1 00:00:04,534 --> 00:00:07,634 MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY 2 00:00:07,734 --> 00:00:11,367 ASARCO, INC., AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NONFERROUS METALS 3 00:00:11,467 --> 00:00:13,868 AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. 4 00:00:13,968 --> 00:00:19,467 ASARCO, INC., ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES. 5 00:00:19,567 --> 00:00:54,400 [MUSIC/NATURE SOUNDS] 6 00:00:54,501 --> 00:00:58,567 LOOKING OUT FOR WILDLIFE AND WILD PLACES IS NOTHING NEW, 7 00:00:58,667 --> 00:01:01,934 BUT CONSERVATION IS BEING REDESIGNED. 8 00:01:02,033 --> 00:01:05,300 BIODIVERSITY IS A FAIRLY NEW TERM AND IT COMES FROM NEW 9 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,701 THINKING. INSTEAD OF CLOSE-UPS OF SAY ONE OWL OR EVEN ONE 10 00:01:09,801 --> 00:01:13,534 FOREST WE'RE TRYING TO ALSO PULL BACK AND GET A 11 00:01:13,634 --> 00:01:18,067 BIG PICTURE OF WHY SO MANY SINGLE THINGS ARE IMPORTANT. 12 00:01:18,167 --> 00:01:22,267 IT HELPS ME TO THINK OF IT IN TERMS OF, WELL, HOOKS. 13 00:01:22,367 --> 00:01:24,901 EVERY PLANT AND ANIMAL, BIG AND LITTLE, 14 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:27,601 COMES WITH A BUNCH OF HOOKS, THE WAY I SEE IT. 15 00:01:27,701 --> 00:01:31,133 THERE'S TWO KINDS: ON ONE SIDE EVERY LITTLE SPECIES 16 00:01:31,234 --> 00:01:35,133 IS HOOKED INTO OTHER THINGS IN ITS SYSTEM THAT IT DEPENDS ON. 17 00:01:35,234 --> 00:01:37,901 AND THEN ON THE OTHER SIDE IT'S ALSO HOOKED INTO ALL 18 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:40,200 THE THINGS THAT DEPEND ON IT. 19 00:01:40,300 --> 00:01:43,133 WE'RE ONLY STARTING TO FIND ALL THESE CONNECTIONS. 20 00:01:43,234 --> 00:01:46,167 BUT EVEN ALL THE SYSTEMS ARE HOOKED TOGETHER. 21 00:01:46,267 --> 00:01:48,100 PRETTY SOON IT'S CLEAR THAT WE OURSELVES ARE 22 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:52,467 HOOKED INTO ONE BIG SYSTEM AND ALL THE PIECES ARE IMPORTANT. 23 00:01:52,567 --> 00:01:56,634 BIODIVERSITY IS A WORD FOR THE VARIETY OF PIECES IN THE PUZZLE. 24 00:01:56,734 --> 00:01:59,868 OF COURSE THE VARIETY ITSELF IS BEAUTIFUL, 25 00:01:59,968 --> 00:02:01,467 WHICH IS A HOOK FOR US, TOO, 26 00:02:01,567 --> 00:02:03,501 ESPECIALLY HERE IN THE DESERT. 27 00:02:03,601 --> 00:02:06,767 BUT THE POINT IS, EVERY PIECE, EACH LITTLE SPECK, 28 00:02:06,868 --> 00:02:12,100 SUSTAINS SOMETHING, MAYBE A CRICKET OR A LEMON LILY 29 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:13,334 AND THAT PIECE SUSTAINS SOME CRITTER THAT 30 00:02:13,434 --> 00:02:16,234 FERTILIZES A TREE THAT HOUSES A BIRD THAT PLANTS 31 00:02:16,334 --> 00:02:24,701 A FOREST THAT SCRUBS THE AIR. EVERYTHING MATTERS. 32 00:02:24,801 --> 00:02:25,968 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT BIODIVERSITY, 33 00:02:26,067 --> 00:02:28,734 THE TYPICAL RESPONSE PEOPLE HAVE IS TO LOOK 34 00:02:28,834 --> 00:02:31,801 AROUND AND THINK ABOUT THE SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND 35 00:02:31,901 --> 00:02:34,734 PLANTS THAT ARE AT A PARTICULAR AREA. 36 00:02:34,834 --> 00:02:37,567 SO THEY ASK ME, WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY HERE? 37 00:02:37,667 --> 00:02:39,501 THEY LOOK AND THEY SEE THE MESQUITE TREES AND THE 38 00:02:39,601 --> 00:02:41,400 GRASSES AND THE DEER THAT ARE HERE. 39 00:02:41,501 --> 00:02:44,667 THAT'S THE FIRST CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY THAT PEOPLE HAVE. 40 00:02:44,767 --> 00:02:49,300 HOWEVER, IN REALITY BIODIVERSITY HAS MANY DIFFERENT LEVELS. 41 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:53,968 BIODIVERSITY INCLUDES THE GENETIC COMPONENT OF THE 42 00:02:54,067 --> 00:02:56,767 PLANTS AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS THAT YOU SEE OUT HERE. 43 00:02:56,868 --> 00:03:01,133 IT INCLUDES THE VARIATION BETWEEN LOCATIONS. 44 00:03:01,234 --> 00:03:03,767 FOR EXAMPLE, WE SEE AN ASSEMBLAGE OF SPECIES 45 00:03:03,868 --> 00:03:06,067 HERE, HOWEVER, UP ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE BEHIND US 46 00:03:06,167 --> 00:03:08,501 THERE'S A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT GROUP OF ANIMALS 47 00:03:08,601 --> 00:03:10,267 AND PLANTS THAT LIVE UP THERE. 48 00:03:10,367 --> 00:03:12,234 SIMILARLY, IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY BELOW US 49 00:03:12,334 --> 00:03:15,000 HERE THERE'S A COMPLETELY, ANOTHER COMPLETELY 50 00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:17,234 DIFFERENT ASSEMBLAGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN THE 51 00:03:17,334 --> 00:03:19,200 COMMUNITY IN THE VALLEY BOTTOM. 52 00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:21,534 SO, YOU KNOW, IN A REGIONAL SENSE 53 00:03:21,634 --> 00:03:24,534 BIODIVERSITY IS COMPOSED OF ALL OF THOSE DIFFERENT 54 00:03:24,634 --> 00:03:26,567 POPULATIONS. 55 00:03:26,667 --> 00:03:30,567 AND ON A YET ANOTHER SCALE WE SEE COMMUNITIES OF 56 00:03:30,667 --> 00:03:33,334 SPECIES DOWN IN SONORA TO THE SOUTH OF US THAT ARE COMPLETELY 57 00:03:33,434 --> 00:03:38,400 DIFFERENT FROM ANYTHING WE SEE HERE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 58 00:03:38,501 --> 00:03:40,634 IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE DIVERSITY THAT WE THINK OF 59 00:03:40,734 --> 00:03:43,067 AS BEING OURS IN THESE MOUNTAIN CANYONS, 60 00:03:43,167 --> 00:03:46,133 WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THE FACT THAT THESE ANIMALS GO 61 00:03:46,234 --> 00:03:48,434 DOWN ALL THE WAY TO SOUTHERN MEXICO OCCUPYING 62 00:03:48,534 --> 00:03:51,834 A SERIES OF DIFFERENT HABITATS ON THE WAY, ALL 63 00:03:51,934 --> 00:03:55,200 OF WHICH HAVE TO BE PROTECTED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN WHAT 64 00:03:55,300 --> 00:03:57,834 WE THINK OF AS OUR DIVERSITY HERE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 65 00:03:57,934 --> 00:04:00,801 SO DIVERSITY TAKES ON A MUCH BROADER GEOGRAPHIC AND 66 00:04:00,901 --> 00:04:05,033 INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HABITAT REQUIREMENTS 67 00:04:05,133 --> 00:04:08,834 OF SOME OF THESE SPECIES THAT MIGRATE LONG DISTANCES. 68 00:04:08,934 --> 00:04:10,868 IN LOOKING AT A GRADING FOR EXAMPLE FROM THE 69 00:04:10,968 --> 00:04:13,267 BOTTOM OF THE TUCSON VALLEY HERE UP TO THE TOP 70 00:04:13,367 --> 00:04:15,133 OF MOUNT WRIGHTSON BEHIND US, 71 00:04:15,234 --> 00:04:17,133 WE SEE TWO PRINCIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 72 00:04:17,234 --> 00:04:20,000 OPERATING THAT HELP CONTROL DIVERSITY. 73 00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:23,267 ONE OF THOSE IS AVAILABLE MOISTURE AND ONE OF THOSE 74 00:04:23,367 --> 00:04:25,901 IS TEMPERATURE, ESPECIALLY FREEZING TEMPERATURE. 75 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:29,167 AND WE FIND THAT AT BOTH ENDS OF THIS GRADIENT IS 76 00:04:29,267 --> 00:04:30,634 WHERE THE DIVERSITY IS THE LOWEST. 77 00:04:30,734 --> 00:04:32,000 AT THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAINS WHERE IT'S VERY 78 00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:34,901 COLD, A NUMBER OF SPECIES THAT ARE SENSITIVE TO COLD 79 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:37,467 ARE ELIMINATED FROM THERE BY VIRTUE OF THOSE COLD 80 00:04:37,567 --> 00:04:39,334 TEMPERATURES, EVEN THOUGH THERE'S A LOT OF RAIN UP THERE. 81 00:04:39,434 --> 00:04:41,767 AT THE OTHER END OF THE SCALE, 82 00:04:41,868 --> 00:04:43,300 DOWN IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY, 83 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:45,234 EVEN THOUGH IT'S WARM THERE YEAR ROUND, 84 00:04:45,334 --> 00:04:46,601 IT MAY NOT FREEZE DOWN THERE, 85 00:04:46,701 --> 00:04:49,167 IT'S SO DRY THAT ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIES CAN SURVIVE 86 00:04:49,267 --> 00:04:52,067 THE VERY DRY CONDITIONS IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY. 87 00:04:52,167 --> 00:04:54,767 SO LOOKING AT THIS GRADIENT OF INTERACTING 88 00:04:54,868 --> 00:04:57,200 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES, INCREASING MOISTURE AND 89 00:04:57,300 --> 00:05:00,467 DECREASING TEMPERATURE, WE SEE THAT SOMEWHERE RIGHT IN THE 90 00:05:00,567 --> 00:05:02,467 MIDDLE HERE IN THE FOOTHILLS NEAR WHERE WE'RE SITTING 91 00:05:02,567 --> 00:05:10,033 NOW, IS WHERE WE SEE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF LOCAL DIVERSITY. 92 00:05:10,133 --> 00:05:12,367 SO WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ON A 93 00:05:12,467 --> 00:05:14,067 SERIES OF DIFFERENT LEVELS. 94 00:05:14,167 --> 00:05:18,000 ON A GENETIC LEVEL, ON A SPECIES POPULATION LEVEL, 95 00:05:18,100 --> 00:05:20,701 ON A LOCAL COMMUNITY LEVEL, 96 00:05:20,801 --> 00:05:22,467 AND THEN FINALLY ON A REGIONAL, 97 00:05:22,567 --> 00:05:24,901 ON A GEOGRAPHIC SCALE, LOOKING AT PATTERNS OF 98 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:30,334 VARIATION BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES. 99 00:05:30,434 --> 00:05:32,667 SO THAT THINKING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 100 00:05:32,767 --> 00:05:34,834 BECOMES COMPLICATED VERY FAST. 101 00:05:34,934 --> 00:05:37,567 ADDITIONALLY, MANY PEOPLE THROW IN THE IDEA OF THE 102 00:05:37,667 --> 00:05:41,234 NATURAL PROCESSES THAT HELP MAINTAIN DIVERSITY. 103 00:05:41,334 --> 00:05:43,634 SO ON TOP OF JUST THE SPECIES THEMSELVES WE HAVE 104 00:05:43,734 --> 00:05:46,367 TO THINK ABOUT THOSE NATURAL PROCESSES, 105 00:05:46,467 --> 00:05:49,300 SUCH AS FIRE IN THIS AREA, SUCH AS THE HYDROLOGICAL 106 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:54,033 PROCESSES IN THE WATERSHEDS AND STREAMS IN THIS AREA. 107 00:05:54,133 --> 00:05:56,467 WE HAVE TO THINK OF THE PROCESSES LIKE THE 108 00:05:56,567 --> 00:05:59,634 SEASONALITY OF RAINFALL, SUMMER RAIN VERSUS WINTER RAIN. 109 00:05:59,734 --> 00:06:02,801 SO THAT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF MAINTAINING 110 00:06:02,901 --> 00:06:05,667 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IS A WHOLE SERIES OF NATURAL, 111 00:06:05,767 --> 00:06:10,100 SOME PHYSICAL, PROCESSES THAT HELP SUPPORT THAT DIVERSITY. 112 00:06:10,200 --> 00:06:13,000 SO THAT THAT WHOLE ASSEMBLAGE OF PATTERNS, 113 00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:15,367 OF POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, 114 00:06:15,467 --> 00:06:18,501 AND FINALLY ECOSYSTEM AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL 115 00:06:18,601 --> 00:06:21,634 STRUCTURE, COMPRISE WHAT WE THINK OF AS BIOLOGICAL 116 00:06:21,734 --> 00:06:27,767 DIVERSITY IN THE BROADEST SENSE. 117 00:06:27,868 --> 00:06:30,901 LIVING THINGS AND NATURAL PROCESSES TAKEN TOGETHER 118 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:34,033 MAKE A SYSTEM AND SYSTEMS ARE THE KEY TO 119 00:06:34,133 --> 00:06:37,300 UNDERSTANDING HOW TO HOLD ON TO DIVERSITY. 120 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:40,400 WHEN YOU'RE CONCERNED ABOUT ONE LITTLE SPECIES, FOR EXAMPLE, 121 00:06:40,501 --> 00:06:46,901 YOU LOOK FIRST AT THE SYSTEM IT LIVES WITH, ITS HOME. 122 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,200 SOUTH OF SIERRA VISTA, ARIZONA, 123 00:06:49,300 --> 00:06:53,033 A RARE FLOWER CALLED THE LEMON LILY IS HANGING TO A 124 00:06:53,133 --> 00:06:55,434 LITTLE SYSTEM CALLED RAMSEY CANYON, 125 00:06:55,534 --> 00:07:05,234 UP IN THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS. THEY SEEM TO DO WELL HERE. 126 00:07:05,334 --> 00:07:06,934 I'VE GOT HIGH HOPES FOR THIS BUNCH. 127 00:07:07,033 --> 00:07:12,133 AND THIS IS A SITE THAT IS ONE THAT WE PLANTED. 128 00:07:12,234 --> 00:07:13,501 THE WAS, THERE WAS A HISTORIC SITE AND I THINK 129 00:07:13,601 --> 00:07:16,234 IT WAS UNDER THE WATERFALL WHEN THE STREAMS CHANGED COURSE... 130 00:07:16,334 --> 00:07:18,801 IT'S A WIDE MIX OF ANIMALS HERE, AND PLANTS, 131 00:07:18,901 --> 00:07:21,501 HERE IN THE HUACHUCAS, AND RAMSEY BEING A COOL MOIST 132 00:07:21,601 --> 00:07:24,267 CANYON WITH PERMANENT WATER PROVIDES AN OASIS 133 00:07:24,367 --> 00:07:27,467 AND KIND OF AN ALMOST A TROPICAL HABITAT SO THAT 134 00:07:27,567 --> 00:07:30,300 FERNS AND ORCHIDS AND TROGONS AND HUMMINGBIRDS 135 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:33,868 AND THINGS LIKE THAT FIND A HOME HERE AT RAMSEY. 136 00:07:33,968 --> 00:07:36,801 THE LEMON LILY GROWS RIGHT ALONGSIDE THE CREEK SIDE AND 137 00:07:36,901 --> 00:07:40,200 THAT'S ONE OF ITS, ONE OF THE REASONS THAT IT'S SO VULNERABLE. 138 00:07:40,300 --> 00:07:41,968 IT'S VULNERABLE TO FLOODING AND FLOODING IS 139 00:07:42,067 --> 00:07:46,601 OFTEN TIMES ACCENTUATED BY WILDFIRES IN THE UPPER CANYON. 140 00:07:46,701 --> 00:07:49,334 THE BIGGEST THREAT TO THE LEMON LILY IS REALLY FLOODING 141 00:07:49,434 --> 00:07:54,667 AND, KIND OF BY EXTENSION, FIRE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. 142 00:07:54,767 --> 00:07:56,901 THE FIRE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THROUGH THE 143 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:59,167 YEARS HAVE, WE'VE KIND OF GOTTEN OUT OF THE NATURAL 144 00:07:59,267 --> 00:08:01,601 FIRE REGIME SO THAT WHEN WE DO HAVE FIRES NOW, 145 00:08:01,701 --> 00:08:05,934 THEY CAN BE VERY DEVASTATING. 146 00:08:06,033 --> 00:08:08,300 IT IS THE ONLY MEMBER OF THE GENUS LILIUM THAT'S 147 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:10,567 FOUND HERE IN ARIZONA. 148 00:08:10,667 --> 00:08:12,334 KIND OF A SPOTTY DISTRIBUTION, 149 00:08:12,434 --> 00:08:17,267 PROBABLY LESS THAN TWO THOUSAND PLANTS WORLDWIDE. 150 00:08:17,367 --> 00:08:21,367 THE LEMON LILY IS REALLY KIND OF A SEVERE EXAMPLE 151 00:08:21,467 --> 00:08:24,667 BECAUSE THIS IS A PLANT THAT HAS DROPPED FROM OVER 152 00:08:24,767 --> 00:08:27,968 ONE HUNDRED PLANTS IN RAMSEY, AT ONE TIME, WE HAD LESS 153 00:08:28,067 --> 00:08:31,200 THAN TWENTY PLANTS AND WERE DOWN TO JUST A COUPLE OF FLOWERS. 154 00:08:31,300 --> 00:08:34,634 AND WE BEGAN TO WONDER WHAT HAPPENED TO THE LILY, WHETHER 155 00:08:34,734 --> 00:08:37,767 IT WAS MAN-CAUSED, WHETHER IT WAS JUST A NATURAL DECLINE. 156 00:08:37,868 --> 00:08:40,634 ONCE WE DECIDED THAT THIS WAS A MAN-CAUSED DECLINE, 157 00:08:40,734 --> 00:08:42,801 THEN WE HAD TO STEP IN AND TAKE SOME PRETTY DRASTIC 158 00:08:42,901 --> 00:08:46,133 ACTIONS RIGHT DOWN TO HAND POLLINATING THE LAST 159 00:08:46,234 --> 00:08:50,033 COUPLE OF FLOWERS SO THAT WE WOULD HAVE SEEDS TO THEN BEGIN 160 00:08:50,133 --> 00:08:54,634 REPLANTING LEMON LILIES IN AREAS WHERE THEY SHOULD OCCUR. THIS 161 00:08:54,734 --> 00:09:02,467 IS MUCH MORE HANDS-ON MANAGEMENT THAN WE USUALLY GET INVOLVED IN. 162 00:09:02,567 --> 00:09:06,968 OKAY, THIS IS SITE C AND WE'LL COUNT MULTI-LEAF 163 00:09:07,067 --> 00:09:11,234 PLANTS, THE HEIGHT AND THE NUMBER OF LEAVES. OKAY. 164 00:09:11,334 --> 00:09:13,167 WHAT WE'VE DONE IN THE LAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS 165 00:09:13,267 --> 00:09:14,968 WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE FOREST SERVICE, 166 00:09:15,067 --> 00:09:17,100 SINCE MOST OF THE POPULATION IS UP ON FOREST 167 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,334 SERVICE LAND AS WELL, WE MONITOR EACH YEAR AS THE 168 00:09:20,434 --> 00:09:22,901 LILIES COME UP, MONITOR THE NUMBER OF PLANTS AND 169 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,367 THE SIZE, WATCH FOR THE FLOWERS. 170 00:09:26,467 --> 00:09:28,501 IN A COUPLE OF INSTANCES WE WERE ABLE TO COLLECT 171 00:09:28,601 --> 00:09:31,968 SEEDS AND PLANT LEMON LILLY SEEDS IN WHAT WE 172 00:09:32,067 --> 00:09:35,601 DEEMED APPROPRIATE HABITAT AND THEN MONITOR THE SURVIVAL THERE. 173 00:09:35,701 --> 00:09:38,234 SO WE HOPEFULLY CAN GET SOME NEW POPULATIONS GOING 174 00:09:38,334 --> 00:09:40,434 SO THAT ONE CATASTROPHIC EVENT, 175 00:09:40,534 --> 00:09:43,367 A FLOOD IN ONE PARTICULAR AREA WOULDN'T WIPE OUT ALL 176 00:09:43,467 --> 00:09:46,334 OF THE LEMON LILIES HERE IN RAMSEY. 177 00:09:46,434 --> 00:09:47,734 I THINK THE CHANCES ARE GOOD. 178 00:09:47,834 --> 00:09:49,734 YOU KNOW, FIVE YEARS AGO WHEN WE BEGAN LOOKING AT 179 00:09:49,834 --> 00:09:52,100 LEMON LILIES, IT DIDN'T LOOK SO GOOD. 180 00:09:52,200 --> 00:09:55,033 AND IN FACT, ONE REPORT SAID, YOU KNOW, IN FIVE YEARS THE 181 00:09:55,133 --> 00:09:56,701 LEMON LILY WILL BE GONE FROM RAMSEY CANYON. 182 00:09:56,801 --> 00:09:58,567 WELL, THE FIVE YEARS ARE UP AND THEY'RE NOT GONE, 183 00:09:58,667 --> 00:10:01,434 THEY'RE STILL HANGING ON. 184 00:10:01,534 --> 00:10:03,534 YOU KNOW IT'S A MATTER OF REALIZING THAT NO ONE 185 00:10:03,634 --> 00:10:06,501 SPECIES IS REALLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANOTHER. 186 00:10:06,601 --> 00:10:08,901 IT'S EASY TO GET PEOPLE EXCITED ABOUT SAVING THE 187 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:11,968 WHALES AND SAVING THE EAGLES AND THE TIGERS AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 188 00:10:12,067 --> 00:10:14,334 WHEN IT GETS DOWN TO LILIES AND BATS AND FROGS 189 00:10:14,434 --> 00:10:16,033 AND SNAKES AND THINGS LIKE THAT, 190 00:10:16,133 --> 00:10:18,167 THEY SAY WELL I DON'T KNOW IF WE NEED TO SAVE ALL OF THOSE. 191 00:10:18,267 --> 00:10:20,334 AND YET IN THE GREATER SCHEME OF THINGS, 192 00:10:20,434 --> 00:10:23,567 THEY ALL FIT TOGETHER IN THE SAME WEB AND NO ONE IS 193 00:10:23,667 --> 00:10:27,834 MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANOTHER. 194 00:10:27,934 --> 00:10:30,968 WHAT GRABS OUR ATTENTION ABOUT CERTAIN PLANTS OR 195 00:10:31,067 --> 00:10:34,968 ANIMALS IS WHETHER OR NOT THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN OUR LIVES. 196 00:10:35,067 --> 00:10:38,167 SOME THINGS WE'RE ATTACHED TO 'CAUSE THEY'RE FAMILIAR. 197 00:10:38,267 --> 00:10:42,234 OTHERS CATCH OUR EYE BECAUSE THEY'RE SO UNFAMILIAR. 198 00:10:42,334 --> 00:10:45,033 BUT THE AREA IN BETWEEN DOESN'T GET OUR ATTENTION 199 00:10:45,133 --> 00:10:48,534 UNTIL WE LEARN ABOUT THE HOOKS AND CONNECTIONS. 200 00:10:48,634 --> 00:10:51,067 WHEN WE KNOW HOW THE PARTS OF THE SYSTEM HELP KEEP THE WORLD 201 00:10:51,167 --> 00:10:54,400 TICKING, THEN WE WANT TO GET OUT THERE AND VISIT WITH MORE 202 00:10:54,501 --> 00:11:02,834 OF 'EM. ABSOLUTELY EVERY ASPECT OF HUMAN SURVIVAL IS BASED ON 203 00:11:02,934 --> 00:11:06,200 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. 204 00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:09,801 IN BIOLOGY THERE IS A COMPLEXITY THAT'S BASED ON 205 00:11:09,901 --> 00:11:12,801 MANY SYSTEMS THAT NEED TO INTER-REACT, 206 00:11:12,901 --> 00:11:15,601 THAT'S PROBABLY MOST ANALOGOUS TO THE ECONOMIES 207 00:11:15,701 --> 00:11:16,701 THAT WE LIKE TO THINK ABOUT; 208 00:11:16,801 --> 00:11:20,000 A HEALTHY ECONOMY BEING ONE WHICH IS DIVERSIFIED, 209 00:11:20,100 --> 00:11:22,033 WHERE IT TAKES SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF 210 00:11:22,133 --> 00:11:25,100 EMPLOYMENT IN A LOCAL AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE A STRONG 211 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:27,834 INTERACTIVE AND HEALTHY ECONOMY. 212 00:11:27,934 --> 00:11:30,400 THE VERY SAME IS TRUE FOR BIODIVERSITY. 213 00:11:30,501 --> 00:11:33,501 IT'S IN THE INTERACTIVITY OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT 214 00:11:33,601 --> 00:11:36,300 LEVELS WITHIN THAT SYSTEM, WHETHER IT'S AN ECONOMIC OR 215 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:46,467 A BIOLOGIC SYSTEM, THAT WHEREIN LIES THE HEALTH OF THE THING. 216 00:11:46,567 --> 00:11:49,400 WELL, ECOTOURISM, IT SOUNDS LIKE IT WOULD BE 217 00:11:49,501 --> 00:11:54,000 JUST A SIMPLE CROSSOVER BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND TOURISM. 218 00:11:54,100 --> 00:11:56,267 IT ISN'T SIMPLY TAKING PEOPLE OUT AND SHOWING 219 00:11:56,367 --> 00:11:58,434 THEM THE NATURAL HISTORY, ALTHOUGH THAT CERTAINLY IS 220 00:11:58,534 --> 00:12:01,400 AN ASPECT AND THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNDAMENTAL PART 221 00:12:01,501 --> 00:12:04,434 OF THAT WOULD BE KIND OF AN INTELLECTUAL RECREATION 222 00:12:04,534 --> 00:12:05,701 THAT PEOPLE SEEM TO CRAVE. 223 00:12:05,801 --> 00:12:07,634 BUT THE ADDITIONAL ELEMENT IS THAT IT'S A TOURISM 224 00:12:07,734 --> 00:12:12,100 THAT'S BASED ON THE PREMISE THAT THE 225 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:13,167 SUSTAINABILITY OF THE VERY THINGS THAT ATTRACT PEOPLE 226 00:12:13,267 --> 00:12:14,968 TO COME LOOK AT THEM HAS GOT TO BE ASSURED BY THE 227 00:12:15,067 --> 00:12:17,634 VERY PRACTICE OF ECOTOURISM ITSELF. 228 00:12:17,734 --> 00:12:21,067 MONEY MUST BE LEFT BEHIND THAT CAN ASSURE THAT THE 229 00:12:21,167 --> 00:12:23,567 THING THAT PEOPLE CAME TO SEE IS GOING TO BE THERE 230 00:12:23,667 --> 00:12:25,834 FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO COME TO SEE IN THE FUTURE. 231 00:12:25,934 --> 00:12:30,701 SO ECOTOURISM IS BOTH A GIVE AND A TAKE, IT'S A MIX. 232 00:12:30,801 --> 00:12:33,300 WHAT WE'RE SEEING IN PLACES LIKE RAMSEY CANYON 233 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:35,300 IS THAT A LOT OF AMERICA'S TOURISTS ARE NOW 234 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:38,834 INTERESTED IN THIS INTELLECTUAL RECREATION. 235 00:12:38,934 --> 00:12:41,534 BIRD WATCHING IS BIG BUSINESS. 236 00:12:41,634 --> 00:12:43,968 PEOPLE ARE COMING TO ARIZONA IN DROVES IN ORDER 237 00:12:44,067 --> 00:12:46,534 TO SEE MORE OF THE WILDLIFE THAT THEY'VE SEEN 238 00:12:46,634 --> 00:12:49,701 PICTURED IN ARIZONA HIGHWAYS MAGAZINE. 239 00:12:49,801 --> 00:12:54,467 RECENTLY, WE ENGAGED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 240 00:12:54,567 --> 00:12:58,067 THE WORK SERVICES OF SOME AGRICULTURE ECONOMISTS, 241 00:12:58,167 --> 00:13:00,901 WHO ACTUALLY CAME TO RAMSEY CANYON AND THE 242 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,434 BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT MANAGED SAN PEDRO NATIONAL 243 00:13:04,534 --> 00:13:07,834 CONSERVATION AREA, AND THEY DISCERNED WHAT WE 244 00:13:07,934 --> 00:13:10,501 KNEW AND HAVE BEEN TELLING PEOPLE FOR SOME YEARS, 245 00:13:10,601 --> 00:13:12,634 IS THAT THESE BIRD WATCHING TOURISTS ARE 246 00:13:12,734 --> 00:13:15,133 BRINGING AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF NEW INCOME INTO 247 00:13:15,234 --> 00:13:17,267 THIS ECONOMY OF SIERRA VISTA. 248 00:13:17,367 --> 00:13:19,133 IN FACT, NEARLY THREE MILLION DOLLARS OF 249 00:13:19,234 --> 00:13:22,000 ADDITIONAL MONEY IS COMING INTO THIS ECONOMY, 250 00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:26,000 ESPECIALLY AND SPECIFICALLY BY BIRD WATCHERS. 251 00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:27,901 [SHUTTER SNAPPING] 252 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:29,100 IF I WERE THE GOVERNOR, 253 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,567 OR I WERE THE LEGISLATURE, AND I WAS ASKED WHAT WOULD 254 00:13:31,667 --> 00:13:35,734 BE THE BEST AND MOST SURE FIRE WAY OF ASSURING THAT 255 00:13:35,834 --> 00:13:38,501 THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY WHICH APPEARS TO BE THE 256 00:13:38,601 --> 00:13:41,434 BAIT THAT'S ATTRACTING THESE ECOTOURISTS TO 257 00:13:41,534 --> 00:13:43,701 ARIZONA, THE SIMPLE, SINGLE ANSWER THAT I WOULD 258 00:13:43,801 --> 00:13:46,834 GIVE THEM IS PROTECT HABITATS, 259 00:13:46,934 --> 00:13:49,133 PARTICULARLY THE RIPARIAN HABITAT. 260 00:13:49,234 --> 00:13:52,300 IT'S THE ENTIRE MECHANISM, WHICH HAS EVOLVED OVER 261 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,634 MILLIONS OF YEARS, THAT'S KEPT THESE SPECIES AND 262 00:13:55,734 --> 00:14:00,567 THESE WORKING MECHANISMS INTACT. 263 00:14:00,667 --> 00:14:02,567 WE NEED TO PROTECT THE ENTIRE, WELL, 264 00:14:02,667 --> 00:14:04,968 THE STREAMS AND THE RIVERS OF ARIZONA AND THEN WE'LL 265 00:14:05,067 --> 00:14:06,968 HAVE AN ARIZONA THAT'S GOING TO BE INTERESTING TO THE REST 266 00:14:07,067 --> 00:14:12,000 OF THE NATION AND THE REST OF THE WORLD FOR DECADES TO COME. 267 00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:15,167 OUR NATIONAL CAMPAIGN CALLED LAST GREAT PLACES, 268 00:14:15,267 --> 00:14:17,234 WHICH IS AN ALLIANCE BETWEEN MAN AND THE 269 00:14:17,334 --> 00:14:19,434 ENVIRONMENT, IS A THING THAT MANY OF US ARE 270 00:14:19,534 --> 00:14:22,934 REALIZING THAT'S ITS GOING TO REQUIRE MAN IN OUR 271 00:14:23,033 --> 00:14:25,667 ECONOMIES AND THE BIOLOGICAL PROVINCE AND 272 00:14:25,767 --> 00:14:28,033 THE CONSERVATION OF IT THAT'S GOING TO BE 273 00:14:28,133 --> 00:14:31,567 ULTIMATELY WHAT EITHER DOES OR DOES NOT PROTECT 274 00:14:31,667 --> 00:14:37,100 THE INTEGRITY OF LIFE ON EARTH. 275 00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:39,767 A MECHANIC WILL TELL YA, A MACHINE THAT'S ONLY GOT 276 00:14:39,868 --> 00:14:42,100 TWO OR THREE MOVING PARTS IS NICE, 277 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,300 UNLESS A PART BREAKS AND CAN'T BE REPLACED. 278 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,234 A COMPLICATED MACHINE WITH LOTS OF PARTS IS MORE 279 00:14:48,334 --> 00:14:51,567 DEPENDABLE WHEN ONE LITTLE THINGAMABOB IS IN TROUBLE. 280 00:14:51,667 --> 00:14:54,100 DIVERSITY HELPS MAKE NATURE STABLE. 281 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,267 BUT THERE'S SOMETHING ELSE ABOUT VARIETY THAT'S GOOD. 282 00:14:57,367 --> 00:14:59,734 AND THE BEST PERSON TO ASK IS MAYBE SOMEONE WHO'S GOT 283 00:14:59,834 --> 00:15:05,834 HIMSELF THROWN IN JAIL, SOMEONE WHOSE CHOICES ARE LIMITED. 284 00:15:05,934 --> 00:15:07,834 A GOOD LIFE SEEMS TO HAVE A LOT TO DO WITH 285 00:15:07,934 --> 00:15:10,701 ALTERNATIVES, MORE KINDS OF PLACES TO GO AND THINGS 286 00:15:10,801 --> 00:15:15,868 TO SEE AND FACES AND TASTES AND KINDS OF EXPERIENCES. 287 00:15:15,968 --> 00:15:18,067 ABUNDANCE DOESN'T MEAN MUCH WHEN IT'S AN 288 00:15:18,167 --> 00:15:20,434 ABUNDANCE OF ONLY THE PORK AND BEANS, 289 00:15:20,534 --> 00:15:24,200 SO BIODIVERSITY DOES MORE THAN KEEP THE MACHINERY STABLE. 290 00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:27,734 THE DESERT AND NATURE IN GENERAL HAS LOTS OF MOVING 291 00:15:27,834 --> 00:15:36,200 PARTS, AND THAT HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH HOW WE ENJOY LIFE. 292 00:15:36,300 --> 00:15:38,834 HUMAN BEINGS ARE DIFFERENT PHYSICALLY FROM EACH OTHER 293 00:15:38,934 --> 00:15:42,100 IN SO MANY WAYS IT'LL GIVE YOU AN IDEA HOW WIDE JUST 294 00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:46,100 GENETIC DIVERSITY CAN BE. 295 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:48,801 HUMANS ARE JUST ONE SPECIES, AFTER ALL. 296 00:15:48,901 --> 00:15:52,200 SO ARE WOLVES AND THE MEXICAN WOLF IS NOW SO 297 00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,200 REDUCED IN NUMBERS THAT THEIR GENETIC DIFFERENCES 298 00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:57,634 COULD USE A LITTLE CONSERVING. 299 00:15:57,734 --> 00:16:00,501 SOME OF THESE WOLVES LIVE AND BREED IN CAPTIVITY AT 300 00:16:00,601 --> 00:16:07,534 THE ARIZONA SONORA DESERT MUSEUM IN TUCSON. 301 00:16:07,634 --> 00:16:12,400 THE PROBLEMS WITH LACK OF GENETIC DIVERSITY HAVE TO 302 00:16:12,501 --> 00:16:14,100 DO WITH LACK OF THE ADVANTAGES OF GENETIC 303 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:18,133 DIVERSITY AND THE ADVANTAGES OF POPULATION 304 00:16:18,234 --> 00:16:21,267 OF ANIMALS HAVING A DIVERSITY OF TYPES OF 305 00:16:21,367 --> 00:16:24,834 GENES MEANS THAT THAT POPULATION OF ANIMALS CAN 306 00:16:24,934 --> 00:16:28,434 ESSENTIALLY ADAPT TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 307 00:16:28,534 --> 00:16:31,434 THE MEXICAN WOLF IS AN INTERESTING EXAMPLE OF 308 00:16:31,534 --> 00:16:35,601 GENETIC DIVERSITY BECAUSE THE CAPTIVE POPULATION AS 309 00:16:35,701 --> 00:16:39,367 A MANAGED POPULATION IS VERY SMALL WITH VERY FEW 310 00:16:39,467 --> 00:16:41,467 ANIMALS THAT FOUNDED THAT POPULATION. 311 00:16:41,567 --> 00:16:43,601 SO AS ALL WE HAVE FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY IS WHAT 312 00:16:43,701 --> 00:16:47,000 THOSE FEW WOLVES OUT OF THE WILD BROUGHT IN. 313 00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:50,000 AND WE HAVEN'T SEEN ANY PROBLEMS WITH LACK OF 314 00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:54,534 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CAPTIVITY BUT OUR TACTIC 315 00:16:54,634 --> 00:17:00,868 AT THIS POINT IS NOT TO LOSE ANY MORE GENETIC DIVERSITY. 316 00:17:00,968 --> 00:17:04,834 WE ARE CAREFULLY MONITORING BREEDING, 317 00:17:04,934 --> 00:17:12,133 CHOOSING PAIRS THAT WILL MINIMIZE INBREEDING, 318 00:17:12,234 --> 00:17:13,133 WILL MAXIMIZE THE REPRESENTATION OF OUR 319 00:17:13,234 --> 00:17:16,300 FOUNDING POPULATION IN THE GENETIC POOL. 320 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:19,234 WE'RE ALSO DOING SUCH THINGS AS ARTIFICIALLY 321 00:17:19,334 --> 00:17:23,467 INCREASING LIFE SPANS BY COLLECTING SEMEN FROM MALE 322 00:17:23,567 --> 00:17:27,000 WOLVES, PRESERVING THAT BY QUICK FREEZING IT AND WE 323 00:17:27,100 --> 00:17:30,367 CAN USE THAT SEMEN HOPEFULLY IN ONE HUNDRED 324 00:17:30,467 --> 00:17:31,901 YEARS, MAYBE TWO HUNDRED YEARS, 325 00:17:32,033 --> 00:17:35,367 TO ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATE A FEMALE WOLF FROM 326 00:17:35,467 --> 00:17:39,367 ESSENTIALLY ORIGINAL STOCK WITH NO LOSS OF GENETIC 327 00:17:39,467 --> 00:17:42,901 DIVERSITY AT THAT TIME. 328 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,501 THE FUTURE OF THE MEXICAN WOLF, I THINK, 329 00:17:45,601 --> 00:17:49,434 DEPENDS MORE UPON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOLVES 330 00:17:49,534 --> 00:17:54,567 IN THE SOUTHWEST AND MEXICO THAN ANYTHING ELSE. 331 00:17:54,667 --> 00:17:57,868 THE TECHNOLOGY IS THERE TO PRESERVE THE GENETIC 332 00:17:57,968 --> 00:18:03,501 VARIABILITY. HOW MUCH LOSS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY A WOLF 333 00:18:03,601 --> 00:18:06,334 POPULATION CAN WITHSTAND MAY BE A FAIR AMOUNT AND 334 00:18:06,434 --> 00:18:09,067 STILL BE A VIABLE WILD POPULATION. 335 00:18:09,167 --> 00:18:11,734 SO I THINK THOSE SORTS OF THINGS ARE TECHNICAL 336 00:18:11,834 --> 00:18:15,200 THINGS THAT WE HAVE ANSWERS TO THAT WE CAN ADDRESS. 337 00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:17,100 THE BIG ISSUE HAS TO DO WITH, 338 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:19,868 DO PEOPLE REALLY WANT TO HAVE WOLVES BACK IN THE 339 00:18:19,968 --> 00:18:23,200 WILD IN THE SOUTHWEST, AND MOSTLY WHAT I HEAR IS YES 340 00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:25,734 THEY WOULD LIKE THE WOLVES HOWLING IN THE MOUNTAINS 341 00:18:25,834 --> 00:18:37,133 OF THE SOUTHWEST. WITHOUT THE HOWL OF THE WOLF, 342 00:18:37,234 --> 00:18:39,968 NATURE'S MUSIC WOULD BE LESS DIVERSE. 343 00:18:40,067 --> 00:18:44,467 I GUESS THAT'S AN AESTHETIC HOOK, HOOKING PEOPLE TO WOLVES. 344 00:18:44,567 --> 00:18:46,434 BUT PEOPLE ARE HOOKED INTO DIVERSITY 345 00:18:46,534 --> 00:18:49,367 IN OTHER WAYS WE DON'T EVEN REALIZE. 346 00:18:49,467 --> 00:18:54,567 AND SOME ARE MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH. DIET, FOR INSTANCE. 347 00:18:54,667 --> 00:18:57,167 WE IN THE U.S. DON'T GIVE MUCH THOUGHT TO DESERT PLANTS FOR THE 348 00:18:57,267 --> 00:19:01,534 DINNER TABLE. BUT I'LL TELL YOU WHAT, READING THE LATEST FIGURES 349 00:19:01,634 --> 00:19:08,400 ON HEART DISEASE MAY JUST AWAKEN YOUR CRAVING FOR PRICKLY PEARS. 350 00:19:08,501 --> 00:19:10,501 PRICKLY PEAR HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME TO 351 00:19:10,601 --> 00:19:12,434 HAVE AN EFFECT ON PLASMA CHOLESTEROL. 352 00:19:12,534 --> 00:19:15,100 I MEAN, THIS IS LIKE SOMETHING IN MEXICO, 353 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,868 LIKE AN OLD WIVES' TALE THAT PRICKLY PEAR IS GOOD 354 00:19:18,968 --> 00:19:20,400 FOR EVERYTHING YOU CAN THINK OF, 355 00:19:20,501 --> 00:19:25,400 NOT ONLY CHOLESTEROL, DIABETES, CANCER, WHATEVER. 356 00:19:25,501 --> 00:19:28,133 IN THIS LAB WE WORK WITH GUINEA PIGS, 357 00:19:28,234 --> 00:19:31,634 THAT'S OUR ANIMAL MODEL, AND IT'S WHAT WE ARE USING 358 00:19:31,734 --> 00:19:34,000 TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF PECTIN. 359 00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:38,067 AND WE HAVE FOUND THAT PECTIN DECREASES TOTAL 360 00:19:38,167 --> 00:19:40,567 CHOLESTEROL IN GUINEA PIGS. 361 00:19:40,667 --> 00:19:42,801 AND IT DECREASES LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN, 362 00:19:42,901 --> 00:19:47,501 WHICH IS KNOWN AS THE BAD CHOLESTEROL. 363 00:19:47,601 --> 00:19:50,100 THE PECTIN IS SENT TO ME AS A POWDER, 364 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:52,868 THAT'S THE WAY IT IS AFTER ISOLATION, AND WE 365 00:19:52,968 --> 00:19:55,634 INCORPORATE IT INTO THE PELLETS THAT WE FEED THE GUINEA PIGS. 366 00:19:55,734 --> 00:20:00,300 SO IT'S PART OF THE DIET OF THE GUINEA PIGS AND ITS 367 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:07,334 TASTELESS SO THEY DON'T EVEN NOTICE IT. THEY JUST EAT IT. 368 00:20:07,434 --> 00:20:09,901 WE ARE GIVING THE GUINEA PIGS TWO DIFFERENT DIETS. 369 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:14,067 ONE DIET WE CALL OUR CONTROL DIET, WHICH HAS A RELATIVELY 370 00:20:14,167 --> 00:20:17,801 HIGH AMOUNT OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE DIET. AND THEN WE FEED THE 371 00:20:17,901 --> 00:20:22,234 SAME DIET TO WHICH WE ADD PECTIN AND WE COMPARE. 372 00:20:22,334 --> 00:20:26,100 AND FIRST, THE FIRST THING WE NOTICED IS THAT TOTAL 373 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:27,434 CHOLESTEROL, AS I SAID BEFORE, 374 00:20:27,534 --> 00:20:28,868 WAS DECREASED BY INTAKE OF PECTIN. 375 00:20:28,968 --> 00:20:33,367 AND FIRST WE TRIED TO FIGURE WHICH LIPOPROTEIN 376 00:20:33,467 --> 00:20:36,133 HAD DECREASED AND IT WAS LOW-DENSITY LEVEL PROTEIN, 377 00:20:36,234 --> 00:20:37,934 WHICH IS THE BAD CHOLESTEROL. 378 00:20:38,033 --> 00:20:41,167 AND THEN AFTER WE WERE INTERESTED IN THE MECHANISMS. 379 00:20:41,267 --> 00:20:46,868 WHY, WHY DOES IT HAPPEN? 380 00:20:46,968 --> 00:20:50,901 WHAT WE HAVE FOUND SO FAR IS THAT THE ANIMALS THAT 381 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:57,067 ARE ON THE PECTIN DIET EXPRESS MORE LDL RECEPTORS; HEPATIC 382 00:20:57,167 --> 00:21:01,000 LDL RECEPTORS THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE BODY, LDL RECEPTORS. 383 00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:03,634 THAT MEANS THAT THEY REMOVED THE LOW-DENSITY 384 00:21:03,734 --> 00:21:07,167 LIPOPROTEIN FROM THE CIRCULATION AND THAT'S WHY THEY 385 00:21:07,267 --> 00:21:14,400 HAVE LESS CHOLESTEROL THAN THE ANIMALS ON THE CONTROLLED DIET. 386 00:21:14,501 --> 00:21:16,534 WE CHOOSE THE GUINEA PIG AS THE ANIMAL MODEL 387 00:21:16,634 --> 00:21:19,934 BECAUSE IT HAS A LOT OF SIMILARITIES TO HUMANS. 388 00:21:20,033 --> 00:21:24,434 NOW MOST ANIMAL MODELS DO NOT HAVE HIGH LDL AS WE 389 00:21:24,534 --> 00:21:29,601 HUMANS DO, SO THEY ARE NOT GOOD MODELS. GUINEA PIGS 390 00:21:29,701 --> 00:21:32,133 HAVE HIGH LDL IS WHY WE CHOOSE IT AS OUR ANIMAL MODEL. 391 00:21:32,234 --> 00:21:34,234 SO AT THIS POINT WE'RE JUST TRYING TO STUDY THE 392 00:21:34,334 --> 00:21:37,734 MECHANISMS BY WHICH PECTIN DECREASES THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL 393 00:21:37,834 --> 00:21:42,300 AND IT'S HARD TO EXTRAPOLATE TO HUMANS. 394 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:43,701 I DON'T KNOW HOW TO SAY. WE WILL HAVE 395 00:21:43,801 --> 00:21:46,767 TO DO A CLINICAL STUDY TO SEE HOW IT WORKS IN HUMANS. 396 00:21:46,868 --> 00:21:50,400 BUT IT DEFINITELY WORKS IN GUINEA PIGS. 397 00:21:50,501 --> 00:21:53,400 NOT ALL PEOPLE ARE JUST NOW WAKING UP TO HOW 398 00:21:53,501 --> 00:21:56,033 HOOKED INTO NATURE WE ARE. 399 00:21:56,133 --> 00:21:59,167 SOME FOLKS HAVE RECOGNIZED FOR A LONG TIME THAT 400 00:21:59,267 --> 00:22:03,300 ANIMAL AND PLANT DIVERSITY RANKS RIGHT UP THERE WITH 401 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:07,067 THE TELEPHONE AND THE CAN OPENER FOR KEEPING US GOING. 402 00:22:07,167 --> 00:22:13,367 FOR THESE PEOPLE THE HOOKS FEEL LIKE REVERENCE. 403 00:22:13,467 --> 00:22:15,934 WELL, I STRONGLY BELIEVE THAT CORN IS THE 404 00:22:16,033 --> 00:22:19,200 FOUNDATION OF EVERYTHING THAT WE DO; 405 00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:23,934 OF OUR LIFESTYLE, OUR RELIGION, OUR CULTURE. 406 00:22:24,033 --> 00:22:29,367 WHEN A CHILD'S BORN THEY'RE PRESENTED WITH AN 407 00:22:29,467 --> 00:22:33,133 EAR OF CORN AND THEY'RE TOLD THAT THE CORN, 408 00:22:33,234 --> 00:22:36,133 THESE TWO EARS, WHITE EARS OF CORN ARE THEIR MOTHERS. 409 00:22:36,234 --> 00:22:40,968 THEY'RE SYMBOLIC OF THE CHILD'S MOTHER, YOU KNOW. 410 00:22:41,067 --> 00:22:44,133 THAT JUST SHOWS THE CHILD THAT CORN IS GOING TO BE 411 00:22:44,234 --> 00:22:48,434 IN THEIR WHOLE LIFE. 412 00:22:48,534 --> 00:22:51,100 CULTURES CO-EVOLVE WITH THE PLANTS AROUND THEM, 413 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:52,400 WITH THE PLANTS THAT THEY USE. 414 00:22:52,501 --> 00:22:55,267 WHEN YOU GROW CORN, CORN BECOMES A PART OF YOUR LIFE. 415 00:22:55,367 --> 00:22:57,501 IT'S IN YOUR DANCES, IN YOUR SONGS, 416 00:22:57,601 --> 00:22:59,267 YOU KNOW HOW TO PLANT IT, WHEN TO PLANT IT. 417 00:22:59,367 --> 00:23:01,300 SO PLANTS BECOME PART OF THE CULTURE AND A VERY 418 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:06,601 IMPORTANT PART, BRINGING TO CULTURES THE SAME SORT 419 00:23:06,701 --> 00:23:13,133 OF DIVERSITY THAT YOU SEE IN WILDERNESS. 420 00:23:13,234 --> 00:23:18,501 THE O'ODHAM PEOPLE FEEL THAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS 421 00:23:18,601 --> 00:23:21,033 ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT AS PEOPLE. 422 00:23:21,133 --> 00:23:28,033 WE ARE, AS HUMAN BEINGS WE ARE NO HIGHER THAN THE, 423 00:23:28,133 --> 00:23:30,367 EVERYONE ELSE, EVERYTHING ELSE THAT'S LIVING. 424 00:23:30,467 --> 00:23:33,734 IN FACT, ALL OF THEM COMMONLY REFER TO ANIMALS 425 00:23:33,834 --> 00:23:39,767 AND PLANTS AND PEOPLE INTERCHANGEABLY AS PEOPLE. 426 00:23:39,868 --> 00:23:42,133 WE LIVE IN A MULTI-CULTURAL 427 00:23:42,234 --> 00:23:45,234 REGION--SEVENTY DIFFERENT INDIAN CULTURES ALONG THE 428 00:23:45,334 --> 00:23:50,801 BORDER, MEXICAN, HISPANIC HERITAGE AS WELL AS THE 429 00:23:50,901 --> 00:23:52,734 ANGLO AMERICAN HERITAGE HERE. 430 00:23:52,834 --> 00:23:54,501 AND I THINK WE HAVE TO MOVE TOWARDS A 431 00:23:54,601 --> 00:23:58,701 CROSS-CULTURAL CONSERVATION ETHIC THAT 432 00:23:58,801 --> 00:24:01,534 EVERY CULTURE CAN SHARE AND PARTICIPATE IN AND 433 00:24:01,634 --> 00:24:04,000 BRING THE TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FROM ITS OWN 434 00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:09,400 PARTICULAR CUSTOMS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL 435 00:24:09,501 --> 00:24:13,334 WORLD TO ALL OF US TO HELP PROTECT THESE PLANTS. 436 00:24:13,434 --> 00:24:19,334 BECAUSE EACH CULTURE HAS USED A DIFFERENT SET OF 437 00:24:19,434 --> 00:24:20,300 PLANTS AND IS AWARE OF THE VALUE OF EACH OF THESE 438 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:24,501 PLANTS IN A DIFFERENT WAY. 439 00:24:24,601 --> 00:24:26,801 NATIVE SEED SEARCH IS A NONPROFIT CONSERVATION 440 00:24:26,901 --> 00:24:28,801 GROUP AND WE'RE TEN YEARS OLD NOW. 441 00:24:28,901 --> 00:24:31,534 WE AROSE TO MEET A NEED THAT WE SAW ON THE INDIAN 442 00:24:31,634 --> 00:24:33,934 RESERVATIONS HERE IN THE SOUTHWEST WHERE MANY OF 443 00:24:34,033 --> 00:24:35,801 THE OLD VARIETIES OF CROPS, THE CORN, 444 00:24:35,901 --> 00:24:40,701 SQUASH AND BEANS, WERE BEING LOST. 445 00:24:40,801 --> 00:24:42,534 THE PLANTS THAT ARE STILL IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE, 446 00:24:42,634 --> 00:24:45,868 THAT PEOPLE STILL RELISH EATING, I THINK ARE SURVIVING THE BEST. 447 00:24:45,968 --> 00:24:50,200 AND ONE EXAMPLE PERHAPS ARE CHILES. IN THE WILD WE STILL 448 00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:53,767 FIND THE WILD CHILTEPINS, THE MOTHER OF CHILE. ALL OF 449 00:24:53,868 --> 00:24:56,367 THE CHILE PEPPERS INCLUDING FROM GREEN PEPPERS TO THE 450 00:24:56,467 --> 00:25:03,367 HOTTEST JALAPENO EVOLVED FROM THIS LITTLE WILD ROUND CHILE. 451 00:25:03,467 --> 00:25:05,701 SO YOU, YOU FIND IT EVOLVING, 452 00:25:05,801 --> 00:25:08,767 CO-EVOLVING WITH PEOPLE INTO ALL SORTS OF FORMS. 453 00:25:08,868 --> 00:25:10,467 THESE ARE A COUPLE OF TRADITIONAL CHILES THAT 454 00:25:10,567 --> 00:25:12,300 ARE USED IN THE SONORAN DESERT; 455 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:14,267 ONE THAT'S KIND OF A MILD DARKER ONE FOR THE 456 00:25:14,367 --> 00:25:19,133 DELICIOUS MOLE SAUCES AND A HOTTER CHILE DE ARBOL 457 00:25:19,234 --> 00:25:22,734 THAT'S USED TO FLAVOR A GOOD POT OF BEANS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 458 00:25:22,834 --> 00:25:24,834 PERHAPS ONE OF THE GREATEST GIFTS FROM THE 459 00:25:24,934 --> 00:25:27,033 NATIVE PEOPLES OF THIS REGION WILL PROVE TO BE 460 00:25:27,133 --> 00:25:29,300 THE CROPS THAT WE CAN GROW IN OUR BACKYARDS, 461 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:31,434 THAT HAVE THE RESISTANCE TO THE LOCAL PESTS, 462 00:25:31,534 --> 00:25:34,067 THAT GROW UNDER THE EXTREME DESERT CONDITIONS HERE. 463 00:25:34,167 --> 00:25:36,234 AND WE FOUND THAT THERE'S HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF 464 00:25:36,334 --> 00:25:41,234 GARDENERS THAT LOVE EXPERIMENTING WITH THESE CROPS. 465 00:25:41,334 --> 00:25:44,601 IT'S ALMOST LIKE SOME CULTURES HAVE A FEEL FOR NATURAL 466 00:25:44,701 --> 00:25:49,067 DIVERSITY. MAYBE WE GREW AWAY FROM IT AT SOME POINT WHEN 467 00:25:49,167 --> 00:25:52,300 WE MOVED INTO TOWN FROM THE FARM. 468 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:54,734 BUT IF WE'D LIKE TO TAP BACK INTO IT, 469 00:25:54,834 --> 00:25:57,901 IT SURE MAKES SENSE TO START BY GETTING A HANDLE 470 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:06,467 ON SOME OF THESE HISTORIC LOCAL CROPS. 471 00:26:06,567 --> 00:26:09,267 BESIDES THE RIGHT CLIMATE AND CONDITIONS, 472 00:26:09,367 --> 00:26:14,033 WHAT IT TOOK TO WHIP UP ALL THIS NATURAL DIVERSITY IS TIME. 473 00:26:14,133 --> 00:26:16,667 AND WHO KNOWS, IN A ZILLION YEARS, 474 00:26:16,767 --> 00:26:20,501 MAYBE THERE'LL BE A LOT OF SPECIES WE NEVER IMAGINED. BUT 475 00:26:20,601 --> 00:26:25,200 RIGHT NOW IT SEEMS THE DIVERSITY IS NOT GAINING BUT SLIPPING. 476 00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,601 SURE, A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF SPECIES DISAPPEAR OVER THE 477 00:26:27,701 --> 00:26:32,167 LONG HAUL, BUT THE RATE NOW IS FASTER THAN IT USED TO BE. 478 00:26:32,267 --> 00:26:34,634 THAT'S WHY WE NEED THIS BIG PICTURE. 479 00:26:34,734 --> 00:26:36,701 THAT'S WHY THE EMPHASIS IS ON HOW LITTLE PIECES, 480 00:26:36,801 --> 00:26:40,901 LIKE THE LEMON LILY, FIT INTO THE BIG SYSTEM. 481 00:26:41,000 --> 00:27:37,901 [MUSIC] 482 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,834 MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY 483 00:27:40,934 --> 00:27:44,601 ASARCO, INC., AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NONFERROUS METALS 484 00:27:44,701 --> 00:27:47,501 AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. 485 00:27:47,601 --> 00:27:51,868 ASARCO, INC., ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES.