WEBVTT 00:00.042 --> 00:04.959 align:start FUNDING FORTHE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY ASARCO INC. 00:04.959 --> 00:07.542 align:start AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND 00:07.542 --> 00:11.334 align:start OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. ASARCO INC. 00:11.334 --> 00:13.876 align:start ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES. 00:13.876 --> 00:16.375 align:start AND HEADQUARTERED IN TUCSON, ARIZONA, 00:16.375 --> 00:18.792 align:start INTERGROUP HEALTHCARE CORPORATION IS A MANAGED 00:18.792 --> 00:22.334 align:start HEALTHCARE COMPANY SERVING MORE THAN A QUARTER MILLION MEMBERS. 00:22.334 --> 00:26.626 align:start AND BY, THE ARIZONA GAME AND FISH HERITAGE FUND, 00:26.626 --> 00:31.042 align:start ARIZONA'S LOTTERY DOLLARS WORKING FOR WILDLIFE. 00:31.042 --> 01:05.876 align:start [MUSIC AND NATURE SOUNDS] 01:05.876 --> 01:08.959 align:start WHEN IT COMES TO SURVIVAL GEAR YOU'D HAVE TO SAY 01:08.959 --> 01:11.334 align:start NATURE OUTFITS EVERY LIVING THING PRETTY WELL. 01:11.334 --> 01:14.918 align:start BUT THE SURVIVAL KIT IS DIFFERENT IN EVERY CASE, 01:14.918 --> 01:17.459 align:start FOR SOME IT'S SIMPLE SIZE AND STRENGTH, 01:17.459 --> 01:19.125 align:start FOR OTHERS THE KIT MIGHT INCLUDE A HARD 01:19.125 --> 01:22.459 align:start SHELL OR SHARP STUFF, THORNS AND TEETH. AND THEN 01:22.459 --> 01:25.999 align:start THERE'S A LARGE BUNCH THAT GET SPECIAL CHEMICAL WEAPONS. 01:25.999 --> 01:28.209 align:start THESE LIVING THINGS WOULD TEND TO BE PRETTY 01:28.209 --> 01:31.501 align:start VULNERABLE WITHOUT THEIR POISONS AND TOXINS. 01:31.501 --> 01:33.626 align:start THEY'RE MOSTLY PLANTS AND SMALLER CREATURES. 01:33.626 --> 01:35.709 align:start AND THE SONORAN DESERT'S GOT A GOOD MEASURE OF 01:35.709 --> 01:40.292 align:start 'EM.I SUPPOSE THE DESERT'S BEST-KNOWN POISON IS 01:40.292 --> 01:43.501 align:start LOCATED IN THE BUSINESS END OF A RATTLESNAKE. 01:43.501 --> 01:46.417 align:start RATTLERS AREN'T THE ONLY VENOMOUS 01:46.417 --> 01:48.999 align:start REPTILES HERE, THERE ARE OTHERS. 01:48.999 --> 01:50.999 align:start BUT THEY DO HAVE A WAY OF COMMANDING OUR 01:50.999 --> 01:56.501 align:start ATTENTION.VERTEBRATE VENOMS FALL INTO TWO 01:56.501 --> 01:59.334 align:start BROAD, GENERALIZED CATEGORIES. 01:59.334 --> 02:03.999 align:start SOME ARE NEUROTOXINS, THAT IS THEY HAVE AN EFFECT IN 02:03.999 --> 02:06.209 align:start SOME WAY ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, 02:06.209 --> 02:08.626 align:start AND OTHERS ARE HEMOTOXINS, WHICH AFFECT THE 02:08.626 --> 02:12.167 align:start CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN SOME MANNER. 02:12.167 --> 02:14.584 align:start NEUROTOXINS ARE BEST REPRESENTED BY THE BLACK 02:14.584 --> 02:20.999 align:start WIDOW SPIDER, THE BARK SCORPION, AND THE CORAL SNAKE. 02:20.999 --> 02:25.459 align:start HEMOTOXINS ARE PROBABLY BEST REPRESENTED 02:25.459 --> 02:28.959 align:start BY THE RATTLESNAKES IN GENERAL. 02:28.959 --> 02:31.626 align:start AT LEAST SOME POPULATIONS OF THE MOJAVE AND ROCK 02:31.626 --> 02:35.375 align:start RATTLESNAKES ALSO POSSESS A POTENT NEUROTOXIN. 02:35.375 --> 02:40.999 align:start THE VENOMS ARE CHARACTERISTICALLY 02:40.999 --> 02:43.459 align:start DELIVERED BY STINGING OR BITING. 02:43.459 --> 02:45.999 align:start AND THIS HELPS DISTINGUISH THEM FROM OTHER TOXINS OR 02:45.999 --> 02:50.459 align:start POISONS, WHICH ARE INGESTED BY PREDATORS, 02:50.459 --> 02:54.626 align:start OFTEN PRODUCING AN EMETIC REACTION; 02:54.626 --> 02:58.792 align:start THEY'RE FOUL TASTING, OFTEN CAUSING NAUSEA AND VOMITING, 02:58.792 --> 03:03.125 align:start AND GENERALLY MAKE THAT ANIMAL DISTASTEFUL TO THE PREDATOR. 03:03.125 --> 03:11.959 align:start NOW IN THE CASE OF TRUE VENOMS, THE INJECTION MECHANISM 03:11.959 --> 03:15.918 align:start IS OFTEN THROUGH MEANS OF SPECIALIZED FANGS OR 03:15.918 --> 03:21.375 align:start STINGING STRUCTURES, AS IN THE CASE OF SCORPIONS. 03:21.375 --> 03:27.999 align:start THE VENOM APPARATUS OF THE RATTLESNAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, 03:27.999 --> 03:32.042 align:start IS VERY MUCH LIKE THAT OF THE MEDICAL HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. 03:32.042 --> 03:36.167 align:start THE VENOM GLAND, WHICH IS LOCATED BEHIND THE EYE IN 03:36.167 --> 03:39.999 align:start THE TEMPORAL REGION OF THE HEAD IN THE RATTLESNAKE, 03:39.999 --> 03:41.999 align:start IS CONNECTED BY A DUCT TO A HOLLOW, 03:41.999 --> 03:45.959 align:start TUBULAR FANG MOUNTED ON A MOVEABLE BONE IN THE FRONT 03:45.959 --> 03:51.250 align:start OF THE FACE.RATTLESNAKES OCCUPY VIRTUALLY EVERY 03:51.250 --> 03:54.999 align:start NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND TYPICALLY ARE 03:54.999 --> 03:57.250 align:start SIT-AND-WAIT, OR AMBUSH PREDATORS. 03:57.250 --> 04:05.584 align:start THEY COME OUT, DETECT THE NATURAL TRAILS OR PATTERNS 04:05.584 --> 04:08.999 align:start OF ACTIVITY BY THEIR PREY BY MEANS OF SCENT, 04:08.999 --> 04:12.334 align:start AND THEN ESTABLISH AN AMBUSH STATION NEAR THAT 04:12.334 --> 04:14.999 align:start AREA WAITING FOR THE PREY TO COME ALONG. 04:14.999 --> 04:16.292 align:start AND OF COURSE WHEN IT DOES, THEY DETECT 04:16.292 --> 04:20.626 align:start IT BY THEIR SENSE OF SMELL, BY VISION, OR BY MEANS 04:20.626 --> 04:26.501 align:start OF INFRARED RECEPTION USING THE HEAT-DETECTING PITS TO DIRECT 04:26.501 --> 04:31.999 align:start THEIR STRIKE VERY ACCURATELY TO ENVENOMATE THE PREY. 04:31.999 --> 04:40.334 align:start WHEN RATTLESNAKES DELIVER THE VENOM, 04:40.334 --> 04:46.042 align:start THEY TYPICALLY WITHDRAW RATHER THAN HOLDING ONTO 04:46.042 --> 04:48.459 align:start THE PREY, ALLOWING THE PREY TO RETREAT, 04:48.459 --> 04:50.459 align:start USUALLY A SHORT DISTANCE BEFORE IT IS 04:50.459 --> 04:54.584 align:start IMMOBILIZED BY THE LETHAL COMPONENTS OF THE VENOM. 04:54.584 --> 04:58.876 align:start AT THIS POINT, THE SNAKE EFFECTIVELY SWITCHES OFF 04:58.876 --> 05:02.792 align:start ITS OCULAR VISION AND RESORTS ENTIRELY TO 05:02.792 --> 05:06.918 align:start OLFACTION OR SCENT TRACKING COMBINED WITH THE 05:06.918 --> 05:10.083 align:start INFRARED RECEPTION OF THE TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE 05:10.083 --> 05:26.167 align:start PIT. NOW IN THE CASE OF THE 05:26.167 --> 05:29.292 align:start CORAL SNAKE, THE FANGS ARE MUCH SHORTER, 05:29.292 --> 05:34.167 align:start THEY ARE LOCATED IN THE FRONT OF THE UPPER JAW. 05:34.167 --> 05:38.417 align:start BUT THEY ARE SO SHORT AS TO NOT REQUIRE THIS 05:38.417 --> 05:43.626 align:start MOBILITY, WHICH WE SEE IN THE VIPER FANGS. 05:43.626 --> 05:47.999 align:start AND THE VENOM IS VERY POTENT AND PRIMARILY 05:47.999 --> 05:50.501 align:start AFFECTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; IT'S A NEUROTOXIN. 05:50.501 --> 05:55.999 align:start THE ARIZONA CORAL SNAKE IS A SPECIALIZED FEEDER, 05:55.999 --> 06:01.999 align:start PREYING ALMOST ENTIRELY ON THE HARMLESS BURROWING BLIND SNAKES. 06:01.999 --> 06:04.459 align:start THEY ALSO EAT OTHER SMALL SNAKES, AND THESE 06:04.459 --> 06:08.417 align:start SEEM TO BE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THEIR VENOM. 06:08.417 --> 06:11.501 align:start THERE ARE NO RECORDED HUMAN DEATHS ATTRIBUTED TO 06:11.501 --> 06:21.083 align:start THE CORAL SNAKE IN ARIZONA. IN ADDITION TO THE 06:21.083 --> 06:23.125 align:start ELEVEN SPECIES OF RATTLESNAKES AND ONE 06:23.125 --> 06:25.834 align:start SPECIES OF CORAL SNAKE FOUND IN ARIZONA, THERE ARE 06:25.834 --> 06:30.250 align:start AT LEAST TEN SPECIES OF MILDLY VENOMOUS REAR-FANGED SNAKES. 06:30.250 --> 06:33.584 align:start NOW NONE OF THESE ARE CONSIDERED TO BE DANGEROUS 06:33.584 --> 06:38.459 align:start TO HUMANS, BUT THEY ALL HAVE MILD TOXINS PRODUCED 06:38.459 --> 06:41.584 align:start BY A SPECIALIZED SALIVARY GLAND CALLED THE 06:41.584 --> 06:45.292 align:start DUVERNOY'S GLAND, WHICH EMPTIES AT THE BASE OF 06:45.292 --> 06:50.209 align:start GENERALLY ELONGATED AND OFTEN GROOVED TEETH 06:50.209 --> 06:57.083 align:start IN THE REAR OF THE UPPER JAW. 06:57.083 --> 07:00.209 align:start THE GILA MONSTER IS PARTICULARLY INTERESTING 07:00.209 --> 07:04.709 align:start AMONG VENOMOUS ANIMALS IN THAT IT HAS EVOLVED A 07:04.709 --> 07:09.999 align:start VENOM WHICH IS CONSIDERED TO BE ENTIRELY DEFENSIVE IN FUNCTION. 07:09.999 --> 07:14.167 align:start A GILA MONSTER'S FEED PRIMARILY ON THE EGGS AND 07:14.167 --> 07:16.876 align:start NESTLING OF BIRDS AND SMALL MAMMALS, 07:16.876 --> 07:21.667 align:start WHICH THEY GENERALLY FIND IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE IN A 07:21.667 --> 07:24.999 align:start HELPLESS CONDITION WHERE VENOM WOULD HAVE NO 07:24.999 --> 07:28.999 align:start APPRECIABLE BENEFIT AS A FOOD-GETTING MECHANISM. 07:28.999 --> 07:33.292 align:start THE VENOM GLANDS OF THE GILA MONSTER ARE LOCATED 07:33.292 --> 07:35.334 align:start IN THE LOWER JAW RATHER THAN IN 07:35.334 --> 07:38.042 align:start THE TEMPORAL REGION AS IN VENOMOUS SNAKES, 07:38.042 --> 07:40.999 align:start AND COMMUNICATE TO DEEPLY-GROOVED TEETH. 07:40.999 --> 07:47.834 align:start AND THE GROOVES ACTUALLY CONTAIN THE TOXIC SALIVA 07:47.834 --> 07:49.999 align:start OR VENOM AT THE TIME THE BITE OCCURS. 07:49.999 --> 07:55.876 align:start THE GILA MONSTER IS ONE OF ONLY TWO KNOWN SPECIES OF 07:55.876 --> 08:00.083 align:start VENOMOUS LIZARDS LIVING IN THE WORLD TODAY. 08:00.083 --> 08:07.125 align:start AT ONE TIME THEY WERE MUCH MORE WIDESPREAD THAN THEY ARE NOW. 08:07.125 --> 08:09.417 align:start BUT THE GILA MONSTER AND ITS CLOSE RELATIVE, 08:09.417 --> 08:11.626 align:start THE MEXICAN BEADED LIZARD, PRODUCE VENOMS WHICH ARE 08:11.626 --> 08:15.918 align:start VERY SIMILAR AND USE THEM IN VERY SIMILAR WAYS.IT IS 08:15.918 --> 08:19.083 align:start OFTEN DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE TO REALIZE AN 08:19.083 --> 08:23.083 align:start INHERENT VALUE IN ANIMALS WHICH CAN 08:23.083 --> 08:25.918 align:start BITE, STING, OR OTHERWISE CAUSE PAIN. 08:25.918 --> 08:32.083 align:start THESE ANIMALS ARE PRODUCTS OF PERIODS OF GREAT 08:32.083 --> 08:35.459 align:start EVOLUTIONARY SOPHISTICATION AND IN MANY 08:35.459 --> 08:39.125 align:start CASES ACTUALLY BENEFIT HUMAN KIND LIVING IN CLOSE 08:39.125 --> 08:42.042 align:start PROXIMITY TO THEM BY CONTROLLING OTHER ANIMALS 08:42.042 --> 08:52.250 align:start WHICH ACTUALLY POSE A GREATER THREAT TO HUMAN WELFARE. 08:52.250 --> 08:56.209 align:start THE RATTLES ON A RATTLESNAKE ARE THERE TO SOUND A WARNING. 08:56.209 --> 08:59.501 align:start MOST OF THE DESERT'S TOXIC PLANTS GIVE A WARNING, TOO. 08:59.501 --> 09:03.334 align:start NOT WITH A SOUND BUT WITH A TASTE. 09:03.334 --> 09:04.918 align:start A CRITTER HAS TO BE AWFULLY HUNGRY, 09:04.918 --> 09:08.125 align:start OR KNOT HEADED, TO MAKE A WHOLE MEAL OUT OF ANY OF 09:08.125 --> 09:11.000 align:start THESE PLANTS AFTER THEY'VE BEEN GIVEN SUCH A HELPFUL 09:11.000 --> 09:14.584 align:start HINT.MOST OF THE PLANTS IN THE SONORAN 09:14.584 --> 09:17.125 align:start DESERT ARE TOXIC, AT LEAST MILDLY TO HUMANS. 09:17.125 --> 09:20.834 align:start SO THAT YOU SHOULD NEVER JUST GRAB A HANDFUL OF 09:20.834 --> 09:23.709 align:start SOME PLANT THAT YOU DON'T KNOW VERY WELL AND EAT IT, 09:23.709 --> 09:26.167 align:start BECAUSE IT'LL PROBABLY MAKE YOU SICK. 09:26.167 --> 09:28.918 align:start THERE'S AN UNDERLYING CAUSE FOR THIS TOXICITY, 09:28.918 --> 09:31.125 align:start AND THAT IS THAT PLANTS ARE NEAR THE 09:31.125 --> 09:33.375 align:start FOUNDATION OF THE FOOD CHAIN FOR THIS PLANET. 09:33.375 --> 09:37.999 align:start ALL ANIMALS DEPEND DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON PLANTS AS FOOD. 09:37.999 --> 09:41.167 align:start AND MOST PLANTS HAVE EVOLVED TOXINS 09:41.167 --> 09:46.000 align:start TO KEEP ANIMALS FROM EATING THEM. 09:46.000 --> 09:47.042 align:start AND IT'S A CONSTANT EVOLUTIONARY CONTEST. 09:47.042 --> 09:49.918 align:start SOME ANIMALS HAVE ADAPTED TO BE ABLE TO HANDLE 09:49.918 --> 09:52.792 align:start TOXINS OF CERTAIN PLANTS, SO THAT ALMOST ANY PLANT 09:52.792 --> 09:54.876 align:start CAN BE EATEN BY SOME ANIMAL. 09:54.876 --> 09:56.999 align:start BUT ANY GIVEN PLANT GENERALLY CANNOT BE EATEN 09:56.999 --> 09:58.999 align:start BY A WIDE VARIETY OF ANIMALS, 09:58.999 --> 10:01.334 align:start BECAUSE IT'S TOXIC TO MOST OF THEM. 10:01.334 --> 10:04.417 align:start THESE TOXINS ARE THERE FOR DEFENSIVE IN PURPOSE. 10:04.417 --> 10:05.999 align:start THERE'S NO PLANT THAT WE KNOW OF 10:05.999 --> 10:11.834 align:start THAT USES TOXINS IN AN OFFENSIVE WAY. 10:11.834 --> 10:14.876 align:start OF THE RANGE OF TOXIC PLANTS THAT YOU WOULD 10:14.876 --> 10:16.834 align:start ENCOUNTER IN ANY AREA, INCLUDING THE SONORAN 10:16.834 --> 10:19.999 align:start DESERT, MOST OF THEM WOULD NOT KILL YOU IF YOU ATE THEM. 10:19.999 --> 10:23.999 align:start THE COMMONEST SYMPTOMS FOR EATING AN UNKNOWN PLANT 10:23.999 --> 10:26.999 align:start IS VOMITING AND DIARRHEA--GASTRIC UPSET. 10:26.999 --> 10:29.999 align:start AND THEY RANGE FROM THERE ON UP TO 10:29.999 --> 10:32.542 align:start PLANTS THAT EVEN A TASTE IS DEADLY. 10:32.542 --> 10:34.167 align:start BUT THOSE ARE FORTUNATELY VERY FEW, 10:34.167 --> 10:37.167 align:start AND ANYBODY WHO LIVES IN A GIVEN AREA CAN EASILY 10:37.167 --> 10:41.542 align:start LEARN THOSE PARTICULAR PLANTS. 10:41.542 --> 10:43.042 align:start ONE OF THE LESS TOXIC PLANTS, 10:43.042 --> 10:45.292 align:start WHICH IS IN THE MAJORITY THAT YOU WOULD FIND HERE, 10:45.292 --> 10:47.999 align:start WOULD BE BIRD OF PARADISE, THE CAESALPINIUS SPECIES. 10:47.999 --> 10:49.999 align:start THE SEEDS OF THIS PLANT, WHEN THEY'RE MATURE, 10:49.999 --> 10:53.626 align:start ARE TOXIC IN THAT THEY CAUSE SEVER DIARRHEA AND 10:53.626 --> 10:55.999 align:start VOMITING, BUT THERE'S NO LASTING EFFECT. 10:55.999 --> 10:58.209 align:start RECOVERY IS ALMOST ALWAYS COMPLETE. 10:58.209 --> 11:00.667 align:start SOME OF THE MORE TOXIC PLANTS WOULD BE THINGS 11:00.667 --> 11:01.999 align:start LIKE OUR NATIVE TOBACCO SPECIES. 11:01.999 --> 11:06.999 align:start THE WILD SPECIES HAVE EVEN MORE OF THE SAME COMPOUNDS 11:06.999 --> 11:08.999 align:start THAT MAKE CIGARETTES POISONOUS. 11:08.999 --> 11:11.417 align:start TO THE EXTENT THAT MOST OF THE LOCAL TOBACCO SPECIES, 11:11.417 --> 11:14.209 align:start INCLUDING THE INTRODUCED TREE TOBACCO FROM SOUTH 11:14.209 --> 11:18.918 align:start AMERICA, HAVE A VERY HIGH MORTALITY RATE TO PEOPLE 11:18.918 --> 11:21.501 align:start WHO INGEST ANY PART OF IT OR SMOKE ANY PART OF THIS 11:21.501 --> 11:27.125 align:start PLANT.DATURA, ALSO CALLED ANGEL'S TRUMPET, 11:27.125 --> 11:29.999 align:start IS ANOTHER VERY COMMON PLANT IN THIS REGION, 11:29.999 --> 11:32.999 align:start WHICH IS EXTREMELY TOXIC. 11:32.999 --> 11:35.417 align:start ALL PARTS OF THIS PLANT ARE POISONOUS, 11:35.417 --> 11:38.626 align:start BUT ESPECIALLY THE SEEDS, WHICH HAVE BEEN USED, 11:38.626 --> 11:40.250 align:start AND STILL ARE OCCASIONALLY USED, 11:40.250 --> 11:45.999 align:start IN SHAMAN CEREMONIES.IN THE TROPICAL RIPARIAN 11:45.999 --> 11:48.083 align:start AREAS THAT ARE ADJACENT TO THE SONORAN DESERT, 11:48.083 --> 11:50.417 align:start THERE'S A WELL-KNOWN PLANT THAT'S ALSO 11:50.417 --> 11:52.999 align:start USED IN GARDENS CALLED SPIDER LILY. 11:52.999 --> 11:55.042 align:start IT'S BEEN KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME THAT THIS PLANT IS 11:55.042 --> 11:57.501 align:start QUITE TOXIC, BUT VERY RECENTLY IT'S BEEN 11:57.501 --> 11:59.459 align:start DISCOVERED THAT THIS TOXIN IS A VERY POWERFUL 11:59.459 --> 12:02.459 align:start ANTI-TUMOR AGENT AND IS NOW BEING RESEARCHED 12:02.459 --> 12:04.999 align:start VIGOROUSLY AT ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 12:04.999 --> 12:07.999 align:start FOR ITS ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES. 12:07.999 --> 12:13.250 align:start THE GROUNDSELS ARE IN THE GENUS SENECIO. 12:13.250 --> 12:15.334 align:start THERE'S OVER A THOUSAND SPECIES WORLDWIDE, 12:15.334 --> 12:17.959 align:start AND MOST OF THEM ARE EXTREMELY TOXIC. 12:17.959 --> 12:20.125 align:start WE HAVE A VERY COMMON ONE HERE IN OUR RIPARIAN AREAS. 12:20.125 --> 12:25.375 align:start TWO OR THREE LEAVES IS PROBABLY ENOUGH TO KILL A PERSON. 12:25.375 --> 12:26.999 align:start IT HAS A VERY POWERFUL TOXIN IN IT THAT 12:26.999 --> 12:28.999 align:start DESTROYS THE LIVER AND, AS YOU KNOW, 12:28.999 --> 12:30.167 align:start YOU CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT YOUR LIVER. 12:30.167 --> 12:34.999 align:start SO IT'S A VERY, VERY DANGEROUS PLANT.SIMILARLY, 12:34.999 --> 12:37.000 align:start DELPHINIUM IS ANOTHER COMMON GARDEN PLANT, 12:37.000 --> 12:38.999 align:start AND WE HAVE WILD SPECIES HERE IN THE DESERT, 12:38.999 --> 12:42.417 align:start IS ANOTHER VERY TOXIC AND PROBABLY DEADLY PLANT. 12:42.417 --> 12:44.999 align:start BUT THERE ARE NO KNOWN CASES OF HUMAN POISONING, 12:44.999 --> 12:47.417 align:start AND THAT ILLUSTRATES ONE OF THE SAFETY FACTORS AS 12:47.417 --> 12:49.292 align:start FAR AS HUMANS ARE CONCERNED ABOUT TOXIC 12:49.292 --> 12:51.542 align:start PLANTS; MOST OF THEM TASTE SO BAD THAT YOU WOULD 12:51.542 --> 12:56.792 align:start NEVER EAT ONE BECAUSE YOU WOULD SPIT IT OUT 12:56.792 --> 13:00.584 align:start IMMEDIATELY. EVOLUTIONARILY AGAIN, THAT'S 13:00.584 --> 13:03.167 align:start AN ADVANTAGE BECAUSE THERE'S NO POINT IN 13:03.167 --> 13:05.667 align:start A TOXIN IN A PLANT THAT AN ANIMAL WOULD EAT AND 13:05.667 --> 13:08.626 align:start THEN DIE TWO OR THREE DAYS LATER WITHOUT BEING ABLE 13:08.626 --> 13:11.584 align:start TO, OR EVEN GET SICK TWO OR THREE DAYS LATER, 13:11.584 --> 13:13.417 align:start AND NOT MAKE THE CONNECTION WITH THE PLANT. 13:13.417 --> 13:15.999 align:start THE PLANT MUST GIVE THE ANIMAL THE MESSAGE, 13:15.999 --> 13:17.709 align:start "THIS IS NOT GOOD TO EAT." 13:17.709 --> 13:20.334 align:start SO FIRST IT TASTES BAD, AND IF THEY PERSIST, 13:20.334 --> 13:21.751 align:start IT MAKES THEM SICK. 13:21.751 --> 13:25.918 align:start AND THAT'S THE EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE OF BEING TOXIC. 13:25.918 --> 13:28.876 align:start THERE ARE ALSO A LARGE NUMBER OF PLANTS THAT ARE 13:28.876 --> 13:30.667 align:start POISONOUS NOT JUST THROUGH INGESTION, 13:30.667 --> 13:32.250 align:start BUT BY MERE SKIN CONTACT. 13:32.250 --> 13:35.417 align:start THE FAMOUS ONE, OF COURSE, IS POISON IVY BECAUSE 13:35.417 --> 13:37.042 align:start MANY, MANY PEOPLE ARE SENSITIVE TO IT, 13:37.042 --> 13:41.042 align:start ALTHOUGH SOME SEEM TO BE IMMUNE OR AT LEAST RESISTANT TO IT. 13:41.042 --> 13:44.999 align:start TWO COMMON LOCAL PLANTS THAT WILL CAUSE CONTACT 13:44.999 --> 13:50.083 align:start RASHES IN SOME PEOPLE ARE RAGWEEDS AND FLEABANES. 13:50.083 --> 13:53.626 align:start AND EVERYBODY OF COURSE KNOWS OLEANDERS, 13:53.626 --> 13:56.125 align:start TOXIC TO BE EATEN, BUT IT ALSO CAN CAUSE A RASH WHEN 13:56.125 --> 13:59.542 align:start YOU GET THE JUICE ON YOU, AS WHEN YOU'RE PRUNING THE PLANT. 13:59.542 --> 14:02.626 align:start SO IT'S AN ALL-AROUND THING TO BE AVOIDED. 14:02.626 --> 14:07.584 align:start THERE ARE SOME VERY INTERESTING PLANTS SUCH AS NETTLES 14:07.584 --> 14:11.959 align:start AND MALA MUJERTHAT HAVE REALLY UNUSUAL DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS. 14:11.959 --> 14:14.999 align:start BOTH OF THESE PLANTS HAVE VERY SHARP, POINTED, 14:14.999 --> 14:17.375 align:start HOLLOW HAIRS THAT CONTAIN POISONS. 14:17.375 --> 14:20.250 align:start IN THE CASE OFMALA MUJER, IT HAS TWO TOXINS. 14:20.250 --> 14:22.792 align:start ONE OF THE TOXINS IS A HISTAMINE, 14:22.792 --> 14:24.250 align:start WHICH CAUSES INFLAMMATION, IT'S WHAT YOU TAKE 14:24.250 --> 14:26.751 align:start ANTIHISTAMINES FOR WHEN YOU GET HAY FEVER. 14:26.751 --> 14:28.999 align:start AND THE OTHER TOXIN IS A NEUROTRANSMITTER, 14:28.999 --> 14:30.999 align:start WHICH CAUSES INSTANT PAIN WHEN IT'S INJECTED INTO 14:30.999 --> 14:34.709 align:start THE SKIN, WHICH IS EXACTLY WHAT THE PLANT DOES ON CONTACT. 14:34.709 --> 14:36.999 align:start THE HAIRS PENETRATE THE SKIN AND A TIP BREAKS OFF, 14:36.999 --> 14:39.999 align:start AND THE PRESSURE PUSHING AGAINST THE LEAF ACTUALLY 14:39.999 --> 14:41.999 align:start INJECTS JUST LIKE A HYPODERMIC NEEDLE, 14:41.999 --> 14:45.999 align:start RIGHT INTO YOUR PAIN-SENSITIVE NERVES UNDER YOUR SKIN. 14:45.999 --> 14:51.918 align:start IT'S A VERY EFFECTIVE MECHANISM FOR NOT GETTING EATEN. 14:51.918 --> 14:55.334 align:start ANOTHER COMMON ANTI-HERBIVORE STRATEGY IS 14:55.334 --> 14:58.083 align:start TO HAVE SPINES, SUCH AS CACTI AND AGAVES USUALLY HAVE. 14:58.083 --> 15:00.501 align:start BUT THIS IS OFTEN A DEFENSE AGAINST THE LARGER 15:00.501 --> 15:03.334 align:start ANIMALS AND THAT MEANS THAT JUST BECAUSE IT'S 15:03.334 --> 15:05.751 align:start SPINY, DOESN'T MEAN IT MIGHT NOT ALSO BE TOXIC. 15:05.751 --> 15:10.000 align:start MANY CACTI ARE TOXIC, AND MOST AGAVES ARE EXTREMELY TOXIC. 15:10.000 --> 15:13.999 align:start SO, EVEN IF YOU GET PAST THE SPINES AND WERE 15:13.999 --> 15:15.334 align:start SOMEHOW TO INGEST RAW AGAVE FLESH, 15:15.334 --> 15:18.999 align:start IT WOULD DESTROY YOUR INTESTINES, WHICH IS NOT GOOD. 15:18.999 --> 15:22.959 align:start SO, MANY PLANTS HAVE MORE THAN ONE DEFENSE.MAYBE WE 15:22.959 --> 15:29.999 align:start CAN RELATE TO THESE TOXINS BETTER IN AN AGE WHERE 15:29.999 --> 15:31.999 align:start WE'RE GETTING MORE CONCERNED ABOUT FEELING DEFENSELESS. 15:31.999 --> 15:35.999 align:start SOME WOMEN THESE DAYS CARRY TOXIC SPRAYS IN THEIR PURSES. 15:35.999 --> 15:37.959 align:start WELL, OUT HERE BENEATH THE WIDE-OPEN SKY, 15:37.959 --> 15:39.999 align:start WHERE THERE'S CONSIDERABLY MORE BARE DIRT BETWEEN 15:39.999 --> 15:42.417 align:start EACH LIVING THING, THE SECRET TO LIVING LONG 15:42.417 --> 15:46.584 align:start ENOUGH TO REPRODUCE MIGHT JUST BE TO PACK A WALLOP 15:46.584 --> 15:52.542 align:start OR TO TASTE LOUSY.MANY OF THE ANIMALS THAT CARRY 15:52.542 --> 15:56.125 align:start CHEMICAL WEAPONS ARE SMALL ENOUGH THAT THEY OFTEN GO 15:56.125 --> 15:59.375 align:start UNNOTICED IF YOU'RE NOT ON THE LOOKOUT. 15:59.375 --> 16:02.501 align:start AND THE SMALLEST OF ALL ARE THE ARTHROPODS. 16:02.501 --> 16:04.999 align:start ARTHROPODS ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT SEVENTY-FIVE 16:04.999 --> 16:07.000 align:start PERCENT OF THE WHOLE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 16:07.000 --> 16:09.834 align:start ALL OF THEM HAVE AN OUTER SHELL HOLDING EVERYTHING 16:09.834 --> 16:11.999 align:start TOGETHER, INSTEAD OF BONES INSIDE. 16:11.999 --> 16:16.999 align:start THE TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS WHO COME PACKING 16:16.999 --> 16:19.000 align:start CHEMICALS FALL INTO TWO FURTHER GROUPS. 16:19.000 --> 16:20.999 align:start ONE OF THESE HAS A PAIR OF APPENDAGES CALLED 16:20.999 --> 16:23.250 align:start CHELICERAE, NEAR THE HEAD. 16:23.250 --> 16:26.584 align:start SPIDERS AND SCORPIONS AND TICKS ALL HAVE CHELICERAE. 16:26.584 --> 16:29.751 align:start ANOTHER GROUP OF ARTHROPODS HAS MANDIBLES, 16:29.751 --> 16:31.250 align:start LIKE JAWS FOR GRIPPING. 16:31.250 --> 16:33.999 align:start ANDIN THIS CATEGORY ARE INSECTS AND THE 16:33.999 --> 16:36.834 align:start MANY-LEGGED CREATURES LIKE CENTIPEDES.VENOMOUS 16:36.834 --> 16:41.999 align:start INSECTS AND ARTHROPODS GENERALLY ARE 16:41.999 --> 16:46.999 align:start OFFENSIVE IN USING THEIR VENOM. 16:46.999 --> 16:49.167 align:start IT'S A WAY OF GAINING PREY ITEMS. 16:49.167 --> 16:56.999 align:start THE USE OF IT AS A DEFENSE IS MORE A SECONDARY ADAPTATION. 16:56.999 --> 17:02.876 align:start DIFFERENT STINGERS HAVE DIFFERENT EVOLUTION, 17:02.876 --> 17:04.751 align:start OF COURSE, IN THE INSECTS. 17:04.751 --> 17:07.125 align:start AND THE ONLY STINGING INSECTS THAT WE HAVE ARE 17:07.125 --> 17:08.999 align:start WASPS AND BEES AND ANTS. 17:08.999 --> 17:12.167 align:start THEY ARE ALL FEMALE THAT CAN STING. 17:12.167 --> 17:14.999 align:start AND THE OVIPOSITOR, THE EGG LAYING DEVISE, 17:14.999 --> 17:18.667 align:start HAS BEEN MODIFIED INTO THIS SINGER WITH AN 17:18.667 --> 17:24.792 align:start ASSOCIATED VENOM GLAND.OTHER RELATIVES IN 17:24.792 --> 17:28.000 align:start THE ARTHROPOD WORLD, SUCH AS SCORPIONS, 17:28.000 --> 17:29.999 align:start BOTH MALE AND FEMALE, CAN STING; 17:29.999 --> 17:32.709 align:start THERE IS NO SEX DISCRIMINATION, 17:32.709 --> 17:33.999 align:start I GUESS YOU COULD SAY. 17:33.999 --> 17:38.999 align:start IN THE SPIDERS, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE HAVE VENOM. 17:38.999 --> 17:43.417 align:start IT'S JUST THAT WITH MALES, SPIDERS ARE MOSTLY SMALLER 17:43.417 --> 17:47.751 align:start AND PROBABLY ARE NOT GOING TO HAVE MUCH OF AN 17:47.751 --> 17:50.999 align:start INFLUENCE AS FAR AS THEIR VENOMS. 17:50.999 --> 17:55.918 align:start WASPS AND ANTS ARE CERTAINLY USING THEIR 17:55.918 --> 18:00.999 align:start STINGING DEVICE AS AN OFFENSIVE DEVICE, INSTEAD OF DEFENSE. 18:00.999 --> 18:05.459 align:start WITH SCORPIONS, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE ARE OUT GETTING 18:05.459 --> 18:09.167 align:start PREY ITEMS AND THEY WILL CAPTURE THE PREY AND THEN 18:09.167 --> 18:11.250 align:start ENVENOMATE THEM TO PARALYZE THEM. 18:11.250 --> 18:18.834 align:start THE CENTIPEDE IS PROBABLY OFF ON ITS OWN AS FAR AS 18:18.834 --> 18:20.999 align:start EVOLVING A STINGING DEVICE. 18:20.999 --> 18:25.459 align:start THEY DON'T HAVE MOUTHPARTS WITH VENOM, 18:25.459 --> 18:27.709 align:start BUT THEY HAVE EVOLVED THIS FIRST PAIR OF VERY THICK, 18:27.709 --> 18:31.667 align:start SHARP LEGS, ENVENOMATE THEM WITH THE VENOM AND 18:31.667 --> 18:34.959 align:start THEN THEY CAN USE ALL THE REST OF THEIR MOUTHPARTS 18:34.959 --> 18:38.209 align:start TO CHEW AND CONSUME THE PREY ITEM. 18:38.209 --> 18:44.501 align:start ALL SPIDERS REALLY HAVE A VENOM; THE BLACK WIDOW, THE ARIZONA 18:44.501 --> 18:49.209 align:start BROWN SPIDER, IS PROBABLY THE TWO MOST PROMINENT ONES. 18:49.209 --> 18:51.626 align:start THEY HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VENOM. 18:51.626 --> 18:54.626 align:start THE BLACK WIDOW HAS A NEUROTOXIN VENOM WHICH 18:54.626 --> 18:58.042 align:start WILL AFFECT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, OF COURSE. 18:58.042 --> 19:04.000 align:start THE BROWN SPIDER, RELATIVE OF THE BROWN RECLUSE, 19:04.000 --> 19:06.999 align:start WHICH IS AN INTRODUCED SPIDER IN THE MIDWEST, 19:06.999 --> 19:10.083 align:start HAS A VENOM THAT IS CALLED NECROTIC. 19:10.083 --> 19:13.167 align:start IN OTHER WORDS, IT'S THE ENZYMES OF THE SPIDER THAT 19:13.167 --> 19:15.834 align:start CAUSE OUR TISSUE TO ACTUALLY DECAY AND TO 19:15.834 --> 19:22.292 align:start SLOUGH OFF, LEAVING AN OPEN WOUND.THE KISSING BUG 19:22.292 --> 19:25.584 align:start NORMALLY IS ASSOCIATED WITH PACKRATS, LIVING 19:25.584 --> 19:30.250 align:start WITHIN THE PACKRAT NEST, AND FEEDING ON JUVENILES. 19:30.250 --> 19:35.417 align:start THE KISSING BUG CERTAINLY IS TAKING PROTEINS FROM 19:35.417 --> 19:38.999 align:start ITS SYSTEM, FROM ITS SALIVARY GLANDS, 19:38.999 --> 19:46.000 align:start AND INJECTING THEM INTO THE BODY OF THE VICTIM. 19:46.000 --> 19:49.125 align:start THIS VENOM IS ACTING ON THE BLOOD SYSTEM SO THAT 19:49.125 --> 19:52.626 align:start NOW THE KISSING BUG CAN SUCK UP THE JUICES WITHOUT 19:52.626 --> 19:57.999 align:start GETTING THEM STUCK IN ITS SODA STRAW DEVICE, IF YOU WILL. 19:57.999 --> 20:04.834 align:start WASPS ARE OFFENSIVE INSECTS THAT ARE NEST 20:04.834 --> 20:07.999 align:start BUILDERS, AND THEY HAVE TO SUPPLY FOOD TO THEIR 20:07.999 --> 20:12.334 align:start YOUNG, SO THEY WILL GO OUT AND HUNT OTHER TYPES OF INSECTS. 20:12.334 --> 20:14.999 align:start HONEYBEES, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE 20:14.999 --> 20:18.209 align:start GONE TOTALLY AWAY FROM THE USE OF INSECTS AS 20:18.209 --> 20:21.999 align:start FOOD. THEY'RE STRICTLY NECTAR AND POLLEN GATHERERS. 20:21.999 --> 20:25.876 align:start THEY HAVE EVOLVED A STINGER THAT IS BARBED AND 20:25.876 --> 20:27.709 align:start IS NOW STRICTLY A DEFENSIVE 20:27.709 --> 20:32.918 align:start MECHANISM.TARANTULAS OVERWHELM THEIR PREY; 20:32.918 --> 20:34.999 align:start THEY DON'T NEED A LOT OF VENOM. 20:34.999 --> 20:37.999 align:start BUT THEY DON'T GO AFTER THINGS THAT ARE GOING TO 20:37.999 --> 20:39.959 align:start BE TOO BIG FOR THEM, OR ELSE THEY'LL LOSE. 20:39.959 --> 20:43.417 align:start THE SAME THING WITH ANY OF THESE CREATURES; 20:43.417 --> 20:46.918 align:start THEY DON'T HAVE TO INJECT EVERY TIME THEY STING. 20:46.918 --> 20:49.999 align:start SPIDERS, WHEN THEY BITE, DON'T ALWAYS ENVENOMATE, 20:49.999 --> 20:52.501 align:start JUST LIKE RATTLESNAKES DON'T ALWAYS ENVENOMATE. 20:52.501 --> 20:55.709 align:start SO, THEY'RE VERY CAUTIOUS, AND THEY WANT TO MAKE SURE 20:55.709 --> 21:00.375 align:start THAT THEY SCORE A GOOD PIECE OF FOOD BEFORE THEY 21:00.375 --> 21:01.999 align:start ARE GOING TO USE UP THIS PRECIOUS 21:01.999 --> 21:06.292 align:start LIVE-GIVING THING THAT WE CALL VENOM. 21:06.292 --> 21:08.626 align:start OUT OF ALL THE INSECTS THAT ARE OUT THERE IN THE 21:08.626 --> 21:11.999 align:start WORLD, PROBABLY ONE PERCENT OR LESS HAVE THIS 21:11.999 --> 21:16.417 align:start CAPABILITY.IF YOU WANT TO STAY HEALTHY, 21:16.417 --> 21:19.083 align:start IT'S CERTAINLY GOOD TO KNOW WHERE THE DESERT'S 21:19.083 --> 21:21.999 align:start POISONS AND TOXINS ARE LOCATED AND HOW 21:21.999 --> 21:24.501 align:start TO BEHAVE WHEN YOU COME NEAR. 21:24.501 --> 21:27.042 align:start BUT THAT'S THE PREVENTATIVE SIDE ONLY. 21:27.042 --> 21:29.000 align:start AND MISTAKES ARE INEVITABLE. 21:29.000 --> 21:31.999 align:start IT'S HEALTHY TO ALSO KNOW A LITTLE FIRST AID FOR 21:31.999 --> 21:37.209 align:start WHEN THE DESERT TAKES YOU BY SURPRISE.THE SYMPTOMS 21:37.209 --> 21:40.334 align:start OF SOMETHING LIKE A BLACK WIDOW BITE WOULD BE 21:40.334 --> 21:42.459 align:start INITIALLY A BURNING, STINGING-TYPE 21:42.459 --> 21:43.834 align:start PAIN RIGHT AT THE SITE OF THE STING. 21:43.834 --> 21:46.918 align:start AND THEN THAT'S FOLLOWED BY DEEP, MUSCLE ACHE OR CRAMPING. 21:46.918 --> 21:49.334 align:start AND THAT CRAMPING CAN SPREAD THROUGH THE BODY TO 21:49.334 --> 21:51.959 align:start INVOLVE AREAS LIKE THE SHOULDERS OR THE ABDOMINAL 21:51.959 --> 21:56.000 align:start MUSCLES, FEELING A LOT LIKE A FLU OR FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS. 21:56.000 --> 21:58.918 align:start SYMPTOMS OF SOMETHING LIKE A SCORPION STING WOULD 21:58.918 --> 22:01.542 align:start CAUSE A BURNING, STINGING-TYPE PAIN THAT'S 22:01.542 --> 22:03.999 align:start FOLLOWED BY NUMBNESS AND TINGLING, 22:03.999 --> 22:06.167 align:start USUALLY TRAVELING FROM THE SITE OF THE STING IN A 22:06.167 --> 22:07.334 align:start DIRECTION TOWARD THE HEART. 22:07.334 --> 22:09.751 align:start QUITE OFTEN AN ADULT PATIENT WILL HAVE NUMBNESS 22:09.751 --> 22:12.375 align:start AND TINGLING GOING FROM THE SITE OF THE STING 22:12.375 --> 22:15.626 align:start THROUGH AN ENTIRE LIMB. 22:15.626 --> 22:18.459 align:start FOLLOWING A SNAKEBITE, ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT A 22:18.459 --> 22:20.375 align:start PATIENT MIGHT EXPERIENCE IS SWELLING. 22:20.375 --> 22:22.918 align:start AND THIS CAN BEGIN AS EARLY AS FIFTEEN MINUTES 22:22.918 --> 22:24.334 align:start AFTER THE BITE ITSELF. 22:24.334 --> 22:27.999 align:start IF IT WAS LEFT UNTREATED, A SNAKE BITE WILL GO ON TO 22:27.999 --> 22:30.542 align:start PROGRESS TO HAVE BLEEDING-TYPE DISORDERS 22:30.542 --> 22:33.542 align:start INSIDE THE PATIENT, SEVERE TISSUE LOSS, 22:33.542 --> 22:36.709 align:start TISSUE DEATH AT THE SITE, VERY EXTENSIVE SWELLING, 22:36.709 --> 22:40.417 align:start QUITE OFTEN EVEN SOME DISFIGUREMENT OR LOSS OF 22:40.417 --> 22:43.959 align:start FUNCTION IN THE LONG RUN. 22:43.959 --> 22:46.751 align:start MOST HEALTHY ADULTS CAN MANAGE INSECT STINGS, 22:46.751 --> 22:48.999 align:start EVEN BLACK WIDOW AND SCORPION STINGS, 22:48.999 --> 22:51.626 align:start AT HOME WITH SOME BASIC FIRST AID: 22:51.626 --> 22:53.999 align:start KEEPING THE SITE REAL CLEAN, COOL COMPRESSES, 22:53.999 --> 22:57.375 align:start TRYING TO KEEP IT ELEVATED TO ABOUT HEART LEVEL, 22:57.375 --> 22:59.459 align:start AN ASPIRIN OR TYLENOL IF THEY NORMALLY TAKE THOSE 22:59.459 --> 23:03.125 align:start WOULD BE APPROPRIATE IN THIS KIND OF A SITUATION. 23:03.125 --> 23:06.999 align:start A SNAKEBITE IS NOT SOMETHING THAT ANYONE CAN MANAGE AT HOME. 23:06.999 --> 23:09.709 align:start THE DEFINITIVE CARE FOR A SNAKEBITE OR GILA MONSTER 23:09.709 --> 23:12.999 align:start BITE HAS TO BE GIVEN IN AN EMERGENCY ROOM, 23:12.999 --> 23:16.209 align:start AND THOSE PATIENTS NEED TO GET INTO AN EMERGENCY 23:16.209 --> 23:20.667 align:start ROOM AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.THERE IS A LOT OF 23:20.667 --> 23:24.375 align:start MISCONCEPTION ABOUT HOW DEADLY BITES AND STINGS ARE. 23:24.375 --> 23:27.918 align:start IN NORTH AMERICA, DEATH IS EXTREMELY RARE FROM ANY 23:27.918 --> 23:28.999 align:start TYPE OF BITE OR STING. 23:28.999 --> 23:30.751 align:start IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE THE RESULT OF AN 23:30.751 --> 23:33.292 align:start ALLERGIC-TYPE REACTION THAN IT IS FROM A DIRECT 23:33.292 --> 23:34.959 align:start EFFECT OF THE VENOM. 23:34.959 --> 23:37.334 align:start IN FACT IN THE UNITED STATES WE EXPECT TWELVE TO 23:37.334 --> 23:39.999 align:start FIFTEEN DEATHS FROM RATTLESNAKE BITES EACH YEAR. 23:39.999 --> 23:43.834 align:start AND FROM SCORPION STINGS, WE HAVEN'T HAD ANY DEATHS 23:43.834 --> 23:45.250 align:start IN ABOUT THIRTY YEARS. 23:45.250 --> 23:47.417 align:start BLACK WIDOW DEATHS, AGAIN, EXTREMELY RARE. 23:47.417 --> 23:49.209 align:start BUT AN ALLERGIC-TYPE REACTION CAN BE A 23:49.209 --> 23:52.292 align:start LIFE-THREATENING SITUATION, NEEDS TO BE RECOGNIZED EARLY, 23:52.292 --> 23:56.959 align:start AND TREATED AS A LIFE-THREATENING EMERGENCY. 23:56.959 --> 24:00.959 align:start SNAKE VENOM DELIVERED BY THE SNAKE IS 24:00.959 --> 24:02.999 align:start TO BE AVOIDED, NO QUESTION ABOUT IT. 24:02.999 --> 24:05.834 align:start BUT VENOMS ADMINISTERED BY YOUR DOCTOR AFTER THEY'VE 24:05.834 --> 24:07.459 align:start BEEN BROKEN DOWN INTO THEIR COMPONENTS, 24:07.459 --> 24:10.375 align:start OR FRACTIONS, THOSE CAN BE A BLESSING. 24:10.375 --> 24:13.375 align:start THERE ARE PRESENTLY ABOUT FIFTY PRACTICAL USES FOR 24:13.375 --> 24:18.209 align:start TOXINS AND VENOMS.YES, THERE ARE A GREAT MANY 24:18.209 --> 24:22.375 align:start MEDICATIONS AND DRUGS THAT ARE BEING DEVELOPED AT THE 24:22.375 --> 24:27.751 align:start PRESENT TIME FOR USE IN HUMANS FOR VARIOUS DISEASE STATES. 24:27.751 --> 24:29.626 align:start IT'S BEEN TRIED IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND 24:29.626 --> 24:32.501 align:start MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, CERTAIN FRACTIONS AND SO FORTH, 24:32.501 --> 24:36.000 align:start AS WELL AS POLIO BEFORE A VACCINE CAME OUT. 24:36.000 --> 24:40.334 align:start AND IT'S BEEN TRIED IN ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 24:40.334 --> 24:41.999 align:start WITH SOME SUCCESS, PARTICULARLY NOT SNAKE 24:41.999 --> 24:46.626 align:start VENOMS, BUT BEE VENOMS.A DIAGNOSTIC TEST, 24:46.626 --> 24:49.999 align:start IT IS USED IN A GREAT MANY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: 24:49.999 --> 24:52.542 align:start TUBERCULOSIS, SYPHILIS, CANCER, PREGNANCY, 24:52.542 --> 24:55.709 align:start BLEEDING TIME, CLOTTING TIME, PROTHROMBINTIME, 24:55.709 --> 24:57.999 align:start PLATELET DISEASES, THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND SO FORTH. 24:57.999 --> 25:04.584 align:start PROBABLY ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IS A COMPONENT 25:04.584 --> 25:06.999 align:start OF A VENOM, OF A SNAKE VENOM, ACTUALLY, 25:06.999 --> 25:12.542 align:start THAT DISSOLVES OR BREAKS DOWN BLOOD CLOTS IN THE BLOOD STREAM. 25:12.542 --> 25:16.167 align:start AND I THINK PROBABLY AT THE PRESENT TIME THIS IS 25:16.167 --> 25:19.667 align:start ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OR FRACTIONS OF 25:19.667 --> 25:25.999 align:start VENOMS THAT VARIOUS INVESTIGATORS ARE WORKING ON. 25:25.999 --> 25:28.417 align:start WELL, THERE'S A GREAT FUTURE BECAUSE WE'RE ONLY 25:28.417 --> 25:30.999 align:start BEGINNING TO EXPLORE, TO TOUCH THESE. 25:30.999 --> 25:33.667 align:start SAY YOU HAVE THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVEVENOMOUS 25:33.667 --> 25:35.751 align:start SNAKES AND EACH ONE HAS ONE HUNDRED DIFFERENT 25:35.751 --> 25:37.792 align:start COMPONENTS, YOU'RE DEALING WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF 25:37.792 --> 25:42.375 align:start POTENTIALLY USEFUL FRACTIONS TO STUDY. 25:42.375 --> 25:45.375 align:start AND REALLY WE'RE, AS I SAY, 25:45.375 --> 25:47.751 align:start WE'RE ONLY BEGINNING TO LOOK AT THESE, 25:47.751 --> 25:50.250 align:start AND WE'RE ALREADY COMING UP WITH A GREAT MANY NEW 25:50.250 --> 25:55.834 align:start DRUGS. UNFORTUNATELY, CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE 25:55.834 --> 25:59.709 align:start DESERT AREN'T LABELED WITH A SKULL AND CROSSBONES. 25:59.709 --> 26:02.334 align:start BUT FOR EONS PEOPLE HAVE BEEN PASSING DOWN THE 26:02.334 --> 26:04.999 align:start RESULTS OF THEIR FAILED EXPERIMENTS WITH POISONOUS 26:04.999 --> 26:07.999 align:start THINGS, FOR SO LONG IN FACT THAT THE MERE IMAGE 26:07.999 --> 26:11.375 align:start OF A SERPENT SETS OFF AN ALARM DEEP IN OUR 26:11.375 --> 26:14.709 align:start SOULS.NO, YOU CAN'T KNOW EVERY TOXIN IN THE DESERT 26:14.709 --> 26:17.876 align:start BUT IT WORKS JUST TO MOVE ALONG RESPECTFULLY. 26:17.876 --> 26:20.167 align:start WATCH WHERE YOU GET A GRIP AND WHERE YOU STEP. 26:20.167 --> 26:25.959 align:start AND OF COURSE, DO KNOW YOUR BERRIES BEFORE YOU MAKE A PIE. 26:25.959 --> 27:20.459 align:start [MUSIC] 27:20.459 --> 27:25.999 align:start FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY ASARCO INC. 27:25.999 --> 27:28.999 align:start AN INTEGRATED PRODUCER OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND 27:28.999 --> 27:31.000 align:start OTHER INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND PRODUCTS. 27:31.000 --> 27:35.542 align:start ASARCO INC. ADDING VALUE TO NATURE'S RESOURCES. 27:35.542 --> 27:37.667 align:start AND HEADQUARTERED IN TUCSON, ARIZONA, 27:37.667 --> 27:40.042 align:start INTERGROUP HEALTHCARE CORPORATION IS A MANAGED 27:40.042 --> 27:44.542 align:start HEALTHCARE COMPANY SERVING MORE THAN A QUARTER MILLION MEMBERS. 27:44.542 --> 27:48.292 align:start AND BY, THE ARIZONA GAME AND FISH HERITAGE FUND, 27:48.292 --> 27:53.876 align:start ARIZONA'S LOTTERY DOLLARS WORKING FOR WILDLIFE.