15:41,666 --> 00:15:42,933
increase the agricultural

521
00:15:42,933 --> 00:15:44,133
production that we're currently

522
00:15:44,133 --> 00:15:45,500
seeing.

523
00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:46,866
And we know that we're seeing

524
00:15:46,866 --> 00:15:48,133
changing conditions, we're

525
00:15:48,133 --> 00:15:49,933
seeing changes in weather

526
00:15:49,933 --> 00:15:51,800
patterns, more extreme weather,

527
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:53,033
and there's also changing

528
00:15:53,033 --> 00:15:54,500
social, economic, and political

529
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:56,233
conditions across the globe.

530
00:15:56,233 --> 00:15:58,100
And, really, one of the keys to

531
00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:00,533
resiliency is maintaining

532
00:16:00,533 --> 00:16:02,166
diversity.

533
00:16:02,166 --> 00:16:03,666
And that means not only

534
00:16:03,666 --> 00:16:04,933
maintaining diversity of crops

535
00:16:04,933 --> 00:16:06,233
and livestock across the

536
00:16:06,233 --> 00:16:10,000
landscape, but also maintaining

537
00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:11,166
diversity in production

538
00:16:11,166 --> 00:16:12,700
approaches.

539
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:14,000
So I really don't want to

540
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,566
necessarily get into GMOs and

541
00:16:17,566 --> 00:16:21,033
their positive and negative

542
00:16:21,033 --> 00:16:22,333
impacts on our cultural

543
00:16:22,333 --> 00:16:23,700
sustainability, but instead

544
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:27,233
emphasize the need for a

545
00:16:27,233 --> 00:16:28,766
continued diversity of

546
00:16:28,766 --> 00:16:30,400
production approaches to

547
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:31,700
maintain the resiliency that's

548
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:34,000
going to be required to continue

549
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:35,233
to maintain our crop production

550
00:16:35,233 --> 00:16:36,866
globally.

551
00:16:36,866 --> 00:16:38,066
And that includes organic

552
00:16:38,066 --> 00:16:39,266
agriculture, that includes

553
00:16:39,266 --> 00:16:41,333
agriculture that is non-GMO, as

554
00:16:41,333 --> 00:16:43,866
well as potentially GMO based

555
00:16:43,866 --> 00:16:46,033
agriculture as well.

556
00:16:46,033 --> 00:16:47,600
And alongside that is also

557
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:49,566
maintaining diversity in variety

558
00:16:49,566 --> 00:16:50,833
choices.

559
00:16:50,833 --> 00:16:52,233
So the germplasm that's

560
00:16:52,233 --> 00:16:53,733
available to farmers, again both

561
00:16:53,733 --> 00:16:55,900
non-GMO and GMO varieties that

562
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:59,133
are available on the marketplace

563
00:16:59,133 --> 00:17:01,533
and that will in part increase

564
00:17:01,533 --> 00:17:04,233
resiliency to cropping systems,

565
00:17:04,233 --> 00:17:05,900
again not only in the US but

566
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:08,433
across the globe.

567
00:17:08,433 --> 00:17:11,366
So as Kate talked about a couple

568
00:17:11,366 --> 00:17:13,366
of definitions just to get

569
00:17:13,366 --> 00:17:14,933
everybody on the same playing

570
00:17:14,933 --> 00:17:16,133
field, I just wanted to get a

571
00:17:16,133 --> 00:17:18,300
couple benchmarks, I guess, out

572
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:20,100
there with respect to GMOs and

573
00:17:20,100 --> 00:17:22,000
the organic regulation.

574
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:23,200
As was mentioned, my expertise

575
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:24,233
is really in organic

576
00:17:24,233 --> 00:17:25,233
agriculture.

577
00:17:25,233 --> 00:17:26,466
I work extensively with organic

578
00:17:26,466 --> 00:17:27,700
farmers, not only in Wisconsin

579
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:31,533
but also across the country.

580
00:17:31,533 --> 00:17:34,100
And GMOs and organic agriculture

581
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:38,733
have, there has been a

582
00:17:38,733 --> 00:17:41,033
recognition of how GMOs, I

583
00:17:41,033 --> 00:17:42,366
guess, relate to organic

584
00:17:42,366 --> 00:17:45,366
agriculture since the national

585
00:17:45,366 --> 00:17:47,633
organic programs inception.

586
00:17:47,633 --> 00:17:51,066
Really, the federal regulatory

587
00:17:51,066 --> 00:17:52,333
landscape with respect to

588
00:17:52,333 --> 00:17:54,366
organic started in 1990, and at

589
00:17:54,366 --> 00:17:55,733
that time the Organic Food

590
00:17:55,733 --> 00:17:57,366
Production Act did not mention

591
00:17:57,366 --> 00:17:59,433
biotechnology, engineering, or

592
00:17:59,433 --> 00:18:01,466
genetically modified organisms.

593
00:18:01,466 --> 00:18:02,966
At that point, they weren't out

594
00:18:02,966 --> 00:18:04,166
on the landscape, and there

595
00:18:04,166 --> 00:18:05,833
wasn't any way that it was

596
00:18:05,833 --> 00:18:07,733
addressed within that act.

597
00:18:07,733 --> 00:18:10,400
In 1997, that's where, really,

598
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:11,533
the first national organic

599
00:18:11,533 --> 00:18:13,800
program proposed rule was

600
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,866
released out to the public and

601
00:18:16,866 --> 00:18:18,166
was released out to the public

602
00:18:18,166 --> 00:18:21,533
for comments, as typically is

603
00:18:21,533 --> 00:18:23,833
done, and that first iteration

604
00:18:23,833 --> 00:18:25,566
of the rule did not prohibit GE

605
00:18:25,566 --> 00:18:28,000
substances or GMOs.

606
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,166
However, once that rule was

607
00:18:31,166 --> 00:18:35,033
released and public comment came

608
00:18:35,033 --> 00:18:37,566
in, there was a huge negative

609
00:18:37,566 --> 00:18:40,233
outcry from the public.

610
00:18:40,233 --> 00:18:41,500
And because of that negative

611
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:43,200
outcry, immense response,

612
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,366
200,000 or so responses against

613
00:18:45,366 --> 00:18:46,833
GMOs being included in the

614
00:18:46,833 --> 00:18:48,500
organic regulation, the proposed

615
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:50,100
rule was amended.

616
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:51,466
And in 2000 when the second

617
00:18:51,466 --> 00:18:52,766
national organic program

618
00:18:52,766 --> 00:18:54,100
proposed rule came out, it

619
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:55,466
excluded the use of GMOs in

620
00:18:55,466 --> 00:18:58,100
organic production.

621
00:18:58,100 --> 00:18:59,433
So our current national organic

622
00:18:59,433 --> 00:19:01,333
program regulation does exclude

623
00:19:01,333 --> 00:19:04,700
the use of GMOs, and also other

624
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:06,600
genetic engineering techniques.

625
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:08,466
So that includes recombinant DNA

626
00:19:08,466 --> 00:19:09,833
techniques that alter gene

627
00:19:09,833 --> 00:19:11,300
position or copy number, that

628
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:13,300
introduce foreign genes, and

629
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:15,100
also self-fusion and micro and

630
00:19:15,100 --> 00:19:16,733
macro encapsulation.

631
00:19:16,733 --> 00:19:18,933
But there are permitted methods,

632
00:19:18,933 --> 00:19:20,566
such as traditional breeding,

633
00:19:20,566 --> 00:19:21,900
in vitro fertilization,

634
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:23,400
conjugation, fermentation,

635
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:24,666
and tissue culture.

636
00:19:24,666 --> 00:19:26,233
And I do have to say as a

637
00:19:26,233 --> 00:19:27,500
researcher that's involved in

638
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:29,566
organic agriculture, organic

639
00:19:29,566 --> 00:19:31,366
agriculture also does recognize

640
00:19:31,366 --> 00:19:33,733
the value of various techniques

641
00:19:33,733 --> 00:19:35,000
with understanding more broadly

642
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:36,933
agricultural systems and how

643
00:19:36,933 --> 00:19:39,233
organic agriculture can be

644
00:19:39,233 --> 00:19:40,700
optimized.

645
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,033
And I'm happy in the Q&A section

646
00:19:43,033 --> 00:19:47,633
to address more broadly how the

647
00:19:47,633 --> 00:19:49,866
organic community, how organic

648
00:19:49,866 --> 00:19:51,866
farmers view GMOs.

649
00:19:51,866 --> 00:19:53,100
Organic farmers and the organic

650
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:54,600
farming community is definitely

651
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:56,200
not a monolithic group.

652
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:57,566
And there's a variety of

653
00:19:57,566 --> 00:20:00,766
opinions and a variety of voices

654
00:20:00,766 --> 00:20:03,666
that talk about the role of GMOs

655
00:20:03,666 --> 00:20:05,233
more broadly in agriculture as

656
00:20:05,233 --> 00:20:07,166
well as in organic production.

657
00:20:07,166 --> 00:20:08,400
But the one thing that I will

658
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:09,566
address, which, again, I can

659
00:20:09,566 --> 00:20:11,200
address more extensively within

660
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,333
the Q&A section, is pretty

661
00:20:13,333 --> 00:20:14,933
broadly the organic community

662
00:20:14,933 --> 00:20:16,300
is, however, concerned with the

663
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:17,933
issue of coexistence.

664
00:20:17,933 --> 00:20:19,500
Coexistence being the current

665
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:21,100
cultivation of conventional,

666
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:23,033
organic, identity preserved, and

667
00:20:23,033 --> 00:20:24,633
genetically engineered crops

668
00:20:24,633 --> 00:20:26,133
consistent with underlying

669
00:20:26,133 --> 00:20:28,000
consumer preferences and farmer

670
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:29,300
choices.

671
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:31,100
So how do all these diverse

672
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:33,466
agricultural production methods,

673
00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:35,033
how can they coexist on the

674
00:20:35,033 --> 00:20:36,400
landscape and preserve the

675
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,833
identity of the organic product

676
00:20:39,833 --> 00:20:41,666
and the organic farmers'

677
00:20:41,666 --> 00:20:43,233
preferences to have their

678
00:20:43,233 --> 00:20:46,533
product free of GMOs alongside a

679
00:20:46,533 --> 00:20:48,633
conventional farmer?

680
00:20:48,633 --> 00:20:50,866
How do we potentially minimize

681
00:20:50,866 --> 00:20:52,633
and prevent pollen drift?

682
00:20:52,633 --> 00:20:55,300
Where does that burden lie?

683
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:57,900
Who bears that burden, whether

684
00:20:57,900 --> 00:20:59,333
it's organic farmer or the

685
00:20:59,333 --> 00:21:01,166
conventional farmer.

686
00:21:01,166 --> 00:21:02,500
And recognizing the economic

687
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:04,233
losses that the organic farmer

688
00:21:04,233 --> 00:21:06,233
does impart by having to bear

689
00:21:06,233 --> 00:21:07,500
that burden, whether it be

690
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:08,833
through delayed planting,

691
00:21:08,833 --> 00:21:10,066
altering maturity dates, or

692
00:21:10,066 --> 00:21:12,000
putting buffers on their field.

693
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,300
So again, I'd be happy to expand

694
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:14,600
upon that in the Q&A section,

695
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:16,466
but for there I just want to

696
00:21:16,466 --> 00:21:18,700
give my introduction to organic

697
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:21,766
agriculture and GMOs.

698
00:21:21,766 --> 00:21:23,766
[APPLAUSE]

699
00:21:28,266 --> 00:21:29,500
>> Thank you, Erin.

700
00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:30,933
I want to invite

701
00:21:30,933 --> 00:21:32,333
Dominique Brossard to come up

702
00:21:32,333 --> 00:21:33,533
now.

703
00:21:33,533 --> 00:21:34,633
And Dominique, these are some

704
00:21:34,633 --> 00:21:36,600
really very complex issues.

705
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,966
And so, how are they perceived

706
00:21:40,966 --> 00:21:42,633
by consumers?

707
00:21:42,633 --> 00:21:43,933
How are these viewpoints

708
00:21:43,933 --> 00:21:45,400
influencing the marketplace, and

709
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:46,666
what is research saying about

710
00:21:46,666 --> 00:21:47,766
that now?

711
00:21:47,766 --> 00:21:49,000
Thank you.

712
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:50,066
>> Thank you, Kate.

713
00:21:50,066 --> 00:21:51,566
It's my pleasure to be here and

714
00:21:51,566 --> 00:21:53,166
to talk about the complex issue

715
00:21:53,166 --> 00:21:57,000
that I know is of interest to a

716
00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:58,033
lot of us.

717
00:21:58,033 --> 00:21:59,200
Basically, what my department

718
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:01,466
does here at UW Madison is

719
00:22:01,466 --> 00:22:03,100
exploring the mechanisms that

720
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:05,033
explain why people adopt some

721
00:22:05,033 --> 00:22:06,933
technologies and what might

722
00:22:06,933 --> 00:22:08,766
explain why some people get

723
00:22:08,766 --> 00:22:10,033
fearful about them.

724
00:22:10,033 --> 00:22:13,800
People like us, you, I, have

725
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,033
some potential concern about

726
00:22:15,033 --> 00:22:17,000
some technology and have also

727
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,066
potential views that actually

728
00:22:20,066 --> 00:22:22,900
sustain our framework.

729
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:24,333
So the first thing that I'd like

730
00:22:24,333 --> 00:22:26,966
to talk about very briefly, and

731
00:22:26,966 --> 00:22:28,166
I'll be able to elaborate,

732
00:22:28,166 --> 00:22:30,433
obviously, during the Q&A, is

733
00:22:30,433 --> 00:22:32,200
the broad context of the

734
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:34,100
understanding that we have about

735
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:38,133
what explains how the public

736
00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:41,100
feels about technologies in

737
00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:42,333
general.

738
00:22:42,333 --> 00:22:43,833
What we know is that anything

739
00:22:43,833 --> 00:22:46,466
that's new tends to generate

740
00:22:46,466 --> 00:22:47,933
concerns at the societal level,

741
00:22:47,933 --> 00:22:49,166
and that's not just with genetic

742
00:22:49,166 --> 00:22:50,400
engineering.

743
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:51,400
We see this with anything that's

744
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:52,700
been introduced.

745
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:54,233
Starting with the car,

746
00:22:54,233 --> 00:22:57,000
the train, the roller pen,

747
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,333
the electric bulb, etc.

748
00:22:59,333 --> 00:23:01,766
We all, rightfully so, pose

749
00:23:01,766 --> 00:23:03,566
questions as far as how that

750
00:23:03,566 --> 00:23:05,466
might impact society as a whole.

751
00:23:05,466 --> 00:23:06,800
And this is something that we've

752
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:08,366
seen again and again and

753
00:23:08,366 --> 00:23:10,500
obviously we should take into

754
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:12,133
account as we ponder the

755
00:23:12,133 --> 00:23:14,066
different technology.

756
00:23:14,066 --> 00:23:15,333
The concerns as far as a

757
00:23:15,333 --> 00:23:18,533
societal level can be negative

758
00:23:18,533 --> 00:23:19,966
but also potentially raise

759
00:23:19,966 --> 00:23:21,933
questions about this can help us

760
00:23:21,933 --> 00:23:23,133
as society.

761
00:23:23,133 --> 00:23:24,166
So the first thing to keep in

762
00:23:24,166 --> 00:23:25,900
mind.

763
00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:27,533
At the individual level, what we

764
00:23:27,533 --> 00:23:29,033
know, and that's what's

765
00:23:29,033 --> 00:23:31,066
interesting, is that although in

766
00:23:31,066 --> 00:23:34,066
nature taking risk usually is

767
00:23:34,066 --> 00:23:35,666
related to actually having

768
00:23:35,666 --> 00:23:38,266
benefits, in our mind, in all of

769
00:23:38,266 --> 00:23:41,500
our minds, taking risks is

770
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:42,733
actually usually not related to

771
00:23:42,733 --> 00:23:44,000
benefit.

772
00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:45,500
To translate that in lay

773
00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:47,666
language, it means that the

774
00:23:47,666 --> 00:23:49,033
risks that kill people and the

775
00:23:49,033 --> 00:23:50,466
risks that people are most upset

776
00:23:50,466 --> 00:23:52,333
about are most of the time

777
00:23:52,333 --> 00:23:53,466
unrelated.

778
00:23:53,466 --> 00:23:54,866
And that's been coined, the term

779
00:23:54,866 --> 00:23:56,433
that's been coined to explain

780
00:23:56,433 --> 00:23:58,833
that is the idea that hazard is

781
00:23:58,833 --> 00:24:01,066
very different from outrage.

782
00:24:01,066 --> 00:24:02,366
And, actually, what makes a risk

783
00:24:02,366 --> 00:24:04,433
a risk is a combination of the

784
00:24:04,433 --> 00:24:07,633
technological risk that you

785
00:24:07,633 --> 00:24:08,733
can measure and the amount of

786
00:24:08,733 --> 00:24:10,466
concerns and anger that it

787
00:24:10,466 --> 00:24:12,466
generates in people.

788
00:24:12,466 --> 00:24:13,833
And this is the thing that all

789
00:24:13,833 --> 00:24:15,566
of us in this room, from the

790
00:24:15,566 --> 00:24:17,666
dean of the College Agricultural

791
00:24:17,666 --> 00:24:19,366
and Life Sciences to myself, we,

792
00:24:19,366 --> 00:24:22,033
as human beings, we'll be

793
00:24:22,033 --> 00:24:23,233
concerned about that.

794
00:24:23,233 --> 00:24:24,333
I'm not sure what I've done

795
00:24:24,333 --> 00:24:25,433
here.

796
00:24:25,433 --> 00:24:26,466
I was trying to do the laser

797
00:24:26,466 --> 00:24:27,666
thing.

798
00:24:27,666 --> 00:24:28,733
Risk is a hazard versus outrage

799
00:24:28,733 --> 00:24:30,000
is something that's important

800
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:31,066
to us.

801
00:24:31,066 --> 00:24:32,100
So that's why, for example, we

802
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:34,566
are very scared sometimes of

803
00:24:34,566 --> 00:24:37,033
flying a plane because a plane,

804
00:24:37,033 --> 00:24:38,833
one plane crash will kill a

805
00:24:38,833 --> 00:24:40,200
lot of people.

806
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:41,433
We're not very afraid of driving

807
00:24:41,433 --> 00:24:42,766
our car because it's a familiar

808
00:24:42,766 --> 00:24:44,933
risk that we see every day.

809
00:24:44,933 --> 00:24:46,366
Although, if you actually add

810
00:24:46,366 --> 00:24:48,200
the number of deaths that are

811
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,200
related to car driving, they're

812
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,000
far higher than the number of

813
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:53,666
deaths related to planes.

814
00:24:53,666 --> 00:24:55,200
Does it mean that we're idiots?

815
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:56,333
No.

816
00:24:56,333 --> 00:24:57,433
We're just human beings, and

817
00:24:57,433 --> 00:24:58,500
that's the way it is.

818
00:24:58,500 --> 00:24:59,766
So that outrage, what makes us

819
00:24:59,766 --> 00:25:01,533
angry, most of the time when the

820
00:25:01,533 --> 00:25:03,566
things that we don't know about,

821
00:25:03,566 --> 00:25:05,400
that are invisible to our eyes,

822
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:07,533
that have high magnitude, this

823
00:25:07,533 --> 00:25:10,033
is the things that actually will

824
00:25:10,033 --> 00:25:12,066
produce more outrage.

825
00:25:12,066 --> 00:25:14,366
So going back to the GE crops

826
00:25:14,366 --> 00:25:16,366
and the type of concerns that

827
00:25:16,366 --> 00:25:17,766
are being raised again and again

828
00:25:17,766 --> 00:25:20,133
in different focus group

829
00:25:20,133 --> 00:25:21,266
research that we have undertaken

830
00:25:21,266 --> 00:25:23,333
around, actually, the world in

831
00:25:23,333 --> 00:25:24,966
different cultural contexts.

832
00:25:24,966 --> 00:25:26,333
Obviously, food safety related

833
00:25:26,333 --> 00:25:28,066
issues have been a concern again

834
00:25:28,066 --> 00:25:30,333
from the proponent point of view

835
00:25:30,333 --> 00:25:31,700
that we can actually create

836
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:33,300
crops that may be more

837
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:34,533
nutritious.

838
00:25:34,533 --> 00:25:36,066
From the opponent point of view,

839
00:25:36,066 --> 00:25:37,666
the idea that he may raise

840
00:25:37,666 --> 00:25:40,600
related health issues.

841
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:41,900
Obviously, science can answer

842
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:43,266
this kind of concerns.

843
00:25:43,266 --> 00:25:44,566
From an environmental point of

844
00:25:44,566 --> 00:25:46,400
view, we heard that potentially

845
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,733
and obviously can reduce the use

846
00:25:49,733 --> 00:25:51,900
of pesticide.

847
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:53,833
However, others have raised the

848
00:25:53,833 --> 00:25:55,300
issue that it may create

849
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:56,766
superweeds.

850
00:25:56,766 --> 00:25:58,166
Again, science can answer those

851
00:25:58,166 --> 00:25:59,566
questions, and that's why the

852
00:25:59,566 --> 00:26:01,100
National Research Council is

853
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:03,166
always making sure that the more

854
00:26:03,166 --> 00:26:05,766
detailed and the up to date

855
00:26:05,766 --> 00:26:07,333
science is used to produce their

856
00:26:07,333 --> 00:26:08,900
reports.

857
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:10,366
Regulatory issues also are

858
00:26:10,366 --> 00:26:11,666
something people have been

859
00:26:11,666 --> 00:26:12,966
concerned about.

860
00:26:12,966 --> 00:26:14,333
What are, actually, the context

861
00:26:14,333 --> 00:26:16,866
in which this type of crops are

862
00:26:16,866 --> 00:26:18,866
used, and do we have, actually,

863
00:26:18,866 --> 00:26:20,766
safety mechanisms that ensure

864
00:26:20,766 --> 00:26:23,300
that all of us are safe?

865
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:24,833
And, again, this may be an issue

866
00:26:24,833 --> 00:26:26,566
that's important to some of us,

867
00:26:26,566 --> 00:26:28,300
that will create outrage,

868
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:29,600
but not to others.

869
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:31,600
So in the broad picture though,

870
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:33,100
this is something that was

871
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:34,200
discussed.

872
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:35,700
Finally, international trade

873
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:37,533
related issue.

874
00:26:37,533 --> 00:26:39,633
Why if, for example, you are in

875
00:26:39,633 --> 00:26:41,900
Zambia and you create some, you

876
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,233
have some crops that are created

877
00:26:44,233 --> 00:26:46,033
with this technology, you may

878
00:26:46,033 --> 00:26:47,400
not be able to actually export

879
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:48,900
your crops to Europe because

880
00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:50,900
Europe doesn't accept them.

881
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:52,533
This is a concern that actually

882
00:26:52,533 --> 00:26:54,800
impacts trade as a whole and has

883
00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:56,433
to be related to this public

884
00:26:56,433 --> 00:26:58,166
opinion mechanism.

885
00:26:58,166 --> 00:26:59,366
All those questions can be

886
00:26:59,366 --> 00:27:01,100
answered by science.

887
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:02,466
We have a lot of data to

888
00:27:02,466 --> 00:27:03,933
actually answer them.

889
00:27:03,933 --> 00:27:05,300
But let's remember, though, that

890
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:07,933
all technology also raise

891
00:27:07,933 --> 00:27:10,233
concern and dimensions for which

892
00:27:10,233 --> 00:27:12,666
science itself cannot answer and

893
00:27:12,666 --> 00:27:14,133
cannot really bring answers.

894
00:27:14,133 --> 00:27:16,633
It's a societal choice.

895
00:27:16,633 --> 00:27:18,100
For example, things that have

896
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:19,466
been raised is the idea of

897
00:27:19,466 --> 00:27:20,700
consumer choice.

898
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:22,433
Labeling, science cannot answer

899
00:27:22,433 --> 00:27:23,466
this issue.

900
00:27:23,466 --> 00:27:25,033
It's you and I, informed

901
00:27:25,033 --> 00:27:28,166
citizens and the policymakers

902
00:27:28,166 --> 00:27:29,600
with public deliberation that

903
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,000
include people of all of us in

904
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:33,366
this room at different levels

905
00:27:33,366 --> 00:27:35,166
that can answer those questions.

906
00:27:35,166 --> 00:27:36,700
Distribution of benefits at the

907
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:38,000
societal level.

908
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:39,433
Who do we think should reap the

909
00:27:39,433 --> 00:27:40,800
benefit of this?

910
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:42,066
Those big corporations that will

911
00:27:42,066 --> 00:27:43,533
make all the benefits or the

912
00:27:43,533 --> 00:27:44,700
farmers?

913
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:46,100
Are the consumers the ones that

914
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:47,800
will actually get some benefits

915
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:49,366
out of it?

916
00:27:49,366 --> 00:27:50,600
What does the impact on the role

917
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:52,833
of developing communities?

918
00:27:52,833 --> 00:27:53,866
Will this change the livelihood

919
00:27:53,866 --> 00:27:55,000
of different farming

920
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,100
communities?

921
00:27:56,100 --> 00:27:57,266
This is something that can be

922
00:27:57,266 --> 00:27:58,533
pondered too and has been

923
00:27:58,533 --> 00:28:00,166
pondered in different settings.

924
00:28:00,166 --> 00:28:01,833
What are the ownership issues

925
00:28:01,833 --> 00:28:03,866
that are linked to this

926
00:28:03,866 --> 00:28:05,200
technology?

927
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:06,433
And this is, again, a lot of

928
00:28:06,433 --> 00:28:07,633
discussions in different

929
00:28:07,633 --> 00:28:09,033
communities.

930
00:28:09,033 --> 00:28:10,333
Finally, another discussion

931
00:28:10,333 --> 00:28:11,933
that's been going on, what's the

932
00:28:11,933 --> 00:28:13,466
right of human beings to tamper

933
00:28:13,466 --> 00:28:14,600
with nature?

934
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:15,800
What's the ethical dimension

935
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:16,933
related to this?

936
00:28:16,933 --> 00:28:19,966
Again, these are not questions

937
00:28:19,966 --> 00:28:21,266
that should be ignored because

938
00:28:21,266 --> 00:28:22,500
they exist.

939
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:24,166
These are questions as a society

940
00:28:24,166 --> 00:28:26,533
are discussed right now in a

941
00:28:26,533 --> 00:28:28,633
number of contexts and should be

942
00:28:28,633 --> 00:28:30,466
integrated when we think in

943
00:28:30,466 --> 00:28:33,933
terms of public dynamics and GE.

944
00:28:33,933 --> 00:28:35,100
And I'm going to finish very

945
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:37,100
briefly by explaining how we

946
00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:39,733
know what people feel and how

947
00:28:39,733 --> 00:28:41,266
they actually form attitudes

948
00:28:41,266 --> 00:28:42,833
toward genetic engineering.

949
00:28:42,833 --> 00:28:44,300
I mentioned the sociopolitical

950
00:28:44,300 --> 00:28:45,433
context.

951
00:28:45,433 --> 00:28:46,833
The idea that in Europe, for

952
00:28:46,833 --> 00:28:48,133
example, the concerns that are

953
00:28:48,133 --> 00:28:49,600
raised are different from the

954
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:51,000
ones that are raised as a

955
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,033
culture, as a society, here.

956
00:28:53,033 --> 00:28:56,166
East Africa, West Africa, very

957
00:28:56,166 --> 00:28:57,666
different concern.

958
00:28:57,666 --> 00:29:00,133
Food concern, putting food on

959
00:29:00,133 --> 00:29:01,400
the table is something that's

960
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:02,833
extremely important.

961
00:29:02,833 --> 00:29:04,600
So at the societal level, the

962
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:05,666
concerns are going to be

963
00:29:05,666 --> 00:29:06,966
different.

964
00:29:06,966 --> 00:29:08,266
At the information climate

965
00:29:08,266 --> 00:29:09,500
level, you're going to hear

966
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:10,600
different groups telling you

967
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:11,800
different things, and this is

968
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:13,300
what we call the information

969
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:15,600
climate, and this information

970
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:19,133
climate can be actually impacted

971
00:29:19,133 --> 00:29:20,633
by different things such as

972
00:29:20,633 --> 00:29:22,133
media coverage, the type of

973
00:29:22,133 --> 00:29:24,266
marketing messages we all see,

974
00:29:24,266 --> 00:29:26,266
science fiction films that talk

975
00:29:26,266 --> 00:29:27,266
about genetic engineering.

976
00:29:27,266 --> 00:29:29,633
You all know about, let's say,

977
00:29:29,633 --> 00:29:31,500
Jurassic Park for example.

978
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:32,866
This is the film that people

979
00:29:32,866 --> 00:29:34,366
always bring to mind whenever we

980
00:29:34,366 --> 00:29:35,700
ask them a question about this.

981
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:36,933
Educational messages being

982
00:29:36,933 --> 00:29:38,266
another one.

983
00:29:38,266 --> 00:29:40,033
So all these have to be taken

984
00:29:40,033 --> 00:29:41,366
into account when you think

985
00:29:41,366 --> 00:29:43,100
about these things.

986
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:44,833
And the last thing that actually

987
00:29:44,833 --> 00:29:47,000
I would like leave you with when

988
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:48,466
we think in terms of

989
00:29:48,466 --> 00:29:49,766
communication information

990
00:29:49,766 --> 00:29:51,466
climate is the idea that media

991
00:29:51,466 --> 00:29:53,200
frames that are put out there

992
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,066
and for the public to digest,

993
00:29:56,066 --> 00:29:57,466
but those frames that may be

994
00:29:57,466 --> 00:29:59,466
positive or negative, here just

995
00:29:59,466 --> 00:30:02,133
for the sake of this argument I

996
00:30:02,133 --> 00:30:03,433
put negative ones but it can be

997
00:30:03,433 --> 00:30:05,466
positive ones, it can mean

998
00:30:05,466 --> 00:30:06,833
different things to different

999
00:30:06,833 --> 00:30:08,800
people because as human beings

1000
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,433
what we do is we use filters to

1001
00:30:11,433 --> 00:30:12,766
actually understand the messages

1002
00:30:12,766 --> 00:30:13,866
out there.

1003
00:30:13,866 --> 00:30:15,700
So the same message, the same

1004
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,233
frame will mean different things

1005
00:30:18,233 --> 00:30:19,600
to different people.

1006
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:21,266
If we are actually very

1007
00:30:21,266 --> 00:30:22,566
concerned because we outrage,

1008
00:30:22,566 --> 00:30:23,800
we actually are going to amplify

1009
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:25,233
our views when we see different

1010
00:30:25,233 --> 00:30:26,900
frames that are negative and

1011
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:29,200
resonant with what we think.

1012
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:30,533
And I've been a big proponent in

1013
00:30:30,533 --> 00:30:32,366
increasing media literacy among

1014
00:30:32,366 --> 00:30:34,600
my students and our citizens for

1015
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:35,733
them to understand these kind of

1016
00:30:35,733 --> 00:30:37,400
issues.

1017
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:38,900
And finally, let's not forget

1018
00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:40,400
that we're all individuals and

1019
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:41,933
we're not irrational.

1020
00:30:41,933 --> 00:30:43,633
So we perceive risk and benefits

1021
00:30:43,633 --> 00:30:45,133
in a way that make sense to us

1022
00:30:45,133 --> 00:30:46,700
related to our concern as a

1023
00:30:46,700 --> 00:30:48,200
whole.

1024
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:49,633
We have different attitudes with

1025
00:30:49,633 --> 00:30:50,733
technology.

1026
00:30:50,733 --> 00:30:51,766
We may prefer, actually, to

1027
00:30:51,766 --> 00:30:53,100
leave it out of our life.

1028
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:55,233
We have more consideration.

1029
00:30:55,233 --> 00:30:57,033
We know some things about the

1030
00:30:57,033 --> 00:30:58,133
issue, and we talk about it with

1031
00:30:58,133 --> 00:30:59,866
others.

1032
00:30:59,866 --> 00:31:01,433
We trust or we don't trust our

1033
00:31:01,433 --> 00:31:03,333
information sources, and we may

1034
00:31:03,333 --> 00:31:05,566
actually have different views of

1035
00:31:05,566 --> 00:31:06,900
what the culture authority of

1036
00:31:06,900 --> 00:31:09,133
science can tell us about all

1037
00:31:09,133 --> 00:31:10,566
of this.

1038
00:31:10,566 --> 00:31:13,133
My talk seemed a little bit

1039
00:31:13,133 --> 00:31:14,566
grandiose, but what you need to

1040
00:31:14,566 --> 00:31:16,033
know is all those things that

1041
00:31:16,033 --> 00:31:17,866
I've shared with you are based

1042
00:31:17,866 --> 00:31:19,533
on actual research in social

1043
00:31:19,533 --> 00:31:21,300
psychology and communication

1044
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:23,666
that explain those models, and

1045
00:31:23,666 --> 00:31:24,900
I'll be happy to give you more

1046
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:26,433
information about this in the

1047
00:31:26,433 --> 00:31:27,933
Q&A.

1048
00:31:27,933 --> 00:31:29,933
[APPLAUSE]

1049
00:31:32,966 --> 00:31:34,566
>> Andy Diercks is going to say

1050
00:31:34,566 --> 00:31:35,800
a few words, but I'd like to

1051
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:37,333
bring the whole panel up here

1052
00:31:37,333 --> 00:31:38,533
because Andy doesn't have

1053
00:31:38,533 --> 00:31:41,133
slides, so we can get some down

1054
00:31:41,133 --> 00:31:43,300
and some Q&A as soon as possible

1055
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:45,200
right after Andy speaks.

1056
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:46,366
And I just would like to say

1057
00:31:46,366 --> 00:31:47,500
word about, we thought it was

1058
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:48,633
very important to have a grower

1059
00:31:48,633 --> 00:31:49,800
here.

1060
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:50,900
None of this makes any sense or

1061
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:52,300
any difference if a farmer's

1062
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:54,100
life gets harder instead of

1063
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:55,300
easier as a result of a

1064
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:57,266
technology or he is less

1065
00:31:57,266 --> 00:31:58,633
competitive in the market as a

1066
00:31:58,633 --> 00:31:59,833
result of a technology.

1067
00:31:59,833 --> 00:32:00,900
So we really want to hear

1068
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:04,233
Andy's experience.

1069
00:32:04,233 --> 00:32:05,233
>> Thanks, Paul.

1070
00:32:05,233 --> 00:32:07,066
Thanks for the invitation.

1071
00:32:07,066 --> 00:32:08,500
As Kate mentioned, we farm about

1072
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:10,333
70 miles north of here.

1073
00:32:10,333 --> 00:32:12,066
We farm about 2,700 acres.

1074
00:32:12,066 --> 00:32:13,266
We farm eight to 10 different

1075
00:32:13,266 --> 00:32:15,066
crops.

1076
00:32:15,066 --> 00:32:16,300
Typically eight to 10 different

1077
00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:17,366
types of potatoes for different

1078
00:32:17,366 --> 00:32:18,833
markets.

1079
00:32:18,833 --> 00:32:19,866
And, really, my message is

1080
00:32:19,866 --> 00:32:21,033
pretty simple.

1081
00:32:21,033 --> 00:32:22,200
We kind of fit in the middle of

1082
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:25,666
the discussion you had here.

1083
00:32:25,666 --> 00:32:26,933
Agriculture is not like running

1084
00:32:26,933 --> 00:32:28,000
a factory.

1085
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:29,033
It's much more complicated.

1086
00:32:29,033 --> 00:32:30,033
We're dealing with climate

1087
00:32:30,033 --> 00:32:31,400
change and weather and all sorts

1088
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:32,433
of things to do with the Earth

1089
00:32:32,433 --> 00:32:34,066
and nature, and so it's not as

1090
00:32:34,066 --> 00:32:36,166
simple as just a simple question

1091
00:32:36,166 --> 00:32:37,266
of what are we going to plant

1092
00:32:37,266 --> 00:32:38,366
this year.

1093
00:32:38,366 --> 00:32:39,466
That's an incredibly complicated

1094
00:32:39,466 --> 00:32:40,500
thing, and that's really the

1095
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:41,633
first step.

1096
00:32:41,633 --> 00:32:43,433
So we have to take into account

1097
00:32:43,433 --> 00:32:44,500
all the things that were brought

1098
00:32:44,500 --> 00:32:47,766
up earlier from is a crop going

1099
00:32:47,766 --> 00:32:49,100
to use less water, can we use

1100
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:50,933
less pesticides, is it going to

1101
00:32:50,933 --> 00:32:52,433
have some consumer benefit, is

1102
00:32:52,433 --> 00:32:53,800
it going to do something better

1103
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:54,900
for our employees because

1104
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:56,000
they're not spraying as often.

1105
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:57,466
All those things weigh into

1106
00:32:57,466 --> 00:32:59,066
those decisions, and that, I

1107
00:32:59,066 --> 00:33:00,433
said, I just the initial

1108
00:33:00,433 --> 00:33:01,600
decision on our process, and

1109
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:02,633
then we have to continue to make

1110
00:33:02,633 --> 00:33:04,833
those decisions all season long.

1111
00:33:04,833 --> 00:33:08,800
And so whether it's soil type,

1112
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,533
water use, customer acceptance,

1113
00:33:11,533 --> 00:33:12,833
obviously that was brought up

1114
00:33:12,833 --> 00:33:14,066
again as well.

1115
00:33:14,066 --> 00:33:15,166
Whether you're shipping

1116
00:33:15,166 --> 00:33:16,300
domestically or sending

1117
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:17,466
something internationally, that

1118
00:33:17,466 --> 00:33:18,533
may make a big difference.

1119
00:33:18,533 --> 00:33:20,100
We have customers that are

1120
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:21,700
making French fries that allow

1121
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:22,866
certain varieties and don't

1122
00:33:22,866 --> 00:33:24,033
allow other varieties.

1123
00:33:24,033 --> 00:33:25,533
Those are not GM related, but

1124
00:33:25,533 --> 00:33:27,300
that's a huge part of the

1125
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:28,366
question of what we're going to

1126
00:33:28,366 --> 00:33:29,533
grow.

1127
00:33:29,533 --> 00:33:30,600
In some cases we don't know

1128
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:31,700
necessarily who the customer is

1129
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:32,766
going to be when we sell them.

1130
00:33:32,766 --> 00:33:33,800
So that has to play into it as

1131
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:34,866
well.

1132
00:33:34,866 --> 00:33:36,033
So my message is just that they

1133
00:33:36,033 --> 00:33:37,033
got everything covered.

1134
00:33:37,033 --> 00:33:38,033
[LAUGHTER]

1135
00:33:38,033 --> 00:33:39,033
And they're going to answer all

1136
00:33:39,033 --> 00:33:40,666
of our question.

1137
00:33:40,666 --> 00:33:41,766
I can give you one example.

1138
00:33:41,766 --> 00:33:42,900
Potatoes, there was a

1139
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:44,600
commercially available GMO

1140
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:45,833
potato back, I think it was the

1141
00:33:45,833 --> 00:33:46,833
late '90s.

1142
00:33:46,833 --> 00:33:47,933
It was called New Leaf from

1143
00:33:47,933 --> 00:33:49,266
Syngenta, and it basically

1144
00:33:49,266 --> 00:33:50,700
reduced our need to spray for

1145
00:33:50,700 --> 00:33:51,866
Colorado potato beetles, which

1146
00:33:51,866 --> 00:33:52,966
is one of our biggest pests here

1147
00:33:52,966 --> 00:33:54,400
in Wisconsin.

1148
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:56,300
So it took probably two or three

1149
00:33:56,300 --> 00:33:57,900
sprays out of our program.

1150
00:33:57,900 --> 00:33:59,433
It was incredibly effective from

1151
00:33:59,433 --> 00:34:01,833
all scientific bases.

1152
00:34:01,833 --> 00:34:03,366
It was exactly the same as the

1153
00:34:03,366 --> 00:34:05,333
varieties that it was replacing

1154
00:34:05,333 --> 00:34:06,566
and was grown commercially for a

1155
00:34:06,566 --> 00:34:08,333
couple of years, and then the

1156
00:34:08,333 --> 00:34:10,666
winds changed and Gerber and

1157
00:34:10,666 --> 00:34:11,933
McDonald's and a couple of those

1158
00:34:11,933 --> 00:34:13,000
companies decided they didn't

1159
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:14,066
want to have that so, boom, it

1160
00:34:14,066 --> 00:34:15,100
was off the market.

1161
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:16,133
It didn't make much difference

1162
00:34:16,133 --> 00:34:17,133
to us.

1163
00:34:17,133 --> 00:34:18,300
Again, the economic question

1164
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:19,466
that Erin brought up, that's a

1165
00:34:19,466 --> 00:34:20,600
huge part of sustainability.

1166
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:22,300
If you can't do this profitably,

1167
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:23,966
you can't make the right choices

1168
00:34:23,966 --> 00:34:25,066
to do the right things for the

1169
00:34:25,066 --> 00:34:26,200
environment or for your

1170
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:27,433
neighbors or for your employees.

1171
00:34:27,433 --> 00:34:28,700
So that's a huge part of it, and

1172
00:34:28,700 --> 00:34:30,666
I can guarantee you that nobody

1173
00:34:30,666 --> 00:34:32,000
is growing GMO crops because

1174
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,133
it's necessarily more

1175
00:34:33,133 --> 00:34:35,333
profitable.

1176
00:34:35,333 --> 00:34:36,700
Travis' company knows how much

1177
00:34:36,700 --> 00:34:38,133
it costs to replace those sprays

1178
00:34:38,133 --> 00:34:39,800
and generally they're priced

1179
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:40,966
comparable to if you're going to

1180
00:34:40,966 --> 00:34:42,133
do something else.

1181
00:34:42,133 --> 00:34:43,633
So it's not a, the economics

1182
00:34:43,633 --> 00:34:45,900
usually isn't what drives us one

1183
00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:47,033
way or the other in that

1184
00:34:47,033 --> 00:34:48,233
question because they're

1185
00:34:48,233 --> 00:34:49,300
generally relatively balanced.

1186
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:50,400
They figure that out pricing

1187
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:51,500
wise.

1188
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:52,633
I didn't mean to rip you at all,

1189
00:34:52,633 --> 00:34:53,633
Travis.

1190
00:34:53,633 --> 00:34:54,633
[LAUGHTER]

1191
00:34:54,633 --> 00:34:55,633
I know that's not your

1192
00:34:55,633 --> 00:34:56,633
department.

1193
00:34:56,633 --> 00:34:57,633
It's a complicated choice.

1194
00:34:57,633 --> 00:34:58,633
So I think we're all looking

1195
00:34:58,633 --> 00:34:59,633
forward to the Q&A,

1196
00:34:59,633 --> 00:35:01,100
so let's go there.

1197
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:02,100
>> Thank you, Andy.

1198
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:03,200
>> Thanks.

1199
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:05,200
[APPLAUSE]

1200
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:07,266
>> So, with that, we're going to

1201
00:35:07,266 --> 00:35:09,933
open things up for questions

1202
00:35:09,933 --> 00:35:12,400
from the audience.

1203
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,033
We have a couple of runners

1204
00:35:15,033 --> 00:35:16,600
with microphones.

1205
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:17,866
So if you have a question,

1206
00:35:17,866 --> 00:35:21,066
raise your hand.

1207
00:35:21,066 --> 00:35:22,233
I'm not seeing any right this

1208
00:35:22,233 --> 00:35:23,233
minute.

1209
00:35:23,233 --> 00:35:27,500
There's one.

1210
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:29,333
>> Thank you.

1211
00:35:29,333 --> 00:35:31,266
I don't know from where the

1212
00:35:31,266 --> 00:35:33,400
information is coming that the

1213
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:35,100
amount of herbicides, some

1214
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:37,366
pesticides, are reduced because

1215
00:35:37,366 --> 00:35:42,300
just a simple search on the

1216
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,366
internet shows the amount of

1217
00:35:45,366 --> 00:35:47,866
herbicides has been increased

1218
00:35:47,866 --> 00:35:51,000
since 1980 and continue

1219
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,566
increasing the use of

1220
00:35:53,566 --> 00:35:55,500
herbicides.

1221
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:57,733
What is more concerning is that

1222
00:35:57,733 --> 00:36:01,533
the use of these GMO crops are

1223
00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:05,800
actually developing the

1224
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,200
resistant, right now there are

1225
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,266
18 varieties of weeds that are

1226
00:36:11,266 --> 00:36:13,200
resistant to the herbicides and

1227
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,600
any scientific knows that the

1228
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,833
things happening with the BT

1229
00:36:19,833 --> 00:36:24,933
pesticides you need to leave the

1230
00:36:24,933 --> 00:36:27,600
part of the crops without BT

1231
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,366
because if one insect survived,

1232
00:36:31,366 --> 00:36:33,366
that insect is going to develop

1233
00:36:33,366 --> 00:36:35,466
a population that is resistant.

1234
00:36:35,466 --> 00:36:37,500
So we're just playing with time.

1235
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:41,700
That's what we are doing.

1236
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:43,433
>> So there are two questions

1237
00:36:43,433 --> 00:36:44,666
here, I think.

1238
00:36:44,666 --> 00:36:46,900
One is about insects building

1239
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,933
resistance to BT, and then the

1240
00:36:50,933 --> 00:36:52,666
weed control issue.

1241
00:36:52,666 --> 00:36:53,700
And, Travis, I think this one is

1242
00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:54,700
for you.

1243
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:55,766
>> I guess that was targeted

1244
00:36:55,766 --> 00:36:56,800
at me.

1245
00:36:56,800 --> 00:36:58,000
>> Yeah.

1246
00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,133
>> I think your first question

1247
00:36:59,133 --> 00:37:00,900
around the herbicides, I think

1248
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:02,900
that those numbers are real in

1249
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:04,833
terms of how many herbicides,

1250
00:37:04,833 --> 00:37:06,000
like the amount of herbicide

1251
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:07,400
that was reduced.

1252
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:08,800
So you're right, there are

1253
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:10,366
different herbicides being used,

1254
00:37:10,366 --> 00:37:11,500
which is actually a good thing

1255
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:12,766
because when we talk about

1256
00:37:12,766 --> 00:37:13,866
herbicides as well as

1257
00:37:13,866 --> 00:37:15,433
insecticides, we talk about

1258
00:37:15,433 --> 00:37:17,166
modes of action.

1259
00:37:17,166 --> 00:37:18,266
And I don't know if everyone

1260
00:37:18,266 --> 00:37:19,533
knows what a mode of action is,

1261
00:37:19,533 --> 00:37:21,466
but, essentially, the chemistry

1262
00:37:21,466 --> 00:37:22,833
interacts differently with

1263
00:37:22,833 --> 00:37:25,166
whatever it's trying to kill in

1264
00:37:25,166 --> 00:37:26,300
this case, whether it be an

1265
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:27,866
insect or a plant.

1266
00:37:27,866 --> 00:37:29,133
And so the more diversity, just

1267
00:37:29,133 --> 00:37:30,433
like the more diversity you can

1268
00:37:30,433 --> 00:37:31,633
plant in the field, the more

1269
00:37:31,633 --> 00:37:32,966
diversity you can use and the

1270
00:37:32,966 --> 00:37:34,400
chemistry you use helps prevent

1271
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:35,500
that resistance from building

1272
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:36,633
up.

1273
00:37:36,633 --> 00:37:38,066
And so regardless of whether

1274
00:37:38,066 --> 00:37:40,300
it's a GM crop or it's a

1275
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:42,533
chemical or even if it's an

1276
00:37:42,533 --> 00:37:44,033
organically certified chemical

1277
00:37:44,033 --> 00:37:47,033
like BT, organic groups could

1278
00:37:47,033 --> 00:37:50,333
use a BT pesticide.

1279
00:37:50,333 --> 00:37:51,533
Instead of it being engineered

1280
00:37:51,533 --> 00:37:52,633
into the plant, they just

1281
00:37:52,633 --> 00:37:53,766
sprinkle the protein on the

1282
00:37:53,766 --> 00:37:55,166
plant.

1283
00:37:55,166 --> 00:37:56,400
So you can also create

1284
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:57,700
resistance there, and it has

1285
00:37:57,700 --> 00:37:58,900
created resistance as well.

1286
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:00,266
So it just depends on how you

1287
00:38:00,266 --> 00:38:02,333
manage it.

1288
00:38:02,333 --> 00:38:04,466
So I think it all goes back to

1289
00:38:04,466 --> 00:38:06,066
what Andy mentioned as well.

1290
00:38:06,066 --> 00:38:08,133
It's a system.

1291
00:38:08,133 --> 00:38:10,800
And if you abuse any one point

1292
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:12,766
in that system or you're not

1293
00:38:12,766 --> 00:38:15,366
careful of how you use it, you

1294
00:38:15,366 --> 00:38:17,600
certainly can risk losing it

1295
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,033
because you will build up

1296
00:38:19,033 --> 00:38:20,433
resistance.

1297
00:38:20,433 --> 00:38:21,800
And that's sort of a challenge

1298
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:23,233
that we deal with whether it's a

1299
00:38:23,233 --> 00:38:24,933
GM crop or just conventional

1300
00:38:24,933 --> 00:38:27,633
systems.

1301
00:38:27,633 --> 00:38:29,166
>> I would echo that comment.

1302
00:38:29,166 --> 00:38:30,400
The resistance management, that

1303
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:31,833
wasn't brought up previously.

1304
00:38:31,833 --> 00:38:33,166
But that's an issue if you're

1305
00:38:33,166 --> 00:38:35,800
using pesticides or you're using

1306
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:36,966
biological practices or if

1307
00:38:36,966 --> 00:38:38,333
you're using GMOs.

1308
00:38:38,333 --> 00:38:39,433
That's a huge part of the

1309
00:38:39,433 --> 00:38:40,633
diversity that we have on our

1310
00:38:40,633 --> 00:38:41,766
farm and that the university

1311
00:38:41,766 --> 00:38:43,566
here pushes us to maintain.

1312
00:38:43,566 --> 00:38:44,633
Most of us that are using GM

1313
00:38:44,633 --> 00:38:45,933
crops are also using non-GMO

1314
00:38:45,933 --> 00:38:47,133
crops.

1315
00:38:47,133 --> 00:38:49,766
So you're trying to continue

1316
00:38:49,766 --> 00:38:51,000
mixing up what you're using to

1317
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:53,133
deal with the pest pressures and

1318
00:38:53,133 --> 00:38:55,000
the weed pressures.

1319
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,233
And I think everybody in the

1320
00:38:56,233 --> 00:38:57,433
room understands that a strip

1321
00:38:57,433 --> 00:38:58,566
monoculture of one variety of

1322
00:38:58,566 --> 00:39:00,800
one pesticide program or one

1323
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:02,033
herbicide program is not a good

1324
00:39:02,033 --> 00:39:03,133
way to go.

1325
00:39:03,133 --> 00:39:04,300
And certainly the university and

1326
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:06,066
the companies understand that.

1327
00:39:06,066 --> 00:39:07,666
That's a battle that we fight

1328
00:39:07,666 --> 00:39:09,733
constantly to try to maintain as

1329
00:39:09,733 --> 00:39:10,900
many tools in the toolbox as we

1330
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:12,600
can.

1331
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:15,200
>> So maybe for both of you too,

1332
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,000
what resources are available to

1333
00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:20,400
producers, either from

1334
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:22,700
universities or companies or

1335
00:39:22,700 --> 00:39:26,233
third party entities, to support

1336
00:39:26,233 --> 00:39:28,300
the farmer in deciding what are

1337
00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:32,466
good management practices?

1338
00:39:32,466 --> 00:39:34,000
>> So I can certainly say what

1339
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:35,666
we've started doing with growers

1340
00:39:35,666 --> 00:39:37,866
is offering packages.

1341
00:39:37,866 --> 00:39:41,466
So in the case of herbicides,

1342
00:39:41,466 --> 00:39:43,366
obviously the main GM that's out

1343
00:39:43,366 --> 00:39:46,266
there is Roundup resistance.

1344
00:39:46,266 --> 00:39:47,900
But we also realize that are

1345
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:49,100
weeds that are resistant to

1346
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,100
Roundup, so we offer assistance

1347
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,400
with other chemicals that the

1348
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:56,766
farmer can use and other

1349
00:39:56,766 --> 00:39:58,400
cultural methods that they can

1350
00:39:58,400 --> 00:39:59,666
use to control the weeds.

1351
00:39:59,666 --> 00:40:00,933
So we'll actually partner with

1352
00:40:00,933 --> 00:40:02,800
them to help either provide

1353
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,066
information or even, in some

1354
00:40:05,066 --> 00:40:07,366
cases, provide funding or

1355
00:40:07,366 --> 00:40:09,200
rebates to actually get to those

1356
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:10,600
other modes of action of

1357
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:12,200
chemistry to help support what

1358
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:13,533
they're doing and help enable

1359
00:40:13,533 --> 00:40:16,700
them to actually do a broader

1360
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:17,800
resistance program if they're

1361
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:19,133
not already doing it.

1362
00:40:19,133 --> 00:40:20,533
And that's just kind of one

1363
00:40:20,533 --> 00:40:21,600
avenue.

1364
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:22,766
I think the other big piece is

1365
00:40:22,766 --> 00:40:24,766
what's been put in place with

1366
00:40:24,766 --> 00:40:27,666
most insect resistant crops is

1367
00:40:27,666 --> 00:40:29,033
what we call refuge, and it's a

1368
00:40:29,033 --> 00:40:30,566
mandatory federally regulated

1369
00:40:30,566 --> 00:40:32,000
refuge that needs to be put into

1370
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,466
place.

1371
00:40:34,466 --> 00:40:35,900
In the past, it was really

1372
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:37,333
difficult for a grower, and Andy

1373
00:40:37,333 --> 00:40:38,666
you can probably speak to this,

1374
00:40:38,666 --> 00:40:39,866
they had to actually manage that

1375
00:40:39,866 --> 00:40:40,933
themselves.

1376
00:40:40,933 --> 00:40:42,433
So they had to buy both types of

1377
00:40:42,433 --> 00:40:45,933
seed, the BT seed and the non-BT

1378
00:40:45,933 --> 00:40:47,100
seed, and they actually had to

1379
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:50,600
plant, depending on the product,

1380
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:52,100
up to a 20% refuge with the

1381
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:53,433
non-BT product.

1382
00:40:53,433 --> 00:40:54,566
They actually had to physically

1383
00:40:54,566 --> 00:40:57,000
go in their field and mix it.

1384
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:58,266
And that was challenging because

1385
00:40:58,266 --> 00:40:59,933
a farmer had to manage these

1386
00:40:59,933 --> 00:41:01,266
different things and did they

1387
00:41:01,266 --> 00:41:02,466
have the right amount of refuge

1388
00:41:02,466 --> 00:41:03,666
to prevent the resistance.

1389
00:41:03,666 --> 00:41:04,733
What we've done since then is

1390
00:41:04,733 --> 00:41:06,000
we've created a thing called

1391
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:07,233
refuge in the bag.

1392
00:41:07,233 --> 00:41:08,966
What we've done is we've decided

1393
00:41:08,966 --> 00:41:10,200
to actually mix the seed ahead

1394
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:11,533
of time so the farmer doesn't

1395
00:41:11,533 --> 00:41:13,233
have to deal with that anymore.

1396
00:41:13,233 --> 00:41:14,466
And this has all come as a

1397
00:41:14,466 --> 00:41:16,333
partnership with the growers

1398
00:41:16,333 --> 00:41:17,766
because they've said they're

1399
00:41:17,766 --> 00:41:18,900
challenged with managing this

1400
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:20,600
resistance in the field because

1401
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:21,600
they have to manage two

1402
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:22,700
different types of seed, so

1403
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:24,200
we've kind of helped them manage

1404
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:25,733
that so they can buy one bag of

1405
00:41:25,733 --> 00:41:27,866
seed, plant it, and it gets

1406
00:41:27,866 --> 00:41:29,366
mixed and they're abiding by the

1407
00:41:29,366 --> 00:41:31,966
right rules to mitigate the

1408
00:41:31,966 --> 00:41:34,400
resistance from building up.

1409
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:35,733
So, something we've done.

1410
00:41:35,733 --> 00:41:36,733
>> A couple other things

1411
00:41:36,733 --> 00:41:37,966
I would say.

1412
00:41:37,966 --> 00:41:39,566
Certainly the university

1413
00:41:39,566 --> 00:41:41,100
research, we fund a fair bit of

1414
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:42,300
that, but it's ongoing research

1415
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:43,566
that's done every year that

1416
00:41:43,566 --> 00:41:44,366
tests efficacy of different

1417
00:41:44,366 --> 00:41:45,666
products, different combinations

1418
00:41:45,666 --> 00:41:47,333
of products on different pests,

1419
00:41:47,333 --> 00:41:49,000
different weeds.

1420
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,533
And then probably the last thing

1421
00:41:50,533 --> 00:41:52,100
is the group that I know Travis'

1422
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:53,300
company is involved with as

1423
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:54,500
well.

1424
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:55,766
All the manufacturers of

1425
00:41:55,766 --> 00:41:58,133
pesticides along with the EPA

1426
00:41:58,133 --> 00:41:59,966
have, educationally now they've

1427
00:41:59,966 --> 00:42:01,233
gone through and grouped

1428
00:42:01,233 --> 00:42:02,466
everything by mode of action as

1429
00:42:02,466 --> 00:42:03,700
an educational tool for the

1430
00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:04,900
growers to understand that you

1431
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:06,033
need to use different modes of

1432
00:42:06,033 --> 00:42:07,100
action.

1433
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:08,200
It's especially effective on

1434
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:09,666
certain pests and things, but

1435
00:42:09,666 --> 00:42:11,466
that's now a very standardize

1436
00:42:11,466 --> 00:42:13,600
process so that when I'm going

1437
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:14,833
to go make an application for a

1438
00:42:14,833 --> 00:42:16,066
certain weed, I can look and see

1439
00:42:16,066 --> 00:42:17,833
what my choices are.

1440
00:42:17,833 --> 00:42:19,633
Some diseases and pests only

1441
00:42:19,633 --> 00:42:20,866
have one or two modes of action

1442
00:42:20,866 --> 00:42:22,100
but some have several, and so if

1443
00:42:22,100 --> 00:42:23,233
you have to make multiple

1444
00:42:23,233 --> 00:42:24,266
applications during the year,

1445
00:42:24,266 --> 00:42:25,366
you can change those during

1446
00:42:25,366 --> 00:42:26,466
the year.

1447
00:42:26,466 --> 00:42:27,666
And they've done a good job of

1448
00:42:27,666 --> 00:42:29,000
letting us understand which

1449
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:30,133
products fall in which mode of

1450
00:42:30,133 --> 00:42:31,233
action.

1451
00:42:31,233 --> 00:42:32,333
>> Okay, Dominique is going to

1452
00:42:32,333 --> 00:42:33,466
respond, then we'll go back to

1453
00:42:33,466 --> 00:42:34,533
the audience.

1454
00:42:34,533 --> 00:42:35,666
>> Yeah, I just wanted to follow

1455
00:42:35,666 --> 00:42:37,100
up on what you said because it's

1456
00:42:37,100 --> 00:42:38,766
one of the challenges when you

1457
00:42:38,766 --> 00:42:41,033
try to measure risk to a new

1458
00:42:41,033 --> 00:42:42,700
technology.

1459
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:44,300
And the one that you just

1460
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,200
addressed is a legitimate one.

1461
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,733
How can you actually identify

1462
00:42:48,733 --> 00:42:50,300
the risk related to the specific

1463
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:51,733
technology versus something

1464
00:42:51,733 --> 00:42:52,833
that's related to agricultural

1465
00:42:52,833 --> 00:42:54,533
practices?

1466
00:42:54,533 --> 00:42:55,666
So are we talking about a

1467
00:42:55,666 --> 00:42:56,800
problem with American

1468
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:58,400
agricultural systems, or are we

1469
00:42:58,400 --> 00:42:59,666
talking about the problem

1470
00:42:59,666 --> 00:43:00,833
related just to genetic

1471
00:43:00,833 --> 00:43:02,500
engineering?

1472
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:03,733
And that's, I think, something

1473
00:43:03,733 --> 00:43:05,800
that we forget very often, to

1474
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:07,700
try to dissociate or try to have

1475
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:09,800
a broader picture and put it

1476
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:11,066
back in the picture that Andy

1477
00:43:11,066 --> 00:43:12,366
and Travis have very well

1478
00:43:12,366 --> 00:43:14,800
explained.

1479
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:15,833
>> Yes, we have a question back

1480
00:43:15,833 --> 00:43:16,900
here.

1481
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:18,333
>> Hi.

1482
00:43:18,333 --> 00:43:20,133
I'm interested in kind of the

1483
00:43:20,133 --> 00:43:21,200
farmer's perspective.

1484
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:22,500
I know there's a big mixed

1485
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:23,666
public opinion on GMOs and big

1486
00:43:23,666 --> 00:43:25,466
debate, but is there more of a

1487
00:43:25,466 --> 00:43:26,966
consensus or less of a consensus

1488
00:43:26,966 --> 00:43:28,933
among farmers what they want to

1489
00:43:28,933 --> 00:43:30,066
use?

1490
00:43:30,066 --> 00:43:31,800
And also, you mentioned that

1491
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:33,000
economics isn't really the

1492
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:34,433
driving factor in the choice, so

1493
00:43:34,433 --> 00:43:35,633
what are some of the factors

1494
00:43:35,633 --> 00:43:37,333
that play in?

1495
00:43:37,333 --> 00:43:38,833
>> I can respond from the

1496
00:43:38,833 --> 00:43:41,533
scientific research perspective

1497
00:43:41,533 --> 00:43:42,933
as the data we have, and I think

1498
00:43:42,933 --> 00:43:46,166
you wouldn't say that there is a

1499
00:43:46,166 --> 00:43:47,666
consensus about farmers.

1500
00:43:47,666 --> 00:43:48,866
It depends what type of farmers

1501
00:43:48,866 --> 00:43:50,166
you're talking about, and what's

1502
00:43:50,166 --> 00:43:51,533
important to the type of farmers

1503
00:43:51,533 --> 00:43:53,233
we're talking about.

1504
00:43:53,233 --> 00:43:54,466
As far as the data that's

1505
00:43:54,466 --> 00:43:58,200
available, we actually see that

1506
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:00,866
the economic related information

1507
00:44:00,866 --> 00:44:02,700
are important to farmers.

1508
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:04,066
At the end of the day, you know

1509
00:44:04,066 --> 00:44:05,366
farmers are businessmen like all

1510
00:44:05,366 --> 00:44:06,866
of us.

1511
00:44:06,866 --> 00:44:08,366
So they need to make a living

1512
00:44:08,366 --> 00:44:09,466
and they're trying to find the

1513
00:44:09,466 --> 00:44:11,766
best way to satisfy consumers,

1514
00:44:11,766 --> 00:44:12,800
to actually make sure that their

1515
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,200
workers have a decent pay, and

1516
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:15,333
so on.

1517
00:44:15,333 --> 00:44:16,466
So we have found that the

1518
00:44:16,466 --> 00:44:17,766
economic considerations are very

1519
00:44:17,766 --> 00:44:19,033
important.

1520
00:44:19,033 --> 00:44:20,633
As far as adaption levels, it

1521
00:44:20,633 --> 00:44:21,933
depends on the type of farming

1522
00:44:21,933 --> 00:44:23,233
community, and it depends on

1523
00:44:23,233 --> 00:44:25,233
what part of the world you're

1524
00:44:25,233 --> 00:44:26,666
talking about too.

1525
00:44:26,666 --> 00:44:29,066
So that's the crucial point.

1526
00:44:29,066 --> 00:44:30,233
>> Yeah, I would agree.

1527
00:44:30,233 --> 00:44:31,700
I think Erin brought it up on

1528
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:32,766
the organic side.

1529
00:44:32,766 --> 00:44:34,100
She said that is a pretty

1530
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:35,233
diverse opinion within the

1531
00:44:35,233 --> 00:44:36,266
organic community, and that

1532
00:44:36,266 --> 00:44:37,400
resonates through all of

1533
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:38,500
agriculture.

1534
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:39,500
We're all consumers.

1535
00:44:39,500 --> 00:44:40,666
We're all subjected to the same

1536
00:44:40,666 --> 00:44:42,100
information that you guys are.

1537
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:44,266
I think most of us believe in

1538
00:44:44,266 --> 00:44:45,366
the science, especially those of

1539
00:44:45,366 --> 00:44:46,533
us that work real closely with

1540
00:44:46,533 --> 00:44:48,066
the university.

1541
00:44:48,066 --> 00:44:49,500
But there are a lot of factors,

1542
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:50,733
as I mentioned.

1543
00:44:50,733 --> 00:44:52,933
Whether it's environmental.

1544
00:44:52,933 --> 00:44:54,000
Some of the things that GMOs

1545
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:56,333
have allowed is us to use much

1546
00:44:56,333 --> 00:44:57,533
softer pesticides.

1547
00:44:57,533 --> 00:44:58,566
We maybe aren't using less,

1548
00:44:58,566 --> 00:44:59,633
which is what some of the

1549
00:44:59,633 --> 00:45:00,800
challenge is in looking at just

1550
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:02,166
amounts or even amount of active

1551
00:45:02,166 --> 00:45:03,333
ingredient over the last 20 or

1552
00:45:03,333 --> 00:45:04,500
30 years.

1553
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:05,900
The pesticides we use now are

1554
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:07,600
incredibly safer, both for our

1555
00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:08,600
employees and for the

1556
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:09,600
environment, than they were

1557
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:10,600
20 years ago.

1558
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:11,600
And that's something that isn't,

1559
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:12,666
you don't see because it's not

1560
00:45:12,666 --> 00:45:13,800
necessarily less active

1561
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:15,000
ingredient but it's a much safer

1562
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:16,000
product.

1563
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:17,500
It has much smaller impacts on

1564
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:18,933
beneficials, much easier to

1565
00:45:18,933 --> 00:45:20,200
handle of the employees.

1566
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:21,933
My dad used to come home and

1567
00:45:21,933 --> 00:45:23,333
had followed all the rules, but

1568
00:45:23,333 --> 00:45:25,500
his toes would be yellow.

1569
00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:26,666
And it's from the products we

1570
00:45:26,666 --> 00:45:27,700
used to use, and that just

1571
00:45:27,700 --> 00:45:29,100
doesn't happen anymore.

1572
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:31,400
And that's one of the things.

1573
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:32,500
If you can get to the things

1574
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:33,600
that they're trying to do in the

1575
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:35,400
future, in potatoes if they

1576
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:36,533
could get late blight

1577
00:45:36,533 --> 00:45:37,733
resistance, late blight is what

1578
00:45:37,733 --> 00:45:39,000
caused the Irish potato famine.

1579
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:40,033
It is responsible for well over

1580
00:45:40,033 --> 00:45:41,266
half of our sprays here in

1581
00:45:41,266 --> 00:45:43,066
Wisconsin because it's such a

1582
00:45:43,066 --> 00:45:44,633
devastating disease.

1583
00:45:44,633 --> 00:45:46,566
And we have a perfect climate

1584
00:45:46,566 --> 00:45:48,866
for it here in Wisconsin with

1585
00:45:48,866 --> 00:45:50,300
the high humidity we have.

1586
00:45:50,300 --> 00:45:51,400
So if they could get that, and

1587
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:52,733
we have university genomics

1588
00:45:52,733 --> 00:45:53,833
researchers here that are pretty

1589
00:45:53,833 --> 00:45:55,033
close to doing that.

1590
00:45:55,033 --> 00:45:56,066
They're just trying to get it

1591
00:45:56,066 --> 00:45:57,133
into a more conventional

1592
00:45:57,133 --> 00:45:58,233
variety.

1593
00:45:58,233 --> 00:45:59,400
That would have huge

1594
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:00,700
implications for both our

1595
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:05,533
employees and the environment.

1596
00:46:05,533 --> 00:46:06,633
>> I think we have another one

1597
00:46:06,633 --> 00:46:07,666
at the panel here.

1598
00:46:07,666 --> 00:46:08,800
>> Yeah.

1599
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:09,866
I just have one that maybe Erin

1600
00:46:09,866 --> 00:46:11,200
and Dominique could speak to.

1601
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:12,300
I just got back from Oregon, and

1602
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:13,300
if you turn on the TV, what

1603
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:14,366
you're going to see are a bunch

1604
00:46:14,366 --> 00:46:16,666
of ads for and against a

1605
00:46:16,666 --> 00:46:18,866
labeling referendum.

1606
00:46:18,866 --> 00:46:20,033
And Colorado is looking to vote

1607
00:46:20,033 --> 00:46:21,100
on this as well.

1608
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:22,433
In this election cycle, there

1609
00:46:22,433 --> 00:46:23,833
are several referenda, I

1610
00:46:23,833 --> 00:46:25,033
believe, at least two but there

1611
00:46:25,033 --> 00:46:27,433
may be more, for labeling GMOs,

1612
00:46:27,433 --> 00:46:28,700
and they're somewhat Byzantine

1613
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:30,333
and I find the advertising very

1614
00:46:30,333 --> 00:46:31,666
confusing.

1615
00:46:31,666 --> 00:46:33,100
And you see weird arguments on

1616
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:34,100
both sides.

1617
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:35,100
You have organic growers that

1618
00:46:35,100 --> 00:46:36,100
are pro-labeling and

1619
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:37,100
anti-labeling.

1620
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:38,100
So I wonder what you think about

1621
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:39,533
the communication issues,

1622
00:46:39,533 --> 00:46:41,766
Dominique, but also, Erin,

1623
00:46:41,766 --> 00:46:44,166
what's up with labeling?

1624
00:46:44,166 --> 00:46:45,666
>> I guess in terms of the

1625
00:46:45,666 --> 00:46:47,100
diversity of viewpoints you may

1626
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:48,500
be seeing from an organic

1627
00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:50,033
farmer, I think the organic

1628
00:46:50,033 --> 00:46:52,400
community with respect to the

1629
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:54,166
farming and processing community

1630
00:46:54,166 --> 00:46:57,133
prides itself on the fact that

1631
00:46:57,133 --> 00:46:59,133
organic is a place where the

1632
00:46:59,133 --> 00:47:01,366
consumer can go and be assured

1633
00:47:01,366 --> 00:47:02,633
that the product that they're

1634
00:47:02,633 --> 00:47:05,133
purchasing is non-GMO.

1635
00:47:05,133 --> 00:47:08,033
So there may be a bit of

1636
00:47:08,033 --> 00:47:10,766
contention between having

1637
00:47:10,766 --> 00:47:13,000
another label out there against

1638
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:14,100
the organic label.

1639
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:15,733
I could potentially see that

1640
00:47:15,733 --> 00:47:17,100
being a concern of some organic

1641
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:19,333
farmers that it's creating

1642
00:47:19,333 --> 00:47:20,733
confusion in the marketplace

1643
00:47:20,733 --> 00:47:23,066
with various labels that may or

1644
00:47:23,066 --> 00:47:25,500
may not be regulated in the same

1645
00:47:25,500 --> 00:47:26,600
way.

1646
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:28,033
There's another label that you

1647
00:47:28,033 --> 00:47:29,900
guys may see in Whole Foods or

1648
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:32,600
some other markets that's

1649
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:34,666
non-GMO product verified.

1650
00:47:34,666 --> 00:47:35,966
So there are multiple labels out

1651
00:47:35,966 --> 00:47:37,033
there in the marketplace that

1652
00:47:37,033 --> 00:47:38,966
can cause consumer confusion.

1653
00:47:38,966 --> 00:47:41,333
So that would be probably my

1654
00:47:41,333 --> 00:47:43,633
thoughts in terms of why you're

1655
00:47:43,633 --> 00:47:45,400
seeing those varied viewpoints

1656
00:47:45,400 --> 00:47:48,366
in terms of organic farmers, but

1657
00:47:48,366 --> 00:47:52,100
it's more the multi-label issue.

1658
00:47:52,100 --> 00:47:53,400
>> That's a very good point,

1659
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:54,733
actually, and that's very

1660
00:47:54,733 --> 00:47:55,966
representative of the state of

1661
00:47:55,966 --> 00:47:57,133
the debate right now in the

1662
00:47:57,133 --> 00:47:58,333
United States.

1663
00:47:58,333 --> 00:47:59,600
And going back to Erin, I think

1664
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:01,966
this doesn't actually contribute

1665
00:48:01,966 --> 00:48:04,900
to individuals being clear about

1666
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:06,566
what to think about the issue.

1667
00:48:06,566 --> 00:48:08,100
But if you remember what I was

1668
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:09,766
telling you about, how people

1669
00:48:09,766 --> 00:48:11,566
perceive risk and how ultimately

1670
00:48:11,566 --> 00:48:13,700
they make decisions, rationality

1671
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:16,000
in all of us, myself included,

1672
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,166
may not be actually as important

1673
00:48:18,166 --> 00:48:19,933
as we may think.

1674
00:48:19,933 --> 00:48:21,166
And when we think in terms of

1675
00:48:21,166 --> 00:48:22,400
public opinion in the

1676
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:24,200
United States, genetically

1677
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:25,700
engineered crops, roughly,

1678
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:27,266
we have the same proportion of

1679
00:48:27,266 --> 00:48:29,533
people that think it is causing

1680
00:48:29,533 --> 00:48:32,066
serious health concern,

1681
00:48:32,066 --> 00:48:33,366
the ones who don't think it's

1682
00:48:33,366 --> 00:48:35,233
causing a health concern, and

1683
00:48:35,233 --> 00:48:37,600
the ones who don't have any

1684
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:38,700
opinion about it.

1685
00:48:38,700 --> 00:48:40,100
So the ones that already think

1686
00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:41,533
it causes serious health

1687
00:48:41,533 --> 00:48:42,666
concerns may want labeling for

1688
00:48:42,666 --> 00:48:44,800
very specific reasons.

1689
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:46,000
The ones that don't have a clear

1690
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:47,800
idea, they're going to use what

1691
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:49,533
we call motivated reasoning.

1692
00:48:49,533 --> 00:48:50,666
So they're going to actually

1693
00:48:50,666 --> 00:48:52,233
anchor the judgment of whatever

1694
00:48:52,233 --> 00:48:53,366
somebody they trust is telling

1695
00:48:53,366 --> 00:48:54,466
them.

1696
00:48:54,466 --> 00:48:55,800
So the advertising for that part

1697
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:57,633
of the spectrum of opinion, that

1698
00:48:57,633 --> 00:48:59,166
actually reinforces whatever

1699
00:48:59,166 --> 00:49:00,266
they think.

1700
00:49:00,266 --> 00:49:01,433
And the ones that are against,

1701
00:49:01,433 --> 00:49:02,466
the same way.

1702
00:49:02,466 --> 00:49:03,733
So to some extent, the ones that

1703
00:49:03,733 --> 00:49:05,500
are most vocal as far as giving

1704
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:07,533
an idea that resonates with what

1705
00:49:07,533 --> 00:49:09,833
we think already will win the

1706
00:49:09,833 --> 00:49:12,200
game.

1707
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:13,333
>> Okay, let's go back to the

1708
00:49:13,333 --> 00:49:14,400
audience.

1709
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:15,466
We've got someone back there,

1710
00:49:15,466 --> 00:49:16,666
and I see some other hands, one

1711
00:49:16,666 --> 00:49:18,000
other hand up here.

1712
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:19,633
>> Yeah, thank you very much.

1713
00:49:19,633 --> 00:49:22,466
I have two questions and some

1714
00:49:22,466 --> 00:49:24,266
others ones, but I'll just ask

1715
00:49:24,266 --> 00:49:25,566
these two.

1716
00:49:25,566 --> 00:49:27,533
The first one is, how much is

1717
00:49:27,533 --> 00:49:29,866
the UW investing in organic

1718
00:49:29,866 --> 00:49:32,700
research like crop breeding

1719
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:34,533
compared to the amount of

1720
00:49:34,533 --> 00:49:39,300
investing in GMO crops or

1721
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:41,800
research?

1722
00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:43,033
And the second question, you

1723
00:49:43,033 --> 00:49:46,700
mentioned labeling, and I'm just

1724
00:49:46,700 --> 00:49:48,400
going to go back to that.

1725
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,133
My question is, why are they

1726
00:49:51,133 --> 00:49:53,533
opposing labeling?

1727
00:49:53,533 --> 00:49:55,600
What difference does it make to

1728
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:56,833
the GMO companies or anybody

1729
00:49:56,833 --> 00:49:58,166
else whether it's labeled or

1730
00:49:58,166 --> 00:49:59,200
not?

1731
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,566
It would seem to me and the

1732
00:50:01,566 --> 00:50:04,100
person regarding the opinions of

1733
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,333
people and so forth, it seems to

1734
00:50:06,333 --> 00:50:08,733
me then the people have a choice

1735
00:50:08,733 --> 00:50:10,600
There seems to be the question

1736
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:12,866
here a lot of times of choice

1737
00:50:12,866 --> 00:50:15,133
and that you don't want to give

1738
00:50:15,133 --> 00:50:16,266
the people choice.

1739
00:50:16,266 --> 00:50:17,433
You just say we'll throw it all

1740
00:50:17,433 --> 00:50:18,800
in because it's all the same.

1741
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:20,566
But people make choices whether

1742
00:50:20,566 --> 00:50:21,733
they're going to buy a red car,

1743
00:50:21,733 --> 00:50:23,200
blue car, this type, that type

1744
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:24,900
and so forth.

1745
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:26,100
So thank you.

1746
00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:27,200
>> Let's take the labeling

1747
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,400
question first.

1748
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:33,466
>> I can address a little bit of

1749
00:50:33,466 --> 00:50:36,366
the cost side of it.

1750
00:50:36,366 --> 00:50:37,566
But I think our industry is in

1751
00:50:37,566 --> 00:50:39,933
favor of voluntary labeling on

1752
00:50:39,933 --> 00:50:41,366
a national level so we don't

1753
00:50:41,366 --> 00:50:42,466
have 50 different labeling

1754
00:50:42,466 --> 00:50:43,566
rules, which is going to be

1755
00:50:43,566 --> 00:50:44,666
really complicated.

1756
00:50:44,666 --> 00:50:46,133
But I think the challenge comes,

1757
00:50:46,133 --> 00:50:47,100
in potatoes it's not a

1758
00:50:47,100 --> 00:50:48,166
challenge.

1759
00:50:48,166 --> 00:50:49,466
We grow potatoes.

1760
00:50:49,466 --> 00:50:50,600
We grow specific varieties.

1761
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:52,166
They're all handled differently.

1762
00:50:52,166 --> 00:50:53,300
They're going directly to

1763
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:54,533
market, very directly, maybe

1764
00:50:54,533 --> 00:50:55,633
through distribution centers.

1765
00:50:55,633 --> 00:50:56,766
So that's quite easy.

1766
00:50:56,766 --> 00:50:57,866
But when you get into some of

1767
00:50:57,866 --> 00:50:59,000
the commodity crops, corn and

1768
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:00,133
soybeans, where you're

1769
00:51:00,133 --> 00:51:02,133
commingling millions of bushels

1770
00:51:02,133 --> 00:51:03,500
at hundreds of facilities across

1771
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,200
the country, you'd have to

1772
00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:07,533
double, triple, quadruple

1773
00:51:07,533 --> 00:51:08,900
probably, the amount of storage

1774
00:51:08,900 --> 00:51:10,466
for those crops to handle them

1775
00:51:10,466 --> 00:51:11,900
all separately at all stages.

1776
00:51:11,900 --> 00:51:13,400
And I don't think anybody is

1777
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:14,966
equipped to make that sort of

1778
00:51:14,966 --> 00:51:16,866
investment at this point.

1779
00:51:16,866 --> 00:51:18,200
I think the preference is that

1780
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:19,466
you might label the premium

1781
00:51:19,466 --> 00:51:20,833
products that you would assume

1782
00:51:20,833 --> 00:51:22,766
would be GMO free, and so that's

1783
00:51:22,766 --> 00:51:23,900
being done already.

1784
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:26,000
That's the preserved products.

1785
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:27,400
But labeling the full commodity

1786
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:28,800
crops that are currently

1787
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:30,900
commingled is a infrastructure

1788
00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:32,400
nightmare, really.

1789
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:33,666
>> Yeah, and to follow up on

1790
00:51:33,666 --> 00:51:35,866
what Andy has said is it's more

1791
00:51:35,866 --> 00:51:37,566
complicated than we actually

1792
00:51:37,566 --> 00:51:40,833
think it is because most of, 60%

1793
00:51:40,833 --> 00:51:42,600
of the food on the grocery store

1794
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:44,133
shelves right now contain some

1795
00:51:44,133 --> 00:51:47,000
kind of GM because of corn syrup

1796
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:48,033
for example.

1797
00:51:48,033 --> 00:51:49,400
So if you think of processed

1798
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:51,033
food and think that you would

1799
00:51:51,033 --> 00:51:52,500
have to actually make sure that

1800
00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:54,666
you can accurately or because

1801
00:51:54,666 --> 00:51:56,366
just labeling is great but

1802
00:51:56,366 --> 00:51:58,233
actually labeling is a question

1803
00:51:58,233 --> 00:51:59,666
of accuracy and really represent

1804
00:51:59,666 --> 00:52:01,266
what's out there.

1805
00:52:01,266 --> 00:52:02,933
It gets way more complicated.

1806
00:52:02,933 --> 00:52:03,933
>> Right.

1807
00:52:03,933 --> 00:52:05,100
Maybe I should have been more

1808
00:52:05,100 --> 00:52:06,166
accurate.

1809
00:52:06,166 --> 00:52:07,233
If you're looking in the produce

1810
00:52:07,233 --> 00:52:08,300
section where you're getting

1811
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:09,300
direct produce from the farm or

1812
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:10,300
through whatever channels,

1813
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:11,333
that's fairly easy, but when you

1814
00:52:11,333 --> 00:52:12,400
start using ingredients,

1815
00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:13,433
especially on large scales, that

1816
00:52:13,433 --> 00:52:14,766
are going into Betty Crocker or

1817
00:52:14,766 --> 00:52:15,900
something like that, it gets

1818
00:52:15,900 --> 00:52:17,466
much more complicated and much

1819
00:52:17,466 --> 00:52:19,800
more expensive.

1820
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:20,833
>> Anything else from the panel

1821
00:52:20,833 --> 00:52:22,866
on this?

1822
00:52:22,866 --> 00:52:25,000
The question before the labeling

1823
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,400
question was about how much is

1824
00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:31,166
the UW invested in one part or

1825
00:52:31,166 --> 00:52:33,033
the other, correct?

1826
00:52:33,033 --> 00:52:34,133
>> Yeah, that's correct.

1827
00:52:34,133 --> 00:52:35,366
>> Yeah.

1828
00:52:35,366 --> 00:52:36,566
So I think I'll invite Erin to

1829
00:52:36,566 --> 00:52:37,800
comment, but I'll just first

1830
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:40,200
say, as dean, we have a very

1831
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:41,433
strong plant breeding and plant

1832
00:52:41,433 --> 00:52:44,600
genetics program here for

1833
00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:47,100
graduate student training.

1834
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:50,100
And it's a very interesting mix.

1835
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:51,800
A number of folks go through

1836
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:53,600
that program and end up at

1837
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:55,000
Monsanto or another biotech

1838
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:56,233
company.

1839
00:52:56,233 --> 00:52:58,333
Others go in other directions.

1840
00:52:58,333 --> 00:52:59,766
We have a number of students

1841
00:52:59,766 --> 00:53:01,066
that have been very interested

1842
00:53:01,066 --> 00:53:02,433
in breeding things for an

1843
00:53:02,433 --> 00:53:04,833
organic market, looking at, and

1844
00:53:04,833 --> 00:53:06,433
I'll let you maybe comment about

1845
00:53:06,433 --> 00:53:07,600
that, Erin.

1846
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:08,633
>> Sure.

1847
00:53:08,633 --> 00:53:09,700
>> Yeah, why don't you talk

1848
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:10,800
about that.

1849
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:11,900
>> I feel very lucky to be an

1850
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:13,300
organic specialist at UW.

1851
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:15,300
I think we are currently, and

1852
00:53:15,300 --> 00:53:17,233
maybe my colleagues in other

1853
00:53:17,233 --> 00:53:18,633
states would disagree, but a

1854
00:53:18,633 --> 00:53:20,633
leader in organic breeding.

1855
00:53:20,633 --> 00:53:23,033
We're lucky to have several

1856
00:53:23,033 --> 00:53:24,766
vital public breeding programs

1857
00:53:24,766 --> 00:53:26,166
here on campus.

1858
00:53:26,166 --> 00:53:27,400
So there's active activities

1859
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:28,933
with breeding sweetcorn

1860
00:53:28,933 --> 00:53:30,400
specifically for organic

1861
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:31,533
production, breeding carrots

1862
00:53:31,533 --> 00:53:32,800
specifically for organic

1863
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,333
production, working with

1864
00:53:34,333 --> 00:53:35,600
partners across the country,

1865
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:37,166
looking at breeding tomatoes and

1866
00:53:37,166 --> 00:53:39,000
squash and snap beans

1867
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:40,166
specifically for organic

1868
00:53:40,166 --> 00:53:41,466
production.

1869
00:53:41,466 --> 00:53:44,100
Again, that reflects upon CALS's

1870
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:45,666
commitment to public breeding

1871
00:53:45,666 --> 00:53:47,166
programs in general

1872
00:53:47,166 --> 00:53:48,366
And those public breeders are

1873
00:53:48,366 --> 00:53:49,666
really interested in working

1874
00:53:49,666 --> 00:53:50,733
with organic farmers and are,

1875
00:53:50,733 --> 00:53:52,066
and a lot of great students that

1876
00:53:52,066 --> 00:53:53,933
have been funded by fellowships.

1877
00:53:53,933 --> 00:53:56,266
Next summer many of our students

1878
00:53:56,266 --> 00:53:58,000
are going to be planning,

1879
00:53:58,000 --> 00:53:59,266
I think it's the third or fourth

1880
00:53:59,266 --> 00:54:00,666
annual student organic seed

1881
00:54:00,666 --> 00:54:02,000
symposium.

1882
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:03,600
Bringing students involved in

1883
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:04,800
organic breeding from across the

1884
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:06,133
country here to Madison and

1885
00:54:06,133 --> 00:54:07,800
visiting sites around the state.

1886
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:09,200
So there is a lot of investment

1887
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:10,566
and commitment, I would say,

1888
00:54:10,566 --> 00:54:11,866
from CALS and the broader

1889
00:54:11,866 --> 00:54:13,533
UW campus.

1890
00:54:13,533 --> 00:54:14,800
>> As far as public breeding

1891
00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:16,700
programs are concerned, there

1892
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:18,733
are many crops that are not the

1893
00:54:18,733 --> 00:54:20,333
big commodity crops where most

1894
00:54:20,333 --> 00:54:21,766
of the breeding is still done in

1895
00:54:21,766 --> 00:54:23,200
universities.

1896
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:24,866
But, Travis, perhaps you might

1897
00:54:24,866 --> 00:54:27,133
want to mention beyond soybeans

1898
00:54:27,133 --> 00:54:29,366
and corn the kinds of plant

1899
00:54:29,366 --> 00:54:32,166
genetic programs that are at

1900
00:54:32,166 --> 00:54:33,833
Monsanto.

1901
00:54:33,833 --> 00:54:34,933
>> Sure.

1902
00:54:34,933 --> 00:54:37,800
We've got most of our programs,

1903
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:39,033
for lack of a better term, they

1904
00:54:39,033 --> 00:54:40,333
kind of are organic.

1905
00:54:40,333 --> 00:54:41,500
Our corn breeding program is

1906
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:43,400
completely GM free.

1907
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:44,800
Most of our vegetable, actually,

1908
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:46,100
yeah, most of our vegetable

1909
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:49,266
breeding is entirely GM free

1910
00:54:49,266 --> 00:54:50,533
until they actually go to the

1911
00:54:50,533 --> 00:54:52,033
market.

1912
00:54:52,033 --> 00:54:53,266
So the breeding and the research

1913
00:54:53,266 --> 00:54:57,300
is done on the crops before they

1914
00:54:57,300 --> 00:55:01,466
go out to the grower, the

1915
00:55:01,466 --> 00:55:03,100
farmer.

1916
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:04,733
We have an integration process

1917
00:55:04,733 --> 00:55:06,866
that brings the GM traits

1918
00:55:06,866 --> 00:55:09,000
together with the germplasm sort

1919
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:10,333
of at the end of the process

1920
00:55:10,333 --> 00:55:11,666
before it goes out.

1921
00:55:11,666 --> 00:55:13,533
So there is the ability if

1922
00:55:13,533 --> 00:55:15,100
individuals are willing to or

1923
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:19,333
wanting that material, they can

1924
00:55:19,333 --> 00:55:22,000
grow that type of material.

1925
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:23,866
It's a little tougher with the

1926
00:55:23,866 --> 00:55:26,566
larger row crops like corn,

1927
00:55:26,566 --> 00:55:27,766
cotton, and soybeans just

1928
00:55:27,766 --> 00:55:29,600
because of the size of the

1929
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:31,766
market that actually wants

1930
00:55:31,766 --> 00:55:33,600
conventionally bred material

1931
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:35,333
versus conventionally bred with

1932
00:55:35,333 --> 00:55:38,000
GM added is very small,

1933
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:39,333
typically.

1934
00:55:39,333 --> 00:55:41,166
But in the vegetable side,

1935
00:55:41,166 --> 00:55:42,466
it's much, much larger.

1936
00:55:42,466 --> 00:55:43,700
So we've gone the route that we

1937
00:55:43,700 --> 00:55:45,033
still breed all our vegetables

1938
00:55:45,033 --> 00:55:47,500
GM free, and then, actually,

1939
00:55:47,500 --> 00:55:48,766
most of them right now still are

1940
00:55:48,766 --> 00:55:50,666
GM free with a couple of

1941
00:55:50,666 --> 00:55:52,966
products coming in the future.

1942
00:55:52,966 --> 00:55:54,500
So the germplasm is available

1943
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:55,633
It's kind of a little unknown

1944
00:55:55,633 --> 00:55:56,733
fact.

1945
00:55:56,733 --> 00:55:58,333
Most of the germplasm is

1946
00:55:58,333 --> 00:56:00,333
available without GM in it, and

1947
00:56:00,333 --> 00:56:01,533
we work very hard to keep it

1948
00:56:01,533 --> 00:56:02,600
that way.

1949
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:04,233
That way we can do with it what

1950
00:56:04,233 --> 00:56:05,333
we need.

1951
00:56:05,333 --> 00:56:06,500
If we need to go to an organic

1952
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:07,666
market where you want to grow

1953
00:56:07,666 --> 00:56:10,633
corn or vegetables that don't

1954
00:56:10,633 --> 00:56:14,600
have GM in it, you'll have seed.

1955
00:56:14,600 --> 00:56:15,800
>> Okay, let's go back to, I

1956
00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:17,166
think there's at least one mic

1957
00:56:17,166 --> 00:56:18,433
out here.

1958
00:56:18,433 --> 00:56:20,600
>> My question also relates to

1959
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:23,166
the organic section, and my

1960
00:56:23,166 --> 00:56:25,733
observation is that it's a

1961
00:56:25,733 --> 00:56:29,000
growing market and it also has

1962
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:30,700
customers that are very well

1963
00:56:30,700 --> 00:56:32,300
informed and educated and often

1964
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:34,466
come from higher economic

1965
00:56:34,466 --> 00:56:38,366
strata, but it has been

1966
00:56:38,366 --> 00:56:40,133
consistently resistant to the

1967
00:56:40,133 --> 00:56:43,666
idea of GMO in the face of

1968
00:56:43,666 --> 00:56:45,700
evidence both pro and con.

1969
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:47,000
I'm a member of the Willy Street

1970
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,533
Co-Op, and I read their magazine

1971
00:56:49,533 --> 00:56:52,200
every other month or so and it's

1972
00:56:52,200 --> 00:56:55,566
consistently negative on GMO.

1973
00:56:55,566 --> 00:56:56,833
And I wonder what your thoughts

1974
00:56:56,833 --> 00:56:57,933
are about this.

1975
00:56:57,933 --> 00:56:59,066
Is this going to be something

1976
00:56:59,066 --> 00:57:00,533
that eventually gets into the

1977
00:57:00,533 --> 00:57:04,233
organic section?

1978
00:57:04,233 --> 00:57:06,400
>> I don't see it getting in

1979
00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:08,666
anytime soon.

1980
00:57:08,666 --> 00:57:10,600
I think, again, the organic

1981
00:57:10,600 --> 00:57:14,266
farming community's opinions are

1982
00:57:14,266 --> 00:57:15,433
diverse.

1983
00:57:15,433 --> 00:57:17,766
So I think there are definitely,

1984
00:57:17,766 --> 00:57:19,500
across the spectrum,

1985
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:21,633
organic farmers that are opposed

1986
00:57:21,633 --> 00:57:26,300
to GMOs because of the broader

1987
00:57:26,300 --> 00:57:28,433
safety concerns with the

1988
00:57:28,433 --> 00:57:29,833
technology.

1989
00:57:29,833 --> 00:57:31,166
But there's also another

1990
00:57:31,166 --> 00:57:32,266
spectrum of concerns.

1991
00:57:32,266 --> 00:57:34,200
There's definitely the market.

1992
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:36,433
Organic is a marketing label.

1993
00:57:36,433 --> 00:57:37,733
So they definitely want to

1994
00:57:37,733 --> 00:57:41,466
continue to be able to attract a

1995
00:57:41,466 --> 00:57:42,700
certain segment of organic

1996
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:43,866
consumer.

1997
00:57:43,866 --> 00:57:44,933
But as you just reflected, the

1998
00:57:44,933 --> 00:57:46,000
organic consumers aren't a

1999
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:47,133
monolithic group either.

2000
00:57:47,133 --> 00:57:48,866
But there's also, I think, a

2001
00:57:48,866 --> 00:57:53,833
concern about, and Travis and I

2002
00:57:53,833 --> 00:57:55,066
have served on several panels

2003
00:57:55,066 --> 00:57:56,400
together so I don't want to

2004
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,366
debate him too much, but there

2005
00:57:59,366 --> 00:58:01,166
is a concern about, as he

2006
00:58:01,166 --> 00:58:02,833
mentioned in slides, a lot of

2007
00:58:02,833 --> 00:58:04,366
the yield increases that we do

2008
00:58:04,366 --> 00:58:06,233
observe in many of the row crops

2009
00:58:06,233 --> 00:58:08,666
is due to general breeding

2010
00:58:08,666 --> 00:58:10,233
efforts, traditional breeding

2011
00:58:10,233 --> 00:58:11,966
efforts, and organic farmers are

2012
00:58:11,966 --> 00:58:13,933
concerned that a lot of those

2013
00:58:13,933 --> 00:58:16,833
elite genetic lines are tied up

2014
00:58:16,833 --> 00:58:18,466
with GMO traits and that they

2015
00:58:18,466 --> 00:58:19,633
don't have access.

2016
00:58:19,633 --> 00:58:21,166
And the fact that a lot of the

2017
00:58:21,166 --> 00:58:23,700
GMO in breeding efforts are tied

2018
00:58:23,700 --> 00:58:25,566
up to large corporations does

2019
00:58:25,566 --> 00:58:28,466
narrow the germplasm base and

2020
00:58:28,466 --> 00:58:31,033
narrow the germplasm choices to

2021
00:58:31,033 --> 00:58:32,433
organic producers.

2022
00:58:32,433 --> 00:58:36,233
So there are those economic and

2023
00:58:36,233 --> 00:58:37,700
socioeconomic drivers.

2024
00:58:37,700 --> 00:58:40,133
There's also concerns that we

2025
00:58:40,133 --> 00:58:41,433
don't necessarily understand all

2026
00:58:41,433 --> 00:58:43,633
the impacts of this new

2027
00:58:43,633 --> 00:58:45,800
technology on the environment.

2028
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:47,200
And as someone that works more

2029
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:48,466
broadly in organic systems and

2030
00:58:48,466 --> 00:58:51,333
looking at managing soils

2031
00:58:51,333 --> 00:58:53,166
organically, although science

2032
00:58:53,166 --> 00:58:54,700
can answer a lot of questions,

2033
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:56,166
there's still the stuff that we

2034
00:58:56,166 --> 00:58:57,733
don't understand which is makes

2035
00:58:57,733 --> 00:58:58,866
it exciting to be a scientist as

2036
00:58:58,866 --> 00:59:00,133
we learn more and more about

2037
00:59:00,133 --> 00:59:01,366
natural systems and the

2038
00:59:01,366 --> 00:59:03,366
complexity of natural systems.

2039
00:59:03,366 --> 00:59:04,766
Just like we're understanding

2040
00:59:04,766 --> 00:59:06,066
from the human health

2041
00:59:06,066 --> 00:59:08,800
perspective the microbiome that

2042
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:12,166
impacts health and the

2043
00:59:12,166 --> 00:59:15,166
complexity of the interactions

2044
00:59:15,166 --> 00:59:17,266
between microbiology and

2045
00:59:17,266 --> 00:59:19,733
microorganisms and the natural

2046
00:59:19,733 --> 00:59:21,500
environment.

2047
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:22,966
There's a perception amongst

2048
00:59:22,966 --> 00:59:24,333
organic growers that we could be

2049
00:59:24,333 --> 00:59:25,700
doing things to the agricultural

2050
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:28,066
system that we don't understand

2051
00:59:28,066 --> 00:59:30,866
and that risk reduction and the

2052
00:59:30,866 --> 00:59:33,133
mitigation of risk and the

2053
00:59:33,133 --> 00:59:34,466
precautionary principle really

2054
00:59:34,466 --> 00:59:36,533
plays into decisions and

2055
00:59:36,533 --> 00:59:38,200
approaches.

2056
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,866
So definitely a variety of

2057
00:59:40,866 --> 00:59:42,633
opinions, but, long story short,

2058
00:59:42,633 --> 00:59:43,866
I don't see it changing any time

2059
00:59:43,866 --> 00:59:45,733
soon.

2060
00:59:45,733 --> 00:59:47,000
>> Is there any followup from

2061
00:59:47,000 --> 00:59:48,866
the panel?

2062
00:59:48,866 --> 00:59:50,133
>> I can just ask a followup

2063
00:59:50,133 --> 00:59:51,333
question.

2064
00:59:51,333 --> 00:59:52,466
We talked about maybe not

2065
00:59:52,466 --> 00:59:53,733
bringing this up, but the

2066
00:59:53,733 --> 00:59:55,566
intergenic versus transgenic, is

2067
00:59:55,566 --> 00:59:56,900
there any potential on the

2068
00:59:56,900 --> 00:59:58,766
organic side that maybe it's

2069
00:59:58,766 --> 01:00:00,433
within species or just

2070
01:00:00,433 --> 01:00:02,066
manipulation there because from

2071
01:00:02,066 --> 01:00:04,300
my perspective, scientifically

2072
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:05,633
that makes a big difference.

2073
01:00:05,633 --> 01:00:06,966
And agronomically, to me, the

2074
01:00:06,966 --> 01:00:09,000
production system that has the

2075
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:10,733
most to gain from GMOs is

2076
01:00:10,733 --> 01:00:12,466
organic because of some of the

2077
01:00:12,466 --> 01:00:13,833
challenges, both on the cost

2078
01:00:13,833 --> 01:00:15,100
side and the pesticides

2079
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:16,600
products.

2080
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:17,800
You could take potatoes, for

2081
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:18,800
example.

2082
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:19,766
There isn't anything that

2083
01:00:19,766 --> 01:00:20,800
controls late blight that fits

2084
01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:22,433
under organic.

2085
01:00:22,433 --> 01:00:23,966
So for an organic potato grower

2086
01:00:23,966 --> 01:00:25,333
to have something that would

2087
01:00:25,333 --> 01:00:26,900
late blight resistant

2088
01:00:26,900 --> 01:00:28,100
would be a huge boom.

2089
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:29,200
>> I think...

2090
01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:30,266
>> And that's...

2091
01:00:30,266 --> 01:00:31,433
Sorry, go ahead, Erin.

2092
01:00:31,433 --> 01:00:33,200
>> The way that the national

2093
01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:36,233
organic standards work and goes

2094
01:00:36,233 --> 01:00:37,666
into play is that there's the

2095
01:00:37,666 --> 01:00:38,866
national organics standards

2096
01:00:38,866 --> 01:00:41,033
board as new technology or new

2097
01:00:41,033 --> 01:00:43,666
products come into play and come

2098
01:00:43,666 --> 01:00:45,366
online that there is a panel of

2099
01:00:45,366 --> 01:00:47,400
people that represent the

2100
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:48,733
consumer viewpoint, the farmer

2101
01:00:48,733 --> 01:00:50,066
viewpoint, the market viewpoint,

2102
01:00:50,066 --> 01:00:53,866
and they evaluate the pros and

2103
01:00:53,866 --> 01:00:55,500
cons and the various risks.

2104
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:57,300
So, as new technology emerges,

2105
01:00:57,300 --> 01:00:59,333
there's definitely a potential

2106
01:00:59,333 --> 01:01:01,066
of that being integrated into

2107
01:01:01,066 --> 01:01:02,600
the organic regulation, but I

2108
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,600
think it really would take a

2109
01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:10,233
broader view of how that impacts

2110
01:01:10,233 --> 01:01:12,266
not only the consumer confidence

2111
01:01:12,266 --> 01:01:13,633
and consumer preferences, but

2112
01:01:13,633 --> 01:01:15,133
the benefits and risks with the

2113
01:01:15,133 --> 01:01:18,666
agricultural practices as well.

2114
01:01:18,666 --> 01:01:19,800
>> Okay, let's get back to the

2115
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:20,866
audience.

2116
01:01:20,866 --> 01:01:21,933
We have someone on the aisle

2117
01:01:21,933 --> 01:01:22,933
with a question.

2118
01:01:22,933 --> 01:01:24,066
>> Yeah, I have a question.

2119
01:01:24,066 --> 01:01:25,266
You started with a list of eight

2120
01:01:25,266 --> 01:01:29,700
crops that are approved for GMO.

2121
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:31,333
Two questions, one is what do

2122
01:01:31,333 --> 01:01:33,633
you think will be coming soon,

2123
01:01:33,633 --> 01:01:35,166
additional crops?

2124
01:01:35,166 --> 01:01:36,466
And then I just find it

2125
01:01:36,466 --> 01:01:37,700
interesting that papaya and

2126
01:01:37,700 --> 01:01:39,300
squash are on the list.

2127
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:40,400
They don't seem like they're

2128
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:41,666
large cash crops.

2129
01:01:41,666 --> 01:01:44,700
How did those end up in this?

2130
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:48,800
Thank you.

2131
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:51,700
>> There's a couple new crops

2132
01:01:51,700 --> 01:01:52,766
coming.

2133
01:01:52,766 --> 01:01:54,033
Wheat is going to be one of the

2134
01:01:54,033 --> 01:01:56,633
newest ones that will be coming

2135
01:01:56,633 --> 01:01:57,800
on sooner than later.

2136
01:01:57,800 --> 01:02:00,033
There's quite a bit.

2137
01:02:00,033 --> 01:02:01,233
With papaya, the interesting

2138
01:02:01,233 --> 01:02:02,300
story about papaya, papaya was

2139
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:03,800
actually one of the first.

2140
01:02:03,800 --> 01:02:06,066
And the reason why it was being

2141
01:02:06,066 --> 01:02:07,766
decimated by a disease, a viral

2142
01:02:07,766 --> 01:02:11,000
disease that almost destroyed

2143
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:12,833
papaya as a crop.

2144
01:02:12,833 --> 01:02:16,233
And so the GM is actually a

2145
01:02:16,233 --> 01:02:18,533
resistance to that disease.

2146
01:02:18,533 --> 01:02:20,100
So there's a lot of different

2147
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:22,466
crops that when we talk about, I

2148
01:02:22,466 --> 01:02:23,900
think when Andy was talking

2149
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:26,233
about disease resistance, we

2150
01:02:26,233 --> 01:02:28,666
have the technology to make some

2151
01:02:28,666 --> 01:02:33,000
of those diseases controllable.

2152
01:02:33,000 --> 01:02:34,566
And some of those diseases

2153
01:02:34,566 --> 01:02:35,733
aren't controllable even with

2154
01:02:35,733 --> 01:02:37,333
chemistry.

2155
01:02:37,333 --> 01:02:39,600
So we have the tool kits to be

2156
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:41,000
able to potentially do it.

2157
01:02:41,000 --> 01:02:42,133
It's just whether or not they'll

2158
01:02:42,133 --> 01:02:43,300
be accepted.

2159
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:45,533
There were other, more recently

2160
01:02:45,533 --> 01:02:47,600
eggplant in India.

2161
01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:49,233
If you've heard the story of the

2162
01:02:49,233 --> 01:02:50,933
-- eggplant, we were talking

2163
01:02:50,933 --> 01:02:52,066
about this earlier.

2164
01:02:52,066 --> 01:02:53,900
This is another great disease

2165
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:56,300
kind of story or, really, a

2166
01:02:56,300 --> 01:03:00,066
great story about solving a big

2167
01:03:00,066 --> 01:03:03,066
problem in eggplant.

2168
01:03:03,066 --> 01:03:05,666
But it was met with a ton of

2169
01:03:05,666 --> 01:03:07,366
resistance, and, actually, I

2170
01:03:07,366 --> 01:03:08,566
don't know if it's completely

2171
01:03:08,566 --> 01:03:09,933
come off the market yet but it's

2172
01:03:09,933 --> 01:03:11,633
been halted quite a bit because

2173
01:03:11,633 --> 01:03:14,500
of the outrage.

2174
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:17,433
And so, yeah, the biggest

2175
01:03:17,433 --> 01:03:20,800
hurdle, honestly, is acceptance.

2176
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:23,866
It's both acceptance and a

2177
01:03:23,866 --> 01:03:25,633
little bit economics.

2178
01:03:25,633 --> 01:03:27,066
It costs a lot of money.

2179
01:03:27,066 --> 01:03:28,766
I think the estimates out there

2180
01:03:28,766 --> 01:03:30,700
on average is between

2181
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:34,566
$120-$130 million to bring a

2182
01:03:34,566 --> 01:03:36,700
product, a GM product to market.

2183
01:03:36,700 --> 01:03:38,233
Most of that cost is wrapped up

2184
01:03:38,233 --> 01:03:39,866
in the 13 years of regulatory

2185
01:03:39,866 --> 01:03:41,800
process that needs to go through

2186
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:45,000
and safety testing and all the

2187
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:46,266
good things that we do to make

2188
01:03:46,266 --> 01:03:48,266
sure they're safe.

2189
01:03:48,266 --> 01:03:49,566
It's part of that.

2190
01:03:49,566 --> 01:03:51,100
And so that's one of the biggest

2191
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:52,166
challenges.

2192
01:03:52,166 --> 01:03:53,233
That's actually getting harder

2193
01:03:53,233 --> 01:03:54,500
in the US.

2194
01:03:54,500 --> 01:03:55,600
So you think it'd actually be

2195
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:56,800
going the other way.

2196
01:03:56,800 --> 01:03:58,033
It's actually getting easier

2197
01:03:58,033 --> 01:03:59,200
outside of the US and actually

2198
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:01,000
more difficult in the US to get

2199
01:04:01,000 --> 01:04:02,333
through those regulatory

2200
01:04:02,333 --> 01:04:03,766
processes because of some of the

2201
01:04:03,766 --> 01:04:06,133
concerns that people are

2202
01:04:06,133 --> 01:04:10,166
bringing up that are, whether or

2203
01:04:10,166 --> 01:04:11,533
not you believe the science or

2204
01:04:11,533 --> 01:04:13,166
not, whether they're founded or

2205
01:04:13,166 --> 01:04:14,600
not, but there's quite a bit of

2206
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:15,933
concern and that's kind of

2207
01:04:15,933 --> 01:04:18,200
slowing things down quite a bit.

2208
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:20,200
We'd love to see more, I think,

2209
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:21,466
if the technology, if we could

2210
01:04:21,466 --> 01:04:22,866
get it into more, I think you'd

2211
01:04:22,866 --> 01:04:24,466
see more universities, more

2212
01:04:24,466 --> 01:04:26,400
public sector groups actually

2213
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:27,866
using it because the cost would

2214
01:04:27,866 --> 01:04:29,600
be driven down quite a bit.

2215
01:04:29,600 --> 01:04:30,866
Right now it's a very expensive

2216
01:04:30,866 --> 01:04:32,600
thing to bring to market.

2217
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:33,766
>> Paul, I know you have a lot

2218
01:04:33,766 --> 01:04:34,966
of interest in the international

2219
01:04:34,966 --> 01:04:36,066
story.

2220
01:04:36,066 --> 01:04:37,166
Is there any followup that you'd

2221
01:04:37,166 --> 01:04:38,300
like to contribute there?

2222
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,333
>> Yeah, the international

2223
01:04:40,333 --> 01:04:41,633
markets are really complicated.

2224
01:04:41,633 --> 01:04:43,300
In the end, as important and as

2225
01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:45,000
big Andy's farm is, really what

2226
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:46,666
matters is what people in China

2227
01:04:46,666 --> 01:04:48,500
decide to do.

2228
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:51,233
So having seen BT cotton in

2229
01:04:51,233 --> 01:04:53,433
India take off, it's very, very

2230
01:04:53,433 --> 01:04:54,833
successful, whereas the eggplant

2231
01:04:54,833 --> 01:04:56,533
was a total disaster, probably

2232
01:04:56,533 --> 01:04:57,800
because you eat it, I think

2233
01:04:57,800 --> 01:04:59,300
there's some perception issues

2234
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:00,666
there, but in terms of the

2235
01:05:00,666 --> 01:05:01,833
international market, what is

2236
01:05:01,833 --> 01:05:03,800
China doing and if you can't

2237
01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:05,166
export to the EU, where are the

2238
01:05:05,166 --> 01:05:06,366
markets for these

2239
01:05:06,366 --> 01:05:07,600
internationally and how does

2240
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:08,900
that affect the grower and the

2241
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:10,866
company?

2242
01:05:10,866 --> 01:05:12,300
>> Sorry, if I can interject

2243
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:13,500
here.

2244
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:14,866
Something that gets very

2245
01:05:14,866 --> 01:05:16,200
complicated when we think of

2246
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:17,633
this technology in relationship

2247
01:05:17,633 --> 01:05:20,000
to sustainability and food

2248
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:21,933
security, basically, is that the

2249
01:05:21,933 --> 01:05:23,133
technology is really not

2250
01:05:23,133 --> 01:05:25,433
available to the countries that

2251
01:05:25,433 --> 01:05:27,466
actually would need it the most.

2252
01:05:27,466 --> 01:05:30,000
If you look at the map of

2253
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:32,566
adoption of crops in

2254
01:05:32,566 --> 01:05:34,433
relationship to where you have

2255
01:05:34,433 --> 01:05:36,200
the most people that starve,

2256
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,133
which is mainly Africa, they

2257
01:05:38,133 --> 01:05:39,466
don't have, apart from South

2258
01:05:39,466 --> 01:05:41,433
Africa actually, you don't have

2259
01:05:41,433 --> 01:05:43,733
much access because most of the

2260
01:05:43,733 --> 01:05:45,733
research and development really

2261
01:05:45,733 --> 01:05:47,333
has been done in western

2262
01:05:47,333 --> 01:05:50,700
cultures for their staple crops.

2263
01:05:50,700 --> 01:05:53,033
So if you think of India, there

2264
01:05:53,033 --> 01:05:55,566
was a lot of hope with BT

2265
01:05:55,566 --> 01:05:56,966
eggplant because eggplant is

2266
01:05:56,966 --> 01:05:58,133
actually one of the staple

2267
01:05:58,133 --> 01:06:00,533
crops, and that crop was chosen

2268
01:06:00,533 --> 01:06:02,500
by a consortium of public and

2269
01:06:02,500 --> 01:06:03,933
private institutions in

2270
01:06:03,933 --> 01:06:05,066
relationship with Cornell

2271
01:06:05,066 --> 01:06:06,700
University and 20 other

2272
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:07,966
institutions from the public

2273
01:06:07,966 --> 01:06:10,500
side to try to help the country

2274
01:06:10,500 --> 01:06:12,033
develop capacity to make their

2275
01:06:12,033 --> 01:06:13,366
own decisions related to the

2276
01:06:13,366 --> 01:06:15,466
technology.

2277
01:06:15,466 --> 01:06:17,733
But then it got, as Paul as

2278
01:06:17,733 --> 01:06:20,500
rightfully pointed out, got very

2279
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:22,733
complicated because a lot of

2280
01:06:22,733 --> 01:06:24,166
money was put into activities

2281
01:06:24,166 --> 01:06:25,766
unrelated to the issue from both

2282
01:06:25,766 --> 01:06:27,866
sides.

2283
01:06:27,866 --> 01:06:29,266
So unfortunately I would say,

2284
01:06:29,266 --> 01:06:30,666
internationally, this is a very

2285
01:06:30,666 --> 01:06:33,200
complex issue that puts on the

2286
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:35,200
table the agenda and the

2287
01:06:35,200 --> 01:06:36,466
potential benefits for a lot of

2288
01:06:36,466 --> 01:06:38,066
stakeholders.

2289
01:06:38,066 --> 01:06:39,533
And the people that ultimately

2290
01:06:39,533 --> 01:06:41,333
would benefit or not from the

2291
01:06:41,333 --> 01:06:43,333
technology are very often left

2292
01:06:43,333 --> 01:06:45,566
out of the discussion to which

2293
01:06:45,566 --> 01:06:47,466
crops should be developed, how

2294
01:06:47,466 --> 01:06:48,600
much it will cost, how the

2295
01:06:48,600 --> 01:06:50,400
farmers can benefit or not, how

2296
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:52,100
do we integrate with organic.

2297
01:06:52,100 --> 01:06:55,033
So, very complicated.

2298
01:06:55,033 --> 01:06:56,033
>> We have a question down here

2299
01:06:56,033 --> 01:06:57,366
near the front.

2300
01:06:57,366 --> 01:06:58,866
>> Yeah, I was wondering what

2301
01:06:58,866 --> 01:07:01,600
the implications are of GMOs for

2302
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:03,500
kind of more communal ownership

2303
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:07,266
of lines of crops and the

2304
01:07:07,266 --> 01:07:09,966
freedom to replant and the

2305
01:07:09,966 --> 01:07:16,133
freedom to share seeds freely.

2306
01:07:16,133 --> 01:07:17,200
And maybe if someone could

2307
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:18,800
explain, too, how patents work

2308
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:21,033
with GMOs versus other crops.

2309
01:07:21,033 --> 01:07:24,866
I'm not entirely clear on that.

2310
01:07:24,866 --> 01:07:26,100
>> I guess that comes to me.

2311
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:27,300
>> That'd be you, Travis.

2312
01:07:27,300 --> 01:07:28,466
>> Yeah, it's all me, right?

2313
01:07:28,466 --> 01:07:29,800
So, we're actually in a very

2314
01:07:29,800 --> 01:07:31,033
interesting time.

2315
01:07:31,033 --> 01:07:32,366
I'll start off by saying that

2316
01:07:32,366 --> 01:07:33,700
for the first time in history we

2317
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:35,800
actually have a GM crop or a GM

2318
01:07:35,800 --> 01:07:39,033
trait which is going to be free.

2319
01:07:39,033 --> 01:07:40,366
Which is the first version of

2320
01:07:40,366 --> 01:07:42,700
Roundup in soybeans.

2321
01:07:42,700 --> 01:07:44,166
And so farmers will be able to

2322
01:07:44,166 --> 01:07:46,266
save their seed.

2323
01:07:46,266 --> 01:07:47,733
The whole seed saving thing

2324
01:07:47,733 --> 01:07:49,866
that's come up, and you probably

2325
01:07:49,866 --> 01:07:52,166
heard a lot of the debate about

2326
01:07:52,166 --> 01:07:53,800
big mean companies suing

2327
01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:56,600
farmers, we don't sue farmers

2328
01:07:56,600 --> 01:08:01,200
that get contaminated by

2329
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:03,966
uncontrollable reasons.

2330
01:08:03,966 --> 01:08:05,500
We typical sue farmers who are

2331
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:08,466
actually stealing the technology

2332
01:08:08,466 --> 01:08:10,433
and actually selling it and

2333
01:08:10,433 --> 01:08:12,366
growing it and knowingly grow it

2334
01:08:12,366 --> 01:08:14,100
and select for it.

2335
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:16,700
So, really, what it is, is it's

2336
01:08:16,700 --> 01:08:19,233
the patents provide us the

2337
01:08:19,233 --> 01:08:20,533
ability to regain some of the

2338
01:08:20,533 --> 01:08:21,633
investments.

2339
01:08:21,633 --> 01:08:22,833
As I said, it costs a lot of

2340
01:08:22,833 --> 01:08:25,033
money to develop those crops and

2341
01:08:25,033 --> 01:08:26,866
to get the yields and really

2342
01:08:26,866 --> 01:08:28,333
sustain the yields that the

2343
01:08:28,333 --> 01:08:29,800
growers want and the growers pay

2344
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:30,966
for.

2345
01:08:30,966 --> 01:08:33,066
The growers pay a premium for

2346
01:08:33,066 --> 01:08:35,266
those crops that they buy with

2347
01:08:35,266 --> 01:08:36,866
those traits in it.

2348
01:08:36,866 --> 01:08:39,600
And so if someone takes that and

2349
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:41,000
what they call brown-bag or

2350
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:43,266
saves a seed and resells that or

2351
01:08:43,266 --> 01:08:44,733
doesn't resell it necessarily,

2352
01:08:44,733 --> 01:08:46,000
grows it themselves and doesn't

2353
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:47,300
pay that premium, they're

2354
01:08:47,300 --> 01:08:48,600
basically cheating their

2355
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:50,000
neighbors who are actually

2356
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:51,400
paying for that because their

2357
01:08:51,400 --> 01:08:53,100
neighbors have to pay for it.

2358
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:55,233
So it's kind of in the industry

2359
01:08:55,233 --> 01:08:57,166
of we've all been there with

2360
01:08:57,166 --> 01:08:58,833
music.

2361
01:08:58,833 --> 01:09:02,133
Certainly, you can copy a CD,

2362
01:09:02,133 --> 01:09:03,466
but when you copy a CD and then

2363
01:09:03,466 --> 01:09:04,566
you start distributing it and

2364
01:09:04,566 --> 01:09:05,866
selling it, you're actually

2365
01:09:05,866 --> 01:09:07,166
stealing from the intellectual

2366
01:09:07,166 --> 01:09:09,566
property of a singer or a

2367
01:09:09,566 --> 01:09:10,900
songwriter.

2368
01:09:10,900 --> 01:09:14,500
So it's kind of the same thing.

2369
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:16,433
We would love to be able to have

2370
01:09:16,433 --> 01:09:18,866
kind of a very open world where

2371
01:09:18,866 --> 01:09:20,733
you could freely pass around

2372
01:09:20,733 --> 01:09:23,400
seed and share our technologies,

2373
01:09:23,400 --> 01:09:24,433
but, unfortunately, it takes so

2374
01:09:24,433 --> 01:09:26,133
much money to develop these

2375
01:09:26,133 --> 01:09:28,133
things, it's very difficult.

2376
01:09:28,133 --> 01:09:30,033
And in order for us to get 1% to

2377
01:09:30,033 --> 01:09:32,533
2% to 3% extra yield every year,

2378
01:09:32,533 --> 01:09:34,666
it costs a lot of money.

2379
01:09:34,666 --> 01:09:35,800
And so part of the patent

2380
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:37,966
process is to give us some,

2381
01:09:37,966 --> 01:09:40,766
essentially, limited monopoly to

2382
01:09:40,766 --> 01:09:43,333
allow a return on that

2383
01:09:43,333 --> 01:09:44,600
investment.

2384
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:45,833
And then at the end of that

2385
01:09:45,833 --> 01:09:47,166
time, it's free to the public to

2386
01:09:47,166 --> 01:09:48,333
use.

2387
01:09:48,333 --> 01:09:49,400
So that's the case we're at

2388
01:09:49,400 --> 01:09:51,200
right now with Roundup Ready 1.

2389
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:52,700
That's actually going to be made

2390
01:09:52,700 --> 01:09:54,066
available, I think it's this

2391
01:09:54,066 --> 01:09:55,233
year.

2392
01:09:55,233 --> 01:09:56,633
I have to know the exact numbers

2393
01:09:56,633 --> 01:09:57,933
I think it's sometime this year

2394
01:09:57,933 --> 01:09:59,000
where it's actually going to be

2395
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:00,500
freely available.

2396
01:10:00,500 --> 01:10:02,133
So our competitors can use it.

2397
01:10:02,133 --> 01:10:04,333
Any farmer out there that's

2398
01:10:04,333 --> 01:10:06,566
growing soy seed that has it in

2399
01:10:06,566 --> 01:10:07,666
their seed, they can certainly

2400
01:10:07,666 --> 01:10:10,300
reuse that seed and it's not a

2401
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:15,233
problem in terms of paying the

2402
01:10:15,233 --> 01:10:18,700
price of that GM trait.

2403
01:10:18,700 --> 01:10:20,100
So kind of for the first time in

2404
01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:21,266
history.

2405
01:10:21,266 --> 01:10:22,366
And we've taken a proactive

2406
01:10:22,366 --> 01:10:24,100
approach to actually make sure

2407
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:25,866
that trait, that trait still has

2408
01:10:25,866 --> 01:10:28,366
to keep its regulatory approval,

2409
01:10:28,366 --> 01:10:30,333
it still has to keep all the

2410
01:10:30,333 --> 01:10:32,366
regulatory stewardship around it

2411
01:10:32,366 --> 01:10:34,533
to make sure that it falls under

2412
01:10:34,533 --> 01:10:35,733
the federal guidelines of being

2413
01:10:35,733 --> 01:10:37,266
managed correctly.

2414
01:10:37,266 --> 01:10:39,000
And that's up to us as a company

2415
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:40,066
to make sure that stays in

2416
01:10:40,066 --> 01:10:41,500
place, and we're doing that so

2417
01:10:41,500 --> 01:10:43,600
that people can use it.

2418
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:44,800
So I think you're going to see

2419
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:46,233
more and more of that happening

2420
01:10:46,233 --> 01:10:47,633
as these traits now come off

2421
01:10:47,633 --> 01:10:49,333
patent, and they're going to be

2422
01:10:49,333 --> 01:10:51,533
able to be used more freely.

2423
01:10:51,533 --> 01:10:52,733
And that just opens up, that's

2424
01:10:52,733 --> 01:10:54,033
the whole point of IP is it

2425
01:10:54,033 --> 01:10:55,466
takes a lot of money to get a

2426
01:10:55,466 --> 01:10:56,800
certain thing but then you get

2427
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:58,366
things like generic drugs and

2428
01:10:58,366 --> 01:10:59,533
things that are cheaper in the

2429
01:10:59,533 --> 01:11:02,033
long run but it drives the

2430
01:11:02,033 --> 01:11:04,200
innovation, that money and

2431
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:05,433
integration drives the

2432
01:11:05,433 --> 01:11:06,466
innovation for the next

2433
01:11:06,466 --> 01:11:07,633
generation products that

2434
01:11:07,633 --> 01:11:12,233
hopefully gets us more yield.

2435
01:11:12,233 --> 01:11:13,500
>> If I could followup, the

2436
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:14,866
question coming out of the

2437
01:11:14,866 --> 01:11:16,766
question about patents, that

2438
01:11:16,766 --> 01:11:18,733
historical circulation of seeds

2439
01:11:18,733 --> 01:11:19,766
in communities and between

2440
01:11:19,766 --> 01:11:21,266
communities is one of the things

2441
01:11:21,266 --> 01:11:22,700
that's maintained genetic

2442
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:24,000
diversity.

2443
01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:27,200
So in what sense, how are we

2444
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:28,866
moving forward in the presence

2445
01:11:28,866 --> 01:11:30,500
of GMOs for the maintenance of

2446
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:32,733
that kind of diversity over time

2447
01:11:32,733 --> 01:11:35,066
in the absence of a much freer

2448
01:11:35,066 --> 01:11:37,000
exchange network?

2449
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:38,433
>> I can tell you that was like

2450
01:11:38,433 --> 01:11:40,800
one of our number one priorities

2451
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:42,200
as a breeding organization is to

2452
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:43,500
maintain diversity, and we have

2453
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:46,300
a very large supply of different

2454
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:47,666
types of germplasm that we're

2455
01:11:47,666 --> 01:11:49,600
actually using and creating

2456
01:11:49,600 --> 01:11:50,866
different combinations with so

2457
01:11:50,866 --> 01:11:52,033
that we can keep that diversity

2458
01:11:52,033 --> 01:11:54,200
in the market.

2459
01:11:54,200 --> 01:11:56,166
It's challenging, just like for

2460
01:11:56,166 --> 01:11:58,533
the university who has limited

2461
01:11:58,533 --> 01:12:01,000
funds, to keep a vast amount of

2462
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:03,900
germplasm in rotation.

2463
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:06,133
And so anybody can take the

2464
01:12:06,133 --> 01:12:09,166
germplasm that we've patented,

2465
01:12:09,166 --> 01:12:10,300
and when it comes off patent in

2466
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:11,633
20 years, it's all deposited in

2467
01:12:11,633 --> 01:12:12,900
the seed repository.

2468
01:12:12,900 --> 01:12:14,000
You can request that.

2469
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:15,000
You can request seed from

2470
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:16,366
Monsanto, from Pioneer, from

2471
01:12:16,366 --> 01:12:18,133
Syngenta, from whoever and

2472
01:12:18,133 --> 01:12:19,666
actually use it.

2473
01:12:19,666 --> 01:12:22,000
It's a little older, obviously.

2474
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:23,500
If you go by patents, it's about

2475
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:25,233
10 to 20 years behind the

2476
01:12:25,233 --> 01:12:26,600
current germplasm, but you

2477
01:12:26,600 --> 01:12:28,533
certainly could use it and start

2478
01:12:28,533 --> 01:12:30,066
breeding with it, and if you

2479
01:12:30,066 --> 01:12:32,333
wanted to continue, in theory,

2480
01:12:32,333 --> 01:12:34,700
the material from 20 years ago

2481
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:38,400
that's now available was parents

2482
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:39,866
of the material we have today.

2483
01:12:39,866 --> 01:12:42,433
So it is possible, but obviously

2484
01:12:42,433 --> 01:12:43,533
it takes a huge amount of

2485
01:12:43,533 --> 01:12:44,666
investment.

2486
01:12:44,666 --> 01:12:47,066
So the challenge, I think, is

2487
01:12:47,066 --> 01:12:48,366
whether or not you want the most

2488
01:12:48,366 --> 01:12:51,233
modern, innovative, elite

2489
01:12:51,233 --> 01:12:52,800
germplasm that the companies are

2490
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:54,166
investing millions and millions

2491
01:12:54,166 --> 01:12:55,500
of dollars in developing.

2492
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:57,066
If you say yes, I want that, I

2493
01:12:57,066 --> 01:12:58,133
want it for free, that's going

2494
01:12:58,133 --> 01:12:59,466
to be tough.

2495
01:12:59,466 --> 01:13:00,600
But if you say I'll take the

2496
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:02,266
material that's a couple years

2497
01:13:02,266 --> 01:13:03,966
behind and I'll work it forward

2498
01:13:03,966 --> 01:13:05,466
and I'll try to get the best

2499
01:13:05,466 --> 01:13:06,700
material out of that, that's

2500
01:13:06,700 --> 01:13:08,833
certainly very easy to do in the

2501
01:13:08,833 --> 01:13:10,966
way that the patent system

2502
01:13:10,966 --> 01:13:12,000
works.

2503
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:13,200
It's all available to anybody.

2504
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:14,400
Any one of you can call them up

2505
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:15,633
and say, hey, I'd like, I don't

2506
01:13:15,633 --> 01:13:17,400
know how many seeds you get,

2507
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:19,066
honestly, from the seeds banks,

2508
01:13:19,066 --> 01:13:20,266
somebody will have to let me

2509
01:13:20,266 --> 01:13:21,533
know.

2510
01:13:21,533 --> 01:13:22,800
But you can get a couple hundred

2511
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:23,866
seed from the seed bank and

2512
01:13:23,866 --> 01:13:25,000
plant it in your backyard and

2513
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:26,033
start a breeding program.

2514
01:13:26,033 --> 01:13:27,033
I recommend it.

2515
01:13:27,033 --> 01:13:28,033
It's a lot of fun.

2516
01:13:28,033 --> 01:13:29,033
I'm a breeder so I love

2517
01:13:29,033 --> 01:13:30,333
breeding.

2518
01:13:30,333 --> 01:13:31,333
If you've never done

2519
01:13:31,333 --> 01:13:32,466
it, it could be a lot of fun.

2520
01:13:32,466 --> 01:13:33,533
>> I'm going to go back to the

2521
01:13:33,533 --> 01:13:34,666
audience at this point.

2522
01:13:34,666 --> 01:13:36,033
>> Accepting the science of the

2523
01:13:36,033 --> 01:13:39,500
safety of GMO products, there's

2524
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:41,900
a lot of people, including me,

2525
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:44,233
that think that many of the

2526
01:13:44,233 --> 01:13:47,333
government organizations that

2527
01:13:47,333 --> 01:13:48,566
approve these things are wholly

2528
01:13:48,566 --> 01:13:51,166
owned subsidiaries of American

2529
01:13:51,166 --> 01:13:52,866
corporate life.

2530
01:13:52,866 --> 01:13:55,666
So the question arises, why, if

2531
01:13:55,666 --> 01:13:57,733
the science is the same, do the

2532
01:13:57,733 --> 01:14:00,900
European nations have such a

2533
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:04,166
high degree of resistance to GMO

2534
01:14:04,166 --> 01:14:07,900
versus the United States?

2535
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:09,666
>> I can answer that to the best

2536
01:14:09,666 --> 01:14:10,966
of my knowledge.

2537
01:14:10,966 --> 01:14:12,700
It's an excellent question.

2538
01:14:12,700 --> 01:14:14,000
And when I was, remember when I

2539
01:14:14,000 --> 01:14:16,300
tried to explain why we would

2540
01:14:16,300 --> 01:14:17,500
react differently to different

2541
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:19,666
technology, I put first the

2542
01:14:19,666 --> 01:14:21,566
socioeconomic political context

2543
01:14:21,566 --> 01:14:23,600
and then the individual level

2544
01:14:23,600 --> 01:14:26,633
was much more remote.

2545
01:14:26,633 --> 01:14:30,666
Well, Europe, as a whole, as far

2546
01:14:30,666 --> 01:14:33,233
as they manage risk is based on

2547
01:14:33,233 --> 01:14:34,966
the precautionary principle.

2548
01:14:34,966 --> 01:14:36,666
And this means that unless

2549
01:14:36,666 --> 01:14:38,066
you're sure that something is

2550
01:14:38,066 --> 01:14:39,166
totally safe, you're not going

2551
01:14:39,166 --> 01:14:41,400
to use it.

2552
01:14:41,400 --> 01:14:43,266
Versus here we have a -- of

2553
01:14:43,266 --> 01:14:44,500
equivalence which is very

2554
01:14:44,500 --> 01:14:45,566
different.

2555
01:14:45,566 --> 01:14:47,566
So as a society, the way risk is

2556
01:14:47,566 --> 01:14:50,733
managed is very different.

2557
01:14:50,733 --> 01:14:53,966
However, there is also different

2558
01:14:53,966 --> 01:14:58,300
scientific advisory panels and

2559
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:00,366
even the National Academy of

2560
01:15:00,366 --> 01:15:02,300
Science, European Academy of

2561
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:05,466
Science, that actually also have

2562
01:15:05,466 --> 01:15:06,733
made statements as far as the

2563
01:15:06,733 --> 01:15:07,933
safety of this kind of

2564
01:15:07,933 --> 01:15:10,066
technology, which doesn't mean

2565
01:15:10,066 --> 01:15:11,800
that when the world believes it,

2566
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:15,133
it's based on let's do it until

2567
01:15:15,133 --> 01:15:16,266
you have evidence that shows

2568
01:15:16,266 --> 01:15:17,433
it's not safe.

2569
01:15:17,433 --> 01:15:18,866
So it's really the idea that

2570
01:15:18,866 --> 01:15:20,666
culturally speaking the way they

2571
01:15:20,666 --> 01:15:23,600
deal with risk is very different

2572
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:24,900
from the way we deal with it

2573
01:15:24,900 --> 01:15:26,166
here.

2574
01:15:26,166 --> 01:15:27,333
>> And that's where I was

2575
01:15:27,333 --> 01:15:28,333
stating with the organic

2576
01:15:28,333 --> 01:15:29,366
farmers, many of them tend to

2577
01:15:29,366 --> 01:15:30,500
operate more on the

2578
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:31,566
precautionary principle.

2579
01:15:31,566 --> 01:15:32,733
>> Yeah, it's a cultural value

2580
01:15:32,733 --> 01:15:33,833
as far as who you access risk,

2581
01:15:33,833 --> 01:15:35,200
really, at the cultural level.

2582
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:36,466
>> Followup question.

2583
01:15:36,466 --> 01:15:38,100
The implication to the question

2584
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:39,800
beyond the cultural side is that

2585
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:41,033
there are very different

2586
01:15:41,033 --> 01:15:42,666
regulatory environments, and the

2587
01:15:42,666 --> 01:15:45,500
suspicion here is a particular

2588
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:48,300
form of regulatory management

2589
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:49,600
has relationships in industry

2590
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:50,933
that's different than Europe.

2591
01:15:50,933 --> 01:15:52,266
Do you think that's an unfair

2592
01:15:52,266 --> 01:15:55,900
charge?

2593
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:57,233
>> I do.

2594
01:15:57,233 --> 01:15:59,033
I've got a good friend of mine,

2595
01:15:59,033 --> 01:16:00,866
Peter Jensen, who, he's got a

2596
01:16:00,866 --> 01:16:04,033
young son, probably 18 months

2597
01:16:04,033 --> 01:16:05,666
old now.

2598
01:16:05,666 --> 01:16:07,766
The last thing he would ever do

2599
01:16:07,766 --> 01:16:09,166
or allow would be something to

2600
01:16:09,166 --> 01:16:11,466
get out that isn't safe.

2601
01:16:11,466 --> 01:16:12,766
That's his whole job is to make

2602
01:16:12,766 --> 01:16:13,900
sure that the crops that we

2603
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:15,266
produce and the GM traits that

2604
01:16:15,266 --> 01:16:16,900
we produce are safe.

2605
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:22,600
It's my job as an owner, part

2606
01:16:22,600 --> 01:16:24,300
owner of Monsanto and really of

2607
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:25,633
society is to make sure that the

2608
01:16:25,633 --> 01:16:27,333
products that I'm producing or

2609
01:16:27,333 --> 01:16:28,666
helping to produce actually are

2610
01:16:28,666 --> 01:16:29,766
safe.

2611
01:16:29,766 --> 01:16:31,566
It's the last thing I would want

2612
01:16:31,566 --> 01:16:32,733
to do is to put something out on

2613
01:16:32,733 --> 01:16:33,933
the market that isn't safe.

2614
01:16:33,933 --> 01:16:35,233
So we do our best to do every

2615
01:16:35,233 --> 01:16:37,500
bit of science we possibly can,

2616
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:38,833
and we go above and beyond.

2617
01:16:38,833 --> 01:16:41,566
If you look at Monsanto's track

2618
01:16:41,566 --> 01:16:43,033
record in terms of what we do to

2619
01:16:43,033 --> 01:16:46,600
make sure that we have tested

2620
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:48,066
everything thoroughly and what

2621
01:16:48,066 --> 01:16:50,733
we don't actually even touch.

2622
01:16:50,733 --> 01:16:51,800
So there's a lot of traits out

2623
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:55,533
there that companies and

2624
01:16:55,533 --> 01:16:57,466
universities are working with,

2625
01:16:57,466 --> 01:16:59,100
and we won't touch because the

2626
01:16:59,100 --> 01:17:00,600
implications that it may

2627
01:17:00,600 --> 01:17:02,233
actually cause an allergen or it

2628
01:17:02,233 --> 01:17:05,033
may have a larger safety concern

2629
01:17:05,033 --> 01:17:06,566
or it may have a similarity to

2630
01:17:06,566 --> 01:17:10,233
something in our immune system

2631
01:17:10,233 --> 01:17:11,400
or whatever.

2632
01:17:11,400 --> 01:17:13,800
We just don't even play with it.

2633
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:15,300
So that's our promise to society

2634
01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:17,200
that we're going to do our best

2635
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:18,333
to make sure we don't put a

2636
01:17:18,333 --> 01:17:19,500
product out there that isn't

2637
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:21,766
unsafe, or that isn't safe.

2638
01:17:21,766 --> 01:17:24,133
So that's always the toughest

2639
01:17:24,133 --> 01:17:26,333
challenge, is to say that we go

2640
01:17:26,333 --> 01:17:29,433
through, honestly, about, and

2641
01:17:29,433 --> 01:17:31,266
I'm going to get this number

2642
01:17:31,266 --> 01:17:33,866
wrong, but it's a plethora of

2643
01:17:33,866 --> 01:17:36,000
regulatory agencies all over the

2644
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:37,433
world.

2645
01:17:37,433 --> 01:17:38,666
And I'll be honest with you,

2646
01:17:38,666 --> 01:17:40,366
some of the hardest agencies to

2647
01:17:40,366 --> 01:17:43,300
please, it's not the US, it's

2648
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:45,766
Japan, it's China.

2649
01:17:45,766 --> 01:17:47,000
Those are some of the toughest

2650
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:48,633
regulatory bodies to actually

2651
01:17:48,633 --> 01:17:50,933
convince that it's safe.

2652
01:17:50,933 --> 01:17:52,300
So when they say it's safe,

2653
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:53,800
there's a lot of data behind

2654
01:17:53,800 --> 01:17:55,133
that.

2655
01:17:55,133 --> 01:17:56,866
And we won't put anything on the

2656
01:17:56,866 --> 01:17:58,100
market until we get those

2657
01:17:58,100 --> 01:17:59,900
approvals.

2658
01:17:59,900 --> 01:18:01,233
So it's not just US approval.

2659
01:18:01,233 --> 01:18:02,900
It has to be global approval.

2660
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:04,100
>> Okay, we have several

2661
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:05,233
questions on this side.

2662
01:18:05,233 --> 01:18:06,300
I'm going to take this one first

2663
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:07,333
and then the third row and then

2664
01:18:07,333 --> 01:18:08,533
the second row.

2665
01:18:08,533 --> 01:18:09,866
>> As someone who has been

2666
01:18:09,866 --> 01:18:11,033
involved in agricultural

2667
01:18:11,033 --> 01:18:12,200
research for the last 25 years,

2668
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:13,666
it seems we went through this

2669
01:18:13,666 --> 01:18:18,166
about 25 years ago with RBST.

2670
01:18:18,166 --> 01:18:20,066
Have any lessons been learned in

2671
01:18:20,066 --> 01:18:22,100
terms of communicating GMO to

2672
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:24,000
the public from that, and do you

2673
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,166
think in maybe 10 years this

2674
01:18:26,166 --> 01:18:29,333
won't even be an issue anymore?

2675
01:18:29,333 --> 01:18:30,533
>> I'll be the first one to

2676
01:18:30,533 --> 01:18:32,066
admit, and I think the CEO and

2677
01:18:32,066 --> 01:18:34,100
the CTO will be the first one to

2678
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,733
admit, we did GMO wrong.

2679
01:18:37,733 --> 01:18:39,933
The way we communicated about

2680
01:18:39,933 --> 01:18:42,600
what GMOs were, the safety of

2681
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:43,700
them.

2682
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:45,700
We kind of drove behind the idea

2683
01:18:45,700 --> 01:18:47,766
that science would pave the way.

2684
01:18:47,766 --> 01:18:49,066
If we did the right science and

2685
01:18:49,066 --> 01:18:51,633
we showed the right data, that

2686
01:18:51,633 --> 01:18:53,200
everyone would believe it, it'd

2687
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:54,733
be the right thing.

2688
01:18:54,733 --> 01:18:55,966
And what we didn't do is we

2689
01:18:55,966 --> 01:18:57,066
didn't ask people, what do you

2690
01:18:57,066 --> 01:18:58,200
think?

2691
01:18:58,200 --> 01:19:00,100
How do you feel?

2692
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:00,933
What are you concerned about?

2693
01:19:00,933 --> 01:19:03,333
And in all honesty, I think if

2694
01:19:03,333 --> 01:19:04,966
you talk to anybody at Monsanto

2695
01:19:04,966 --> 01:19:06,566
today, they'll be the first ones

2696
01:19:06,566 --> 01:19:07,800
to stand up and say, yeah, we

2697
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:09,000
did it completely wrong.

2698
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:12,033
BST was the same era.

2699
01:19:12,033 --> 01:19:14,233
I think, in general, we have

2700
01:19:14,233 --> 01:19:15,566
taken a much different approach.

2701
01:19:15,566 --> 01:19:16,766
It's one of the reasons why I'm

2702
01:19:16,766 --> 01:19:17,900
here.

2703
01:19:17,900 --> 01:19:19,633
It's one of the reasons why we

2704
01:19:19,633 --> 01:19:21,033
promote the GMOanswers.com

2705
01:19:21,033 --> 01:19:22,266
because it's an area where you

2706
01:19:22,266 --> 01:19:24,066
can actually ask those questions

2707
01:19:24,066 --> 01:19:26,333
and get those answers.

2708
01:19:26,333 --> 01:19:28,900
So we want to know how you feel.

2709
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:30,400
We're going to do our best.

2710
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:32,633
We can't convince you, I know

2711
01:19:32,633 --> 01:19:34,533
we're talking a lot about GM and

2712
01:19:34,533 --> 01:19:35,766
I think everyone on the panel

2713
01:19:35,766 --> 01:19:37,533
here will be the first one, GMOs

2714
01:19:37,533 --> 01:19:38,666
are not the only tool in the

2715
01:19:38,666 --> 01:19:40,166
toolbox.

2716
01:19:40,166 --> 01:19:42,466
Agriculture is a massive system.

2717
01:19:42,466 --> 01:19:43,766
>> That's the thing.

2718
01:19:43,766 --> 01:19:45,633
>> And we can't necessarily

2719
01:19:45,633 --> 01:19:48,300
close our eyes to any one tool.

2720
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:49,433
We have to be able to use all of

2721
01:19:49,433 --> 01:19:50,666
them because we don't know which

2722
01:19:50,666 --> 01:19:51,633
one is going to work.

2723
01:19:51,633 --> 01:19:53,066
But we also don't want to put

2724
01:19:53,066 --> 01:19:54,933
all our eggs in one basket.

2725
01:19:54,933 --> 01:19:57,566
GMOs are not going to be the

2726
01:19:57,566 --> 01:19:59,566
answer to everything.

2727
01:19:59,566 --> 01:20:01,200
I work for a GMO company, I'll

2728
01:20:01,200 --> 01:20:03,200
be the first one to tell you if

2729
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:04,566
we put all of our eggs in the

2730
01:20:04,566 --> 01:20:05,766
GMO basket, we'd be out of

2731
01:20:05,766 --> 01:20:06,966
business.

2732
01:20:06,966 --> 01:20:08,100
We have a lot of different

2733
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:09,233
things.

2734
01:20:09,233 --> 01:20:10,300
We're looking at this as a total

2735
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:11,400
package.

2736
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:12,466
So we look at the environment.

2737
01:20:12,466 --> 01:20:13,566
We look at the soils.

2738
01:20:13,566 --> 01:20:14,666
We look at how we plant that

2739
01:20:14,666 --> 01:20:16,033
seed, where we plant that seed,

2740
01:20:16,033 --> 01:20:17,966
what we plant the seed with,

2741
01:20:17,966 --> 01:20:19,900
what the growers challenges are

2742
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:21,466
from diseases and pests.

2743
01:20:21,466 --> 01:20:24,100
It is a very big system, and GM

2744
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:27,200
is one portion of that.

2745
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:28,500
And it's actually a...

2746
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:29,733
>> I think that's an excellent

2747
01:20:29,733 --> 01:20:31,866
question, and interestingly

2748
01:20:31,866 --> 01:20:34,000
enough though, I think, indeed,

2749
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:35,400
Monsanto didn't do a very good

2750
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:37,033
job with this.

2751
01:20:37,033 --> 01:20:38,933
The idea that, as we say, human

2752
01:20:38,933 --> 01:20:41,233
beings have concerns that are

2753
01:20:41,233 --> 01:20:42,633
legitimate and most of the time

2754
01:20:42,633 --> 01:20:45,166
by actually addressing them, you

2755
01:20:45,166 --> 01:20:47,666
help society as a whole.

2756
01:20:47,666 --> 01:20:49,666
And that's, I would say,

2757
01:20:49,666 --> 01:20:51,466
communication 101 for anything.

2758
01:20:51,466 --> 01:20:53,033
And as a professor here, if I

2759
01:20:53,033 --> 01:20:54,133
don't listen to the concern of

2760
01:20:54,133 --> 01:20:55,733
my students, most likely I'm

2761
01:20:55,733 --> 01:20:56,800
going to be a terrible

2762
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:58,166
professor.

2763
01:20:58,166 --> 01:20:59,333
But going back to genetic

2764
01:20:59,333 --> 01:21:01,433
engineering, we need to remember

2765
01:21:01,433 --> 01:21:02,700
also that it's not only using

2766
01:21:02,700 --> 01:21:05,766
agriculture and consumers and

2767
01:21:05,766 --> 01:21:07,733
individuals as a whole have very

2768
01:21:07,733 --> 01:21:09,400
different types of reactions

2769
01:21:09,400 --> 01:21:10,500
depending on how you use the

2770
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:11,700
technology.

2771
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:12,966
For example, there's been an

2772
01:21:12,966 --> 01:21:14,166
overwhelming support of the

2773
01:21:14,166 --> 01:21:16,300
technology as used in medicine,

2774
01:21:16,300 --> 01:21:18,200
for example, to actually be able

2775
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:20,466
to create some medicinal

2776
01:21:20,466 --> 01:21:22,033
products that could be used for

2777
01:21:22,033 --> 01:21:24,466
the welfare of society.

2778
01:21:24,466 --> 01:21:25,833
Whenever you talk about food

2779
01:21:25,833 --> 01:21:26,833
though, and I think Paul

2780
01:21:26,833 --> 01:21:28,100
mentioned that, whenever you

2781
01:21:28,100 --> 01:21:30,866
talk about ingesting something,

2782
01:21:30,866 --> 01:21:33,000
then all of us, we have a gut

2783
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:34,466
reaction to be concerned.

2784
01:21:34,466 --> 01:21:36,100
And I think legitimately so and

2785
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:37,200
there are potentially other

2786
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:38,300
concerns.

2787
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:40,066
So Monsanto, maybe because of

2788
01:21:40,066 --> 01:21:42,433
historically being a chemical

2789
01:21:42,433 --> 01:21:44,200
company, I would say, and not

2790
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:46,333
really a company that was

2791
01:21:46,333 --> 01:21:49,100
involved in agriculture as other

2792
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:50,866
companies were, such as Pioneer,

2793
01:21:50,866 --> 01:21:52,733
Syngenta, and such, may have

2794
01:21:52,733 --> 01:21:54,533
misunderstood that that's a

2795
01:21:54,533 --> 01:21:56,033
legitimate concern that may be

2796
01:21:56,033 --> 01:21:57,933
raised and been able to actually

2797
01:21:57,933 --> 01:21:59,033
listen to those in a very

2798
01:21:59,033 --> 01:22:01,633
productive way.

2799
01:22:01,633 --> 01:22:03,100
>> Let's try to get these two

2800
01:22:03,100 --> 01:22:04,666
questions, and if we can keep

2801
01:22:04,666 --> 01:22:06,433
the answers crisp, we can get

2802
01:22:06,433 --> 01:22:07,933
them both.

2803
01:22:07,933 --> 01:22:09,866
Yes, go ahead.

2804
01:22:09,866 --> 01:22:11,433
>> All right, so when I look at

2805
01:22:11,433 --> 01:22:12,933
agriculture and sustainability

2806
01:22:12,933 --> 01:22:14,233
today, the thing that concerns

2807
01:22:14,233 --> 01:22:16,700
me most is looking at water

2808
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:18,433
availability.

2809
01:22:18,433 --> 01:22:19,900
And I know you said you farmed

2810
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:21,433
in the Central Sands, so

2811
01:22:21,433 --> 01:22:22,866
normally you don't think of

2812
01:22:22,866 --> 01:22:24,200
Wisconsin as a water-stressed

2813
01:22:24,200 --> 01:22:25,500
area, but I suppose that would

2814
01:22:25,500 --> 01:22:26,600
probably be the most

2815
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:27,700
water-stressed part of the

2816
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:28,833
state, is it not?

2817
01:22:28,833 --> 01:22:30,100
>> No it's not.

2818
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:31,800
>> As far as the soil retention

2819
01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:33,066
or the water retention in the

2820
01:22:33,066 --> 01:22:34,200
soil?

2821
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:35,400
>> Yeah.

2822
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:36,566
I'll let you finish your

2823
01:22:36,566 --> 01:22:37,800
question, sorry.

2824
01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:39,066
>> This isn't necessarily have

2825
01:22:39,066 --> 01:22:41,700
to be limited to GM products,

2826
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:43,000
but how would drought

2827
01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:45,200
resistance, as in are GM traits,

2828
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:46,900
how soon would that potentially

2829
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:48,366
be on the market, and what are

2830
01:22:48,366 --> 01:22:50,300
other practices that are

2831
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:54,866
potentially being used now or

2832
01:22:54,866 --> 01:22:56,766
being developed to help reduce

2833
01:22:56,766 --> 01:22:59,366
water consumption?

2834
01:22:59,366 --> 01:23:01,300
>> So the first GM drought trait

2835
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:03,266
went out last year.

2836
01:23:03,266 --> 01:23:04,700
Actually, it was in tests even

2837
01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:06,600
the year before that.

2838
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:08,900
There's been non-GM drought

2839
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:11,233
breeding for a very, very long

2840
01:23:11,233 --> 01:23:13,066
time.

2841
01:23:13,066 --> 01:23:15,300
And if you look at last year's

2842
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:17,066
yields, in particular, that same

2843
01:23:17,066 --> 01:23:19,466
drought in the 1980s, I think,

2844
01:23:19,466 --> 01:23:20,833
produced on average somewhere

2845
01:23:20,833 --> 01:23:22,566
around, I don't know, 50 to 80

2846
01:23:22,566 --> 01:23:24,333
bushels an acre.

2847
01:23:24,333 --> 01:23:25,866
I think our average last year

2848
01:23:25,866 --> 01:23:31,133
was closer to 120 to 140.

2849
01:23:31,133 --> 01:23:32,900
so the drought breeding itself,

2850
01:23:32,900 --> 01:23:34,566
not just the GM, but the drought

2851
01:23:34,566 --> 01:23:36,000
breeding itself conventionally

2852
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:37,533
has helped out immensely with

2853
01:23:37,533 --> 01:23:38,766
that stress, and it will

2854
01:23:38,766 --> 01:23:40,333
continue to do that.

2855
01:23:40,333 --> 01:23:41,700
>> Yeah, and that's certainly,

2856
01:23:41,700 --> 01:23:43,866
we don't consider drought

2857
01:23:43,866 --> 01:23:46,500
resistance, but water and

2858
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:47,666
nutrient efficiency.

2859
01:23:47,666 --> 01:23:48,833
Potatoes are a perfect example

2860
01:23:48,833 --> 01:23:50,066
of a crop that's really pretty

2861
01:23:50,066 --> 01:23:51,433
terrible at both of those.

2862
01:23:51,433 --> 01:23:53,000
And there are a lot of crops

2863
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:54,133
that way, and we think there's a

2864
01:23:54,133 --> 01:23:55,666
lot of opportunities because

2865
01:23:55,666 --> 01:23:57,166
there certainly are varieties of

2866
01:23:57,166 --> 01:23:58,233
many of those crops.

2867
01:23:58,233 --> 01:23:59,566
Potatoes, for example, there are

2868
01:23:59,566 --> 01:24:00,733
something like 2,000 or 3,000

2869
01:24:00,733 --> 01:24:02,400
varieties of potatoes of which

2870
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:03,866
we might grow 50 in the US.

2871
01:24:03,866 --> 01:24:05,033
So there are lots of

2872
01:24:05,033 --> 01:24:06,200
opportunities through both

2873
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:07,833
traditional and GM breeding

2874
01:24:07,833 --> 01:24:09,233
processes that might bring some

2875
01:24:09,233 --> 01:24:10,400
potential there.

2876
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:12,466
But again, the GM processes you

2877
01:24:12,466 --> 01:24:13,833
said was about 13 years.

2878
01:24:13,833 --> 01:24:15,100
The traditional breeding process

2879
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:16,466
to do that same thing is

2880
01:24:16,466 --> 01:24:18,300
probably 20, 30, 40 years.

2881
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:20,033
So it's a slow process.

2882
01:24:20,033 --> 01:24:21,600
But it's a huge concern for all

2883
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:22,933
of us.

2884
01:24:22,933 --> 01:24:24,233
>> And then on top of that there

2885
01:24:24,233 --> 01:24:25,433
are precision agricultural

2886
01:24:25,433 --> 01:24:26,666
approaches.

2887
01:24:26,666 --> 01:24:28,400
So ways to image crops and make

2888
01:24:28,400 --> 01:24:30,433
targeted inputs rather than just

2889
01:24:30,433 --> 01:24:32,233
giving an average input to a

2890
01:24:32,233 --> 01:24:33,533
field.

2891
01:24:33,533 --> 01:24:34,866
And we're going to see a lot of

2892
01:24:34,866 --> 01:24:36,500
advancements in that area really

2893
01:24:36,500 --> 01:24:38,600
rapidly now, I believe.

2894
01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:40,033
Last question.

2895
01:24:40,033 --> 01:24:42,866
>> I kind of have, like, three.

2896
01:24:42,866 --> 01:24:45,133
[LAUGHTER]

2897
01:24:45,133 --> 01:24:47,233
>> Pick the most pressing.

2898
01:24:47,233 --> 01:24:48,400
>> Okay.

2899
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,566
Do we actually need GMOs?

2900
01:24:50,566 --> 01:24:52,233
If so, why?

2901
01:24:52,233 --> 01:24:53,933
If not, why not?

2902
01:24:53,933 --> 01:24:55,933
>> Wow.

2903
01:25:00,633 --> 01:25:03,333
>> It depends of the outcome you

2904
01:25:03,333 --> 01:25:06,466
try to achieve.

2905
01:25:06,466 --> 01:25:07,866
So people from international

2906
01:25:07,866 --> 01:25:09,366
perspective, if you want to

2907
01:25:09,366 --> 01:25:11,000
insure food security, for

2908
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:13,066
example, by the means we have

2909
01:25:13,066 --> 01:25:15,333
now, people might actually

2910
01:25:15,333 --> 01:25:17,166
conclude that we do because as

2911
01:25:17,166 --> 01:25:19,166
far as the toolbox that we have,

2912
01:25:19,166 --> 01:25:21,466
for example, to have simple

2913
01:25:21,466 --> 01:25:24,100
crops in Africa in which we feed

2914
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:27,100
people, then we do.

2915
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:29,100
If the goal is something else,

2916
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:30,766
it's to move towards a more

2917
01:25:30,766 --> 01:25:32,966
organic type of farming in the

2918
01:25:32,966 --> 01:25:34,933
United States, then no.

2919
01:25:34,933 --> 01:25:38,700
So, really, there's not a no or

2920
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:39,866
yes answer to your question.

2921
01:25:39,866 --> 01:25:41,133
It's really depending what's the

2922
01:25:41,133 --> 01:25:42,333
outcome.

2923
01:25:42,333 --> 01:25:43,666
As a society, what are the cost

2924
01:25:43,666 --> 01:25:44,933
benefits of whatever path we

2925
01:25:44,933 --> 01:25:46,166
choose.

2926
01:25:46,166 --> 01:25:47,700
>> I would go back to my first

2927
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:49,900
slide about, really, diversity

2928
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:51,333
as it relates to resilience.

2929
01:25:51,333 --> 01:25:52,866
I would argue that GMO traits

2930
01:25:52,866 --> 01:25:54,266
may not be best suited for

2931
01:25:54,266 --> 01:25:56,300
Africa because you're looking at

2932
01:25:56,300 --> 01:25:57,466
the requirement of overlaying

2933
01:25:57,466 --> 01:25:58,933
additional inputs that within

2934
01:25:58,933 --> 01:26:00,933
the instability in the region

2935
01:26:00,933 --> 01:26:04,133
you may actually be compromising

2936
01:26:04,133 --> 01:26:05,700
resilience or yield because of

2937
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:09,366
the reliance on the pesticides

2938
01:26:09,366 --> 01:26:10,966
and the herbicides on that crop.

2939
01:26:10,966 --> 01:26:12,500
But to not, as Travis said, we

2940
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:13,633
were looking at multiple, or

2941
01:26:13,633 --> 01:26:16,200
maybe it was Andy, toolbox.

2942
01:26:16,200 --> 01:26:19,766
I think it's dangerous to say

2943
01:26:19,766 --> 01:26:22,933
definitively yes or no we don't

2944
01:26:22,933 --> 01:26:25,800
need it versus to overall look

2945
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:27,400
at diversifying agricultural

2946
01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:29,100
approaches and supporting

2947
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:30,333
diversity, whether it be through

2948
01:26:30,333 --> 01:26:32,100
regulatory or economic or other

2949
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:33,800
means, but, really, supporting

2950
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:36,233
diversity is key.

2951
01:26:36,233 --> 01:26:37,766
>> If you look on our farm right

2952
01:26:37,766 --> 01:26:39,033
now, no.

2953
01:26:39,033 --> 01:26:42,133
We could produce the same amount

2954
01:26:42,133 --> 01:26:44,033
of product we produce given our

2955
01:26:44,033 --> 01:26:46,033
inputs with non-GMO products,

2956
01:26:46,033 --> 01:26:47,100
certainly.

2957
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:48,300
If you want me to go back to the

2958
01:26:48,300 --> 01:26:49,533
previous question and try to do

2959
01:26:49,533 --> 01:26:51,133
that 10 years from now with half

2960
01:26:51,133 --> 01:26:53,333
as much water, then yes.

2961
01:26:53,333 --> 01:26:54,366
If it's going to be that soon,

2962
01:26:54,366 --> 01:26:55,533
yeah, I probably do need some

2963
01:26:55,533 --> 01:26:57,066
GMO help to do that.

2964
01:26:57,066 --> 01:26:58,300
There are ways to do that over

2965
01:26:58,300 --> 01:26:59,500
the longer term, and there are

2966
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:00,800
things we can do short term.

2967
01:27:00,800 --> 01:27:02,033
We can deficit irrigate certain

2968
01:27:02,033 --> 01:27:03,266
crops, but some crops, like

2969
01:27:03,266 --> 01:27:04,433
potatoes, you can't do that.

2970
01:27:04,433 --> 01:27:05,633
We can deficit irrigate corn and

2971
01:27:05,633 --> 01:27:06,833
soybeans, if we're careful

2972
01:27:06,833 --> 01:27:08,033
about it.

2973
01:27:08,033 --> 01:27:09,200
We're learning through our UW

2974
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:10,533
work.

2975
01:27:10,533 --> 01:27:11,466
But, again, it's no yes or no

2976
01:27:11,466 --> 01:27:12,766
answer there.

2977
01:27:12,766 --> 01:27:14,833
>> Yeah, it's a depends.

2978
01:27:14,833 --> 01:27:17,200
The papaya example was a great

2979
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:19,700
example that, yes, GM is

2980
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:20,966
necessary.

2981
01:27:20,966 --> 01:27:23,400
If you want to find a resistance

2982
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:24,666
in the native papaya for the

2983
01:27:24,666 --> 01:27:25,866
disease, it doesn't exist.

2984
01:27:25,866 --> 01:27:26,933
So the only way to do it is with

2985
01:27:26,933 --> 01:27:28,800
GM.

2986
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:30,433
So, yeah, it really just

2987
01:27:30,433 --> 01:27:33,100
depends.

2988
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:34,466
I think what we've done so far

2989
01:27:34,466 --> 01:27:36,033
is we've tried to use it where

2990
01:27:36,033 --> 01:27:37,666
it's beneficial.

2991
01:27:37,666 --> 01:27:38,800
And the areas where it's not, it

2992
01:27:38,800 --> 01:27:42,500
hasn't really been used.

2993
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:45,300
>> Paul, last thoughts from you?

2994
01:27:45,300 --> 01:27:46,666
>> Oh, I don't have any last

2995
01:27:46,666 --> 01:27:48,033
thoughts except having watched

2996
01:27:48,033 --> 01:27:50,466
this debate unfold both in the

2997
01:27:50,466 --> 01:27:51,633
United States and

2998
01:27:51,633 --> 01:27:53,000
internationally over the last 30

2999
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:54,833
years, it is strange how much it

3000
01:27:54,833 --> 01:27:56,033
reminds me of the climate change

3001
01:27:56,033 --> 01:27:59,800
debate but in a kind of strange

3002
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,266
fun house mirror about trust in

3003
01:28:02,266 --> 01:28:03,766
science and lack of trust in

3004
01:28:03,766 --> 01:28:05,000
science.

3005
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:06,133
Many people who trust climate

3006
01:28:06,133 --> 01:28:07,466
science don't trust the GMO

3007
01:28:07,466 --> 01:28:08,633
science, and there's question

3008
01:28:08,633 --> 01:28:09,833
about the relationship between

3009
01:28:09,833 --> 01:28:12,033
these systems and regulation and

3010
01:28:12,033 --> 01:28:13,633
corporate power.

3011
01:28:13,633 --> 01:28:14,766
And I think it's a very

3012
01:28:14,766 --> 01:28:15,933
interesting thing to watch

3013
01:28:15,933 --> 01:28:17,066
unfold in the larger

3014
01:28:17,066 --> 01:28:18,400
environmental context and see

3015
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:19,800
what happens.

3016
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:21,333
>> Well, that was a great last

3017
01:28:21,333 --> 01:28:24,300
question, actually And I can see

3018
01:28:24,300 --> 01:28:25,833
there's a lot of interest in

3019
01:28:25,833 --> 01:28:27,366
this topic, so I wanted to just

3020
01:28:27,366 --> 01:28:28,933
let you know about some

3021
01:28:28,933 --> 01:28:30,600
additional resources.

3022
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:32,433
The GMO answers has a website,

3023
01:28:32,433 --> 01:28:34,200
and, Travis, we moved those

3024
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:35,733
brochures to the table just

3025
01:28:35,733 --> 01:28:37,666
outside of the room.

3026
01:28:37,666 --> 01:28:40,633
Erin made reference to the

3027
01:28:40,633 --> 01:28:42,833
USDA's national organic program

3028
01:28:42,833 --> 01:28:44,233
and what's permitted and what's

3029
01:28:44,233 --> 01:28:45,600
not, and that information is

3030
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:46,866
there.

3031
01:28:46,866 --> 01:28:48,100
And Dominique, just briefly, can

3032
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:49,766
you tell us what's the idea for

3033
01:28:49,766 --> 01:28:51,700
this National Academy effort to

3034
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:53,466
look at genetically engineered

3035
01:28:53,466 --> 01:28:54,733
crops.

3036
01:28:54,733 --> 01:28:56,400
>> Yeah, so, basically, the

3037
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:58,266
National Academy of Sciences

3038
01:28:58,266 --> 01:29:02,300
have charged 18 of us, an

3039
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:03,400
interdisciplinary committee to

3040
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:07,600
look at the available science

3041
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:12,233
that could basically tell us in

3042
01:29:12,233 --> 01:29:15,766
2014 what can we conclude about

3043
01:29:15,766 --> 01:29:17,433
genetic engineering.

3044
01:29:17,433 --> 01:29:19,666
They have asked us particularly

3045
01:29:19,666 --> 01:29:21,066
to look at not only the

3046
01:29:21,066 --> 01:29:22,966
environment and health and the

3047
01:29:22,966 --> 01:29:24,333
types of concerns we talked

3048
01:29:24,333 --> 01:29:25,833
about today but also put that in

3049
01:29:25,833 --> 01:29:28,200
a broader perspective including

3050
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:30,333
international focus.

3051
01:29:30,333 --> 01:29:32,066
So exciting but daunting.

3052
01:29:32,066 --> 01:29:33,100
It's going to be a two-year

3053
01:29:33,100 --> 01:29:34,400
process with a lot of public

3054
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:35,533
input.

3055
01:29:35,533 --> 01:29:37,300
We already had public meetings

3056
01:29:37,300 --> 01:29:38,400
in DC.

3057
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:40,133
This is going to go on for two

3058
01:29:40,133 --> 01:29:41,900
years.

3059
01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:43,233
I strongly suggest for all of

3060
01:29:43,233 --> 01:29:44,433
you to look at that website.

3061
01:29:44,433 --> 01:29:45,733
Put your comments, you want to

3062
01:29:45,733 --> 01:29:46,933
participate in the debate,

3063
01:29:46,933 --> 01:29:48,333
that's what we want to have as

3064
01:29:48,333 --> 01:29:50,033
many perspectives as possible.

3065
01:29:50,033 --> 01:29:51,333
At this point, we are at the

3066
01:29:51,333 --> 01:29:54,833
information gathering stage by

3067
01:29:54,833 --> 01:29:55,866
gathering all the scientific

3068
01:29:55,866 --> 01:29:57,633
studies that we may have found

3069
01:29:57,633 --> 01:29:59,900
on all the topics that are

3070
01:29:59,900 --> 01:30:01,466
important to take into account.

3071
01:30:01,466 --> 01:30:03,100
So hopefully a lot of people

3072
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:04,200
will be involved in the

3073
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:05,400
discussion.

3074
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:06,633
>> So there's already a lot of

3075
01:30:06,633 --> 01:30:07,800
information at the site.

3076
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:08,966
Although, it won't conclude

3077
01:30:08,966 --> 01:30:10,600
until 2016.

3078
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:12,000
So I want to thank you for being

3079
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:13,266
a great audience.

3080
01:30:13,266 --> 01:30:14,833
These are terrific questions,

3081
01:30:14,833 --> 01:30:17,133
and I appreciate the engagement

3082
01:30:17,133 --> 01:30:18,533
and your interest in the topic.

3083
01:30:18,533 --> 01:30:19,833
I also want to thank my

3084
01:30:19,833 --> 01:30:22,000
co-moderator, Paul Robbins, and

3085
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:23,733
all of our panelists for

3086
01:30:23,733 --> 01:30:25,033
bringing a lot to the

3087
01:30:25,033 --> 01:30:26,100
discussion.

3088
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:27,166
Thank you very much.

3089
01:30:27,166 --> 01:30:28,400
[APPLAUSE]