WEBVTT 00:01.667 --> 00:06.918 align:start IT WAS THE LAST LAND GRAB BY THE UNITED STATES IN THE LOWER 48. 00:06.918 --> 00:10.584 align:start THIS DESERT CONTAINED SOME OF THE MOST DESOLATE, 00:10.584 --> 00:14.959 align:start UNKNOWN AND GOD-FORSAKEN COUNTRY ON THE CONTINENT. 00:14.959 --> 00:17.999 align:start AT THE TIME, MOST PEOPLE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT ALL 00:17.999 --> 00:19.626 align:start THE FUSS WAS ABOUT. 00:19.626 --> 00:27.167 align:start THEN, SLOWLY, THE LAND'S RICHES BECAME ABUNDANT. 00:31.083 --> 00:34.000 align:start FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS IS PROVIDED BY 00:34.000 --> 00:35.542 align:start DESERT PROGRAM PARTNERS. 00:35.542 --> 00:38.375 align:start REPRESENTING CONCERNED VIEWERS MAKING A FINANCIAL COMMITTMENT 00:38.375 --> 00:42.209 align:start TO THE EDUCATION ABOUT AND PRESERVATION OF DESERTS 00:42.209 --> 00:45.999 align:start AND BY THE STONEWALL FOUNDATION. 00:48.834 --> 01:18.334 align:start ♪ MUSIC 01:18.334 --> 01:20.125 align:start THE LAST PIECE OF TERRITORY THAT THE UNITED 01:20.125 --> 01:22.626 align:start STATES ACQUIRED IN THE CONTIGUOUS 48 STATES WAS 01:22.626 --> 01:28.542 align:start A CHUNK CALLED THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 01:28.542 --> 01:31.959 align:start ALMOST NOBODY KNEW WHAT WAS CONTAINED INSIDE IT 01:31.959 --> 01:35.792 align:start AND MEXICO LET IT GO FOR A SONG. 01:36.125 --> 01:38.334 align:start THE PURCHASE WAS NOT MADE BECAUSE OF THE 01:38.334 --> 01:40.417 align:start BEAUTY OF THE LAND. 01:40.417 --> 01:42.999 align:start WEST OF THE RIO GRANDE IT'S BARREN, 01:42.999 --> 01:45.751 align:start UGLY AND EMPTY BUT SOUTHERN POLITICIANS 01:45.751 --> 01:49.834 align:start WEREN'T CONCERNED WITH HOW PRETTY IT WAS. 01:49.834 --> 01:53.459 align:start THE GADSDEN PURCHASE IS KNOWN IN MEXICO ASEL 01:53.459 --> 01:56.125 align:start TRATADO DE LA MESILLA OR THE MESILLA TREATY. 01:56.125 --> 01:58.334 align:start THIS IS THE TOWN OF MESILLA. 01:58.334 --> 02:03.000 align:start IT WAS A BORDER TOWN BEFORE THE PURCHASE IN 1853. 02:03.000 --> 02:09.334 align:start NOW THE MEXICAN BORDER IS ABOUT 30, 40 MILES TO THE SOUTH. 02:09.334 --> 02:12.292 align:start AT MESILLA, NEW MEXICO, I MEET UP WITH MY MEXICAN BORN 02:12.292 --> 02:15.417 align:start AMERICAN FRIEND, HISTORIAN, NATURALIST AND 02:15.417 --> 02:20.209 align:start MUSICIAN EXTRAORDINARY, JESUS GARCIA. 02:20.209 --> 02:26.083 align:start HE KNOWS THE BORDER WELL, FROM A MEXICAN VIEWPOINT. 02:26.083 --> 02:32.167 align:start THIS IS THE PERFECT PLACE TO SEE WHERE GEOGRAPHY REALLY CHANGES. 02:32.167 --> 02:32.999 align:start ABSOLUTELY. 02:32.999 --> 02:34.999 align:start CAUSE THE RIO GRANDE COMES DOWN AND HERE'S WHERE IT 02:34.999 --> 02:39.709 align:start MAKES THE BEND AND BECOMES NOT THE RIO GRANDE. 02:39.709 --> 02:40.834 align:start IT'S THERIO BRAVO. 02:40.834 --> 02:42.999 align:start ANYWHERE IN MEXICO ON THE MEXICO SIDE IT'S ALWAYS 02:42.999 --> 02:44.375 align:start KNOWN ASEL RIO BRAVO. 02:44.375 --> 02:46.334 align:start WELL, TO THE WEST, LOOKING OUT HERE, 02:46.334 --> 02:49.167 align:start OUT HERE THAT'S THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 02:49.167 --> 02:51.584 align:start THAT'S THAT STRIP OF LAND THAT CHANGED 02:51.584 --> 02:54.334 align:start THE HISTORY OF THE U.S. ALL THE WAY TO YUMA. 02:54.334 --> 02:56.709 align:start SO HERE'S WHERE EL PASO IS. 02:56.709 --> 02:58.999 align:start ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT ENORMOUS EXPANSE, 02:58.999 --> 03:00.417 align:start THAT'S CIUDAD JUAREZ. 03:00.417 --> 03:02.167 align:start YEAH, JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA AND IT'S A BIG, 03:02.167 --> 03:05.584 align:start BIG CITY AND IT'S BLENDED IN WITH EL PASO EXCEPT THE 03:05.584 --> 03:07.000 align:start RIVER IN THE MIDDLE. 03:07.000 --> 03:09.083 align:start BUT THEY'VE BOTH PRETTY MUCH FORMED THIS 03:09.083 --> 03:11.292 align:start MASSIVE URBAN AREA HERE. 03:11.292 --> 03:16.999 align:start 1589, 1590 EL PASO IS FOUNDED AND THEY CALLED IT 03:16.999 --> 03:19.667 align:start EL PASO DEL NORTE, THE PASS OF THE NORTH, 03:19.667 --> 03:21.876 align:start CAUSE THIS IS THE FIRST PLACE THEY 03:21.876 --> 03:23.250 align:start RAN INTO WATER COMING NORTH. 03:23.250 --> 03:25.125 align:start WATER WAS PROBABLY AVAILABLE THEN. 03:25.125 --> 03:27.083 align:start WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE REST OF THE DESERT HERE, 03:27.083 --> 03:29.709 align:start WHOLE DIFFERENT PICTURE HERE. 03:29.709 --> 03:43.334 align:start THIS IS THE VERY RAILROAD THAT WAS PLANNED BY THOSE 03:43.334 --> 03:46.334 align:start WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 03:46.334 --> 03:48.792 align:start IN THOSE DAYS, THE BIG CONTROVERSY WAS WHETHER 03:48.792 --> 03:50.999 align:start ANY RAILROAD WOULD BE CONTROLLED BY SOUTHERN 03:50.999 --> 03:54.626 align:start SLAVERY OR NORTHERN ANTI-SLAVERY INTERESTS. 03:54.626 --> 03:58.375 align:start THE QUESTION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO WAS, HOW MUCH MONEY 03:58.375 --> 04:07.167 align:start WOULD THE U.S. PAY AND HOW BIG A PARCEL WOULD MEXICO GIVE. 04:08.999 --> 04:11.209 align:start THE ADVANCE EXPLORATION TEAM OF AMERICANS HAD NO 04:11.209 --> 04:15.250 align:start IDEA WHAT THEY WOULD FIND AND THEY MAY EVEN HAVE 04:15.250 --> 04:20.999 align:start ENTERTAINED DELUSIONS OF BEAUTY AND GRANDEUR. 04:20.999 --> 04:23.334 align:start COMING FROM EL PASO THEY STRIKE OUT IN WHAT WILL BE 04:23.334 --> 04:25.834 align:start THE GADSDEN PURCHASE AND IT'S THIS CREOSOTE, 04:25.834 --> 04:31.667 align:start LAVA HERE, A FEW SCRAWNY GRASSES, NOTHING MORE. 04:31.667 --> 04:34.250 align:start WHO WOULD WANT IT? 04:34.250 --> 04:34.834 align:start PROBABLY NOBODY. 04:34.834 --> 04:36.959 align:start IT'S A PIECE OF LAND WITH ALL THIS VERY DRY DESERT, 04:36.959 --> 04:39.999 align:start NO WATER AND AT THAT TIME PROBABLY PEOPLE WANTED 04:39.999 --> 04:42.959 align:start WATER FOR CATTLE, MAYBE AGRICULTURE AND EVEN 04:42.959 --> 04:46.792 align:start MINING REQUIRE WATER IN SOME PLACES. 04:46.792 --> 04:47.125 align:start WELL, YEAH. 04:47.125 --> 04:49.959 align:start YOU LOOK HERE, A PROSPECTOR ISN'T GOING TO FIND MUCH HERE. 04:49.959 --> 04:50.626 align:start PROBABLY NOT. 04:50.626 --> 04:51.999 align:start SO THE EASTERNERS ARE GOING TO SAY, 04:51.999 --> 04:53.792 align:start IT'S NOT WORTH ANYTHING, WE SHOULDN'T EVEN BUY IT. 04:53.792 --> 04:55.999 align:start BUT NOW WHAT ARE THE MEXICANS GOING TO SAY? 04:55.999 --> 04:57.292 align:start WELL, HERE'S THE THING. 04:57.292 --> 04:58.999 align:start MEXICO HAD ALREADY CLAIMED ALL THIS LAND, 04:58.999 --> 05:00.417 align:start NOT ONLY HERE BUT ALL WAY UP NORTH, 05:00.417 --> 05:03.751 align:start MORE THAN 100 MILES NORTH OF HERE AND THEN EVEN 05:03.751 --> 05:07.542 align:start THOUGH THERE WAS NOT MUCH HAPPENING, A FEW SADDLERS, 05:07.542 --> 05:10.501 align:start LIVING ALREADY HERE, A HUMONGOUS PIECE OF LAND 05:10.501 --> 05:13.999 align:start SOMEWHAT DISCONNECTED FROM CENTRAL MEXICO. 05:13.999 --> 05:16.792 align:start BUT THEY'RE GOING TO PLAY LIKE IT'S REALLY VALUABLE. 05:16.792 --> 05:17.542 align:start EXACTLY. 05:17.542 --> 05:18.250 align:start BUT IT WAS THEIRS. 05:18.250 --> 05:19.918 align:start BESIDES THIS MASSIVE AMOUNT OF LAND, 05:19.918 --> 05:21.417 align:start THEY PROBABLY FOUND SOME POCKETS LIKE THE SANTA 05:21.417 --> 05:24.999 align:start CRUZ RIVER AND SOME OF THE MOUNTAINS NEAR ARIZONA, 05:24.999 --> 05:25.999 align:start IN NORTHERN ARIZONA. 05:25.999 --> 05:27.292 align:start SO THEY KNEW THERE WAS SOME GOOD STUFF. 05:27.292 --> 05:29.876 align:start THERE WAS SOME GOOD STUFF BUT COMPARED TO CENTRAL 05:29.876 --> 05:33.334 align:start AND SOUTHERN MEXICO, THIS WAS PEANUTS I THINK. 05:33.334 --> 05:34.999 align:start THAT'S LUSH, CORNFIELDS EVERYWHERE. 05:34.999 --> 05:37.959 align:start YOU AND I LIVE IN THE SONORAN DESERT AND THIS IS 05:37.959 --> 05:39.334 align:start CHIHUAHUAN DESERT. 05:39.334 --> 05:42.751 align:start WE HAVE A LOT MORE DIVERSITY OF VEGETATION. 05:42.751 --> 05:44.501 align:start IT'S VERY, VERY DIFFERENT. 05:44.501 --> 05:46.501 align:start NO CACTUS, NO BIG HUGE CACTUS, NO SAGUAROS. 05:46.501 --> 05:51.375 align:start YOU'LL SEE LITTLE CACTI AND OF COURSE PLENTY OF CREOSOTE. 05:51.375 --> 05:53.292 align:start BUT IT'S COLD HERE IN THE WINTERTIME. 05:53.292 --> 05:53.959 align:start MUCH COLDER. 05:53.959 --> 05:55.667 align:start WE CAN FEEL IT RIGHT NOW AS A MATTER OF FACT. 05:55.667 --> 05:57.626 align:start YEAH, RIGHT NOW AND YOU'LL HAVE DAYS HERE WHEN THE 05:57.626 --> 05:59.709 align:start TEMPERATURE DOESN'T GET ABOVE FREEZING 05:59.709 --> 06:00.792 align:start AND IT DOESN'T RAIN MUCH. 06:00.792 --> 06:02.751 align:start IT'S NOT AS LUSH AS THE SONORAN DESERT, 06:02.751 --> 06:04.751 align:start DEFINITELY NOT THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS THAT WE HAVE THERE. 06:04.751 --> 06:08.000 align:start AND IT GOES ON FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF MILES. 06:08.626 --> 06:31.584 align:start THE GADSDEN PURCHASE CREATED A FEW TOWNS ALONG 06:31.584 --> 06:34.167 align:start THE NEW U.S./MEXICAN BORDER. 06:34.167 --> 06:36.709 align:start MOST OF THEM WERE QUIET, DUSTY SETTLEMENTS 06:36.709 --> 06:40.999 align:start FOR THE FIRST HALF CENTURY. 06:41.959 --> 06:43.876 align:start COLUMBUS, NEW MEXICO, HAS THE DISTINCTION OF 06:43.876 --> 06:47.999 align:start BEING FAMOUS FOR A MEXICAN, PANCHO VILLA. 06:47.999 --> 06:48.918 align:start PANCHO VILLA. 06:48.918 --> 06:49.417 align:start VERY, VERY IMPORTANT. 06:49.417 --> 06:52.876 align:start HERE IS THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION TAKING PLACE AROUND 1916. 06:52.876 --> 06:56.042 align:start PANCHO VILLA ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES AND INVADES 06:56.042 --> 07:00.751 align:start THE UNITED STATES RIGHT HERE IN COLUMBUS, NEW MEXICO. 07:00.751 --> 07:01.999 align:start DESTROYS THE TOWN. 07:01.999 --> 07:05.083 align:start DESTROYS THE TOWN. 07:05.083 --> 07:06.250 align:start KILLS A BUNCH OF AMERICANS. 07:06.250 --> 07:08.459 align:start AMERICANS COULDN'T MAKE ANY RESPONSE BECAUSE THERE 07:08.459 --> 07:11.042 align:start WERE SOLDIERS HERE, ALL THEIR ARMS 07:11.042 --> 07:11.999 align:start WERE LOCKED IN THE GARRISON. 07:11.999 --> 07:13.999 align:start SO WHEN PANCHO VILLA IS GONE, EVERYBODY IS FURIOUS, THEY 07:13.999 --> 07:15.959 align:start RECRUIT GENERAL PERSHING TO FOLLOW THEM INTO MEXICO. 07:15.959 --> 07:19.709 align:start AND HERE IS WHEN ANOTHER PART OF THE HISTORY OF 07:19.709 --> 07:20.834 align:start MEXICO IS VERY IMPORTANT. 07:20.834 --> 07:23.542 align:start WE LEARN WHEN THE UNITED STATES INVADES MEXICO, 07:23.542 --> 07:25.999 align:start FIRST TIME THE UNITED STATES USING AIRPLANES IN 07:25.999 --> 07:30.542 align:start WAR AND IT'S TO LOOK FOR PANCHO VILLA DOWN INTO MEXICO. 07:30.542 --> 07:33.083 align:start AND I LEARNED THAT IN ACORRIDO, 07:33.083 --> 07:35.250 align:start A SONG THAT TELLS YOU THE STORY OF WHAT HAPPENED, 07:35.250 --> 07:38.125 align:start THE ACTUAL HISTORICAL POINTS IN ACORRIDOAND WE 07:38.125 --> 07:40.999 align:start LEARNED IT IN SCHOOL. 08:23.501 --> 08:25.999 align:start THIS BORDER, WHICH IS ESTABLISHED BY THE GADSDEN 08:25.999 --> 08:29.792 align:start PURCHASE, THIS IS A STRAIGHT SHOT 100 MILES TO 08:29.792 --> 08:31.167 align:start THE RIO GRANDE. 08:31.167 --> 08:32.334 align:start IT'S AMAZING. 08:32.334 --> 08:34.209 align:start IT'S A PRETTY STRAIGHT SHOT AND THEN THIS 08:34.209 --> 08:35.876 align:start FLATLAND GOES A LONG WAY. 08:35.876 --> 08:36.083 align:start FOREVER. 08:36.083 --> 08:38.417 align:start AND NOWADAYS EVEN THOUGH TALL, TALL WALL RIGHT HERE, 08:38.417 --> 08:41.999 align:start VERY STRONG METAL FENCE HERE, THE ACTIVITY 08:41.999 --> 08:43.667 align:start CONTINUES ON A REGULAR BASIS. 08:43.667 --> 08:45.999 align:start LEGAL ACTIVITIES GOING ALL THE TIME, PEOPLE FROM BOTH 08:45.999 --> 08:49.626 align:start SIDES OF THE BORDER EXCHANGING BUSINESS AND... 08:49.626 --> 08:51.250 align:start AND ILLEGAL. 08:51.250 --> 08:54.083 align:start AS WELL AS LEGAL ACTIVITY GOING ON ALL THE TIME 08:54.083 --> 08:59.834 align:start DESPITE THIS BIG FENCE. 09:20.542 --> 09:25.334 align:start FROM COLUMBUS IT'S A LONG, EMPTY 60 MILES TO THE NEXT SETTLEMENT, 09:25.334 --> 09:27.709 align:start IF YOU CAN CALL IT THAT. 09:27.709 --> 09:30.209 align:start IT APPEARS THAT TODAY THERE ARE MORE DEAD PEOPLE 09:30.209 --> 09:33.999 align:start THAN LIVING IN HACHITA. 09:33.999 --> 09:36.792 align:start THE FIRST PART OF LIFE WE SEE HERE APART FROM THE 09:36.792 --> 09:39.999 align:start BORDER PATROL IS A CEMETERY. 09:39.999 --> 09:44.459 align:start HACHITA WAS CLEARLY NOT AN AFFLUENT TOWN AND THIS IS 09:44.459 --> 09:45.918 align:start NOT AN AFFLUENT CEMETERY. 09:45.918 --> 09:49.709 align:start NO, YOU CAN SEE SOME VERY, JUST VERY SIMPLE GRAVES HERE. 09:49.709 --> 09:51.999 align:start YEAH, THEY LOOK A LITTLE DULL. 09:51.999 --> 09:53.876 align:start NOT EVEN A CROSS. 09:53.876 --> 09:55.959 align:start PROBABLY USED TO BE A CROSS. 09:55.959 --> 09:57.626 align:start YEAH, JUST IN A MOUND OF DIRT. 09:57.626 --> 10:02.999 align:start BUT HERE WE HAVE A MUSICIAN VERY LIKELY. 10:02.999 --> 10:03.250 align:start YEAH. 10:03.250 --> 10:05.834 align:start SO HE'S JUST GOT A MOUND TOO AND THE GOPHERS ARE 10:05.834 --> 10:07.125 align:start DOING QUITE A JOB THERE. 10:07.125 --> 10:07.792 align:start BARBED WIRE. 10:07.792 --> 10:09.834 align:start A LITTLE BIT OF BARBED WIRE, A LITTLE BIT OF 10:09.834 --> 10:11.250 align:start THE RANCHING TRADITION. 10:11.250 --> 10:12.834 align:start THAT MOTIF. 10:12.834 --> 10:14.542 align:start LOOK, HERE'S MORE BARBED WIRE. 10:14.542 --> 10:14.999 align:start MORE BARBED WIRE. 10:14.999 --> 10:17.167 align:start THERE'S A LITTLE GIRL NAMED INESRA VEGA THAT LIVED 10:17.167 --> 10:20.209 align:start ONLY ONE MONTH, FROM JANUARY 2ND TO FEBRUARY 2ND, 1918. 10:20.209 --> 10:25.042 align:start VERY NICE ORNAMENTS IN A WAY, 10:25.042 --> 10:28.125 align:start SIMPLE BUT VERY NICE METAL ORNAMENTS. 10:28.125 --> 10:33.918 align:start NOW THIS ENCLOSURE SEEMS TO HAVE THREE DIFFERENT ERAS. 10:33.918 --> 10:40.999 align:start SO WE'VE GOT WORLD WAR I AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 10:40.999 --> 10:41.999 align:start DO YOU SEE A THIRD ONE? 10:41.999 --> 10:46.542 align:start YES, AND THE THIRD ONE I THINK THAT IS THE CIVIL WAR. 10:46.542 --> 10:47.209 align:start YEAH, THERE IT IS. 10:47.209 --> 10:48.999 align:start SO WE'VE GOT THREE DIFFERENT WARS. 10:48.999 --> 10:50.792 align:start AND LOOK AT THE ORNAMENTS IN HERE, 10:50.792 --> 10:51.709 align:start THEY LOOK MUCH OLDER. 10:51.709 --> 10:53.334 align:start THIS IS AN OLD TIME FENCE SO WE'VE GOT REAL WAR 10:53.334 --> 10:56.542 align:start HISTORY HERE, RIGHT INSIDE THIS TINY LITTLE ENCLOSURE. 10:56.542 --> 11:01.000 align:start IT'S AN ISOLATED PLACE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 11:01.000 --> 11:04.626 align:start CHIHUAHUAN DESERT. 11:05.792 --> 11:07.999 align:start HACHITA ISN'T MUCH OF A PLACE BUT ANTELOPE WELLS 11:07.999 --> 11:12.792 align:start CALLEDEL BERRENDOIN MEXICO, 45 MINUTES TO THE SOUTH, 11:12.792 --> 11:15.626 align:start IS EVEN LESS SIGNIFICANT. 11:15.626 --> 11:18.626 align:start IT IS THE LEAST USED MEXICAN BORDER CROSSING. 11:18.626 --> 11:21.834 align:start 50 YEARS AGO THE LOCATION OF THE EXACT BORDER ON THE 11:21.834 --> 11:23.999 align:start GROUND WAS ANYBODY'S GUESS. 11:23.999 --> 11:29.209 align:start NOW, THERE'S NO QUESTION WHERE THE BORDER. 11:29.209 --> 11:32.167 align:start IT'S FORTIFIED AS THOUGH IT'S A WAR ZONE. 11:32.167 --> 11:34.501 align:start TRAFFIC HASN'T INCREASED MUCH, THOUGH, 11:34.501 --> 11:38.626 align:start JUST THREE CROSSINGS A DAY FROM THE SOUTH. 11:38.626 --> 11:41.375 align:start SO WHEN THE AMERICANS DID THE BOUNDARY SURVEY FOR 11:41.375 --> 11:44.000 align:start THE GADSDEN PURCHASE THEY ORIGINALLY ONLY MADE 50 11:44.000 --> 11:48.709 align:start SOME BOUNDARY MARKERS FOR SOME 600 MILES OF BOUNDARY. 11:48.709 --> 11:49.167 align:start THAT'S NOT ENOUGH. 11:49.167 --> 11:51.959 align:start THESEMOJONESBASICALLY, THESE MARKERS ARE VERY UNIQUE. 11:51.959 --> 11:54.501 align:start IT'S JUST ONE LITTLE MARKER. 11:54.501 --> 11:55.375 align:start YEAH AND IT WASN'T ENOUGH. 11:55.375 --> 11:58.083 align:start IT WASN'T ENOUGH BUT THEY DIDN'T NEED TO HAVE MORE 11:58.083 --> 12:00.083 align:start TO SHOW WHERE THE BORDER WAS BECAUSE... 12:00.083 --> 12:02.501 align:start WELL, THEY DID THOUGH BECAUSE THEY CAME BACK 12:02.501 --> 12:03.459 align:start AND THEY DID OVER 200. 12:03.459 --> 12:05.459 align:start THEY ADDED A BUNCH AND THIS IS NUMBER 60. 12:05.459 --> 12:07.999 align:start EXACTLY AND I THINK THOSE MOJONESOR THOSE MARKERS 12:07.999 --> 12:09.083 align:start WERE JUST A WAY TO LOOK AT IT. 12:09.083 --> 12:11.000 align:start IF YOU COULD SEE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER ONE, 12:11.000 --> 12:13.999 align:start THAT WAS ENOUGH TO TELL YOU THIS IS WHERE THE BORDER IS. 12:13.999 --> 12:16.042 align:start AND IF YOU DIDN'T LIVE CLOSE ENOUGH TO SEE ONE, 12:16.042 --> 12:18.042 align:start WELL, IT PROBABLY DIDN'T MATTER. 12:18.042 --> 12:19.375 align:start IT DIDN'T MATTER. 12:19.375 --> 12:21.209 align:start UNTIL IT CAME TO VOTING. 12:21.209 --> 12:22.042 align:start EXACTLY. 12:22.042 --> 12:22.959 align:start MAYBE IT DID MATTER THEN. 12:22.959 --> 12:24.709 align:start 100 HIGHWAY MILES TO THE WEST JUST INSIDE ARIZONA 12:24.709 --> 12:27.834 align:start THE LANDSCAPE CHANGES DRAMATICALLY. 12:27.834 --> 12:30.959 align:start THE RUGGED AND FORESTED CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS ARE A 12:30.959 --> 12:33.667 align:start SKY ISLAND OASIS ABOVE THE DESERT FLOOR, 12:33.667 --> 12:36.542 align:start WET ENOUGH TO GROW LIMITED CROPS AND RICH ENOUGH IN 12:36.542 --> 12:42.167 align:start WILD FOODS TO HAVE SUPPORTED CHIRICAHUA APACHES. 12:42.167 --> 12:44.792 align:start FOR 200 YEARS THE APACHES USED THE CONVOLUTED 12:44.792 --> 12:47.999 align:start TOPOGRAPHY TO GREAT ADVANTAGE TO ESCAPE 12:47.999 --> 12:51.000 align:start MEXICAN AND AMERICAN RETALIATION FOR THEIR 12:51.000 --> 12:53.459 align:start FREQUENT RAIDING PARTIES. 12:53.459 --> 12:56.459 align:start THE 1880S MARKED THE END OF THESE SO-CALLED 12:56.459 --> 13:02.083 align:start UNITED STATES INDIAN WARS. 13:02.083 --> 13:05.834 align:start THIS IS THE MONUMENT TO THE CAPTURE OF GERONIMO 13:05.834 --> 13:09.042 align:start BUT IT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE A GOOD 10 MILES OVER IN 13:09.042 --> 13:12.000 align:start THE PELONCILLOS IN SKELETON CANYON. 13:12.000 --> 13:13.918 align:start THAT'S A GOOD PLACE. 13:13.918 --> 13:15.876 align:start YEAH, IT'S VERY SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THE 13:15.876 --> 13:17.501 align:start ENTIRE AREA HERE WAS REALLY APACHE LAND AND I 13:17.501 --> 13:19.667 align:start THINK IT MAKES SENSE HERE TO SEE IT IN FRONT OF THE 13:19.667 --> 13:21.417 align:start CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS ESPECIALLY. 13:21.417 --> 13:23.209 align:start OH, YEAH, WELL, HE WAS A CHIRICAHUA APACHE. 13:23.209 --> 13:25.501 align:start PART OF THE GADSDEN PURCHASE HAD A PROVISION 13:25.501 --> 13:30.375 align:start THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD TO INDEMNIFY MEXICO 13:30.375 --> 13:32.999 align:start FOR ANY DAMAGE THAT THE APACHES DID AND 13:32.999 --> 13:35.250 align:start I EXPECT THE MEXICANS LIKE THAT. 13:35.250 --> 13:38.501 align:start ONCE THE GADSDEN PURCHASE WAS DONE, IT TOOK A LONG TIME TO 13:38.501 --> 13:41.999 align:start REALLY, FOR MANY PEOPLE LIVING HERE, PARTICULARLY THE APACHES, 13:41.999 --> 13:45.999 align:start TO REALLY UNDERSTAND WHERE THE BORDER WAS OR WHAT IT MEANT. 13:45.999 --> 13:49.042 align:start SO FOR THE APACHES THIS LANDS WAS STILL THEIR VAST 13:49.042 --> 13:53.083 align:start LAND AND GOING INTO MEXICO BACK AND FORTH PROBABLY 13:53.083 --> 13:54.918 align:start DIDN'T MEAN MUCH TO THEM BECAUSE... 13:54.918 --> 13:57.999 align:start WELL, NO, AND THEY COULDN'T UNDERSTAND WHY THE U.S. 13:57.999 --> 14:00.125 align:start CARED ABOUT THEM ATTACKING MEXICO. 14:00.125 --> 14:03.584 align:start THE U.S. THEN HAD TO CLAMP DOWN ON THE APACHES BECAUSE THEY 14:03.584 --> 14:07.125 align:start DIDN'T WANT TO KEEP PAYING DAMAGES AND THERE WERE A LOT. 14:07.125 --> 14:09.542 align:start AND THEN A REALLY SAD PART OF HISTORY COMES WHEN THE 14:09.542 --> 14:12.459 align:start APACHES THEN WERE PUT ON RESERVATIONS AND GERONIMO 14:12.459 --> 14:17.125 align:start WAS SORT OF A HEROIC PROTEST AGAINST THAT TREATMENT. 14:17.125 --> 14:18.209 align:start BUT AGAIN, IT'S 1886. 14:18.209 --> 14:22.834 align:start THIS IS THE LAST REALLY NATIVE AMERICANS UPRISINGS 14:22.834 --> 14:24.375 align:start THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD TO DEAL WITH, 14:24.375 --> 14:27.584 align:start IN THE FORM OF WAR AND THERE IS GERONIMO DOING 14:27.584 --> 14:32.375 align:start THAT RIGHT HERE IN THIS AREA. 14:32.375 --> 14:34.584 align:start THE FIRST BORDER TOWN INSIDE ARIZONA IS DOUGLAS 14:34.584 --> 14:37.501 align:start WITH IT'S FAMOUS HOTEL NAMED AFTER THE SENATOR 14:37.501 --> 14:41.125 align:start WHO NEVER VENTURED HERE EVEN THOUGH THE PURCHASE 14:41.125 --> 14:43.959 align:start WAS NAMED AFTER HIM. 14:43.959 --> 14:46.918 align:start SO YOU'VE STAYED IN THE GADSDEN HOTEL, RIGHT? 14:46.918 --> 14:47.417 align:start ONE TIME. 14:47.417 --> 14:49.709 align:start DO YOU KNOW ABOUT GADSDEN? 14:49.709 --> 14:50.000 align:start NOT REALLY. 14:50.000 --> 14:52.417 align:start YOU WOULDN'T BE EXPECTED TO BECAUSE THEY DON'T TELL 14:52.417 --> 14:53.999 align:start YOU ABOUT THAT IN MEXICO. 14:53.999 --> 14:55.334 align:start IT'S A DIFFERENT NAME. 14:55.334 --> 14:56.083 align:start NO, CERTAINLY NOT. 14:56.083 --> 14:58.334 align:start THE ONLY THING I'VE KNOWN IS THAT HE 14:58.334 --> 14:59.999 align:start WAS EXPELLED FROM MEXICO. 14:59.999 --> 15:00.417 align:start RIGHT. 15:00.417 --> 15:02.918 align:start HE WAS A SOUTHERN PLANTATION SLAVE OWNING GUY. 15:02.918 --> 15:05.209 align:start SO GADSDEN GETS THIS IDEA OF GETTING A STRIP WHERE 15:05.209 --> 15:07.209 align:start THEY COULD BUILD A RAILROAD TO BRING SLAVE 15:07.209 --> 15:11.083 align:start SYMPATHIZERS OUT WEST AND OUTNUMBER THE ANTI-SLAVE 15:11.083 --> 15:14.292 align:start SENTIMENT, MAKE NEW CONFEDERATE STATES OR SLAVE STATES. 15:14.292 --> 15:17.501 align:start THE ONLY PROBLEM WAS THE NORTHERNERS SUSPECTED HIM 15:17.501 --> 15:19.876 align:start OF SOMETHING, THEY MADE A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 15:19.876 --> 15:20.999 align:start PARCEL AND WHAT THE U.S. 15:20.999 --> 15:24.334 align:start WOUND UP WITH WAS NOTHING LIKE WHAT GADSDEN HAD IN 15:24.334 --> 15:26.999 align:start MIND BUT STILL HAS HIS NAME. 15:26.999 --> 15:29.375 align:start YEAH, THE INTERESTING THING IN MEXICO, THIS IS NOT KNOWN VERY 15:29.375 --> 15:32.250 align:start MUCH, ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTHERN PART OF MEXICO AND OTHER THAN 15:32.250 --> 15:35.959 align:start THE GADSDEN HOTEL HERE IN DOUGLAS, ALL I'VE HEARD IS THAT 15:35.959 --> 15:38.999 align:start HE BECAME A DIPLOMAT AFTER THE PURCHASE. 15:38.999 --> 15:42.999 align:start BUT THEN HE WAS EXPELLED FROM MEXICO. 15:42.999 --> 15:45.209 align:start HE WAS ACTING LIKE A BIG GRINGO. 15:45.209 --> 15:49.375 align:start PROBABLY. 15:49.375 --> 15:50.584 align:start YOU'RE OUT OF HERE, THEY SAID. 15:50.584 --> 15:52.918 align:start LONG BEFORE DOUGLAS BECAME A TOWN, A NEARBY MEXICAN RANCH WAS 15:52.918 --> 15:57.959 align:start ESTABLISHED ALONG THE ONLY RELIABLE SPRINGS FOR MANY MILES. 15:57.959 --> 15:59.999 align:start THE NORTHERN PART OF THE RANCH STRADDLED THE 15:59.999 --> 16:03.667 align:start U.S./MEXICAN BORDER AFTER THE GADSDEN PURCHASE 16:03.667 --> 16:05.334 align:start REDEFINED THE BORDER. 16:05.334 --> 16:09.999 align:start IT BECAME THE SLAUGHTER RANCH. 16:09.999 --> 16:11.999 align:start THE SLAUGHTER RANCH STILL LOOKS LIKE AN OLD RANCH 16:11.999 --> 16:15.834 align:start EVEN THOUGH IT'S A NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE. 16:15.834 --> 16:17.292 align:start AH, THIS IS SUCH A GREAT PLACE. 16:17.292 --> 16:18.167 align:start IT'S VERY UNIQUE. 16:18.167 --> 16:20.417 align:start IT'S RIGHT UP AGAINST THE BORDER. 16:20.417 --> 16:20.999 align:start REALLY? 16:20.999 --> 16:22.501 align:start WELL, THAT'S GOTTA BE THE BORDER THEN 16:22.501 --> 16:25.083 align:start RIGHT OVER AT THE EDGE OF THE PASTURE. 16:25.083 --> 16:29.876 align:start I DON'T KNOW OF ANY OTHER PLACE WHERE THE BORDER IS 16:29.876 --> 16:31.999 align:start MARKED BY THE END OF A SHEEP PASTURE. 16:31.999 --> 16:32.918 align:start RIGHT THERE. 16:32.918 --> 16:33.584 align:start THERE'S MEXICO RIGHT THERE. 16:33.584 --> 16:35.542 align:start ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT FENCE RIGHT THERE IS MEXICO. 16:35.542 --> 16:37.250 align:start THERE'S MEXICO RIGHT THERE, YEAH. 16:37.250 --> 16:38.125 align:start AND HERE WE ARE IN ARIZONA. 16:38.125 --> 16:39.792 align:start THIS WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE LAND THAT WE'VE 16:39.792 --> 16:41.375 align:start SEEN IN NEW MEXICO SO THIS IS ANOTHER SECTION OF THE 16:41.375 --> 16:43.083 align:start GADSDEN PURCHASE THAT PROBABLY MADE A LITTLE 16:43.083 --> 16:44.667 align:start DIFFERENCE FOR THE PEOPLE AT THAT TIME. 16:44.667 --> 16:46.375 align:start YEAH, BUT IT WAS NOT GREEN HERE IN 1853. 16:46.375 --> 16:49.292 align:start THESE FABULOUS ARTESIAN WELLS WERE CREATED BY AN 16:49.292 --> 16:51.000 align:start EARTHQUAKE IN 1887. 16:51.000 --> 16:52.501 align:start AND IT'S BASICALLY AN OASIS. 16:52.501 --> 16:54.999 align:start AND THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT HISTORIC SITE 16:54.999 --> 16:57.542 align:start TOO BECAUSE ACTUALLY PANCHO VILLA CAME THROUGH 16:57.542 --> 16:59.999 align:start HERE AT ONE POINT IN THE EARLY 1900S. 16:59.999 --> 17:02.501 align:start THEY JUST CAME AND STARTED HELPING THEMSELVES WITH 17:02.501 --> 17:04.667 align:start THE CROPS THAT THEY HAD AND MR. SLAUGHTER WENT OUT 17:04.667 --> 17:06.334 align:start AND MET THEM AND TRIED TO CONFRONT THEM. 17:06.334 --> 17:10.999 align:start THEN WHEN HE CAME BACK, HE HAD HIS SADDLE BAGS WITH GOLD COINS. 17:10.999 --> 17:12.709 align:start SO THEY GOT PAID. 17:12.709 --> 17:15.542 align:start THEY PAID FOR THEIR STUFF. 17:15.542 --> 17:17.334 align:start THAT WAS NOT THE WAY PANCHO VILLA ALWAYS OPERATED. 17:17.334 --> 17:21.834 align:start HE OPERATED BUT APPARENTLY HE WORKED THAT WAY HERE. 17:21.834 --> 17:23.834 align:start THEN I GUESS SLAUGHTER BOUGHT THE THING 17:23.834 --> 17:24.999 align:start AFTER THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 17:24.999 --> 17:26.999 align:start HE BOUGHT IT IN I THINK IT WAS 1884 17:26.999 --> 17:29.876 align:start AND MADE ALL THIS LAKE OUT OF A POND. 17:29.876 --> 17:30.626 align:start HE JUST ENLARGED IT. 17:30.626 --> 17:33.167 align:start AND TO THIS DAY IT'S AN OASIS THAT IN THE MIDDLE 17:33.167 --> 17:36.584 align:start OF THIS KIND OF ZONE BETWEEN SONORAN DESERT AND 17:36.584 --> 17:40.999 align:start CHIHUAHUAN DESERT YOU HAVE THIS WONDERFUL GREEN PLACE 17:40.999 --> 17:44.542 align:start AND WONDERFUL CATTLE RANCH. 17:44.542 --> 17:45.999 align:start YOU GREW UP IN MEXICO. 17:45.999 --> 17:46.417 align:start MM MM. 17:46.417 --> 17:47.792 align:start YOU SPEND A LOT OF TIME IN MEXICO STILL. 17:47.792 --> 17:49.999 align:start YOU TELL ME WHY THE UNITED STATES THOUGHT IT WAS 17:49.999 --> 17:53.459 align:start IMPORTANT IN 1911 TO BUILD A FORT HERE. 17:53.459 --> 17:54.501 align:start 1911. 17:54.501 --> 17:54.918 align:start 1911. 17:54.918 --> 17:57.375 align:start WELL, FIRST OF ALL IN 1910 THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION STARTS, 17:57.375 --> 17:59.918 align:start BIG UNREST THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY AND 17:59.918 --> 18:01.751 align:start THE BORDER IS RIGHT HERE. 18:01.751 --> 18:04.999 align:start YOU GET A GOOD PERSPECTIVE HERE. 18:04.999 --> 18:05.999 align:start A GOOD PERSPECTIVE. 18:05.999 --> 18:10.083 align:start IT'S A GREAT SPOT RIGHT HERE TO PROTECT THE U.S. BORDER. 18:10.083 --> 18:11.417 align:start AND HERE YOU HAVE THE U.S. 18:11.417 --> 18:13.959 align:start ARMY STATIONED FOR ALMOST THE ENTIRE TIME OF THE 18:13.959 --> 18:17.999 align:start REVOLUTION LOOKING DOWN INTO THIS VALLEY. 18:17.999 --> 18:19.959 align:start MR. SLAUGHTER ALREADY WAS LIVING HERE. 18:19.959 --> 18:23.334 align:start AND DURING THAT TIME BASICALLY THE ARMY WAS 18:23.334 --> 18:25.999 align:start STATIONED HERE AND THIS TIME PROTECTING THE BORDER 18:25.999 --> 18:28.000 align:start FOR ANYTHING COULD HAVE HAPPENED BECAUSE STILL 18:28.000 --> 18:32.459 align:start 1910 THAT WAS A LONG TIME OF UNREST AND 18:32.459 --> 18:34.918 align:start THE UNITED STATES WAS VERY WORRIED ABOUT IT. 18:34.918 --> 18:36.876 align:start AND THERE WAS A LOT OF BANDITRY GOING 18:36.876 --> 18:39.792 align:start ON AT THAT TIME, TOO, RIGHT? 19:31.959 --> 19:33.999 align:start SOME OF THE BANDITRY COULD HAVE HAD TO DO WITH THE 19:33.999 --> 19:38.999 align:start VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER COMING 19:38.999 --> 19:43.999 align:start OUT OF THE MINE AT BISBEE 30 MILES WEST. 19:43.999 --> 19:47.834 align:start BISBEE, ARIZONA IS LOCATED ABOUT FIVE MILES NORTH OF 19:47.834 --> 19:49.959 align:start THE U.S./MEXICO BORDER. 19:49.959 --> 19:52.751 align:start IT WAS INCLUDED IN THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 19:52.751 --> 19:55.999 align:start AT THAT TIME OF COURSE, NOBODY KNEW THE VAST 19:55.999 --> 19:58.167 align:start MINERAL RICHES THAT LAY BENEATH THE SOIL. 19:58.167 --> 20:00.250 align:start ULTIMATELY, OUT OF THE BISBEE MINE ALONE, 20:00.250 --> 20:04.125 align:start $25 BILLION WORTH OF COPPER WAS EXTRACTED 20:04.125 --> 20:08.459 align:start COMPARED WITH THE $10 MILLION THAT THE UNITED 20:08.459 --> 20:12.542 align:start STATES PAID TO MEXICO. 20:12.542 --> 20:14.375 align:start WE ARE GOING TO THE UNDERGROUND MINE TOUR IN 20:14.375 --> 20:16.167 align:start BISBEE, ARIZONA, AND THIS IS OLD STUFF. 20:16.167 --> 20:21.083 align:start ALL RIGHT, I'LL PUT ONE OF THESE, SHOULD I PUT IT ON 20:21.083 --> 20:22.334 align:start OVER THE PARKA? 20:22.334 --> 20:23.292 align:start SURE. 20:23.292 --> 20:23.999 align:start 47 DEGREES. 20:23.999 --> 20:26.334 align:start WHERE I COME FROM, THAT'S COLD. 20:26.334 --> 20:28.751 align:start DO YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'RE ABOUT TO ENTER THE BOWELS 20:28.751 --> 20:30.959 align:start OF THE EARTH, CHUY? 20:30.959 --> 20:32.459 align:start WE'RE GOING TO GO IN THE MINE HERE. 20:32.459 --> 20:33.999 align:start WE'RE GOING TO GO DOWN VARIOUS LEVELS. 20:33.999 --> 20:36.000 align:start THE LOWEST LEVEL WE GO DOWN TO IS 300 FEET. 20:36.000 --> 20:40.083 align:start I THINK IT WENT DOWN A LOT MORE THAN THAT 20:40.083 --> 20:42.626 align:start WHEN IT WAS AN ACTIVE MINE. 20:42.626 --> 20:46.083 align:start THIS LEVEL HERE IS THE 300 LEVEL, THIRD LEVEL. 20:46.083 --> 20:48.334 align:start BACK INSIDE THERE'S TWO LEVELS ABOVE US, 20:48.334 --> 20:51.999 align:start FOUR LEVELS BELOW US 100 FEET APART MAKING THIS 20:51.999 --> 20:54.501 align:start PARTICULAR MINE 700 FEET TOP TO BOTTOM. 20:54.501 --> 20:56.999 align:start ORIGINALLY THEY HOISTED IT ALL THE WAY UP TO THE SURFACE. 20:56.999 --> 20:59.542 align:start WHEN THE RAILROAD GOT HERE TO TOWN, 20:59.542 --> 21:02.918 align:start THEY DRILLED THIS TUNNEL TO GET THE ORE OUT RIGHT 21:02.918 --> 21:05.000 align:start AT THE SAME LEVEL AS THE RAILROAD IS AT. 21:05.000 --> 21:06.959 align:start OKAY, NOW WE'RE CLIMBING THESE STEPS 21:06.959 --> 21:10.209 align:start UP INTO THE STOPE, S-T-O-P-E. 21:10.209 --> 21:13.626 align:start THAT'S WHERE A LOT OF THE ORE IS LOCATED, 21:13.626 --> 21:15.417 align:start PLAIN OLD WORKING PLACE. 21:15.417 --> 21:17.999 align:start THEY HAD A BUNCH OF THESE SCATTERED OUT THROUGH THE MINE. 21:17.999 --> 21:21.209 align:start SO IT BECAME THE ORE WAS NOT SUFFICIENTLY 21:21.209 --> 21:24.626 align:start CONCENTRATED TO MAKE IT WORTH THEIR WHILE TO GO ON HERE. 21:24.626 --> 21:25.999 align:start EXACTLY, MINED OUT. 21:25.999 --> 21:30.375 align:start THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS WITH MINES, THEY RUN OUT, DON'T THEY? 21:30.375 --> 21:31.083 align:start YEAH, MM MM. 21:31.083 --> 21:32.459 align:start 1975 IT WASN'T SUCH HIGH GRADE. 21:32.459 --> 21:34.959 align:start THE PRICE OF COPPER WENT DOWN, EVERYTHING ELSE 21:34.959 --> 21:35.876 align:start IS STILL GOING UP. 21:35.876 --> 21:37.042 align:start THAT'S WHEN THEY CLOSED THE MINES. 21:37.042 --> 21:38.334 align:start HOW MUCH COPPER CAME OUT OF HERE? 21:38.334 --> 21:40.542 align:start SOMETHING LIKE EIGHT BILLION POUNDS OF COPPER. 21:40.542 --> 21:42.125 align:start BILLION POUNDS OF COPPER. 21:42.125 --> 21:43.876 align:start AND AT TODAY'S PRICE AROUND $3 A POUND. 21:43.876 --> 21:46.167 align:start I SAW IT WHEN IT GOT DOWN TO $13 AND $17. 21:46.167 --> 21:50.918 align:start THAT'S WHEN THEY CLOSED A LOT OF THE MINES IN 1949. 21:50.918 --> 21:54.999 align:start THIS IS CALCITE QUARTZ CRYSTAL AND FROM TIME TO TIME IT WOULD 21:54.999 --> 21:59.918 align:start BE GOLD BEARING QUARTZ BUT I THINK SOMEBODY GOT TO HERE FIRST 21:59.918 --> 22:04.999 align:start AND GOT ALL THE GOOD STUFF OUT OF THERE. 22:04.999 --> 22:06.999 align:start PETE, SOMEBODY TOLD ME THAT SOME OF THE 22:06.999 --> 22:08.999 align:start UNDERGROUND MINERS, IF THEY FOUND A REALLY RICH 22:08.999 --> 22:11.751 align:start PIECE WITH MAYBE A LITTLE GOLD IN IT OR PRETTY 22:11.751 --> 22:13.751 align:start TURQUOISE, THEY'D PUT IT IN THEIR LUNCH PAIL. 22:13.751 --> 22:15.999 align:start YEAH, THEY DIDN'T EVEN BOTHER TO CHECK LUNCH BUCKETS WHEN 22:15.999 --> 22:19.083 align:start WE WERE GOING OFF A SHIFT CAUSE THEY KNEW WE COULDN'T 22:19.083 --> 22:23.042 align:start FIND ANY SILVER OR GOLD AND YOU FIND SOME OF THIS COPPER STUFF, 22:23.042 --> 22:26.459 align:start A WHOLE LUNCH BUCKET WOULD BE ABOUT THREE CENTS WORTH 22:26.459 --> 22:30.334 align:start OF COPPER SO THEY DIDN'T BOTHER CHECKING THEM. 22:30.334 --> 22:31.542 align:start I FEEL A VIBRATION IN THE TRACK. 22:31.542 --> 22:34.292 align:start I THINK WE'RE ABOUT TO BE RUN OVER BY A TRAIN. 22:34.292 --> 22:41.999 align:start THE COAL THEY MINED ON TWO LEVELS ABOVE THEY'D DUMP 22:41.999 --> 22:44.042 align:start IN THIS POCKET, THEN THEY'D LOAD IT IN SOME 22:44.042 --> 22:48.459 align:start KIND OF MINE GUARD AND HAUL IT OUT TO THE RAILROAD CARS. 22:48.459 --> 22:49.876 align:start SIMPLE, HUH? 22:49.876 --> 22:50.417 align:start OR TRANSFER. 22:50.417 --> 22:52.501 align:start OKAY, NOW WE GO BACK HERE AND PASS UP SOME, 22:52.501 --> 22:55.918 align:start PASS BY SOME OF THE DRILLS THEY USED HERE. 22:55.918 --> 22:58.542 align:start DRILL UP WITH THAT ONE. 22:58.542 --> 23:01.209 align:start HORIZONTAL WITH THESE, MORE OR LESS. 23:01.209 --> 23:04.209 align:start THIS IS CALLED A JACK LIGHT MACHINE. 23:04.209 --> 23:05.667 align:start IT'S LIKE A JACKHAMMER. 23:05.667 --> 23:07.792 align:start HE HOLDS IT UP AND PUSHES IT. 23:07.792 --> 23:09.709 align:start THIS IS THE PATTERN OF HOLES WE DRILLED. 23:09.709 --> 23:11.999 align:start BLAST THAT ONE FIRST, THEN THESE HERE SECOND. 23:11.999 --> 23:14.459 align:start THIS ONE HERE IS SECOND, WE BREAK INTO THAT HOLE 23:14.459 --> 23:18.000 align:start YOU JUST BLASTED, KICK OUT, DOWN THE HOLES, 23:18.000 --> 23:19.375 align:start WORK YOUR WAY RIGHT AROUND LIKE THAT. 23:19.375 --> 23:22.292 align:start THAT RIGHT THERE IS CALLED, WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE, A CAGE. 23:22.292 --> 23:23.999 align:start THAT'S AN ELEVATOR. 23:23.999 --> 23:25.999 align:start WE CALLED IT A CAGE BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 23:25.999 --> 23:28.250 align:start THAT'S THE WAY WE GOT IN AND OUT OF THE MINE. 23:28.250 --> 23:30.626 align:start SOME OF THEM WE COULD GET 12 ON DOWN AT THE BOTTOM. 23:30.626 --> 23:31.999 align:start THEY HAD THREE DECKS ON SOME OF THEM. 23:31.999 --> 23:35.459 align:start AND THEN THEY HAD A BUCKET UNDERNEATH AND THEY'D PULL 23:35.459 --> 23:37.292 align:start THE ORE OUT OF A CHUTE RIGHT HERE, 23:37.292 --> 23:39.876 align:start IT GOES RIGHT INTO THE BUCKET AND HOISTED IT UP 23:39.876 --> 23:54.375 align:start AND DUMPED IT INTO THE RAILROAD CARS. 23:54.375 --> 23:58.709 align:start WHAT STRIKES ME MOST IS ALL OF THE IMMENSE AMOUNT 23:58.709 --> 24:00.209 align:start OF ORE THAT CAME OUT OF HERE, 24:00.209 --> 24:04.918 align:start WHAT A TERRIFIC BARGAIN THE U.S. GOT, 10 MILLION BUCKS. 24:04.918 --> 24:05.999 align:start YEAH. 24:05.999 --> 24:13.999 align:start I'VE HEARD A FIGURE OF $25 BILLION JUST THIS ONE MINE. 24:13.999 --> 24:16.834 align:start THE EARLY MINERS FOUND OUTCROPPINGS WITH GOLD OR 24:16.834 --> 24:19.125 align:start TURQUOISE OR SILVER, FOLLOWED THEM UNDERGROUND 24:19.125 --> 24:22.167 align:start AND THUS THE FIRST MINES WERE ALL UNDERGROUND. 24:22.167 --> 24:24.999 align:start WITH THE ADVENT OF MORE SOPHISTICATED MACHINERY, 24:24.999 --> 24:28.834 align:start IT BECAME CHEAPER TO REMOVE THE TOP OVER BURDEN 24:28.834 --> 24:31.999 align:start AND MAKE AN OPEN PIT MINE. 24:31.999 --> 24:35.501 align:start AT THE TIME OF THE GADSDEN PURCHASE IN 1853, 24:35.501 --> 24:38.626 align:start NEITHER MEXICAN NOR AMERICAN OFFICIALS KNEW 24:38.626 --> 24:41.751 align:start MUCH ABOUT THE LAND THAT WAS INVOLVED IN THE 24:41.751 --> 24:44.876 align:start PURCHASE OTHER THAN WHAT THEY SAW WEST OF THE RIO 24:44.876 --> 24:46.792 align:start GRANDE IN WHAT IS NOW NEW MEXICO. 24:46.792 --> 24:50.501 align:start HAD THEY VENTURED FARTHER WEST AND SEEN THE VARIETY OF 24:50.501 --> 24:54.167 align:start LANDSCAPES AND RESOURCES, THEY BOTH WOULD HAVE REALIZED THAT 24:54.167 --> 25:01.999 align:start THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID WAS FAR TOO LOW. 25:02.042 --> 25:05.459 align:start DURING THE 18TH CENTURY, THIS PART OF MEXICO WAS A 25:05.459 --> 25:09.167 align:start FAR AWAY, DESOLATE LAND THAT FEW PEOPLE CONSIDERED 25:09.167 --> 25:12.209 align:start WORTHY OF BECOMING PART OF THE UNITED STATES. 25:12.209 --> 25:15.999 align:start THOUGH MOSTLY DESERT, THE AREA IN THE GADSDEN 25:15.999 --> 25:19.999 align:start PURCHASE DID HAVE ITS SHARE OF RIVERS, 25:19.999 --> 25:27.792 align:start OASES AND ISLANDS, SKY ISLANDS. 25:27.792 --> 25:31.375 align:start NEXT TIME ONTHE DESERT SPEAKS. 25:31.792 --> 26:02.876 align:start ♪ MUSIC 26:02.999 --> 26:05.999 align:start FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS IS PROVIDED BY 26:05.999 --> 26:07.167 align:start DESERT PROGRAM PARTNERS. 26:07.167 --> 26:10.292 align:start REPRESENTING CONCERNED VIEWERS MAKING A FINANCIAL COMMITTMENT 26:10.292 --> 26:15.042 align:start TO THE EDUCATION ABOUT AND PRESERVATION OF DESERTS 26:15.042 --> 26:18.501 align:start AND BY THE STONEWALL FOUNDATION.