WEBVTT

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cc

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>> It's Halloween.

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>> Yay.

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[SCREAMING AND APPLAUSE]

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>> And this is our fourth year

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to bring you something

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kind of exciting for Halloween,

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something that's both scholarly

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and maybe a little spooky.

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>> I think.

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>> A little bit.

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>> It should touch in

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the right spots.

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>> I think so.

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So we have something

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about monsters.

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How wonderful is that?

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And ancient monsters, ancient

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fears, monster as a mirror of

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cultural anxiety.

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I think it's fair to say that

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this something exciting to me.

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It's part of my research

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and part of yours as well.

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>> Yeah, absolutely.

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Absolutely.

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As a cultural topic, it finds

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its foundation there.

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So it's of inherent interest.

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>> So, in terms of medieval

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literature, in terms of

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contemporary culture and popular

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culture, as well as

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anthropology.

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>> Yep.

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>> What could be more exciting

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than that?

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Okay, so we're going to split

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this into two sections, and then

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we'll do Q&A at the end?

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>> Yep, that's the plan.

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>> In that case, I'm just going

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to sashay over here.

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>> Good, good, good.

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Well, good afternoon, everybody,

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and my job is to sort of get us

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started by talking a little bit

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about what a monster is.

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So it seems pretty

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straightforward.

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Although, if you start thinking

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about it and trying to pick the

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word apart, it actually may not

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be that straightforward, because

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a monster could be something

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that is a physical manifestation

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but it could also be a

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reflection of behavior too.

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You do monstrous things, right?

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So we want to be more specific,

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and we want to narrow it down

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here to a specific set of

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concepts.

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So the word itself helps us

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a little bit.

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A little linguistics in there.

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Monster derives from Latin,

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monstrum, which means,

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that which reveals,

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that which warns.

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So this may not necessarily be

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what we exactly expect right

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away when we're talking about

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this.

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Monster, then, takes on sort of

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this kind of aura of being an

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omen to tell of danger or as a

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warning perhaps to something

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that might be coming.

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This fellow Pierre Bersuire

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wrote in the 14th century the

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<i>Repertorium morale,</i> and he

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defined monsters very well

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I think.

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He said, "Monsters are creatures

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from outside, beyond, or

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contrary to nature.

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Such things are called monstria

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from monstrando, either because

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they show or signify some future

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event or because they exemplify

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some moral or spiritual flaw."

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So that's interesting.

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It kind of adds a twist to it.

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It's not just about sort of a

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warning about the future, but it

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also brings into this

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this concept that maybe

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they represent some kind of

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error in judgment or a bad or

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a not moral act.

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So these are kind of

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interesting.

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And then also adding into this,

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this idea of outside or

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contrary to nature.

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It makes it, by definition then,

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a categorical violation.

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So what does that mean?

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That sounds like a lot of kind

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of fancy talk for a very basic

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idea.

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And that is, all things fit into

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sort of a category, and when you

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look at an apple, for example,

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you expect to see an apple.

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You don't expect the apple to

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have arms and legs and a long

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tongue or something like that,

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right?

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If it had those things, that

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would be a categorical violation

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and, therefore, by definition,

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monstrous.

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Right?

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So that's what we're dealing

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with.

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That's what we want to talk

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about.

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Monsters.

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Let's look at some of the

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characteristics of monsters.

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Here would be an example of sort

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of a grotesque hybrid.

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So here you have a human head

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that has sprouted these

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arthropod sort of legs and is

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scrambling around on the floor.

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That's not normal.

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That's a categorical violation.

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[LAUGHTER]

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No good.

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Right?

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So that's definitely a monstrous

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sort of thing.

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Monsters also are typically

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huge.

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They're disproportionately large

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in size.

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So, for example, in the Odyssey,

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you've got the giant cyclops

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that is holding Odysseus and his

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men captive.

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And there, this is a giant.

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It's monstrous in size.

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And giants come into that, not

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just cyclops, but giants in

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general fit that category

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Monsters are typically

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mysterious and menacing.

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So here you have a satyr where

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you've got sort of the part

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goat, part human, part other

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things mixed in together.

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And although there's no

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threatening sort of action going

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on here, it is very sort of

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curious, and we tend to be more

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suspicious of things that don't

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sort of fit our expectations.

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So, again, mysterious and

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menacing can be part of this.

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Oh, yeah, and they also

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typically eat people.

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[LAUGHTER]

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That's the other thing that

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monsters are particularly

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good at.

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So here we have an early kind of

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a woodcut of a werewolf doing

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its business.

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So they typically eat people

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and, therefore, have this sort

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of negative connotation.

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So, my part of this business

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is about looking at sort of

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how old this concept is.

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Where does this concept of

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monster come from?

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How long have we been living

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with this?

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Now, we can look at old medieval

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pictures, and we can clearly see

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that this goes back and has some

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antiquity into the dark ages

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probably for sure.

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Certainly there's been as many

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monsters, there's been monster

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slayers that have gone with

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that.

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There's Beowulf and Grendel and

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there's St. George and the

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dragon.

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Even Odysseus could fall under

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that realm.

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So, how long, how far back can

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we push this?

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Well, I would argue that maybe

06:21.666 --> 06:23.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
we could push this back to the

06:23.933 --> 06:25.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
very beginning.

06:25.833 --> 06:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
To the very sort of roots of

06:28.133 --> 06:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
human consciousness.

06:31.166 --> 06:33.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
We weren't always this way,

06:33.433 --> 06:34.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
the way that we are now.

06:34.633 --> 06:36.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We have relatively little fear

06:36.633 --> 06:38.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
of, for example, other

06:38.166 --> 06:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
predators.

06:39.833 --> 06:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
We hunt a lot of things, but

06:41.466 --> 06:42.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
there aren't a lot of things

06:42.666 --> 06:44.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
that hunt us.

06:44.400 --> 06:46.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
So, is it possible that going

06:46.566 --> 06:48.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
back into the very faintest

06:48.800 --> 06:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
echos, our very most distant

06:50.600 --> 06:53.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
cultural and sort of even

06:53.133 --> 06:55.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
genetic memory, we could even

06:55.800 --> 06:57.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
talk about this idea of being

06:57.966 --> 06:59.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
afraid of the things that hunt

06:59.800 --> 07:02.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
us, the things that have hunted

07:02.766 --> 07:04.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
us traditionally.

07:04.366 --> 07:05.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Here you have an

07:05.866 --> 07:07.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
australopithecine skull, a very

07:07.900 --> 07:10.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
distant ancestor of ours who

07:10.000 --> 07:11.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
very clearly met an unfortunate

07:11.733 --> 07:13.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
end.

07:13.466 --> 07:15.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
These guys were more dinner than

07:15.333 --> 07:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
they were actually anything

07:17.433 --> 07:18.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
else.

07:18.566 --> 07:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So the idea, then, of being

07:20.733 --> 07:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
afraid of things that hunt us

07:23.233 --> 07:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
could be a very good start for

07:25.166 --> 07:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
where monsters might come from.

07:28.633 --> 07:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And if we wanted to kind of look

07:29.900 --> 07:31.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
at this in a little bit more

07:31.200 --> 07:32.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
detail, we could jump forward

07:32.566 --> 07:34.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
here, forward right, relative

07:34.900 --> 07:38.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
term, to 35,000 years ago, and

07:38.200 --> 07:40.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the very first cave art, what

07:40.733 --> 07:42.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
people were drawing and

07:42.300 --> 07:43.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
expressing themselves and what

07:43.900 --> 07:45.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
they were thinking about.

07:45.100 --> 07:46.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And we know this stuff best from

07:46.433 --> 07:47.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
southern Europe.

07:47.700 --> 07:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So here's an example of some of

07:49.333 --> 07:51.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the earliest cave art that's

07:51.000 --> 07:53.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
ever been discovered, and it

07:53.200 --> 07:54.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
comes from a place called

07:54.300 --> 07:55.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
Chauvet Cave.

07:55.833 --> 07:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Chauvet Cave is a very large

07:57.466 --> 07:59.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
cave system.

07:59.800 --> 08:02.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The scale here is 20 meters to

08:02.366 --> 08:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
the inch.

08:03.600 --> 08:04.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So it goes deep, deep into the

08:04.666 --> 08:06.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
rock face here.

08:06.466 --> 08:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And there's a funny little

08:07.666 --> 08:09.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
pattern here with the art.

08:09.900 --> 08:11.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
There's lots of images here, but

08:11.833 --> 08:13.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
what tends to be in the front of

08:13.700 --> 08:16.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the cave are things that people

08:16.100 --> 08:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
were eating.

08:17.766 --> 08:21.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Horses, bison, auroch, which is

08:21.200 --> 08:23.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the progenitor to cows.

08:23.766 --> 08:25.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And the further you get back

08:25.033 --> 08:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
into this cave, the darker, the

08:27.066 --> 08:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
scarier, the hard to access

08:29.733 --> 08:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
regions, you start finding these

08:32.900 --> 08:36.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
other things, like bears.

08:36.666 --> 08:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Bears, very powerful creatures

08:39.333 --> 08:40.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
these cave bears.

08:40.666 --> 08:41.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
Big, strong.

08:41.933 --> 08:43.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Lived in this cave, actually,

08:43.766 --> 08:45.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and would have been a threat to

08:45.033 --> 08:46.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
humans.

08:46.133 --> 08:47.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So it's not too surprising that

08:47.466 --> 08:49.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
we see their depictions at least

08:49.333 --> 08:52.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
up front, right?

08:52.133 --> 08:53.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
Lions.

08:53.400 --> 08:54.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I know we don't like to think

08:54.600 --> 08:55.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
typically that there were lions

08:55.666 --> 08:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
in Europe because it seems out

08:56.700 --> 08:58.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of place, but in southern Europe

08:58.333 --> 08:59.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
they had lions.

08:59.866 --> 09:01.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And again, lions would have been

09:01.600 --> 09:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
competitors for food with

09:04.900 --> 09:06.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
humans.

09:06.233 --> 09:08.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So they would be hunting the

09:08.100 --> 09:10.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
bison, humans would be hunting

09:10.066 --> 09:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
the bison and, of course, humans

09:11.900 --> 09:15.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
being about prey size for lions,

09:15.266 --> 09:17.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
especially women and children,

09:17.300 --> 09:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
these would be something that

09:18.533 --> 09:21.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
might be very scary.

09:21.033 --> 09:22.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Even rhinos, which we don't tend

09:22.400 --> 09:25.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
to think of as being dangerous,

09:25.166 --> 09:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
they actually nearsighted.

09:26.566 --> 09:27.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They don't have very good sense

09:27.900 --> 09:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
of smell.

09:29.033 --> 09:30.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
They're startled very easily.

09:30.400 --> 09:31.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
You get a lot of deaths each

09:31.533 --> 09:33.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
year from being gored from

09:33.100 --> 09:34.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
rhinos.

09:34.200 --> 09:35.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Again, shows up in the back of

09:35.900 --> 09:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
the cave.

09:37.300 --> 09:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Lions and, of course, the art

09:38.866 --> 09:40.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
itself is interesting.

09:40.100 --> 09:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
This idea of being in motion and

09:41.566 --> 09:43.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
lions being a scary thing tucked

09:43.733 --> 09:45.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
away.

09:45.066 --> 09:46.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Tucked in the back in a

09:46.266 --> 09:47.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
manageable way.

09:47.500 --> 09:49.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
Controlled.

09:49.500 --> 09:51.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Hyenas, cheetah.

09:51.933 --> 09:53.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
In this case, all sort of

09:53.966 --> 09:56.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
competitors, dangerous things

09:56.400 --> 09:58.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that are part of this world that

09:58.400 --> 10:00.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
these people perceive.

10:00.466 --> 10:01.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So do you think they might have

10:01.833 --> 10:03.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
had some anxiety then about

10:03.500 --> 10:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
these things being out there?

10:05.333 --> 10:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And, of course, a way to deal

10:06.633 --> 10:07.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
with that anxiety is to create

10:07.933 --> 10:11.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
it and then control it.

10:11.466 --> 10:13.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Helps us to deal with that

10:13.166 --> 10:14.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
anxiety.

10:14.966 --> 10:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
This one's always fun.

10:16.300 --> 10:17.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
A field day, right?

10:17.500 --> 10:19.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
For all of those out there

10:19.300 --> 10:21.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because the images show, of

10:21.500 --> 10:23.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
course, the lions, you see

10:23.433 --> 10:25.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
another lion, you see a bison,

10:25.200 --> 10:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and then you see this women's

10:27.066 --> 10:28.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
genitalia.

10:28.633 --> 10:30.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Talk about Freud, right?

10:30.066 --> 10:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Here's all these things mixed

10:31.500 --> 10:32.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
together.

10:32.833 --> 10:34.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Anxieties and fears all kind of

10:34.500 --> 10:36.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
pulled together into this one

10:36.766 --> 10:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
sort of realm.

10:38.800 --> 10:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And it wasn't just cave art.

10:40.200 --> 10:41.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
They made objects, like this

10:41.633 --> 10:43.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
lion man.

10:43.066 --> 10:45.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
This one comes from Germany.

10:45.000 --> 10:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Not very big, but the body of a

10:47.000 --> 10:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
man with a lion's head.

10:50.600 --> 10:51.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
Whoops.

10:51.866 --> 10:53.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Categorical violation.

10:53.166 --> 10:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
[imitating sustained siren]

10:55.100 --> 10:56.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
Be aware.

10:56.100 --> 10:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
Danger.

10:57.600 --> 10:59.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
So this tells us that the

10:59.733 --> 11:01.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
consciousness of these things,

11:01.633 --> 11:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
as time goes on, is becoming

11:03.600 --> 11:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
more and more acute.

11:05.466 --> 11:07.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
As we get more in control of our

11:07.366 --> 11:09.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
environment, as we are better

11:09.500 --> 11:11.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
hunters, as we bring these

11:11.233 --> 11:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
dangerous populations under

11:12.966 --> 11:15.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
control, the nature of the art

11:15.366 --> 11:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
changes, and we start seeing

11:18.533 --> 11:20.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
human representation for the

11:20.466 --> 11:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
first time and humans that are

11:22.733 --> 11:24.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
categorical violations.

11:24.633 --> 11:26.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The little devil here, which is

11:26.633 --> 11:28.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
a human face with some sort of

11:28.466 --> 11:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
horns or protrusions from

11:30.033 --> 11:32.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
the top.

11:32.066 --> 11:33.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
This one is more obvious.

11:33.900 --> 11:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
They call him the sorcerer.

11:35.166 --> 11:36.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
But you've got an auroch or

11:36.933 --> 11:39.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
an ibex's head attached to

11:39.433 --> 11:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
a human body.

11:41.533 --> 11:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
Strange.

11:42.533 --> 11:44.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Now, some of that might be from

11:44.066 --> 11:45.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the fact that hunting was done

11:45.800 --> 11:48.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
by, for example, dressing in the

11:48.233 --> 11:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
skins of an animal to perhaps

11:50.600 --> 11:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
get in and amongst the animals

11:53.033 --> 11:55.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
to do the hunting.

11:55.066 --> 11:56.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But that doesn't always explain

11:56.966 --> 11:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
all of the various pieces.

11:59.433 --> 12:00.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
Like this.

12:00.566 --> 12:01.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Here is not something that's

12:01.766 --> 12:02.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
hunting.

12:02.800 --> 12:04.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Here is something that is

12:04.066 --> 12:05.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
walking on two legs, wearing

12:05.433 --> 12:06.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
this headdress, and is

12:06.700 --> 12:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
definitely part human, part elk,

12:09.566 --> 12:10.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
part owl.

12:10.700 --> 12:12.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Some kind of categorical

12:12.166 --> 12:15.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
violation.

12:15.066 --> 12:17.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
At the dawn of history, when

12:17.166 --> 12:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
writing first comes into place,

12:19.800 --> 12:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
6,000 years ago, the writings

12:22.566 --> 12:25.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that people made in Mesopotamia,

12:25.133 --> 12:26.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
where today Iraq and Iran are,

12:26.800 --> 12:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the writing that people are

12:29.533 --> 12:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
doing is at first about numbers

12:31.400 --> 12:33.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and it's about accounting, but

12:33.600 --> 12:35.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
almost right away, on the heels

12:35.366 --> 12:37.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of things, they're talking about

12:37.500 --> 12:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
this.

12:39.166 --> 12:40.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
They're talking about their

12:40.566 --> 12:43.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
monsters, their gods and

12:43.200 --> 12:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
goddesses.

12:44.600 --> 12:46.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
And here, Tiamat, one

12:46.433 --> 12:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
representing the primeval chaos,

12:48.633 --> 12:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
the goddess of the ocean,

12:50.400 --> 12:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
has this scaly reptilian body,

12:53.233 --> 12:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
bird legs and talons.

12:56.800 --> 12:58.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
This creature was slain by

12:58.800 --> 12:59.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
Marduk.

12:59.900 --> 13:01.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And, again, the idea is to

13:01.066 --> 13:02.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
control the anxiety coming

13:02.566 --> 13:04.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
about here.

13:04.266 --> 13:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So we've seen a switch now.

13:06.033 --> 13:07.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
People aren't so concerned about

13:07.333 --> 13:09.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
natural predators as they are

13:09.166 --> 13:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
about the bigger title primal

13:11.033 --> 13:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
forces out there, like the wind

13:13.933 --> 13:15.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
and the ocean.

13:15.566 --> 13:17.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Things they can't control.

13:17.966 --> 13:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So Labbu, a sea beast, huge

13:20.066 --> 13:21.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
dimensions, and, again, not a

13:21.400 --> 13:23.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
surprise, killed by someone.

13:23.400 --> 13:24.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
We've got to keep it under

13:24.600 --> 13:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
control.

13:26.300 --> 13:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
Pazuzu, in this case an

13:29.533 --> 13:31.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
interesting character because

13:31.700 --> 13:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
this guy is evil.

13:32.900 --> 13:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Everybody acknowledges him as

13:34.066 --> 13:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
evil, but they summon him to get

13:36.400 --> 13:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
rid of other evils.

13:38.466 --> 13:40.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So apparently he was fairly

13:40.000 --> 13:41.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
territorial and so as a

13:41.500 --> 13:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
consequence was able to sort of

13:43.300 --> 13:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
help people in these times of

13:45.133 --> 13:46.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
need, but I suspect probably

13:46.500 --> 13:48.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
with a bit of a price tag that

13:48.100 --> 13:49.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
would come with it.

13:49.366 --> 13:50.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
But again, categorical

13:50.600 --> 13:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
violation.

13:51.566 --> 13:52.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
King of the evil spirits of

13:52.866 --> 13:54.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
the air.

13:54.100 --> 13:55.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So again, that primal force

13:55.700 --> 13:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
of nature.

13:57.466 --> 14:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Anzu, the divine storm bird,

14:00.200 --> 14:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
shown here with a lion's head,

14:02.466 --> 14:05.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
a bird with a lion's head.

14:05.300 --> 14:08.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Lamashtu, particularly evil

14:08.266 --> 14:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
female demon who stole children

14:10.466 --> 14:11.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
from mothers while

14:11.766 --> 14:12.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
breastfeeding.

14:12.800 --> 14:14.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
Gnawed on their bones,

14:14.100 --> 14:15.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
drank their blood.

14:15.766 --> 14:16.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
Wow.

14:16.866 --> 14:18.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Does it get any worse than that?

14:18.433 --> 14:21.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
This is a piece from, this is a

14:21.066 --> 14:24.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
clip from a cuneiform tablet,

14:24.433 --> 14:25.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
and it talks about what Lamashtu

14:25.800 --> 14:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
is about.

14:27.466 --> 14:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
The daughter of heaven who

14:28.566 --> 14:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
tortures babies.

14:30.033 --> 14:31.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Her hand is a net.

14:31.233 --> 14:32.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Her embrace is death.

14:32.300 --> 14:33.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
She's cruel, raging, angry,

14:33.800 --> 14:35.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
predatory.

14:35.233 --> 14:36.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Predatory, right?

14:36.933 --> 14:38.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
A runner.

14:38.000 --> 14:39.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
A thief.

14:39.166 --> 14:40.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
The daughter of heaven.

14:40.200 --> 14:41.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
She touches the bellies of women

14:41.300 --> 14:42.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
in labor.

14:42.433 --> 14:43.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
She pulls out the pregnant

14:43.633 --> 14:44.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
woman's baby.

14:44.733 --> 14:45.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
The daughter of heaven is one of

14:45.833 --> 14:47.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the gods, they acknowledge the

14:47.000 --> 14:48.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
power and strength of this

14:48.500 --> 14:51.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
individual, but definitely and

14:51.300 --> 14:53.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
evil presence.

14:53.033 --> 14:55.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
So it goes on to, of course,

14:55.066 --> 14:58.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
give that categorical violation

14:58.133 --> 15:00.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
description, which tells us

15:00.666 --> 15:02.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that, again, this is something

15:02.000 --> 15:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
to be feared.

15:03.266 --> 15:05.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Lilitu, storm and wind demon.

15:05.500 --> 15:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Later a demon of the night.

15:06.966 --> 15:08.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So, again, these primal forces,

15:08.566 --> 15:11.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the night, the air, these are

15:11.133 --> 15:13.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
all sort of important concepts

15:13.233 --> 15:15.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
to sort of think of.

15:15.233 --> 15:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Hold on, we'll catch you

15:16.700 --> 15:18.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
in Q&amp;A here.

15:18.366 --> 15:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Humbaba, this one is a little

15:20.433 --> 15:21.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
unusual.

15:21.566 --> 15:24.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Kind of a human or humanoid type

15:24.833 --> 15:27.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
representation but very

15:27.633 --> 15:29.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
different in the effects.

15:29.433 --> 15:30.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
When he looks at someone,

15:30.633 --> 15:32.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
it's the look of death.

15:32.100 --> 15:33.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Humbaba's roar is a flood,

15:33.400 --> 15:35.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
his mouth is death, and his

15:35.033 --> 15:36.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
breath is fire.

15:36.300 --> 15:37.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
He can hear a hundred leagues

15:37.600 --> 15:39.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
away any, and then they weren't

15:39.266 --> 15:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
sure what that particular symbol

15:41.033 --> 15:42.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
meant, but they think it's

15:42.566 --> 15:44.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
rustling, in his forest.

15:44.100 --> 15:46.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
A protector of the gods and of

15:46.466 --> 15:48.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
the primal forest.

15:48.400 --> 15:50.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Raised by Utu, the sun, the

15:50.533 --> 15:52.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
guardian of the cedar forest.

15:52.433 --> 15:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Very interesting that a set of

15:53.900 --> 15:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
resources guarding this broader

15:56.700 --> 15:59.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
set of their pantheon is a

15:59.333 --> 16:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
monster.

16:01.233 --> 16:02.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And they use this monster to

16:02.466 --> 16:04.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
keep people away.

16:04.366 --> 16:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So the monsters we see here are

16:06.433 --> 16:07.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
all old.

16:07.533 --> 16:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It's an old thing.

16:08.700 --> 16:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
It's as old as our

16:09.933 --> 16:11.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
consciousness.

16:11.600 --> 16:13.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
As long as we've been thinking

16:13.066 --> 16:15.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
like we think, these have been

16:15.166 --> 16:16.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
here, and they've been

16:16.633 --> 16:18.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
companions with us, which makes

16:18.733 --> 16:21.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
us wonder why.

16:21.100 --> 16:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Why is that the case?

16:23.233 --> 16:25.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Well, part of it may have to do

16:25.666 --> 16:27.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
with the fact that monsters are

16:27.566 --> 16:29.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
ultimately, in a way, a

16:29.533 --> 16:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
reflection of us, a reflection

16:33.000 --> 16:35.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
of our anxieties, and they can't

16:35.266 --> 16:39.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
exist without us because we and

16:39.000 --> 16:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
they are linked together.

16:41.400 --> 16:44.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
So whether it's feeling bad

16:44.600 --> 16:47.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
about how someone was treated,

16:47.533 --> 16:49.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
or if it's something that can't

16:49.733 --> 16:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
be stopped by technology, that's

16:52.266 --> 16:54.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
a fear that we have.

16:54.400 --> 16:55.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The fear that we're going to do

16:55.900 --> 16:57.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
something wrong to somebody and

16:57.866 --> 17:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
it's going to catch up with us.

17:00.866 --> 17:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The monster that attacks us in

17:03.066 --> 17:05.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
our sleep that we can't control.

17:05.533 --> 17:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
It's all those factors out

17:06.933 --> 17:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
there.

17:08.066 --> 17:09.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
For the earliest people, it's

17:09.466 --> 17:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
those predators that are out

17:10.600 --> 17:12.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
there competing with us and

17:12.200 --> 17:14.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
consuming us.

17:14.133 --> 17:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Then it becomes about being able

17:16.300 --> 17:18.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to try and control nature.

17:18.800 --> 17:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And we personify these things

17:20.733 --> 17:21.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and then we try and hold them

17:21.966 --> 17:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
down.

17:23.133 --> 17:25.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And then, finally, as if science

17:25.566 --> 17:27.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
should abolish all of this, it

17:27.700 --> 17:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
should make it all go away

17:28.866 --> 17:30.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
because we understand all this

17:30.000 --> 17:31.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
stuff now.

17:31.600 --> 17:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
It doesn't.

17:32.866 --> 17:34.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It just amplifies it, and it

17:34.333 --> 17:35.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
continues to be a growing

17:35.700 --> 17:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
presence here.

17:37.300 --> 17:38.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
So that's what my

17:38.400 --> 17:39.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
contribution is.

17:39.666 --> 17:41.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It's a little time depth here, a

17:41.166 --> 17:43.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
little sort of basic run on

17:43.400 --> 17:45.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
monsters, and I'm going to turn

17:45.266 --> 17:46.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
it over to Dr. Auld who's going

17:46.600 --> 17:48.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to give you the good stuff on

17:48.400 --> 17:50.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the more recent monsters out

17:50.400 --> 17:51.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
there.

17:51.900 --> 17:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
>> Oh, I've got wonderful ones

17:53.000 --> 17:54.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:10%
too.

17:54.100 --> 17:57.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]

17:57.566 --> 17:58.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
You know, George, I have to tell

17:58.866 --> 18:00.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
you, I was tempted to go,

18:00.266 --> 18:01.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
well let's just go back

18:01.866 --> 18:03.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
through yours.

18:03.433 --> 18:04.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Let's go back through yours

18:04.633 --> 18:05.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
because I recognized some of

18:05.800 --> 18:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
those, and it was so very

18:06.966 --> 18:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
exciting.

18:08.833 --> 18:12.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
For myself, I have to say that

18:12.133 --> 18:15.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
within reading about medieval

18:15.433 --> 18:18.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
texts and ancient Greek and

18:18.900 --> 18:21.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Roman texts about monsters, I

18:21.433 --> 18:23.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
just found so many things that

18:23.100 --> 18:24.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
connected me to the things that

18:24.800 --> 18:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I'd see on TV, to the films, to

18:27.533 --> 18:29.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
contemporary novels.

18:29.300 --> 18:31.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
That's part of what interests me

18:31.000 --> 18:32.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
so much.

18:32.300 --> 18:33.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And I love that you're talking

18:33.933 --> 18:35.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
about these creatures as

18:35.466 --> 18:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
predators because I think it's

18:37.266 --> 18:39.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
so darn interesting that

18:39.200 --> 18:41.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
sometimes we have monsters who

18:41.200 --> 18:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
aren't necessarily predators.

18:43.833 --> 18:47.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
It's not necessarily the monster

18:47.766 --> 18:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
who breaks in and takes

18:49.100 --> 18:50.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
something.

18:50.366 --> 18:51.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Sometimes we merely see a

18:51.666 --> 18:53.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
monster, and the mere fact that

18:53.533 --> 18:56.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
it exists is enough to break

18:56.333 --> 18:59.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
those categories and terrify us.

18:59.900 --> 19:01.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Even if the monster doesn't live

19:01.400 --> 19:02.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
next door.

19:02.566 --> 19:03.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The mere fact that it's living

19:03.833 --> 19:06.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
somewhere makes us kind of crazy

19:06.433 --> 19:07.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
angry.

19:07.866 --> 19:11.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So we're going to look again at,

19:11.200 --> 19:12.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
we're going to look again at

19:12.500 --> 19:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
category crisis, and we're going

19:15.700 --> 19:16.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
to start with the absolute

19:16.933 --> 19:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
beginning here, the harbinger of

19:18.333 --> 19:20.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
category crisis.

19:20.000 --> 19:21.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
This comes from

19:21.733 --> 19:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Jeffrey Jerome Cohen,

19:24.333 --> 19:26.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Monster Theses, and it's part of

19:26.100 --> 19:27.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
something called Monster Theory.

19:27.500 --> 19:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And this theory, this kind of

19:29.900 --> 19:32.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
analysis, this particular text

19:32.733 --> 19:36.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
was a decade old just this year.

19:36.300 --> 19:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So this idea, one of the

19:38.300 --> 19:41.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
earliest ideas is dragons.

19:41.133 --> 19:43.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And if you think about it, they

19:43.166 --> 19:45.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
break physical categories, land,

19:45.566 --> 19:47.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
sky, water.

19:47.433 --> 19:48.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They're both part worm, they're

19:48.833 --> 19:50.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
part bird.

19:50.700 --> 19:54.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And they suggest a devolution, a

19:54.366 --> 19:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
return to an earlier or more

19:55.933 --> 19:58.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
primitive physical form.

19:58.600 --> 20:01.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And if you think about dragons,

20:01.266 --> 20:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
dragons are medieval and they're

20:03.400 --> 20:05.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
ancient and maybe they're kind

20:05.766 --> 20:08.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
of contemporary too.

20:08.333 --> 20:10.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
There's a book jacket at the

20:10.066 --> 20:13.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
bottom here for <i>Who Goes There?</i>

20:13.733 --> 20:14.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
which is written by

20:14.900 --> 20:16.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
John Campbell.

20:16.433 --> 20:17.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
This is a classic of science

20:17.733 --> 20:21.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
fiction, and it becomes a film

20:21.300 --> 20:23.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
called <i>The Thing.</i>

20:23.866 --> 20:26.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And it's this beautiful science

20:26.700 --> 20:29.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
fiction story of something where

20:29.900 --> 20:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the shape doesn't quite hold.

20:32.900 --> 20:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
You can see it as a dog.

20:34.433 --> 20:35.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
You actually showed a picture of

20:35.966 --> 20:37.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The Thing earlier, and that was

20:37.200 --> 20:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
its arachnid form where it's got

20:39.500 --> 20:41.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
a person's face and it's got

20:41.066 --> 20:42.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
kind of a spider body.

20:42.766 --> 20:44.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And it's so darn dangerous

20:44.500 --> 20:46.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
because it's as if it's moving

20:46.766 --> 20:48.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
through evolution at its

20:48.500 --> 20:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
own rate.

20:50.033 --> 20:51.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And, of course, one of the

20:51.266 --> 20:53.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
wonderful things is this thing

20:53.000 --> 20:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
shows up essentially in a

20:55.000 --> 20:56.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
spaceship.

20:56.533 --> 20:59.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So it flew to get there.

20:59.433 --> 21:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And it's kind of both a dragon

21:03.266 --> 21:05.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and something from the stars.

21:05.233 --> 21:09.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
Okay, so let's see.

21:09.133 --> 21:11.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
One of my favorite ever dragons,

21:11.866 --> 21:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
everybody loves dragons, one of

21:13.000 --> 21:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
my favorite ever dragons,

21:15.866 --> 21:18.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Gojira, Godzilla, and you have

21:18.366 --> 21:20.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
two images of him.

21:20.566 --> 21:23.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
I particularly, again, like that

21:23.233 --> 21:25.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
darn dragon form.

21:25.533 --> 21:27.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I like that darn dragon form

21:27.000 --> 21:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
because in some cases you can

21:30.600 --> 21:32.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
really see the primitive aspects

21:32.233 --> 21:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
of it.

21:33.700 --> 21:36.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
You can really see it as an

21:36.333 --> 21:37.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
older body.

21:37.633 --> 21:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
As a matter of fact, does

21:38.866 --> 21:40.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
anybody think that a lot of

21:40.066 --> 21:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
dragons look a little like

21:41.466 --> 21:43.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
dinosaurs?

21:43.000 --> 21:44.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
Yeah.

21:44.633 --> 21:46.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
There is an argument that in

21:46.200 --> 21:47.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
some cases people found the

21:47.533 --> 21:49.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
bones, they found fossilized

21:49.133 --> 21:53.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
bones, and they couldn't

21:53.600 --> 21:55.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
necessarily tell how old those

21:55.000 --> 21:57.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
bones were but they recognized

21:57.000 --> 21:58.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
them as the interior pieces of a

21:58.466 --> 22:01.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
creature.

22:01.600 --> 22:03.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And, thus, they started telling

22:03.400 --> 22:06.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
these stories about dragons.

22:06.500 --> 22:07.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
But when I say that, even as I

22:07.866 --> 22:09.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
say that, I think of, you

22:09.400 --> 22:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
mentioned Beowulf.

22:10.766 --> 22:13.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Beowulf gets killed by a dragon.

22:13.766 --> 22:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
That's the end of the story.

22:15.133 --> 22:16.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
He may have kicked Grendel's

22:16.400 --> 22:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
butt, but he's put out.

22:17.900 --> 22:18.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
He's finished.

22:18.900 --> 22:20.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Done in, as it were, by a

22:20.200 --> 22:22.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
dragon.

22:22.466 --> 22:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But the European dragons are

22:23.833 --> 22:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
often very different than the

22:25.866 --> 22:27.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
eastern dragons.

22:27.400 --> 22:30.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The eastern dragons are often

22:30.866 --> 22:33.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
powerful, tremendous,

22:33.000 --> 22:34.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
supernatural, but they tend to

22:34.900 --> 22:36.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
be the good guys in a lot of

22:36.566 --> 22:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
cases.

22:38.033 --> 22:39.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And one of the figures I find so

22:39.500 --> 22:41.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
fascinating here with Gojira is

22:41.666 --> 22:45.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that essentially that was kind

22:45.133 --> 22:49.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of, well, maybe it was both an

22:49.666 --> 22:51.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
eastern dragon and a western

22:51.466 --> 22:53.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
dragon both come together.

22:53.500 --> 22:56.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Talk about category crisis.

22:56.466 --> 22:57.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
So that's one of my very

22:57.700 --> 22:59.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
favorite ones.

22:59.033 --> 23:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Again, have an eye out on size.

23:03.733 --> 23:05.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
George was great about talking

23:05.100 --> 23:06.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
about these monsters.

23:06.633 --> 23:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
In the corner there, only hell

23:08.066 --> 23:10.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
could breed the giant Gila

23:10.600 --> 23:12.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
monster.

23:12.633 --> 23:14.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
It's a dragon except for that

23:14.633 --> 23:16.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
it's also something that's

23:16.166 --> 23:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
really not all that big and not

23:17.900 --> 23:19.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
all that terrifying.

23:19.566 --> 23:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Maybe a little scruffy looking

23:20.733 --> 23:22.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
running around in the desert.

23:22.266 --> 23:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But this tremendous fear that

23:23.833 --> 23:25.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
it's going to get out of

23:25.333 --> 23:26.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
control.

23:26.566 --> 23:28.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
That it's going to get too big.

23:28.866 --> 23:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
That it's going to maybe revert

23:30.333 --> 23:31.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
to a size that used to be

23:31.866 --> 23:33.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
common.

23:33.233 --> 23:36.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Again, like the dinosaurs.

23:36.933 --> 23:38.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Okay, there's our western

23:38.300 --> 23:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
dragons in their classic style.

23:42.466 --> 23:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
One of my favorite ideas is

23:43.866 --> 23:46.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
about the 10th century there was

23:46.233 --> 23:48.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
a common folklore about dragons

23:48.433 --> 23:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
that if people got too high and

23:52.100 --> 23:54.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
mighty and got a little too

23:54.066 --> 23:58.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
proud, they could slowly devolve

23:58.800 --> 24:00.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
into dragons.

24:00.633 --> 24:01.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
That was one of the places that

24:01.966 --> 24:04.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
dragons came from.

24:04.100 --> 24:05.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Ever heard somebody called a

24:05.366 --> 24:07.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
worm?

24:07.033 --> 24:09.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The idea was that people could

24:09.500 --> 24:10.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
become dragons.

24:10.800 --> 24:12.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And it always came from pride

24:12.600 --> 24:14.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
and greed.

24:14.933 --> 24:17.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
Possessiveness.

24:17.033 --> 24:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
So all the sudden we're

24:18.200 --> 24:19.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
inscribing those thing into this

24:19.900 --> 24:22.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
fantasy figure.

24:22.166 --> 24:23.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And if you think about dragons,

24:23.666 --> 24:24.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
they get really possessive about

24:24.933 --> 24:27.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
where they live.

24:27.000 --> 24:28.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
They get possessive if you

24:28.333 --> 24:30.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
happen to steal a goblet.

24:30.266 --> 24:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Heaven for fend you should steal

24:31.833 --> 24:34.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
a magic ring.

24:34.733 --> 24:36.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
All of these things make them

24:36.500 --> 24:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
angry, and they come after you

24:37.666 --> 24:39.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because it's pride and it's

24:39.066 --> 24:40.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
greed.

24:40.400 --> 24:41.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
All right, let's look at some

24:41.666 --> 24:42.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
more.

24:42.900 --> 24:44.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
Ancient monsters.

24:44.000 --> 24:45.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
There we go.

24:45.100 --> 24:46.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
One more kind of wonderful

24:46.633 --> 24:48.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
Gojira there.

24:48.433 --> 24:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I have to point out, has

24:51.566 --> 24:53.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
anybody caught the connection

24:53.233 --> 24:56.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
between Gojira and pride?

24:56.700 --> 24:59.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Because he actually came from

24:59.666 --> 25:00.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
what?

25:00.833 --> 25:03.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The bomb, which a lot of people

25:03.366 --> 25:07.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
looked at as an excess of pride.

25:07.066 --> 25:09.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Something that was man-made, man

25:09.300 --> 25:11.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
evoked, and had to do with a

25:11.500 --> 25:13.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
tremendous pride in controlling

25:13.533 --> 25:15.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
the elements.

25:15.800 --> 25:19.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So Gojira works especially well.

25:19.066 --> 25:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But here's another one, and yes

25:20.433 --> 25:22.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
it's naked.

25:22.566 --> 25:24.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The Donestre, and I thought of

25:24.566 --> 25:26.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
that image you had.

25:26.066 --> 25:27.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
We have to talk later.

25:27.466 --> 25:29.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
I thought of the Donestre

25:29.100 --> 25:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because, of course, they're

25:30.333 --> 25:31.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
lion-headed.

25:31.766 --> 25:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
They're ancient monsters.

25:33.700 --> 25:37.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
They're lion heads.

25:37.266 --> 25:39.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They're, well, they eat people.

25:39.700 --> 25:41.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I can't say they're people who

25:41.066 --> 25:42.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
eat people because they're not

25:42.466 --> 25:43.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
quite people.

25:43.833 --> 25:45.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But the idea is that they are

25:45.200 --> 25:48.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
people eaters.

25:48.266 --> 25:50.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And in the <i>Libra Monstrum,</i> <i>The</i>

25:50.366 --> 25:54.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
<i>Big Book of Monsters,</i> which is

25:54.000 --> 25:56.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
an Anglo-Saxon text that's

25:56.600 --> 25:59.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
connected with the Beowulf text

25:59.133 --> 26:02.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
again and with a text that,

26:02.733 --> 26:04.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
shockingly enough, might be kind

26:04.933 --> 26:08.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
of fudged, which is Alexander's

26:08.066 --> 26:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
letter to Aristotle.

26:10.333 --> 26:12.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We get a lot of these ancient

26:12.266 --> 26:14.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
monsters that are captured, if

26:14.400 --> 26:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
you will, by the medievals.

26:17.466 --> 26:18.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
They're captured, they're

26:18.700 --> 26:21.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
painted, they're discussed, and

26:21.000 --> 26:23.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
the Donestre are wonderful.

26:23.100 --> 26:24.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They're dangerous to travelers.

26:24.666 --> 26:25.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
They live somewhere in the east.

26:25.966 --> 26:28.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
The mysterious east.

26:28.933 --> 26:31.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
The far away east.

26:31.566 --> 26:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Potentially India.

26:34.066 --> 26:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
They live somewhere there, and

26:35.766 --> 26:39.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
what I really love about them is

26:39.033 --> 26:42.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
that a Donestre would

26:42.133 --> 26:44.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
recognize you.

26:44.966 --> 26:46.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
He's living far, far away.

26:46.533 --> 26:48.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Thousands of miles away.

26:48.366 --> 26:49.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
He'd recognize you as a

26:49.633 --> 26:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
traveler, and he'd say, "Hi,

26:50.866 --> 26:52.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Cindy," and he'd say it in

26:52.900 --> 26:55.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
English.

26:55.233 --> 26:57.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
He would call to you in your own

26:57.033 --> 26:59.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
language.

26:59.466 --> 27:01.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
And that's a real category

27:01.000 --> 27:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
breaker, isn't it?

27:02.533 --> 27:04.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
That category of language is one

27:04.700 --> 27:06.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
of the markers of the monster.

27:06.933 --> 27:09.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
The fact that this thing,

27:09.066 --> 27:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
completely not human, calls to

27:11.033 --> 27:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
you in your own language and

27:12.700 --> 27:14.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
convinces you sweetly to come

27:14.800 --> 27:17.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
walk with him.

27:17.766 --> 27:20.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I'm a traveler just like you,

27:20.533 --> 27:22.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and in that way, the Donestre

27:22.966 --> 27:27.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
will kind of sneak up, if you

27:27.100 --> 27:28.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
will.

27:28.366 --> 27:30.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
They'll take the traveler, and

27:30.333 --> 27:32.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
then they'll eat it.

27:32.000 --> 27:35.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
But when they're done, they cry.

27:35.166 --> 27:36.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
They weep.

27:36.600 --> 27:37.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
They weep because they are

27:37.733 --> 27:39.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
Donestre.

27:39.600 --> 27:41.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And one of my favorite parts of

27:41.566 --> 27:43.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
this is that monsters aren't

27:43.200 --> 27:44.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
supposed to feel guilty, are

27:44.466 --> 27:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
they?

27:47.033 --> 27:48.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Unless it's one of the things

27:48.300 --> 27:49.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that makes them so human, and,

27:49.900 --> 27:52.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
thus, even scarier.

27:52.200 --> 27:53.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And talk about your category

27:53.500 --> 27:55.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
breaking, can you guys see this

27:55.333 --> 27:59.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
little tush of the Donestre and

27:59.100 --> 28:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
his leg and his knee and then

28:00.200 --> 28:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
his foot?

28:01.733 --> 28:03.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
Have a look.

28:03.700 --> 28:05.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
He's just stepped out of the

28:05.000 --> 28:07.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
frame.

28:07.200 --> 28:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
That's the best part is when

28:08.833 --> 28:10.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
they step out of the frame they

28:10.833 --> 28:13.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
kind of walk into your world,

28:13.366 --> 28:15.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
don't they?

28:15.466 --> 28:16.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
To the medievals this was

28:16.700 --> 28:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
terrifying.

28:17.866 --> 28:19.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Maybe even to the ancients as

28:19.166 --> 28:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
well.

28:20.300 --> 28:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What if there was a "foreigner"

28:22.733 --> 28:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
who knew your language?

28:25.000 --> 28:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
How could you be sure just who

28:28.133 --> 28:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
this person is?

28:29.366 --> 28:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
How terribly dangerous that is.

28:31.833 --> 28:33.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
What a monster to know your

28:33.733 --> 28:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
language and yet not be one of

28:35.766 --> 28:37.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
your "kind."

28:37.366 --> 28:41.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
Interesting.

28:41.466 --> 28:43.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Got to give you a local cannibal

28:43.000 --> 28:44.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
here at least a little bit.

28:44.800 --> 28:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Anybody recognize this one?

28:47.400 --> 28:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
>> [INAUDIBLE]

28:48.633 --> 28:49.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
>> Yeah, Ed.

28:49.800 --> 28:50.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
>> Ed Gein.

28:50.900 --> 28:52.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
>> Yes indeed, Ed.

28:52.133 --> 28:53.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Okay, cannibals, whether they're

28:53.566 --> 28:55.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
the Donestre or whether they're

28:55.100 --> 28:58.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
local, homegrown, as it were,

28:58.433 --> 29:00.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
break the categories of predator

29:00.366 --> 29:01.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
and prey, and it's the

29:01.733 --> 29:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
darnedest thing.

29:03.666 --> 29:05.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
We're all supposed to be prey

29:05.566 --> 29:08.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
together if a lion shows up,

29:08.766 --> 29:10.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
right?

29:10.100 --> 29:11.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
They are the lion.

29:11.300 --> 29:12.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
They're just pretending

29:12.566 --> 29:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
to be prey.

29:13.933 --> 29:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
They're actually the predator.

29:15.933 --> 29:17.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And it's in this deception that

29:17.600 --> 29:19.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
they are dangerous and

29:19.333 --> 29:21.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
terrifying, and the mere fact

29:21.133 --> 29:22.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that they can lie with their

29:22.933 --> 29:26.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
bodies and with their voices,

29:26.000 --> 29:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
that's maybe one of the scariest

29:27.333 --> 29:29.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
monsters of all.

29:29.266 --> 29:31.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
And they suggest social

29:31.933 --> 29:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
devolution so that not only

29:35.600 --> 29:37.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
could bodies slide backwards

29:37.966 --> 29:41.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
into something more primitive,

29:41.000 --> 29:43.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
maybe people, maybe communities

29:43.766 --> 29:47.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
could slide from an organized

29:47.033 --> 29:48.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
situation where there are laws

29:48.333 --> 29:50.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and rules we all recognize into

29:50.633 --> 29:53.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
something that's a free for all,

29:53.200 --> 29:54.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
into something that's terribly

29:54.766 --> 29:59.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
dangerous.

29:59.866 --> 30:02.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So be careful of cannibals who

30:02.066 --> 30:03.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
address you in fine language and

30:03.666 --> 30:05.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
offer you help.

30:05.700 --> 30:06.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And in that way, I have the

30:06.966 --> 30:10.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
fictional Hannibal Lecter.

30:10.466 --> 30:13.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Some of Hannibal's

30:13.100 --> 30:14.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
characteristics, as he is a

30:14.600 --> 30:15.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
character, some of his

30:15.933 --> 30:17.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
characteristics, though, are

30:17.366 --> 30:20.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
taken from actual serial killers

30:20.333 --> 30:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
and cannibals.

30:22.733 --> 30:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
So in the same way that in that

30:24.266 --> 30:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
big book of monsters that you

30:25.733 --> 30:27.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
look at and you go, they just

30:27.133 --> 30:30.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
made that up, that's not real,

30:30.600 --> 30:32.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
well, perhaps it is real in

30:32.900 --> 30:34.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
certain times and certain

30:34.433 --> 30:36.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
places.

30:36.833 --> 30:38.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Perhaps there are folks out

30:38.466 --> 30:41.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
there who are disturbed enough

30:41.033 --> 30:42.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
to enact these behaviors.

30:42.700 --> 30:45.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It seems as if there are, which

30:45.466 --> 30:46.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
doesn't necessarily mean they're

30:46.766 --> 30:48.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
supernatural, but it might mean

30:48.466 --> 30:50.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
that they're monsters.

30:50.500 --> 30:52.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
And there's certainly something

30:52.266 --> 30:54.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that, boy, the culture gets

30:54.166 --> 30:56.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
really scared of.

30:56.466 --> 30:58.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And it's really scared, well,

30:58.500 --> 31:00.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
it's scared enough to try to

31:00.700 --> 31:03.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
control Hannibal Lecter.

31:03.000 --> 31:05.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
It's scared enough to try to

31:05.000 --> 31:08.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
control a criminal.

31:08.500 --> 31:09.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But maybe one of the scariest

31:09.866 --> 31:11.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
things is when you can't tell

31:11.366 --> 31:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
that someone is a criminal.

31:13.933 --> 31:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And the culture is frightened

31:15.133 --> 31:17.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
of that.

31:17.866 --> 31:19.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Okay, another quote from

31:19.733 --> 31:21.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Jeffrey Jerome Cohen.

31:21.700 --> 31:23.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
"The monster's body is a

31:23.166 --> 31:24.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
cultural body."

31:24.866 --> 31:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And I throw that out to you only

31:26.433 --> 31:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because what it means to be

31:28.133 --> 31:29.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
different, even maybe what it

31:29.766 --> 31:32.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
means to look like a criminal,

31:32.533 --> 31:33.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
seems to be something that our

31:33.900 --> 31:37.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
culture decides upon.

31:37.033 --> 31:40.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
[INAUDIBLE]

31:40.366 --> 31:42.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Isn't it interesting that

31:42.000 --> 31:44.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
the cultural body, the culture

31:44.166 --> 31:46.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
tells us what the body may look

31:46.333 --> 31:49.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
like and what's inappropriate,

31:49.366 --> 31:51.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
and there's even a monstrosity

31:51.233 --> 31:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
to those of us today who dress

31:53.933 --> 31:55.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
up for Halloween.

31:55.933 --> 31:57.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
If you were to wear these

31:57.266 --> 31:58.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
costumes at other times, you

31:58.800 --> 32:01.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
might get a bit of grief because

32:01.266 --> 32:03.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the culture has accepted some

32:03.200 --> 32:04.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
things in the body and some

32:04.600 --> 32:09.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
things it says, no, no.

32:09.900 --> 32:11.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
One of my favorites here,

32:11.933 --> 32:13.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
this is Abarimon.

32:13.933 --> 32:15.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
They're found in Scythia.

32:15.600 --> 32:17.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Their feet are turned backwards.

32:17.233 --> 32:18.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Their feet are turned backwards

32:18.533 --> 32:19.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
because they're on the other

32:19.700 --> 32:20.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
side of the globe and clearly

32:20.800 --> 32:21.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
you need that.

32:21.933 --> 32:23.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

32:23.266 --> 32:24.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And you find yourself looking at

32:24.733 --> 32:26.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
it and going, that's the oddest

32:26.200 --> 32:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
thing in the world.

32:27.266 --> 32:29.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I personally find it unlikely

32:29.133 --> 32:30.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
that they exist.

32:30.433 --> 32:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
I don't know.

32:31.433 --> 32:32.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
You know.

32:32.366 --> 32:34.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The Donestre I'm working with.

32:34.066 --> 32:37.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
These guys, maybe not.

32:37.233 --> 32:39.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The monster dwells at the gates

32:39.333 --> 32:42.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
of difference.

32:42.000 --> 32:43.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Maybe they're the maker for when

32:43.600 --> 32:46.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
things are very, very different.

32:46.633 --> 32:49.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And maybe we mark them to try to

32:49.100 --> 32:52.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
identify them as different.

32:52.400 --> 32:53.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I married a monster from outer

32:53.600 --> 32:54.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
space.

32:54.800 --> 32:56.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
He didn't look like that when

32:56.033 --> 32:57.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
she married him.

32:57.700 --> 33:00.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
He changed.

33:00.033 --> 33:01.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
I'm just saying.

33:01.500 --> 33:03.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
He changed and, sure enough, he

33:03.533 --> 33:07.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
was able to "pass as one of us."

33:07.733 --> 33:09.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
That bodily fluidity.

33:09.633 --> 33:11.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
That idea that shapes don't

33:11.066 --> 33:13.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
hold.

33:13.266 --> 33:14.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's interesting because it

33:14.366 --> 33:15.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
suggests that if you're going to

33:15.700 --> 33:17.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
protect yourself from monsters,

33:17.366 --> 33:19.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
you need to keep a real eye out

33:19.966 --> 33:23.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
for anybody, any body, who's

33:23.833 --> 33:26.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
a little bit different.

33:26.366 --> 33:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And what an interesting cultural

33:28.566 --> 33:30.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
fear that if we could just

33:30.300 --> 33:33.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
examine everybody, if we could

33:33.533 --> 33:36.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
just control them carefully and

33:36.133 --> 33:37.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
keep an eye on them, then we'd

33:37.666 --> 33:38.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
be able to root out the

33:38.900 --> 33:41.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
monsters.

33:41.100 --> 33:42.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And all the sudden that starts

33:42.533 --> 33:44.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
sounding kind of scary because

33:44.700 --> 33:46.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
what if I don't fit?

33:46.600 --> 33:48.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What if I've got a little bit

33:48.000 --> 33:49.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
more difference than the culture

33:49.700 --> 33:51.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
accepts?

33:51.733 --> 33:53.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
Yeah.

33:53.333 --> 33:54.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
I understand going after the

33:54.566 --> 33:56.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
lion.

33:56.066 --> 33:57.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Personally, I don't care if

33:57.100 --> 33:58.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
somebody is wearing a lion head

33:58.900 --> 34:01.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
over everything else.

34:01.233 --> 34:02.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
The gates of difference.

34:02.500 --> 34:06.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Think about that one.

34:06.900 --> 34:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
I brought you Blemmyes,

34:10.333 --> 34:11.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
another one from

34:11.666 --> 34:12.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
<i>The Big Book of Monsters.</i>

34:12.700 --> 34:13.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The Blemmyes, these people live

34:13.733 --> 34:14.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
in the deserts of Libya.

34:14.900 --> 34:16.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Their necks are on their chests.

34:16.033 --> 34:17.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
They lack heads and necks.

34:17.433 --> 34:20.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Shakespeare says they've got to

34:20.066 --> 34:24.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
be cannibals.

34:24.266 --> 34:25.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
And I love their bodies.

34:25.600 --> 34:26.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Their bodies are so fascinating

34:26.866 --> 34:28.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
to me because I think

34:28.266 --> 34:30.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
they're real.

34:30.200 --> 34:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I think it's, I don't know that

34:31.500 --> 34:32.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
they were cannibals.

34:32.633 --> 34:33.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
I think Shakespeare was

34:33.633 --> 34:35.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
fudging it.

34:35.466 --> 34:36.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
Anybody who's in

34:36.500 --> 34:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Titus Andronicus' class, yeah,

34:37.533 --> 34:39.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
he did indeed get a little crazy

34:39.533 --> 34:41.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
with things.

34:41.833 --> 34:43.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
But I want you to look at those

34:43.133 --> 34:44.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
shapes, and I want you to

34:44.400 --> 34:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
picture a human being shaped the

34:47.400 --> 34:48.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
same as all of us, human being

34:48.933 --> 34:51.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
carrying a shield in front of

34:51.433 --> 34:54.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
herself or himself, and they

34:54.633 --> 34:57.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
duck their head down.

34:57.133 --> 34:59.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
What you'd have is you'd have

34:59.166 --> 35:00.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the appearance of eyes and a

35:00.500 --> 35:03.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
face, and you'd have someone

35:03.266 --> 35:05.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
very wisely hiding behind that

35:05.900 --> 35:08.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
shield.

35:08.733 --> 35:10.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
It's entirely possible that the

35:10.300 --> 35:11.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
Blemmyes did exist.

35:11.566 --> 35:13.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
As a matter of fact,

35:13.000 --> 35:14.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Scholasticus, like you got

35:14.566 --> 35:15.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
nothing better to do, go read

35:15.866 --> 35:18.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
Scholasticus, argued that one of

35:18.333 --> 35:19.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
the tribes that was attacking

35:19.766 --> 35:21.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
certain groups were

35:21.900 --> 35:23.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
the Blemmyes.

35:23.133 --> 35:24.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
So this was actually a name of

35:24.500 --> 35:26.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:20%
a tribe.

35:26.433 --> 35:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Again, not terribly far off.

35:29.000 --> 35:30.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Don't you like the one that's

35:30.266 --> 35:31.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
just looking over the shoulder

35:31.433 --> 35:32.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
and kind of smiling?

35:32.866 --> 35:35.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Smiling over their butt a bit.

35:35.600 --> 35:37.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
By the way, where does reason

35:37.166 --> 35:42.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
reside in the human body?

35:42.800 --> 35:44.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Where do you think reason might

35:44.033 --> 35:45.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:17.5%
reside?

35:45.166 --> 35:47.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
Here?

35:47.133 --> 35:49.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
If there's nothing to actually

35:49.966 --> 35:52.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
to reason about what you eat,

35:52.466 --> 35:54.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
then all of a sudden, your

35:54.666 --> 35:56.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
reasoning is directly related to

35:56.566 --> 35:59.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
your appetite.

35:59.266 --> 36:01.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Reason with no filter but

36:01.900 --> 36:05.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
appetite, that's, appetite with

36:05.333 --> 36:07.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
no filter I should say, that's

36:07.666 --> 36:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
interesting.

36:08.833 --> 36:11.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And how often that is put on

36:11.333 --> 36:12.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
another culture.

36:12.966 --> 36:15.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
You know them.

36:15.300 --> 36:16.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
They can't control their

36:16.300 --> 36:18.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
appetites.

36:18.200 --> 36:20.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Again, a cultural marker that

36:20.733 --> 36:27.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
makes someone else monstrous.

36:27.066 --> 36:28.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
One more real one from

36:28.700 --> 36:31.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
<i>The Big Book of Monsters</i>.

36:31.500 --> 36:32.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The sky pods lived in India.

36:32.766 --> 36:34.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
They spent their days taking

36:34.133 --> 36:35.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
shelter under their single great

36:35.900 --> 36:39.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:22.5%
big foot.

36:39.200 --> 36:42.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Well, once more, the idea, and

36:42.100 --> 36:44.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
this is common amongst monster

36:44.433 --> 36:46.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
scholars, which kind of sounds

36:46.033 --> 36:48.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
sketchy, but it's a common idea

36:48.200 --> 36:50.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
that some of the people

36:50.866 --> 36:52.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
traveling may have seen

36:52.466 --> 36:56.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
individuals performing yoga and

36:56.466 --> 36:59.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
holding positions that seemed

36:59.733 --> 37:01.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
"unnatural."

37:01.200 --> 37:02.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
Category breakers.

37:02.633 --> 37:04.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
They held those positions.

37:04.400 --> 37:06.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
They were from a foreign place.

37:06.333 --> 37:08.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
They lived in a different way.

37:08.700 --> 37:09.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
They looked physically

37:09.933 --> 37:11.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
different.

37:11.033 --> 37:12.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
They brought these back.

37:12.266 --> 37:13.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And I have to tell you, many

37:13.400 --> 37:14.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
people would look at the woman

37:14.966 --> 37:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
doing the yoga move and say

37:16.666 --> 37:19.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
that's not natural.

37:19.400 --> 37:21.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But, of course, maybe it is.

37:21.700 --> 37:22.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
It's just that we don't

37:22.900 --> 37:24.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
recognize it.

37:24.533 --> 37:25.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
And don't you just love him

37:25.700 --> 37:28.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
taking shade under his foot.

37:28.566 --> 37:29.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
He doesn't look like somebody

37:29.800 --> 37:31.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
who would hurt you, does he?

37:31.833 --> 37:33.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
What's he going to do, hop over

37:33.200 --> 37:35.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
and attack you?

37:35.766 --> 37:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
But his body doesn't fit the

37:37.533 --> 37:39.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
cultural markers of the body,

37:39.466 --> 37:41.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
and it's from far away.

37:41.766 --> 37:42.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
It's from far away.

37:42.866 --> 37:44.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
So you've got to be careful, got

37:44.033 --> 37:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
to look out for them.

37:47.400 --> 37:48.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
All right, we have some more

37:48.633 --> 37:52.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Blemmyes, and I'd love to tell

37:52.100 --> 37:53.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
you that that outfit on the

37:53.366 --> 37:54.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
other side there is a costume,

37:54.733 --> 37:56.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
but it's not.

37:56.300 --> 37:58.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
That's science again.

37:58.366 --> 38:00.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
That's science again.

38:00.066 --> 38:01.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
And sure enough, those are the

38:01.566 --> 38:03.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Blemmyes who've been taken in

38:03.566 --> 38:06.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
and at this point painted over,

38:06.533 --> 38:08.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
and all of a sudden, you have

38:08.033 --> 38:09.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
someone meeting the Blemmyes and

38:09.266 --> 38:11.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:42.5%
controlling them.

38:11.900 --> 38:13.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
And that would be Alexander,

38:13.066 --> 38:15.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Alexander the Great, who's

38:15.133 --> 38:16.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
perceived to be a man of great

38:16.666 --> 38:20.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
reason and great control because

38:20.300 --> 38:21.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
you've got to watch out for

38:21.533 --> 38:22.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
those monsters.

38:22.833 --> 38:24.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
You never know when they're

38:24.066 --> 38:25.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
going to sneak in.

38:25.000 --> 38:26.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
I think people would recognize

38:26.366 --> 38:30.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
the Blemmyes.

38:30.933 --> 38:36.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Okay, I've given you a dog

38:36.766 --> 38:38.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
head here.

38:38.800 --> 38:40.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
The dog heads were absolutely

38:40.700 --> 38:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
great.

38:42.633 --> 38:44.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
St. Christopher is identified as

38:44.500 --> 38:47.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:27.5%
a dog head.

38:47.400 --> 38:50.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
Cynocephali essentially.

38:50.233 --> 38:51.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
Just dog head, that's all it

38:51.433 --> 38:53.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
means.

38:53.400 --> 38:55.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
According to at least one of the

38:55.500 --> 38:59.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
ancient stories on this,

38:59.000 --> 39:00.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
and I believe it's

39:00.633 --> 39:02.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
Wonders of the East.

39:02.366 --> 39:04.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
The dog heads live in India.

39:04.500 --> 39:06.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
They bark at one another.

39:06.166 --> 39:07.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
They live in caves.

39:07.600 --> 39:08.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
They use bows.

39:08.833 --> 39:09.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
They use javelins.

39:09.966 --> 39:12.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
They use swords.

39:12.433 --> 39:13.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
But they're people except for

39:13.500 --> 39:15.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
their dog heads.

39:15.966 --> 39:18.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Another interesting one places

39:18.833 --> 39:21.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
the dog heads in Japan.

39:21.466 --> 39:22.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
Again, this needs to be far

39:22.733 --> 39:24.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
enough out of the way that we

39:24.533 --> 39:25.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
aren't worried about them.

39:25.733 --> 39:27.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
Far enough out of the way.

39:27.666 --> 39:29.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
One of the arguments for the dog

39:29.066 --> 39:31.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
heads is that what people were

39:31.400 --> 39:33.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
actually seeing or hearing were

39:33.700 --> 39:36.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
great apes, and it looked like a

39:36.700 --> 39:39.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
person but the face was wrong.

39:39.200 --> 39:40.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:57.5%
It wasn't a human face.

39:40.866 --> 39:42.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
That becomes such a marker

39:42.233 --> 39:43.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
of our humanity.

39:43.866 --> 39:45.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
And the language wasn't quite

39:45.100 --> 39:47.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
human, so they were barking.

39:47.333 --> 39:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
With St. Christopher,

39:49.233 --> 39:51.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
interestingly enough, even

39:51.366 --> 39:53.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
though he's a dog head, his

39:53.900 --> 39:55.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
language, and this is biblical

39:55.433 --> 39:57.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
language, his language of

39:57.600 --> 40:00.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
Christianity, those words were

40:00.300 --> 40:02.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
so magic that even with the dog

40:02.900 --> 40:06.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
head people understand him.

40:06.266 --> 40:07.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And in that way, you can see how

40:07.633 --> 40:09.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
that inscription has got all

40:09.900 --> 40:12.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
kinds of cultural meaning.

40:12.300 --> 40:14.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
The animal made human through a

40:14.533 --> 40:17.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
specific religious word and a

40:17.900 --> 40:23.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
kind of power and even magic.

40:23.400 --> 40:25.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
One last one for you here, and

40:25.300 --> 40:27.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
that is fear of the monster is

40:27.566 --> 40:29.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
really a kind of desire.

40:29.033 --> 40:30.100 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
Again, this is from

40:30.100 --> 40:31.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Jeffrey Jerome Cohen.

40:31.800 --> 40:33.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
I've given you some lovely

40:33.166 --> 40:34.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:35%
vampires here.

40:34.533 --> 40:39.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Some kind of pretty vampires.

40:39.733 --> 40:41.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
You guys looked at one earlier

40:41.266 --> 40:42.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
where a werewolf was biting a

40:42.633 --> 40:44.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
woman in half, and is that maybe

40:44.933 --> 40:48.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
Gilles de Rais?

40:48.733 --> 40:52.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
Yeah, the loup-garou,

40:52.400 --> 40:53.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
which many people think was an

40:53.700 --> 40:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
actual person who had some

40:55.600 --> 41:00.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
problems and chewed people up.

41:00.200 --> 41:01.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
Fair to say?

41:01.366 --> 41:02.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
Okay, great.

41:02.533 --> 41:03.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
I don't know that he looked

41:03.733 --> 41:04.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
fabulous doing it.

41:04.900 --> 41:06.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
I don't know that he actually

41:06.033 --> 41:07.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
got ears or anything else,

41:07.000 --> 41:08.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
but he's very fierce.

41:08.000 --> 41:09.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:40%
That's the idea.

41:09.566 --> 41:11.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
Isn't it interesting that

41:11.200 --> 41:12.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
vampires, on the other hand,

41:12.600 --> 41:15.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
tend to be looking what?

41:15.666 --> 41:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
Well, here, come on up, George.

41:18.000 --> 41:19.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:12.5%
Look.

41:19.800 --> 41:21.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:15%
Suave.

41:21.433 --> 41:22.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

41:22.766 --> 41:25.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
The marker of vampire is suave

41:25.500 --> 41:28.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
How scary is it if the really

41:28.033 --> 41:31.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
pretty ones are dangerous?

41:31.633 --> 41:32.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
How frightening is it?

41:32.966 --> 41:34.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
As a matter of fact, I don't

41:34.266 --> 41:35.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:65%
think we should trust him.

41:35.333 --> 41:36.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:37.5%
He's in a suit.

41:36.366 --> 41:37.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Anybody ever seen him in that

41:37.533 --> 41:39.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:30%
suit before?

41:39.133 --> 41:40.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[LAUGHTER]

41:40.300 --> 41:41.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
I don't recognize that cultural

41:41.400 --> 41:43.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
body, sir, I'm sorry.

41:43.733 --> 41:44.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
>> Violation.

41:44.866 --> 41:45.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:32.5%
>> Violation.

41:45.933 --> 41:47.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
On the other hand,

41:47.866 --> 41:49.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
it's kind of cute.

41:49.233 --> 41:51.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
It's a nice suit, isn't it?

41:51.066 --> 41:53.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:45%
He's well groomed.

41:53.866 --> 41:55.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Isn't it interesting because,

41:55.700 --> 41:57.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
you know, we're really afraid of

41:57.400 --> 41:59.933 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:70%
the monster but everybody in

41:59.933 --> 42:02.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
here is looking for him.

42:02.400 --> 42:04.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:55%
We desire the monster.

42:04.066 --> 42:05.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:47.5%
We want to see him.

42:05.466 --> 42:06.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
We want to find him.

42:06.600 --> 42:07.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
We want to see where they live.

42:07.966 --> 42:10.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We want to keep an eye on them

42:10.333 --> 42:12.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
so that fear of the monster

42:12.466 --> 42:14.200 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5%
leads to us searching for maybe

42:14.200 --> 42:16.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:62.5%
even making monsters, but

42:16.433 --> 42:18.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:60%
keeping our eye on them.

42:18.766 --> 42:20.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:72.5%
Fear of the monster is a kind

42:20.166 --> 42:21.500 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
of desire.

42:21.500 --> 42:23.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:52.5%
We want our monsters.

42:23.966 --> 42:25.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
We want to keep an eye on them

42:25.866 --> 42:27.700 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:67.5%
because they're part of the

42:27.700 --> 42:29.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:75%
marker that makes us human and

42:29.800 --> 42:34.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:50%
them something else.

42:34.666 --> 42:36.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80%
And I think we're ready for Q&amp;A.

42:36.766 --> 42:38.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:25%
[APPLAUSE]