WEBVTT 00:04.534 --> 00:07.634 align:start MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY 00:07.734 --> 00:11.367 align:start ASARCO, INC., AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NONFERROUS METALS 00:11.467 --> 00:13.868 align:start AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. 00:13.968 --> 00:19.467 align:start ASARCO, INC., ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES. 00:19.567 --> 00:54.400 align:start [MUSIC/NATURE SOUNDS] 00:54.501 --> 00:58.567 align:start LOOKING OUT FOR WILDLIFE AND WILD PLACES IS NOTHING NEW, 00:58.667 --> 01:01.934 align:start BUT CONSERVATION IS BEING REDESIGNED. 01:02.033 --> 01:05.300 align:start BIODIVERSITY IS A FAIRLY NEW TERM AND IT COMES FROM NEW 01:05.400 --> 01:09.701 align:start THINKING. INSTEAD OF CLOSE-UPS OF SAY ONE OWL OR EVEN ONE 01:09.801 --> 01:13.534 align:start FOREST WE'RE TRYING TO ALSO PULL BACK AND GET A 01:13.634 --> 01:18.067 align:start BIG PICTURE OF WHY SO MANY SINGLE THINGS ARE IMPORTANT. 01:18.167 --> 01:22.267 align:start IT HELPS ME TO THINK OF IT IN TERMS OF, WELL, HOOKS. 01:22.367 --> 01:24.901 align:start EVERY PLANT AND ANIMAL, BIG AND LITTLE, 01:25.000 --> 01:27.601 align:start COMES WITH A BUNCH OF HOOKS, THE WAY I SEE IT. 01:27.701 --> 01:31.133 align:start THERE'S TWO KINDS: ON ONE SIDE EVERY LITTLE SPECIES 01:31.234 --> 01:35.133 align:start IS HOOKED INTO OTHER THINGS IN ITS SYSTEM THAT IT DEPENDS ON. 01:35.234 --> 01:37.901 align:start AND THEN ON THE OTHER SIDE IT'S ALSO HOOKED INTO ALL 01:38.000 --> 01:40.200 align:start THE THINGS THAT DEPEND ON IT. 01:40.300 --> 01:43.133 align:start WE'RE ONLY STARTING TO FIND ALL THESE CONNECTIONS. 01:43.234 --> 01:46.167 align:start BUT EVEN ALL THE SYSTEMS ARE HOOKED TOGETHER. 01:46.267 --> 01:48.100 align:start PRETTY SOON IT'S CLEAR THAT WE OURSELVES ARE 01:48.200 --> 01:52.467 align:start HOOKED INTO ONE BIG SYSTEM AND ALL THE PIECES ARE IMPORTANT. 01:52.567 --> 01:56.634 align:start BIODIVERSITY IS A WORD FOR THE VARIETY OF PIECES IN THE PUZZLE. 01:56.734 --> 01:59.868 align:start OF COURSE THE VARIETY ITSELF IS BEAUTIFUL, 01:59.968 --> 02:01.467 align:start WHICH IS A HOOK FOR US, TOO, 02:01.567 --> 02:03.501 align:start ESPECIALLY HERE IN THE DESERT. 02:03.601 --> 02:06.767 align:start BUT THE POINT IS, EVERY PIECE, EACH LITTLE SPECK, 02:06.868 --> 02:12.100 align:start SUSTAINS SOMETHING, MAYBE A CRICKET OR A LEMON LILY 02:12.200 --> 02:13.334 align:start AND THAT PIECE SUSTAINS SOME CRITTER THAT 02:13.434 --> 02:16.234 align:start FERTILIZES A TREE THAT HOUSES A BIRD THAT PLANTS 02:16.334 --> 02:24.701 align:start A FOREST THAT SCRUBS THE AIR. EVERYTHING MATTERS. 02:24.801 --> 02:25.968 align:start WHEN WE THINK ABOUT BIODIVERSITY, 02:26.067 --> 02:28.734 align:start THE TYPICAL RESPONSE PEOPLE HAVE IS TO LOOK 02:28.834 --> 02:31.801 align:start AROUND AND THINK ABOUT THE SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND 02:31.901 --> 02:34.734 align:start PLANTS THAT ARE AT A PARTICULAR AREA. 02:34.834 --> 02:37.567 align:start SO THEY ASK ME, WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY HERE? 02:37.667 --> 02:39.501 align:start THEY LOOK AND THEY SEE THE MESQUITE TREES AND THE 02:39.601 --> 02:41.400 align:start GRASSES AND THE DEER THAT ARE HERE. 02:41.501 --> 02:44.667 align:start THAT'S THE FIRST CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY THAT PEOPLE HAVE. 02:44.767 --> 02:49.300 align:start HOWEVER, IN REALITY BIODIVERSITY HAS MANY DIFFERENT LEVELS. 02:49.400 --> 02:53.968 align:start BIODIVERSITY INCLUDES THE GENETIC COMPONENT OF THE 02:54.067 --> 02:56.767 align:start PLANTS AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS THAT YOU SEE OUT HERE. 02:56.868 --> 03:01.133 align:start IT INCLUDES THE VARIATION BETWEEN LOCATIONS. 03:01.234 --> 03:03.767 align:start FOR EXAMPLE, WE SEE AN ASSEMBLAGE OF SPECIES 03:03.868 --> 03:06.067 align:start HERE, HOWEVER, UP ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE BEHIND US 03:06.167 --> 03:08.501 align:start THERE'S A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT GROUP OF ANIMALS 03:08.601 --> 03:10.267 align:start AND PLANTS THAT LIVE UP THERE. 03:10.367 --> 03:12.234 align:start SIMILARLY, IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY BELOW US 03:12.334 --> 03:15.000 align:start HERE THERE'S A COMPLETELY, ANOTHER COMPLETELY 03:15.100 --> 03:17.234 align:start DIFFERENT ASSEMBLAGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN THE 03:17.334 --> 03:19.200 align:start COMMUNITY IN THE VALLEY BOTTOM. 03:19.300 --> 03:21.534 align:start SO, YOU KNOW, IN A REGIONAL SENSE 03:21.634 --> 03:24.534 align:start BIODIVERSITY IS COMPOSED OF ALL OF THOSE DIFFERENT 03:24.634 --> 03:26.567 align:start POPULATIONS. 03:26.667 --> 03:30.567 align:start AND ON A YET ANOTHER SCALE WE SEE COMMUNITIES OF 03:30.667 --> 03:33.334 align:start SPECIES DOWN IN SONORA TO THE SOUTH OF US THAT ARE COMPLETELY 03:33.434 --> 03:38.400 align:start DIFFERENT FROM ANYTHING WE SEE HERE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 03:38.501 --> 03:40.634 align:start IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE DIVERSITY THAT WE THINK OF 03:40.734 --> 03:43.067 align:start AS BEING OURS IN THESE MOUNTAIN CANYONS, 03:43.167 --> 03:46.133 align:start WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THE FACT THAT THESE ANIMALS GO 03:46.234 --> 03:48.434 align:start DOWN ALL THE WAY TO SOUTHERN MEXICO OCCUPYING 03:48.534 --> 03:51.834 align:start A SERIES OF DIFFERENT HABITATS ON THE WAY, ALL 03:51.934 --> 03:55.200 align:start OF WHICH HAVE TO BE PROTECTED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN WHAT 03:55.300 --> 03:57.834 align:start WE THINK OF AS OUR DIVERSITY HERE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 03:57.934 --> 04:00.801 align:start SO DIVERSITY TAKES ON A MUCH BROADER GEOGRAPHIC AND 04:00.901 --> 04:05.033 align:start INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HABITAT REQUIREMENTS 04:05.133 --> 04:08.834 align:start OF SOME OF THESE SPECIES THAT MIGRATE LONG DISTANCES. 04:08.934 --> 04:10.868 align:start IN LOOKING AT A GRADING FOR EXAMPLE FROM THE 04:10.968 --> 04:13.267 align:start BOTTOM OF THE TUCSON VALLEY HERE UP TO THE TOP 04:13.367 --> 04:15.133 align:start OF MOUNT WRIGHTSON BEHIND US, 04:15.234 --> 04:17.133 align:start WE SEE TWO PRINCIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 04:17.234 --> 04:20.000 align:start OPERATING THAT HELP CONTROL DIVERSITY. 04:20.100 --> 04:23.267 align:start ONE OF THOSE IS AVAILABLE MOISTURE AND ONE OF THOSE 04:23.367 --> 04:25.901 align:start IS TEMPERATURE, ESPECIALLY FREEZING TEMPERATURE. 04:26.000 --> 04:29.167 align:start AND WE FIND THAT AT BOTH ENDS OF THIS GRADIENT IS 04:29.267 --> 04:30.634 align:start WHERE THE DIVERSITY IS THE LOWEST. 04:30.734 --> 04:32.000 align:start AT THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAINS WHERE IT'S VERY 04:32.100 --> 04:34.901 align:start COLD, A NUMBER OF SPECIES THAT ARE SENSITIVE TO COLD 04:35.000 --> 04:37.467 align:start ARE ELIMINATED FROM THERE BY VIRTUE OF THOSE COLD 04:37.567 --> 04:39.334 align:start TEMPERATURES, EVEN THOUGH THERE'S A LOT OF RAIN UP THERE. 04:39.434 --> 04:41.767 align:start AT THE OTHER END OF THE SCALE, 04:41.868 --> 04:43.300 align:start DOWN IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY, 04:43.400 --> 04:45.234 align:start EVEN THOUGH IT'S WARM THERE YEAR ROUND, 04:45.334 --> 04:46.601 align:start IT MAY NOT FREEZE DOWN THERE, 04:46.701 --> 04:49.167 align:start IT'S SO DRY THAT ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIES CAN SURVIVE 04:49.267 --> 04:52.067 align:start THE VERY DRY CONDITIONS IN THE BOTTOM OF THE VALLEY. 04:52.167 --> 04:54.767 align:start SO LOOKING AT THIS GRADIENT OF INTERACTING 04:54.868 --> 04:57.200 align:start ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES, INCREASING MOISTURE AND 04:57.300 --> 05:00.467 align:start DECREASING TEMPERATURE, WE SEE THAT SOMEWHERE RIGHT IN THE 05:00.567 --> 05:02.467 align:start MIDDLE HERE IN THE FOOTHILLS NEAR WHERE WE'RE SITTING 05:02.567 --> 05:10.033 align:start NOW, IS WHERE WE SEE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF LOCAL DIVERSITY. 05:10.133 --> 05:12.367 align:start SO WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ON A 05:12.467 --> 05:14.067 align:start SERIES OF DIFFERENT LEVELS. 05:14.167 --> 05:18.000 align:start ON A GENETIC LEVEL, ON A SPECIES POPULATION LEVEL, 05:18.100 --> 05:20.701 align:start ON A LOCAL COMMUNITY LEVEL, 05:20.801 --> 05:22.467 align:start AND THEN FINALLY ON A REGIONAL, 05:22.567 --> 05:24.901 align:start ON A GEOGRAPHIC SCALE, LOOKING AT PATTERNS OF 05:25.000 --> 05:30.334 align:start VARIATION BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES. 05:30.434 --> 05:32.667 align:start SO THAT THINKING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 05:32.767 --> 05:34.834 align:start BECOMES COMPLICATED VERY FAST. 05:34.934 --> 05:37.567 align:start ADDITIONALLY, MANY PEOPLE THROW IN THE IDEA OF THE 05:37.667 --> 05:41.234 align:start NATURAL PROCESSES THAT HELP MAINTAIN DIVERSITY. 05:41.334 --> 05:43.634 align:start SO ON TOP OF JUST THE SPECIES THEMSELVES WE HAVE 05:43.734 --> 05:46.367 align:start TO THINK ABOUT THOSE NATURAL PROCESSES, 05:46.467 --> 05:49.300 align:start SUCH AS FIRE IN THIS AREA, SUCH AS THE HYDROLOGICAL 05:49.400 --> 05:54.033 align:start PROCESSES IN THE WATERSHEDS AND STREAMS IN THIS AREA. 05:54.133 --> 05:56.467 align:start WE HAVE TO THINK OF THE PROCESSES LIKE THE 05:56.567 --> 05:59.634 align:start SEASONALITY OF RAINFALL, SUMMER RAIN VERSUS WINTER RAIN. 05:59.734 --> 06:02.801 align:start SO THAT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF MAINTAINING 06:02.901 --> 06:05.667 align:start BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IS A WHOLE SERIES OF NATURAL, 06:05.767 --> 06:10.100 align:start SOME PHYSICAL, PROCESSES THAT HELP SUPPORT THAT DIVERSITY. 06:10.200 --> 06:13.000 align:start SO THAT THAT WHOLE ASSEMBLAGE OF PATTERNS, 06:13.100 --> 06:15.367 align:start OF POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, 06:15.467 --> 06:18.501 align:start AND FINALLY ECOSYSTEM AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL 06:18.601 --> 06:21.634 align:start STRUCTURE, COMPRISE WHAT WE THINK OF AS BIOLOGICAL 06:21.734 --> 06:27.767 align:start DIVERSITY IN THE BROADEST SENSE. 06:27.868 --> 06:30.901 align:start LIVING THINGS AND NATURAL PROCESSES TAKEN TOGETHER 06:31.000 --> 06:34.033 align:start MAKE A SYSTEM AND SYSTEMS ARE THE KEY TO 06:34.133 --> 06:37.300 align:start UNDERSTANDING HOW TO HOLD ON TO DIVERSITY. 06:37.400 --> 06:40.400 align:start WHEN YOU'RE CONCERNED ABOUT ONE LITTLE SPECIES, FOR EXAMPLE, 06:40.501 --> 06:46.901 align:start YOU LOOK FIRST AT THE SYSTEM IT LIVES WITH, ITS HOME. 06:47.000 --> 06:49.200 align:start SOUTH OF SIERRA VISTA, ARIZONA, 06:49.300 --> 06:53.033 align:start A RARE FLOWER CALLED THE LEMON LILY IS HANGING TO A 06:53.133 --> 06:55.434 align:start LITTLE SYSTEM CALLED RAMSEY CANYON, 06:55.534 --> 07:05.234 align:start UP IN THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS. THEY SEEM TO DO WELL HERE. 07:05.334 --> 07:06.934 align:start I'VE GOT HIGH HOPES FOR THIS BUNCH. 07:07.033 --> 07:12.133 align:start AND THIS IS A SITE THAT IS ONE THAT WE PLANTED. 07:12.234 --> 07:13.501 align:start THE WAS, THERE WAS A HISTORIC SITE AND I THINK 07:13.601 --> 07:16.234 align:start IT WAS UNDER THE WATERFALL WHEN THE STREAMS CHANGED COURSE... 07:16.334 --> 07:18.801 align:start IT'S A WIDE MIX OF ANIMALS HERE, AND PLANTS, 07:18.901 --> 07:21.501 align:start HERE IN THE HUACHUCAS, AND RAMSEY BEING A COOL MOIST 07:21.601 --> 07:24.267 align:start CANYON WITH PERMANENT WATER PROVIDES AN OASIS 07:24.367 --> 07:27.467 align:start AND KIND OF AN ALMOST A TROPICAL HABITAT SO THAT 07:27.567 --> 07:30.300 align:start FERNS AND ORCHIDS AND TROGONS AND HUMMINGBIRDS 07:30.400 --> 07:33.868 align:start AND THINGS LIKE THAT FIND A HOME HERE AT RAMSEY. 07:33.968 --> 07:36.801 align:start THE LEMON LILY GROWS RIGHT ALONGSIDE THE CREEK SIDE AND 07:36.901 --> 07:40.200 align:start THAT'S ONE OF ITS, ONE OF THE REASONS THAT IT'S SO VULNERABLE. 07:40.300 --> 07:41.968 align:start IT'S VULNERABLE TO FLOODING AND FLOODING IS 07:42.067 --> 07:46.601 align:start OFTEN TIMES ACCENTUATED BY WILDFIRES IN THE UPPER CANYON. 07:46.701 --> 07:49.334 align:start THE BIGGEST THREAT TO THE LEMON LILY IS REALLY FLOODING 07:49.434 --> 07:54.667 align:start AND, KIND OF BY EXTENSION, FIRE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. 07:54.767 --> 07:56.901 align:start THE FIRE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THROUGH THE 07:57.000 --> 07:59.167 align:start YEARS HAVE, WE'VE KIND OF GOTTEN OUT OF THE NATURAL 07:59.267 --> 08:01.601 align:start FIRE REGIME SO THAT WHEN WE DO HAVE FIRES NOW, 08:01.701 --> 08:05.934 align:start THEY CAN BE VERY DEVASTATING. 08:06.033 --> 08:08.300 align:start IT IS THE ONLY MEMBER OF THE GENUS LILIUM THAT'S 08:08.400 --> 08:10.567 align:start FOUND HERE IN ARIZONA. 08:10.667 --> 08:12.334 align:start KIND OF A SPOTTY DISTRIBUTION, 08:12.434 --> 08:17.267 align:start PROBABLY LESS THAN TWO THOUSAND PLANTS WORLDWIDE. 08:17.367 --> 08:21.367 align:start THE LEMON LILY IS REALLY KIND OF A SEVERE EXAMPLE 08:21.467 --> 08:24.667 align:start BECAUSE THIS IS A PLANT THAT HAS DROPPED FROM OVER 08:24.767 --> 08:27.968 align:start ONE HUNDRED PLANTS IN RAMSEY, AT ONE TIME, WE HAD LESS 08:28.067 --> 08:31.200 align:start THAN TWENTY PLANTS AND WERE DOWN TO JUST A COUPLE OF FLOWERS. 08:31.300 --> 08:34.634 align:start AND WE BEGAN TO WONDER WHAT HAPPENED TO THE LILY, WHETHER 08:34.734 --> 08:37.767 align:start IT WAS MAN-CAUSED, WHETHER IT WAS JUST A NATURAL DECLINE. 08:37.868 --> 08:40.634 align:start ONCE WE DECIDED THAT THIS WAS A MAN-CAUSED DECLINE, 08:40.734 --> 08:42.801 align:start THEN WE HAD TO STEP IN AND TAKE SOME PRETTY DRASTIC 08:42.901 --> 08:46.133 align:start ACTIONS RIGHT DOWN TO HAND POLLINATING THE LAST 08:46.234 --> 08:50.033 align:start COUPLE OF FLOWERS SO THAT WE WOULD HAVE SEEDS TO THEN BEGIN 08:50.133 --> 08:54.634 align:start REPLANTING LEMON LILIES IN AREAS WHERE THEY SHOULD OCCUR. THIS 08:54.734 --> 09:02.467 align:start IS MUCH MORE HANDS-ON MANAGEMENT THAN WE USUALLY GET INVOLVED IN. 09:02.567 --> 09:06.968 align:start OKAY, THIS IS SITE C AND WE'LL COUNT MULTI-LEAF 09:07.067 --> 09:11.234 align:start PLANTS, THE HEIGHT AND THE NUMBER OF LEAVES. OKAY. 09:11.334 --> 09:13.167 align:start WHAT WE'VE DONE IN THE LAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS 09:13.267 --> 09:14.968 align:start WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE FOREST SERVICE, 09:15.067 --> 09:17.100 align:start SINCE MOST OF THE POPULATION IS UP ON FOREST 09:17.200 --> 09:20.334 align:start SERVICE LAND AS WELL, WE MONITOR EACH YEAR AS THE 09:20.434 --> 09:22.901 align:start LILIES COME UP, MONITOR THE NUMBER OF PLANTS AND 09:23.000 --> 09:26.367 align:start THE SIZE, WATCH FOR THE FLOWERS. 09:26.467 --> 09:28.501 align:start IN A COUPLE OF INSTANCES WE WERE ABLE TO COLLECT 09:28.601 --> 09:31.968 align:start SEEDS AND PLANT LEMON LILLY SEEDS IN WHAT WE 09:32.067 --> 09:35.601 align:start DEEMED APPROPRIATE HABITAT AND THEN MONITOR THE SURVIVAL THERE. 09:35.701 --> 09:38.234 align:start SO WE HOPEFULLY CAN GET SOME NEW POPULATIONS GOING 09:38.334 --> 09:40.434 align:start SO THAT ONE CATASTROPHIC EVENT, 09:40.534 --> 09:43.367 align:start A FLOOD IN ONE PARTICULAR AREA WOULDN'T WIPE OUT ALL 09:43.467 --> 09:46.334 align:start OF THE LEMON LILIES HERE IN RAMSEY. 09:46.434 --> 09:47.734 align:start I THINK THE CHANCES ARE GOOD. 09:47.834 --> 09:49.734 align:start YOU KNOW, FIVE YEARS AGO WHEN WE BEGAN LOOKING AT 09:49.834 --> 09:52.100 align:start LEMON LILIES, IT DIDN'T LOOK SO GOOD. 09:52.200 --> 09:55.033 align:start AND IN FACT, ONE REPORT SAID, YOU KNOW, IN FIVE YEARS THE 09:55.133 --> 09:56.701 align:start LEMON LILY WILL BE GONE FROM RAMSEY CANYON. 09:56.801 --> 09:58.567 align:start WELL, THE FIVE YEARS ARE UP AND THEY'RE NOT GONE, 09:58.667 --> 10:01.434 align:start THEY'RE STILL HANGING ON. 10:01.534 --> 10:03.534 align:start YOU KNOW IT'S A MATTER OF REALIZING THAT NO ONE 10:03.634 --> 10:06.501 align:start SPECIES IS REALLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANOTHER. 10:06.601 --> 10:08.901 align:start IT'S EASY TO GET PEOPLE EXCITED ABOUT SAVING THE 10:09.000 --> 10:11.968 align:start WHALES AND SAVING THE EAGLES AND THE TIGERS AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 10:12.067 --> 10:14.334 align:start WHEN IT GETS DOWN TO LILIES AND BATS AND FROGS 10:14.434 --> 10:16.033 align:start AND SNAKES AND THINGS LIKE THAT, 10:16.133 --> 10:18.167 align:start THEY SAY WELL I DON'T KNOW IF WE NEED TO SAVE ALL OF THOSE. 10:18.267 --> 10:20.334 align:start AND YET IN THE GREATER SCHEME OF THINGS, 10:20.434 --> 10:23.567 align:start THEY ALL FIT TOGETHER IN THE SAME WEB AND NO ONE IS 10:23.667 --> 10:27.834 align:start MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANOTHER. 10:27.934 --> 10:30.968 align:start WHAT GRABS OUR ATTENTION ABOUT CERTAIN PLANTS OR 10:31.067 --> 10:34.968 align:start ANIMALS IS WHETHER OR NOT THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN OUR LIVES. 10:35.067 --> 10:38.167 align:start SOME THINGS WE'RE ATTACHED TO 'CAUSE THEY'RE FAMILIAR. 10:38.267 --> 10:42.234 align:start OTHERS CATCH OUR EYE BECAUSE THEY'RE SO UNFAMILIAR. 10:42.334 --> 10:45.033 align:start BUT THE AREA IN BETWEEN DOESN'T GET OUR ATTENTION 10:45.133 --> 10:48.534 align:start UNTIL WE LEARN ABOUT THE HOOKS AND CONNECTIONS. 10:48.634 --> 10:51.067 align:start WHEN WE KNOW HOW THE PARTS OF THE SYSTEM HELP KEEP THE WORLD 10:51.167 --> 10:54.400 align:start TICKING, THEN WE WANT TO GET OUT THERE AND VISIT WITH MORE 10:54.501 --> 11:02.834 align:start OF 'EM. ABSOLUTELY EVERY ASPECT OF HUMAN SURVIVAL IS BASED ON 11:02.934 --> 11:06.200 align:start BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. 11:06.300 --> 11:09.801 align:start IN BIOLOGY THERE IS A COMPLEXITY THAT'S BASED ON 11:09.901 --> 11:12.801 align:start MANY SYSTEMS THAT NEED TO INTER-REACT, 11:12.901 --> 11:15.601 align:start THAT'S PROBABLY MOST ANALOGOUS TO THE ECONOMIES 11:15.701 --> 11:16.701 align:start THAT WE LIKE TO THINK ABOUT; 11:16.801 --> 11:20.000 align:start A HEALTHY ECONOMY BEING ONE WHICH IS DIVERSIFIED, 11:20.100 --> 11:22.033 align:start WHERE IT TAKES SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF 11:22.133 --> 11:25.100 align:start EMPLOYMENT IN A LOCAL AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE A STRONG 11:25.200 --> 11:27.834 align:start INTERACTIVE AND HEALTHY ECONOMY. 11:27.934 --> 11:30.400 align:start THE VERY SAME IS TRUE FOR BIODIVERSITY. 11:30.501 --> 11:33.501 align:start IT'S IN THE INTERACTIVITY OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT 11:33.601 --> 11:36.300 align:start LEVELS WITHIN THAT SYSTEM, WHETHER IT'S AN ECONOMIC OR 11:36.400 --> 11:46.467 align:start A BIOLOGIC SYSTEM, THAT WHEREIN LIES THE HEALTH OF THE THING. 11:46.567 --> 11:49.400 align:start WELL, ECOTOURISM, IT SOUNDS LIKE IT WOULD BE 11:49.501 --> 11:54.000 align:start JUST A SIMPLE CROSSOVER BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND TOURISM. 11:54.100 --> 11:56.267 align:start IT ISN'T SIMPLY TAKING PEOPLE OUT AND SHOWING 11:56.367 --> 11:58.434 align:start THEM THE NATURAL HISTORY, ALTHOUGH THAT CERTAINLY IS 11:58.534 --> 12:01.400 align:start AN ASPECT AND THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNDAMENTAL PART 12:01.501 --> 12:04.434 align:start OF THAT WOULD BE KIND OF AN INTELLECTUAL RECREATION 12:04.534 --> 12:05.701 align:start THAT PEOPLE SEEM TO CRAVE. 12:05.801 --> 12:07.634 align:start BUT THE ADDITIONAL ELEMENT IS THAT IT'S A TOURISM 12:07.734 --> 12:12.100 align:start THAT'S BASED ON THE PREMISE THAT THE 12:12.200 --> 12:13.167 align:start SUSTAINABILITY OF THE VERY THINGS THAT ATTRACT PEOPLE 12:13.267 --> 12:14.968 align:start TO COME LOOK AT THEM HAS GOT TO BE ASSURED BY THE 12:15.067 --> 12:17.634 align:start VERY PRACTICE OF ECOTOURISM ITSELF. 12:17.734 --> 12:21.067 align:start MONEY MUST BE LEFT BEHIND THAT CAN ASSURE THAT THE 12:21.167 --> 12:23.567 align:start THING THAT PEOPLE CAME TO SEE IS GOING TO BE THERE 12:23.667 --> 12:25.834 align:start FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO COME TO SEE IN THE FUTURE. 12:25.934 --> 12:30.701 align:start SO ECOTOURISM IS BOTH A GIVE AND A TAKE, IT'S A MIX. 12:30.801 --> 12:33.300 align:start WHAT WE'RE SEEING IN PLACES LIKE RAMSEY CANYON 12:33.400 --> 12:35.300 align:start IS THAT A LOT OF AMERICA'S TOURISTS ARE NOW 12:35.400 --> 12:38.834 align:start INTERESTED IN THIS INTELLECTUAL RECREATION. 12:38.934 --> 12:41.534 align:start BIRD WATCHING IS BIG BUSINESS. 12:41.634 --> 12:43.968 align:start PEOPLE ARE COMING TO ARIZONA IN DROVES IN ORDER 12:44.067 --> 12:46.534 align:start TO SEE MORE OF THE WILDLIFE THAT THEY'VE SEEN 12:46.634 --> 12:49.701 align:start PICTURED IN ARIZONA HIGHWAYS MAGAZINE. 12:49.801 --> 12:54.467 align:start RECENTLY, WE ENGAGED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 12:54.567 --> 12:58.067 align:start THE WORK SERVICES OF SOME AGRICULTURE ECONOMISTS, 12:58.167 --> 13:00.901 align:start WHO ACTUALLY CAME TO RAMSEY CANYON AND THE 13:01.000 --> 13:04.434 align:start BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT MANAGED SAN PEDRO NATIONAL 13:04.534 --> 13:07.834 align:start CONSERVATION AREA, AND THEY DISCERNED WHAT WE 13:07.934 --> 13:10.501 align:start KNEW AND HAVE BEEN TELLING PEOPLE FOR SOME YEARS, 13:10.601 --> 13:12.634 align:start IS THAT THESE BIRD WATCHING TOURISTS ARE 13:12.734 --> 13:15.133 align:start BRINGING AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF NEW INCOME INTO 13:15.234 --> 13:17.267 align:start THIS ECONOMY OF SIERRA VISTA. 13:17.367 --> 13:19.133 align:start IN FACT, NEARLY THREE MILLION DOLLARS OF 13:19.234 --> 13:22.000 align:start ADDITIONAL MONEY IS COMING INTO THIS ECONOMY, 13:22.100 --> 13:26.000 align:start ESPECIALLY AND SPECIFICALLY BY BIRD WATCHERS. 13:26.100 --> 13:27.901 align:start [SHUTTER SNAPPING] 13:28.000 --> 13:29.100 align:start IF I WERE THE GOVERNOR, 13:29.200 --> 13:31.567 align:start OR I WERE THE LEGISLATURE, AND I WAS ASKED WHAT WOULD 13:31.667 --> 13:35.734 align:start BE THE BEST AND MOST SURE FIRE WAY OF ASSURING THAT 13:35.834 --> 13:38.501 align:start THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY WHICH APPEARS TO BE THE 13:38.601 --> 13:41.434 align:start BAIT THAT'S ATTRACTING THESE ECOTOURISTS TO 13:41.534 --> 13:43.701 align:start ARIZONA, THE SIMPLE, SINGLE ANSWER THAT I WOULD 13:43.801 --> 13:46.834 align:start GIVE THEM IS PROTECT HABITATS, 13:46.934 --> 13:49.133 align:start PARTICULARLY THE RIPARIAN HABITAT. 13:49.234 --> 13:52.300 align:start IT'S THE ENTIRE MECHANISM, WHICH HAS EVOLVED OVER 13:52.400 --> 13:55.634 align:start MILLIONS OF YEARS, THAT'S KEPT THESE SPECIES AND 13:55.734 --> 14:00.567 align:start THESE WORKING MECHANISMS INTACT. 14:00.667 --> 14:02.567 align:start WE NEED TO PROTECT THE ENTIRE, WELL, 14:02.667 --> 14:04.968 align:start THE STREAMS AND THE RIVERS OF ARIZONA AND THEN WE'LL 14:05.067 --> 14:06.968 align:start HAVE AN ARIZONA THAT'S GOING TO BE INTERESTING TO THE REST 14:07.067 --> 14:12.000 align:start OF THE NATION AND THE REST OF THE WORLD FOR DECADES TO COME. 14:12.100 --> 14:15.167 align:start OUR NATIONAL CAMPAIGN CALLED LAST GREAT PLACES, 14:15.267 --> 14:17.234 align:start WHICH IS AN ALLIANCE BETWEEN MAN AND THE 14:17.334 --> 14:19.434 align:start ENVIRONMENT, IS A THING THAT MANY OF US ARE 14:19.534 --> 14:22.934 align:start REALIZING THAT'S ITS GOING TO REQUIRE MAN IN OUR 14:23.033 --> 14:25.667 align:start ECONOMIES AND THE BIOLOGICAL PROVINCE AND 14:25.767 --> 14:28.033 align:start THE CONSERVATION OF IT THAT'S GOING TO BE 14:28.133 --> 14:31.567 align:start ULTIMATELY WHAT EITHER DOES OR DOES NOT PROTECT 14:31.667 --> 14:37.100 align:start THE INTEGRITY OF LIFE ON EARTH. 14:37.200 --> 14:39.767 align:start A MECHANIC WILL TELL YA, A MACHINE THAT'S ONLY GOT 14:39.868 --> 14:42.100 align:start TWO OR THREE MOVING PARTS IS NICE, 14:42.200 --> 14:45.300 align:start UNLESS A PART BREAKS AND CAN'T BE REPLACED. 14:45.400 --> 14:48.234 align:start A COMPLICATED MACHINE WITH LOTS OF PARTS IS MORE 14:48.334 --> 14:51.567 align:start DEPENDABLE WHEN ONE LITTLE THINGAMABOB IS IN TROUBLE. 14:51.667 --> 14:54.100 align:start DIVERSITY HELPS MAKE NATURE STABLE. 14:54.200 --> 14:57.267 align:start BUT THERE'S SOMETHING ELSE ABOUT VARIETY THAT'S GOOD. 14:57.367 --> 14:59.734 align:start AND THE BEST PERSON TO ASK IS MAYBE SOMEONE WHO'S GOT 14:59.834 --> 15:05.834 align:start HIMSELF THROWN IN JAIL, SOMEONE WHOSE CHOICES ARE LIMITED. 15:05.934 --> 15:07.834 align:start A GOOD LIFE SEEMS TO HAVE A LOT TO DO WITH 15:07.934 --> 15:10.701 align:start ALTERNATIVES, MORE KINDS OF PLACES TO GO AND THINGS 15:10.801 --> 15:15.868 align:start TO SEE AND FACES AND TASTES AND KINDS OF EXPERIENCES. 15:15.968 --> 15:18.067 align:start ABUNDANCE DOESN'T MEAN MUCH WHEN IT'S AN 15:18.167 --> 15:20.434 align:start ABUNDANCE OF ONLY THE PORK AND BEANS, 15:20.534 --> 15:24.200 align:start SO BIODIVERSITY DOES MORE THAN KEEP THE MACHINERY STABLE. 15:24.300 --> 15:27.734 align:start THE DESERT AND NATURE IN GENERAL HAS LOTS OF MOVING 15:27.834 --> 15:36.200 align:start PARTS, AND THAT HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH HOW WE ENJOY LIFE. 15:36.300 --> 15:38.834 align:start HUMAN BEINGS ARE DIFFERENT PHYSICALLY FROM EACH OTHER 15:38.934 --> 15:42.100 align:start IN SO MANY WAYS IT'LL GIVE YOU AN IDEA HOW WIDE JUST 15:42.200 --> 15:46.100 align:start GENETIC DIVERSITY CAN BE. 15:46.200 --> 15:48.801 align:start HUMANS ARE JUST ONE SPECIES, AFTER ALL. 15:48.901 --> 15:52.200 align:start SO ARE WOLVES AND THE MEXICAN WOLF IS NOW SO 15:52.300 --> 15:55.200 align:start REDUCED IN NUMBERS THAT THEIR GENETIC DIFFERENCES 15:55.300 --> 15:57.634 align:start COULD USE A LITTLE CONSERVING. 15:57.734 --> 16:00.501 align:start SOME OF THESE WOLVES LIVE AND BREED IN CAPTIVITY AT 16:00.601 --> 16:07.534 align:start THE ARIZONA SONORA DESERT MUSEUM IN TUCSON. 16:07.634 --> 16:12.400 align:start THE PROBLEMS WITH LACK OF GENETIC DIVERSITY HAVE TO 16:12.501 --> 16:14.100 align:start DO WITH LACK OF THE ADVANTAGES OF GENETIC 16:14.200 --> 16:18.133 align:start DIVERSITY AND THE ADVANTAGES OF POPULATION 16:18.234 --> 16:21.267 align:start OF ANIMALS HAVING A DIVERSITY OF TYPES OF 16:21.367 --> 16:24.834 align:start GENES MEANS THAT THAT POPULATION OF ANIMALS CAN 16:24.934 --> 16:28.434 align:start ESSENTIALLY ADAPT TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 16:28.534 --> 16:31.434 align:start THE MEXICAN WOLF IS AN INTERESTING EXAMPLE OF 16:31.534 --> 16:35.601 align:start GENETIC DIVERSITY BECAUSE THE CAPTIVE POPULATION AS 16:35.701 --> 16:39.367 align:start A MANAGED POPULATION IS VERY SMALL WITH VERY FEW 16:39.467 --> 16:41.467 align:start ANIMALS THAT FOUNDED THAT POPULATION. 16:41.567 --> 16:43.601 align:start SO AS ALL WE HAVE FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY IS WHAT 16:43.701 --> 16:47.000 align:start THOSE FEW WOLVES OUT OF THE WILD BROUGHT IN. 16:47.100 --> 16:50.000 align:start AND WE HAVEN'T SEEN ANY PROBLEMS WITH LACK OF 16:50.100 --> 16:54.534 align:start GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CAPTIVITY BUT OUR TACTIC 16:54.634 --> 17:00.868 align:start AT THIS POINT IS NOT TO LOSE ANY MORE GENETIC DIVERSITY. 17:00.968 --> 17:04.834 align:start WE ARE CAREFULLY MONITORING BREEDING, 17:04.934 --> 17:12.133 align:start CHOOSING PAIRS THAT WILL MINIMIZE INBREEDING, 17:12.234 --> 17:13.133 align:start WILL MAXIMIZE THE REPRESENTATION OF OUR 17:13.234 --> 17:16.300 align:start FOUNDING POPULATION IN THE GENETIC POOL. 17:16.400 --> 17:19.234 align:start WE'RE ALSO DOING SUCH THINGS AS ARTIFICIALLY 17:19.334 --> 17:23.467 align:start INCREASING LIFE SPANS BY COLLECTING SEMEN FROM MALE 17:23.567 --> 17:27.000 align:start WOLVES, PRESERVING THAT BY QUICK FREEZING IT AND WE 17:27.100 --> 17:30.367 align:start CAN USE THAT SEMEN HOPEFULLY IN ONE HUNDRED 17:30.467 --> 17:31.901 align:start YEARS, MAYBE TWO HUNDRED YEARS, 17:32.033 --> 17:35.367 align:start TO ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATE A FEMALE WOLF FROM 17:35.467 --> 17:39.367 align:start ESSENTIALLY ORIGINAL STOCK WITH NO LOSS OF GENETIC 17:39.467 --> 17:42.901 align:start DIVERSITY AT THAT TIME. 17:43.000 --> 17:45.501 align:start THE FUTURE OF THE MEXICAN WOLF, I THINK, 17:45.601 --> 17:49.434 align:start DEPENDS MORE UPON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOLVES 17:49.534 --> 17:54.567 align:start IN THE SOUTHWEST AND MEXICO THAN ANYTHING ELSE. 17:54.667 --> 17:57.868 align:start THE TECHNOLOGY IS THERE TO PRESERVE THE GENETIC 17:57.968 --> 18:03.501 align:start VARIABILITY. HOW MUCH LOSS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY A WOLF 18:03.601 --> 18:06.334 align:start POPULATION CAN WITHSTAND MAY BE A FAIR AMOUNT AND 18:06.434 --> 18:09.067 align:start STILL BE A VIABLE WILD POPULATION. 18:09.167 --> 18:11.734 align:start SO I THINK THOSE SORTS OF THINGS ARE TECHNICAL 18:11.834 --> 18:15.200 align:start THINGS THAT WE HAVE ANSWERS TO THAT WE CAN ADDRESS. 18:15.300 --> 18:17.100 align:start THE BIG ISSUE HAS TO DO WITH, 18:17.200 --> 18:19.868 align:start DO PEOPLE REALLY WANT TO HAVE WOLVES BACK IN THE 18:19.968 --> 18:23.200 align:start WILD IN THE SOUTHWEST, AND MOSTLY WHAT I HEAR IS YES 18:23.300 --> 18:25.734 align:start THEY WOULD LIKE THE WOLVES HOWLING IN THE MOUNTAINS 18:25.834 --> 18:37.133 align:start OF THE SOUTHWEST. WITHOUT THE HOWL OF THE WOLF, 18:37.234 --> 18:39.968 align:start NATURE'S MUSIC WOULD BE LESS DIVERSE. 18:40.067 --> 18:44.467 align:start I GUESS THAT'S AN AESTHETIC HOOK, HOOKING PEOPLE TO WOLVES. 18:44.567 --> 18:46.434 align:start BUT PEOPLE ARE HOOKED INTO DIVERSITY 18:46.534 --> 18:49.367 align:start IN OTHER WAYS WE DON'T EVEN REALIZE. 18:49.467 --> 18:54.567 align:start AND SOME ARE MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH. DIET, FOR INSTANCE. 18:54.667 --> 18:57.167 align:start WE IN THE U.S. DON'T GIVE MUCH THOUGHT TO DESERT PLANTS FOR THE 18:57.267 --> 19:01.534 align:start DINNER TABLE. BUT I'LL TELL YOU WHAT, READING THE LATEST FIGURES 19:01.634 --> 19:08.400 align:start ON HEART DISEASE MAY JUST AWAKEN YOUR CRAVING FOR PRICKLY PEARS. 19:08.501 --> 19:10.501 align:start PRICKLY PEAR HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME TO 19:10.601 --> 19:12.434 align:start HAVE AN EFFECT ON PLASMA CHOLESTEROL. 19:12.534 --> 19:15.100 align:start I MEAN, THIS IS LIKE SOMETHING IN MEXICO, 19:15.200 --> 19:18.868 align:start LIKE AN OLD WIVES' TALE THAT PRICKLY PEAR IS GOOD 19:18.968 --> 19:20.400 align:start FOR EVERYTHING YOU CAN THINK OF, 19:20.501 --> 19:25.400 align:start NOT ONLY CHOLESTEROL, DIABETES, CANCER, WHATEVER. 19:25.501 --> 19:28.133 align:start IN THIS LAB WE WORK WITH GUINEA PIGS, 19:28.234 --> 19:31.634 align:start THAT'S OUR ANIMAL MODEL, AND IT'S WHAT WE ARE USING 19:31.734 --> 19:34.000 align:start TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF PECTIN. 19:34.100 --> 19:38.067 align:start AND WE HAVE FOUND THAT PECTIN DECREASES TOTAL 19:38.167 --> 19:40.567 align:start CHOLESTEROL IN GUINEA PIGS. 19:40.667 --> 19:42.801 align:start AND IT DECREASES LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN, 19:42.901 --> 19:47.501 align:start WHICH IS KNOWN AS THE BAD CHOLESTEROL. 19:47.601 --> 19:50.100 align:start THE PECTIN IS SENT TO ME AS A POWDER, 19:50.200 --> 19:52.868 align:start THAT'S THE WAY IT IS AFTER ISOLATION, AND WE 19:52.968 --> 19:55.634 align:start INCORPORATE IT INTO THE PELLETS THAT WE FEED THE GUINEA PIGS. 19:55.734 --> 20:00.300 align:start SO IT'S PART OF THE DIET OF THE GUINEA PIGS AND ITS 20:00.400 --> 20:07.334 align:start TASTELESS SO THEY DON'T EVEN NOTICE IT. THEY JUST EAT IT. 20:07.434 --> 20:09.901 align:start WE ARE GIVING THE GUINEA PIGS TWO DIFFERENT DIETS. 20:10.000 --> 20:14.067 align:start ONE DIET WE CALL OUR CONTROL DIET, WHICH HAS A RELATIVELY 20:14.167 --> 20:17.801 align:start HIGH AMOUNT OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE DIET. AND THEN WE FEED THE 20:17.901 --> 20:22.234 align:start SAME DIET TO WHICH WE ADD PECTIN AND WE COMPARE. 20:22.334 --> 20:26.100 align:start AND FIRST, THE FIRST THING WE NOTICED IS THAT TOTAL 20:26.200 --> 20:27.434 align:start CHOLESTEROL, AS I SAID BEFORE, 20:27.534 --> 20:28.868 align:start WAS DECREASED BY INTAKE OF PECTIN. 20:28.968 --> 20:33.367 align:start AND FIRST WE TRIED TO FIGURE WHICH LIPOPROTEIN 20:33.467 --> 20:36.133 align:start HAD DECREASED AND IT WAS LOW-DENSITY LEVEL PROTEIN, 20:36.234 --> 20:37.934 align:start WHICH IS THE BAD CHOLESTEROL. 20:38.033 --> 20:41.167 align:start AND THEN AFTER WE WERE INTERESTED IN THE MECHANISMS. 20:41.267 --> 20:46.868 align:start WHY, WHY DOES IT HAPPEN? 20:46.968 --> 20:50.901 align:start WHAT WE HAVE FOUND SO FAR IS THAT THE ANIMALS THAT 20:51.000 --> 20:57.067 align:start ARE ON THE PECTIN DIET EXPRESS MORE LDL RECEPTORS; HEPATIC 20:57.167 --> 21:01.000 align:start LDL RECEPTORS THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE BODY, LDL RECEPTORS. 21:01.100 --> 21:03.634 align:start THAT MEANS THAT THEY REMOVED THE LOW-DENSITY 21:03.734 --> 21:07.167 align:start LIPOPROTEIN FROM THE CIRCULATION AND THAT'S WHY THEY 21:07.267 --> 21:14.400 align:start HAVE LESS CHOLESTEROL THAN THE ANIMALS ON THE CONTROLLED DIET. 21:14.501 --> 21:16.534 align:start WE CHOOSE THE GUINEA PIG AS THE ANIMAL MODEL 21:16.634 --> 21:19.934 align:start BECAUSE IT HAS A LOT OF SIMILARITIES TO HUMANS. 21:20.033 --> 21:24.434 align:start NOW MOST ANIMAL MODELS DO NOT HAVE HIGH LDL AS WE 21:24.534 --> 21:29.601 align:start HUMANS DO, SO THEY ARE NOT GOOD MODELS. GUINEA PIGS 21:29.701 --> 21:32.133 align:start HAVE HIGH LDL IS WHY WE CHOOSE IT AS OUR ANIMAL MODEL. 21:32.234 --> 21:34.234 align:start SO AT THIS POINT WE'RE JUST TRYING TO STUDY THE 21:34.334 --> 21:37.734 align:start MECHANISMS BY WHICH PECTIN DECREASES THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL 21:37.834 --> 21:42.300 align:start AND IT'S HARD TO EXTRAPOLATE TO HUMANS. 21:42.400 --> 21:43.701 align:start I DON'T KNOW HOW TO SAY. WE WILL HAVE 21:43.801 --> 21:46.767 align:start TO DO A CLINICAL STUDY TO SEE HOW IT WORKS IN HUMANS. 21:46.868 --> 21:50.400 align:start BUT IT DEFINITELY WORKS IN GUINEA PIGS. 21:50.501 --> 21:53.400 align:start NOT ALL PEOPLE ARE JUST NOW WAKING UP TO HOW 21:53.501 --> 21:56.033 align:start HOOKED INTO NATURE WE ARE. 21:56.133 --> 21:59.167 align:start SOME FOLKS HAVE RECOGNIZED FOR A LONG TIME THAT 21:59.267 --> 22:03.300 align:start ANIMAL AND PLANT DIVERSITY RANKS RIGHT UP THERE WITH 22:03.400 --> 22:07.067 align:start THE TELEPHONE AND THE CAN OPENER FOR KEEPING US GOING. 22:07.167 --> 22:13.367 align:start FOR THESE PEOPLE THE HOOKS FEEL LIKE REVERENCE. 22:13.467 --> 22:15.934 align:start WELL, I STRONGLY BELIEVE THAT CORN IS THE 22:16.033 --> 22:19.200 align:start FOUNDATION OF EVERYTHING THAT WE DO; 22:19.300 --> 22:23.934 align:start OF OUR LIFESTYLE, OUR RELIGION, OUR CULTURE. 22:24.033 --> 22:29.367 align:start WHEN A CHILD'S BORN THEY'RE PRESENTED WITH AN 22:29.467 --> 22:33.133 align:start EAR OF CORN AND THEY'RE TOLD THAT THE CORN, 22:33.234 --> 22:36.133 align:start THESE TWO EARS, WHITE EARS OF CORN ARE THEIR MOTHERS. 22:36.234 --> 22:40.968 align:start THEY'RE SYMBOLIC OF THE CHILD'S MOTHER, YOU KNOW. 22:41.067 --> 22:44.133 align:start THAT JUST SHOWS THE CHILD THAT CORN IS GOING TO BE 22:44.234 --> 22:48.434 align:start IN THEIR WHOLE LIFE. 22:48.534 --> 22:51.100 align:start CULTURES CO-EVOLVE WITH THE PLANTS AROUND THEM, 22:51.200 --> 22:52.400 align:start WITH THE PLANTS THAT THEY USE. 22:52.501 --> 22:55.267 align:start WHEN YOU GROW CORN, CORN BECOMES A PART OF YOUR LIFE. 22:55.367 --> 22:57.501 align:start IT'S IN YOUR DANCES, IN YOUR SONGS, 22:57.601 --> 22:59.267 align:start YOU KNOW HOW TO PLANT IT, WHEN TO PLANT IT. 22:59.367 --> 23:01.300 align:start SO PLANTS BECOME PART OF THE CULTURE AND A VERY 23:01.400 --> 23:06.601 align:start IMPORTANT PART, BRINGING TO CULTURES THE SAME SORT 23:06.701 --> 23:13.133 align:start OF DIVERSITY THAT YOU SEE IN WILDERNESS. 23:13.234 --> 23:18.501 align:start THE O'ODHAM PEOPLE FEEL THAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS 23:18.601 --> 23:21.033 align:start ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT AS PEOPLE. 23:21.133 --> 23:28.033 align:start WE ARE, AS HUMAN BEINGS WE ARE NO HIGHER THAN THE, 23:28.133 --> 23:30.367 align:start EVERYONE ELSE, EVERYTHING ELSE THAT'S LIVING. 23:30.467 --> 23:33.734 align:start IN FACT, ALL OF THEM COMMONLY REFER TO ANIMALS 23:33.834 --> 23:39.767 align:start AND PLANTS AND PEOPLE INTERCHANGEABLY AS PEOPLE. 23:39.868 --> 23:42.133 align:start WE LIVE IN A MULTI-CULTURAL 23:42.234 --> 23:45.234 align:start REGION--SEVENTY DIFFERENT INDIAN CULTURES ALONG THE 23:45.334 --> 23:50.801 align:start BORDER, MEXICAN, HISPANIC HERITAGE AS WELL AS THE 23:50.901 --> 23:52.734 align:start ANGLO AMERICAN HERITAGE HERE. 23:52.834 --> 23:54.501 align:start AND I THINK WE HAVE TO MOVE TOWARDS A 23:54.601 --> 23:58.701 align:start CROSS-CULTURAL CONSERVATION ETHIC THAT 23:58.801 --> 24:01.534 align:start EVERY CULTURE CAN SHARE AND PARTICIPATE IN AND 24:01.634 --> 24:04.000 align:start BRING THE TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FROM ITS OWN 24:04.100 --> 24:09.400 align:start PARTICULAR CUSTOMS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL 24:09.501 --> 24:13.334 align:start WORLD TO ALL OF US TO HELP PROTECT THESE PLANTS. 24:13.434 --> 24:19.334 align:start BECAUSE EACH CULTURE HAS USED A DIFFERENT SET OF 24:19.434 --> 24:20.300 align:start PLANTS AND IS AWARE OF THE VALUE OF EACH OF THESE 24:20.400 --> 24:24.501 align:start PLANTS IN A DIFFERENT WAY. 24:24.601 --> 24:26.801 align:start NATIVE SEED SEARCH IS A NONPROFIT CONSERVATION 24:26.901 --> 24:28.801 align:start GROUP AND WE'RE TEN YEARS OLD NOW. 24:28.901 --> 24:31.534 align:start WE AROSE TO MEET A NEED THAT WE SAW ON THE INDIAN 24:31.634 --> 24:33.934 align:start RESERVATIONS HERE IN THE SOUTHWEST WHERE MANY OF 24:34.033 --> 24:35.801 align:start THE OLD VARIETIES OF CROPS, THE CORN, 24:35.901 --> 24:40.701 align:start SQUASH AND BEANS, WERE BEING LOST. 24:40.801 --> 24:42.534 align:start THE PLANTS THAT ARE STILL IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE, 24:42.634 --> 24:45.868 align:start THAT PEOPLE STILL RELISH EATING, I THINK ARE SURVIVING THE BEST. 24:45.968 --> 24:50.200 align:start AND ONE EXAMPLE PERHAPS ARE CHILES. IN THE WILD WE STILL 24:50.300 --> 24:53.767 align:start FIND THE WILD CHILTEPINS, THE MOTHER OF CHILE. ALL OF 24:53.868 --> 24:56.367 align:start THE CHILE PEPPERS INCLUDING FROM GREEN PEPPERS TO THE 24:56.467 --> 25:03.367 align:start HOTTEST JALAPENO EVOLVED FROM THIS LITTLE WILD ROUND CHILE. 25:03.467 --> 25:05.701 align:start SO YOU, YOU FIND IT EVOLVING, 25:05.801 --> 25:08.767 align:start CO-EVOLVING WITH PEOPLE INTO ALL SORTS OF FORMS. 25:08.868 --> 25:10.467 align:start THESE ARE A COUPLE OF TRADITIONAL CHILES THAT 25:10.567 --> 25:12.300 align:start ARE USED IN THE SONORAN DESERT; 25:12.400 --> 25:14.267 align:start ONE THAT'S KIND OF A MILD DARKER ONE FOR THE 25:14.367 --> 25:19.133 align:start DELICIOUS MOLE SAUCES AND A HOTTER CHILE DE ARBOL 25:19.234 --> 25:22.734 align:start THAT'S USED TO FLAVOR A GOOD POT OF BEANS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 25:22.834 --> 25:24.834 align:start PERHAPS ONE OF THE GREATEST GIFTS FROM THE 25:24.934 --> 25:27.033 align:start NATIVE PEOPLES OF THIS REGION WILL PROVE TO BE 25:27.133 --> 25:29.300 align:start THE CROPS THAT WE CAN GROW IN OUR BACKYARDS, 25:29.400 --> 25:31.434 align:start THAT HAVE THE RESISTANCE TO THE LOCAL PESTS, 25:31.534 --> 25:34.067 align:start THAT GROW UNDER THE EXTREME DESERT CONDITIONS HERE. 25:34.167 --> 25:36.234 align:start AND WE FOUND THAT THERE'S HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF 25:36.334 --> 25:41.234 align:start GARDENERS THAT LOVE EXPERIMENTING WITH THESE CROPS. 25:41.334 --> 25:44.601 align:start IT'S ALMOST LIKE SOME CULTURES HAVE A FEEL FOR NATURAL 25:44.701 --> 25:49.067 align:start DIVERSITY. MAYBE WE GREW AWAY FROM IT AT SOME POINT WHEN 25:49.167 --> 25:52.300 align:start WE MOVED INTO TOWN FROM THE FARM. 25:52.400 --> 25:54.734 align:start BUT IF WE'D LIKE TO TAP BACK INTO IT, 25:54.834 --> 25:57.901 align:start IT SURE MAKES SENSE TO START BY GETTING A HANDLE 25:58.000 --> 26:06.467 align:start ON SOME OF THESE HISTORIC LOCAL CROPS. 26:06.567 --> 26:09.267 align:start BESIDES THE RIGHT CLIMATE AND CONDITIONS, 26:09.367 --> 26:14.033 align:start WHAT IT TOOK TO WHIP UP ALL THIS NATURAL DIVERSITY IS TIME. 26:14.133 --> 26:16.667 align:start AND WHO KNOWS, IN A ZILLION YEARS, 26:16.767 --> 26:20.501 align:start MAYBE THERE'LL BE A LOT OF SPECIES WE NEVER IMAGINED. BUT 26:20.601 --> 26:25.200 align:start RIGHT NOW IT SEEMS THE DIVERSITY IS NOT GAINING BUT SLIPPING. 26:25.300 --> 26:27.601 align:start SURE, A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF SPECIES DISAPPEAR OVER THE 26:27.701 --> 26:32.167 align:start LONG HAUL, BUT THE RATE NOW IS FASTER THAN IT USED TO BE. 26:32.267 --> 26:34.634 align:start THAT'S WHY WE NEED THIS BIG PICTURE. 26:34.734 --> 26:36.701 align:start THAT'S WHY THE EMPHASIS IS ON HOW LITTLE PIECES, 26:36.801 --> 26:40.901 align:start LIKE THE LEMON LILY, FIT INTO THE BIG SYSTEM. 26:41.000 --> 27:37.901 align:start [MUSIC] 27:38.000 --> 27:40.834 align:start MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY 27:40.934 --> 27:44.601 align:start ASARCO, INC., AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NONFERROUS METALS 27:44.701 --> 27:47.501 align:start AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. 27:47.601 --> 27:51.868 align:start ASARCO, INC., ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES.