1 00:00:01,667 --> 00:00:06,918 IT WAS THE LAST LAND GRAB BY THE UNITED STATES IN THE LOWER 48. 2 00:00:06,918 --> 00:00:10,584 THIS DESERT CONTAINED SOME OF THE MOST DESOLATE, 3 00:00:10,584 --> 00:00:14,959 UNKNOWN AND GOD-FORSAKEN COUNTRY ON THE CONTINENT. 4 00:00:14,959 --> 00:00:17,999 AT THE TIME, MOST PEOPLE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT ALL 5 00:00:17,999 --> 00:00:19,626 THE FUSS WAS ABOUT. 6 00:00:19,626 --> 00:00:27,167 THEN, SLOWLY, THE LAND'S RICHES BECAME ABUNDANT. 7 00:00:31,083 --> 00:00:34,000 FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS IS PROVIDED BY 8 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:35,542 DESERT PROGRAM PARTNERS. 9 00:00:35,542 --> 00:00:38,375 REPRESENTING CONCERNED VIEWERS MAKING A FINANCIAL COMMITTMENT 10 00:00:38,375 --> 00:00:42,209 TO THE EDUCATION ABOUT AND PRESERVATION OF DESERTS 11 00:00:42,209 --> 00:00:45,999 AND BY THE STONEWALL FOUNDATION. 12 00:00:48,834 --> 00:01:18,334 ♪ MUSIC 13 00:01:18,334 --> 00:01:20,125 THE LAST PIECE OF TERRITORY THAT THE UNITED 14 00:01:20,125 --> 00:01:22,626 STATES ACQUIRED IN THE CONTIGUOUS 48 STATES WAS 15 00:01:22,626 --> 00:01:28,542 A CHUNK CALLED THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 16 00:01:28,542 --> 00:01:31,959 ALMOST NOBODY KNEW WHAT WAS CONTAINED INSIDE IT 17 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:35,792 AND MEXICO LET IT GO FOR A SONG. 18 00:01:36,125 --> 00:01:38,334 THE PURCHASE WAS NOT MADE BECAUSE OF THE 19 00:01:38,334 --> 00:01:40,417 BEAUTY OF THE LAND. 20 00:01:40,417 --> 00:01:42,999 WEST OF THE RIO GRANDE IT'S BARREN, 21 00:01:42,999 --> 00:01:45,751 UGLY AND EMPTY BUT SOUTHERN POLITICIANS 22 00:01:45,751 --> 00:01:49,834 WEREN'T CONCERNED WITH HOW PRETTY IT WAS. 23 00:01:49,834 --> 00:01:53,459 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE IS KNOWN IN MEXICO ASEL 24 00:01:53,459 --> 00:01:56,125 TRATADO DE LA MESILLA OR THE MESILLA TREATY. 25 00:01:56,125 --> 00:01:58,334 THIS IS THE TOWN OF MESILLA. 26 00:01:58,334 --> 00:02:03,000 IT WAS A BORDER TOWN BEFORE THE PURCHASE IN 1853. 27 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:09,334 NOW THE MEXICAN BORDER IS ABOUT 30, 40 MILES TO THE SOUTH. 28 00:02:09,334 --> 00:02:12,292 AT MESILLA, NEW MEXICO, I MEET UP WITH MY MEXICAN BORN 29 00:02:12,292 --> 00:02:15,417 AMERICAN FRIEND, HISTORIAN, NATURALIST AND 30 00:02:15,417 --> 00:02:20,209 MUSICIAN EXTRAORDINARY, JESUS GARCIA. 31 00:02:20,209 --> 00:02:26,083 HE KNOWS THE BORDER WELL, FROM A MEXICAN VIEWPOINT. 32 00:02:26,083 --> 00:02:32,167 THIS IS THE PERFECT PLACE TO SEE WHERE GEOGRAPHY REALLY CHANGES. 33 00:02:32,167 --> 00:02:32,999 ABSOLUTELY. 34 00:02:32,999 --> 00:02:34,999 CAUSE THE RIO GRANDE COMES DOWN AND HERE'S WHERE IT 35 00:02:34,999 --> 00:02:39,709 MAKES THE BEND AND BECOMES NOT THE RIO GRANDE. 36 00:02:39,709 --> 00:02:40,834 IT'S THERIO BRAVO. 37 00:02:40,834 --> 00:02:42,999 ANYWHERE IN MEXICO ON THE MEXICO SIDE IT'S ALWAYS 38 00:02:42,999 --> 00:02:44,375 KNOWN ASEL RIO BRAVO. 39 00:02:44,375 --> 00:02:46,334 WELL, TO THE WEST, LOOKING OUT HERE, 40 00:02:46,334 --> 00:02:49,167 OUT HERE THAT'S THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 41 00:02:49,167 --> 00:02:51,584 THAT'S THAT STRIP OF LAND THAT CHANGED 42 00:02:51,584 --> 00:02:54,334 THE HISTORY OF THE U.S. ALL THE WAY TO YUMA. 43 00:02:54,334 --> 00:02:56,709 SO HERE'S WHERE EL PASO IS. 44 00:02:56,709 --> 00:02:58,999 ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT ENORMOUS EXPANSE, 45 00:02:58,999 --> 00:03:00,417 THAT'S CIUDAD JUAREZ. 46 00:03:00,417 --> 00:03:02,167 YEAH, JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA AND IT'S A BIG, 47 00:03:02,167 --> 00:03:05,584 BIG CITY AND IT'S BLENDED IN WITH EL PASO EXCEPT THE 48 00:03:05,584 --> 00:03:07,000 RIVER IN THE MIDDLE. 49 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:09,083 BUT THEY'VE BOTH PRETTY MUCH FORMED THIS 50 00:03:09,083 --> 00:03:11,292 MASSIVE URBAN AREA HERE. 51 00:03:11,292 --> 00:03:16,999 1589, 1590 EL PASO IS FOUNDED AND THEY CALLED IT 52 00:03:16,999 --> 00:03:19,667 EL PASO DEL NORTE, THE PASS OF THE NORTH, 53 00:03:19,667 --> 00:03:21,876 CAUSE THIS IS THE FIRST PLACE THEY 54 00:03:21,876 --> 00:03:23,250 RAN INTO WATER COMING NORTH. 55 00:03:23,250 --> 00:03:25,125 WATER WAS PROBABLY AVAILABLE THEN. 56 00:03:25,125 --> 00:03:27,083 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE REST OF THE DESERT HERE, 57 00:03:27,083 --> 00:03:29,709 WHOLE DIFFERENT PICTURE HERE. 58 00:03:29,709 --> 00:03:43,334 THIS IS THE VERY RAILROAD THAT WAS PLANNED BY THOSE 59 00:03:43,334 --> 00:03:46,334 WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 60 00:03:46,334 --> 00:03:48,792 IN THOSE DAYS, THE BIG CONTROVERSY WAS WHETHER 61 00:03:48,792 --> 00:03:50,999 ANY RAILROAD WOULD BE CONTROLLED BY SOUTHERN 62 00:03:50,999 --> 00:03:54,626 SLAVERY OR NORTHERN ANTI-SLAVERY INTERESTS. 63 00:03:54,626 --> 00:03:58,375 THE QUESTION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO WAS, HOW MUCH MONEY 64 00:03:58,375 --> 00:04:07,167 WOULD THE U.S. PAY AND HOW BIG A PARCEL WOULD MEXICO GIVE. 65 00:04:08,999 --> 00:04:11,209 THE ADVANCE EXPLORATION TEAM OF AMERICANS HAD NO 66 00:04:11,209 --> 00:04:15,250 IDEA WHAT THEY WOULD FIND AND THEY MAY EVEN HAVE 67 00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:20,999 ENTERTAINED DELUSIONS OF BEAUTY AND GRANDEUR. 68 00:04:20,999 --> 00:04:23,334 COMING FROM EL PASO THEY STRIKE OUT IN WHAT WILL BE 69 00:04:23,334 --> 00:04:25,834 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE AND IT'S THIS CREOSOTE, 70 00:04:25,834 --> 00:04:31,667 LAVA HERE, A FEW SCRAWNY GRASSES, NOTHING MORE. 71 00:04:31,667 --> 00:04:34,250 WHO WOULD WANT IT? 72 00:04:34,250 --> 00:04:34,834 PROBABLY NOBODY. 73 00:04:34,834 --> 00:04:36,959 IT'S A PIECE OF LAND WITH ALL THIS VERY DRY DESERT, 74 00:04:36,959 --> 00:04:39,999 NO WATER AND AT THAT TIME PROBABLY PEOPLE WANTED 75 00:04:39,999 --> 00:04:42,959 WATER FOR CATTLE, MAYBE AGRICULTURE AND EVEN 76 00:04:42,959 --> 00:04:46,792 MINING REQUIRE WATER IN SOME PLACES. 77 00:04:46,792 --> 00:04:47,125 WELL, YEAH. 78 00:04:47,125 --> 00:04:49,959 YOU LOOK HERE, A PROSPECTOR ISN'T GOING TO FIND MUCH HERE. 79 00:04:49,959 --> 00:04:50,626 PROBABLY NOT. 80 00:04:50,626 --> 00:04:51,999 SO THE EASTERNERS ARE GOING TO SAY, 81 00:04:51,999 --> 00:04:53,792 IT'S NOT WORTH ANYTHING, WE SHOULDN'T EVEN BUY IT. 82 00:04:53,792 --> 00:04:55,999 BUT NOW WHAT ARE THE MEXICANS GOING TO SAY? 83 00:04:55,999 --> 00:04:57,292 WELL, HERE'S THE THING. 84 00:04:57,292 --> 00:04:58,999 MEXICO HAD ALREADY CLAIMED ALL THIS LAND, 85 00:04:58,999 --> 00:05:00,417 NOT ONLY HERE BUT ALL WAY UP NORTH, 86 00:05:00,417 --> 00:05:03,751 MORE THAN 100 MILES NORTH OF HERE AND THEN EVEN 87 00:05:03,751 --> 00:05:07,542 THOUGH THERE WAS NOT MUCH HAPPENING, A FEW SADDLERS, 88 00:05:07,542 --> 00:05:10,501 LIVING ALREADY HERE, A HUMONGOUS PIECE OF LAND 89 00:05:10,501 --> 00:05:13,999 SOMEWHAT DISCONNECTED FROM CENTRAL MEXICO. 90 00:05:13,999 --> 00:05:16,792 BUT THEY'RE GOING TO PLAY LIKE IT'S REALLY VALUABLE. 91 00:05:16,792 --> 00:05:17,542 EXACTLY. 92 00:05:17,542 --> 00:05:18,250 BUT IT WAS THEIRS. 93 00:05:18,250 --> 00:05:19,918 BESIDES THIS MASSIVE AMOUNT OF LAND, 94 00:05:19,918 --> 00:05:21,417 THEY PROBABLY FOUND SOME POCKETS LIKE THE SANTA 95 00:05:21,417 --> 00:05:24,999 CRUZ RIVER AND SOME OF THE MOUNTAINS NEAR ARIZONA, 96 00:05:24,999 --> 00:05:25,999 IN NORTHERN ARIZONA. 97 00:05:25,999 --> 00:05:27,292 SO THEY KNEW THERE WAS SOME GOOD STUFF. 98 00:05:27,292 --> 00:05:29,876 THERE WAS SOME GOOD STUFF BUT COMPARED TO CENTRAL 99 00:05:29,876 --> 00:05:33,334 AND SOUTHERN MEXICO, THIS WAS PEANUTS I THINK. 100 00:05:33,334 --> 00:05:34,999 THAT'S LUSH, CORNFIELDS EVERYWHERE. 101 00:05:34,999 --> 00:05:37,959 YOU AND I LIVE IN THE SONORAN DESERT AND THIS IS 102 00:05:37,959 --> 00:05:39,334 CHIHUAHUAN DESERT. 103 00:05:39,334 --> 00:05:42,751 WE HAVE A LOT MORE DIVERSITY OF VEGETATION. 104 00:05:42,751 --> 00:05:44,501 IT'S VERY, VERY DIFFERENT. 105 00:05:44,501 --> 00:05:46,501 NO CACTUS, NO BIG HUGE CACTUS, NO SAGUAROS. 106 00:05:46,501 --> 00:05:51,375 YOU'LL SEE LITTLE CACTI AND OF COURSE PLENTY OF CREOSOTE. 107 00:05:51,375 --> 00:05:53,292 BUT IT'S COLD HERE IN THE WINTERTIME. 108 00:05:53,292 --> 00:05:53,959 MUCH COLDER. 109 00:05:53,959 --> 00:05:55,667 WE CAN FEEL IT RIGHT NOW AS A MATTER OF FACT. 110 00:05:55,667 --> 00:05:57,626 YEAH, RIGHT NOW AND YOU'LL HAVE DAYS HERE WHEN THE 111 00:05:57,626 --> 00:05:59,709 TEMPERATURE DOESN'T GET ABOVE FREEZING 112 00:05:59,709 --> 00:06:00,792 AND IT DOESN'T RAIN MUCH. 113 00:06:00,792 --> 00:06:02,751 IT'S NOT AS LUSH AS THE SONORAN DESERT, 114 00:06:02,751 --> 00:06:04,751 DEFINITELY NOT THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS THAT WE HAVE THERE. 115 00:06:04,751 --> 00:06:08,000 AND IT GOES ON FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF MILES. 116 00:06:08,626 --> 00:06:31,584 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE CREATED A FEW TOWNS ALONG 117 00:06:31,584 --> 00:06:34,167 THE NEW U.S./MEXICAN BORDER. 118 00:06:34,167 --> 00:06:36,709 MOST OF THEM WERE QUIET, DUSTY SETTLEMENTS 119 00:06:36,709 --> 00:06:40,999 FOR THE FIRST HALF CENTURY. 120 00:06:41,959 --> 00:06:43,876 COLUMBUS, NEW MEXICO, HAS THE DISTINCTION OF 121 00:06:43,876 --> 00:06:47,999 BEING FAMOUS FOR A MEXICAN, PANCHO VILLA. 122 00:06:47,999 --> 00:06:48,918 PANCHO VILLA. 123 00:06:48,918 --> 00:06:49,417 VERY, VERY IMPORTANT. 124 00:06:49,417 --> 00:06:52,876 HERE IS THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION TAKING PLACE AROUND 1916. 125 00:06:52,876 --> 00:06:56,042 PANCHO VILLA ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES AND INVADES 126 00:06:56,042 --> 00:07:00,751 THE UNITED STATES RIGHT HERE IN COLUMBUS, NEW MEXICO. 127 00:07:00,751 --> 00:07:01,999 DESTROYS THE TOWN. 128 00:07:01,999 --> 00:07:05,083 DESTROYS THE TOWN. 129 00:07:05,083 --> 00:07:06,250 KILLS A BUNCH OF AMERICANS. 130 00:07:06,250 --> 00:07:08,459 AMERICANS COULDN'T MAKE ANY RESPONSE BECAUSE THERE 131 00:07:08,459 --> 00:07:11,042 WERE SOLDIERS HERE, ALL THEIR ARMS 132 00:07:11,042 --> 00:07:11,999 WERE LOCKED IN THE GARRISON. 133 00:07:11,999 --> 00:07:13,999 SO WHEN PANCHO VILLA IS GONE, EVERYBODY IS FURIOUS, THEY 134 00:07:13,999 --> 00:07:15,959 RECRUIT GENERAL PERSHING TO FOLLOW THEM INTO MEXICO. 135 00:07:15,959 --> 00:07:19,709 AND HERE IS WHEN ANOTHER PART OF THE HISTORY OF 136 00:07:19,709 --> 00:07:20,834 MEXICO IS VERY IMPORTANT. 137 00:07:20,834 --> 00:07:23,542 WE LEARN WHEN THE UNITED STATES INVADES MEXICO, 138 00:07:23,542 --> 00:07:25,999 FIRST TIME THE UNITED STATES USING AIRPLANES IN 139 00:07:25,999 --> 00:07:30,542 WAR AND IT'S TO LOOK FOR PANCHO VILLA DOWN INTO MEXICO. 140 00:07:30,542 --> 00:07:33,083 AND I LEARNED THAT IN ACORRIDO, 141 00:07:33,083 --> 00:07:35,250 A SONG THAT TELLS YOU THE STORY OF WHAT HAPPENED, 142 00:07:35,250 --> 00:07:38,125 THE ACTUAL HISTORICAL POINTS IN ACORRIDOAND WE 143 00:07:38,125 --> 00:07:40,999 LEARNED IT IN SCHOOL. 144 00:08:23,501 --> 00:08:25,999 THIS BORDER, WHICH IS ESTABLISHED BY THE GADSDEN 145 00:08:25,999 --> 00:08:29,792 PURCHASE, THIS IS A STRAIGHT SHOT 100 MILES TO 146 00:08:29,792 --> 00:08:31,167 THE RIO GRANDE. 147 00:08:31,167 --> 00:08:32,334 IT'S AMAZING. 148 00:08:32,334 --> 00:08:34,209 IT'S A PRETTY STRAIGHT SHOT AND THEN THIS 149 00:08:34,209 --> 00:08:35,876 FLATLAND GOES A LONG WAY. 150 00:08:35,876 --> 00:08:36,083 FOREVER. 151 00:08:36,083 --> 00:08:38,417 AND NOWADAYS EVEN THOUGH TALL, TALL WALL RIGHT HERE, 152 00:08:38,417 --> 00:08:41,999 VERY STRONG METAL FENCE HERE, THE ACTIVITY 153 00:08:41,999 --> 00:08:43,667 CONTINUES ON A REGULAR BASIS. 154 00:08:43,667 --> 00:08:45,999 LEGAL ACTIVITIES GOING ALL THE TIME, PEOPLE FROM BOTH 155 00:08:45,999 --> 00:08:49,626 SIDES OF THE BORDER EXCHANGING BUSINESS AND... 156 00:08:49,626 --> 00:08:51,250 AND ILLEGAL. 157 00:08:51,250 --> 00:08:54,083 AS WELL AS LEGAL ACTIVITY GOING ON ALL THE TIME 158 00:08:54,083 --> 00:08:59,834 DESPITE THIS BIG FENCE. 159 00:09:20,542 --> 00:09:25,334 FROM COLUMBUS IT'S A LONG, EMPTY 60 MILES TO THE NEXT SETTLEMENT, 160 00:09:25,334 --> 00:09:27,709 IF YOU CAN CALL IT THAT. 161 00:09:27,709 --> 00:09:30,209 IT APPEARS THAT TODAY THERE ARE MORE DEAD PEOPLE 162 00:09:30,209 --> 00:09:33,999 THAN LIVING IN HACHITA. 163 00:09:33,999 --> 00:09:36,792 THE FIRST PART OF LIFE WE SEE HERE APART FROM THE 164 00:09:36,792 --> 00:09:39,999 BORDER PATROL IS A CEMETERY. 165 00:09:39,999 --> 00:09:44,459 HACHITA WAS CLEARLY NOT AN AFFLUENT TOWN AND THIS IS 166 00:09:44,459 --> 00:09:45,918 NOT AN AFFLUENT CEMETERY. 167 00:09:45,918 --> 00:09:49,709 NO, YOU CAN SEE SOME VERY, JUST VERY SIMPLE GRAVES HERE. 168 00:09:49,709 --> 00:09:51,999 YEAH, THEY LOOK A LITTLE DULL. 169 00:09:51,999 --> 00:09:53,876 NOT EVEN A CROSS. 170 00:09:53,876 --> 00:09:55,959 PROBABLY USED TO BE A CROSS. 171 00:09:55,959 --> 00:09:57,626 YEAH, JUST IN A MOUND OF DIRT. 172 00:09:57,626 --> 00:10:02,999 BUT HERE WE HAVE A MUSICIAN VERY LIKELY. 173 00:10:02,999 --> 00:10:03,250 YEAH. 174 00:10:03,250 --> 00:10:05,834 SO HE'S JUST GOT A MOUND TOO AND THE GOPHERS ARE 175 00:10:05,834 --> 00:10:07,125 DOING QUITE A JOB THERE. 176 00:10:07,125 --> 00:10:07,792 BARBED WIRE. 177 00:10:07,792 --> 00:10:09,834 A LITTLE BIT OF BARBED WIRE, A LITTLE BIT OF 178 00:10:09,834 --> 00:10:11,250 THE RANCHING TRADITION. 179 00:10:11,250 --> 00:10:12,834 THAT MOTIF. 180 00:10:12,834 --> 00:10:14,542 LOOK, HERE'S MORE BARBED WIRE. 181 00:10:14,542 --> 00:10:14,999 MORE BARBED WIRE. 182 00:10:14,999 --> 00:10:17,167 THERE'S A LITTLE GIRL NAMED INESRA VEGA THAT LIVED 183 00:10:17,167 --> 00:10:20,209 ONLY ONE MONTH, FROM JANUARY 2ND TO FEBRUARY 2ND, 1918. 184 00:10:20,209 --> 00:10:25,042 VERY NICE ORNAMENTS IN A WAY, 185 00:10:25,042 --> 00:10:28,125 SIMPLE BUT VERY NICE METAL ORNAMENTS. 186 00:10:28,125 --> 00:10:33,918 NOW THIS ENCLOSURE SEEMS TO HAVE THREE DIFFERENT ERAS. 187 00:10:33,918 --> 00:10:40,999 SO WE'VE GOT WORLD WAR I AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 188 00:10:40,999 --> 00:10:41,999 DO YOU SEE A THIRD ONE? 189 00:10:41,999 --> 00:10:46,542 YES, AND THE THIRD ONE I THINK THAT IS THE CIVIL WAR. 190 00:10:46,542 --> 00:10:47,209 YEAH, THERE IT IS. 191 00:10:47,209 --> 00:10:48,999 SO WE'VE GOT THREE DIFFERENT WARS. 192 00:10:48,999 --> 00:10:50,792 AND LOOK AT THE ORNAMENTS IN HERE, 193 00:10:50,792 --> 00:10:51,709 THEY LOOK MUCH OLDER. 194 00:10:51,709 --> 00:10:53,334 THIS IS AN OLD TIME FENCE SO WE'VE GOT REAL WAR 195 00:10:53,334 --> 00:10:56,542 HISTORY HERE, RIGHT INSIDE THIS TINY LITTLE ENCLOSURE. 196 00:10:56,542 --> 00:11:01,000 IT'S AN ISOLATED PLACE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 197 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:04,626 CHIHUAHUAN DESERT. 198 00:11:05,792 --> 00:11:07,999 HACHITA ISN'T MUCH OF A PLACE BUT ANTELOPE WELLS 199 00:11:07,999 --> 00:11:12,792 CALLEDEL BERRENDOIN MEXICO, 45 MINUTES TO THE SOUTH, 200 00:11:12,792 --> 00:11:15,626 IS EVEN LESS SIGNIFICANT. 201 00:11:15,626 --> 00:11:18,626 IT IS THE LEAST USED MEXICAN BORDER CROSSING. 202 00:11:18,626 --> 00:11:21,834 50 YEARS AGO THE LOCATION OF THE EXACT BORDER ON THE 203 00:11:21,834 --> 00:11:23,999 GROUND WAS ANYBODY'S GUESS. 204 00:11:23,999 --> 00:11:29,209 NOW, THERE'S NO QUESTION WHERE THE BORDER. 205 00:11:29,209 --> 00:11:32,167 IT'S FORTIFIED AS THOUGH IT'S A WAR ZONE. 206 00:11:32,167 --> 00:11:34,501 TRAFFIC HASN'T INCREASED MUCH, THOUGH, 207 00:11:34,501 --> 00:11:38,626 JUST THREE CROSSINGS A DAY FROM THE SOUTH. 208 00:11:38,626 --> 00:11:41,375 SO WHEN THE AMERICANS DID THE BOUNDARY SURVEY FOR 209 00:11:41,375 --> 00:11:44,000 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE THEY ORIGINALLY ONLY MADE 50 210 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,709 SOME BOUNDARY MARKERS FOR SOME 600 MILES OF BOUNDARY. 211 00:11:48,709 --> 00:11:49,167 THAT'S NOT ENOUGH. 212 00:11:49,167 --> 00:11:51,959 THESEMOJONESBASICALLY, THESE MARKERS ARE VERY UNIQUE. 213 00:11:51,959 --> 00:11:54,501 IT'S JUST ONE LITTLE MARKER. 214 00:11:54,501 --> 00:11:55,375 YEAH AND IT WASN'T ENOUGH. 215 00:11:55,375 --> 00:11:58,083 IT WASN'T ENOUGH BUT THEY DIDN'T NEED TO HAVE MORE 216 00:11:58,083 --> 00:12:00,083 TO SHOW WHERE THE BORDER WAS BECAUSE... 217 00:12:00,083 --> 00:12:02,501 WELL, THEY DID THOUGH BECAUSE THEY CAME BACK 218 00:12:02,501 --> 00:12:03,459 AND THEY DID OVER 200. 219 00:12:03,459 --> 00:12:05,459 THEY ADDED A BUNCH AND THIS IS NUMBER 60. 220 00:12:05,459 --> 00:12:07,999 EXACTLY AND I THINK THOSE MOJONESOR THOSE MARKERS 221 00:12:07,999 --> 00:12:09,083 WERE JUST A WAY TO LOOK AT IT. 222 00:12:09,083 --> 00:12:11,000 IF YOU COULD SEE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER ONE, 223 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:13,999 THAT WAS ENOUGH TO TELL YOU THIS IS WHERE THE BORDER IS. 224 00:12:13,999 --> 00:12:16,042 AND IF YOU DIDN'T LIVE CLOSE ENOUGH TO SEE ONE, 225 00:12:16,042 --> 00:12:18,042 WELL, IT PROBABLY DIDN'T MATTER. 226 00:12:18,042 --> 00:12:19,375 IT DIDN'T MATTER. 227 00:12:19,375 --> 00:12:21,209 UNTIL IT CAME TO VOTING. 228 00:12:21,209 --> 00:12:22,042 EXACTLY. 229 00:12:22,042 --> 00:12:22,959 MAYBE IT DID MATTER THEN. 230 00:12:22,959 --> 00:12:24,709 100 HIGHWAY MILES TO THE WEST JUST INSIDE ARIZONA 231 00:12:24,709 --> 00:12:27,834 THE LANDSCAPE CHANGES DRAMATICALLY. 232 00:12:27,834 --> 00:12:30,959 THE RUGGED AND FORESTED CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS ARE A 233 00:12:30,959 --> 00:12:33,667 SKY ISLAND OASIS ABOVE THE DESERT FLOOR, 234 00:12:33,667 --> 00:12:36,542 WET ENOUGH TO GROW LIMITED CROPS AND RICH ENOUGH IN 235 00:12:36,542 --> 00:12:42,167 WILD FOODS TO HAVE SUPPORTED CHIRICAHUA APACHES. 236 00:12:42,167 --> 00:12:44,792 FOR 200 YEARS THE APACHES USED THE CONVOLUTED 237 00:12:44,792 --> 00:12:47,999 TOPOGRAPHY TO GREAT ADVANTAGE TO ESCAPE 238 00:12:47,999 --> 00:12:51,000 MEXICAN AND AMERICAN RETALIATION FOR THEIR 239 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,459 FREQUENT RAIDING PARTIES. 240 00:12:53,459 --> 00:12:56,459 THE 1880S MARKED THE END OF THESE SO-CALLED 241 00:12:56,459 --> 00:13:02,083 UNITED STATES INDIAN WARS. 242 00:13:02,083 --> 00:13:05,834 THIS IS THE MONUMENT TO THE CAPTURE OF GERONIMO 243 00:13:05,834 --> 00:13:09,042 BUT IT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE A GOOD 10 MILES OVER IN 244 00:13:09,042 --> 00:13:12,000 THE PELONCILLOS IN SKELETON CANYON. 245 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:13,918 THAT'S A GOOD PLACE. 246 00:13:13,918 --> 00:13:15,876 YEAH, IT'S VERY SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THE 247 00:13:15,876 --> 00:13:17,501 ENTIRE AREA HERE WAS REALLY APACHE LAND AND I 248 00:13:17,501 --> 00:13:19,667 THINK IT MAKES SENSE HERE TO SEE IT IN FRONT OF THE 249 00:13:19,667 --> 00:13:21,417 CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS ESPECIALLY. 250 00:13:21,417 --> 00:13:23,209 OH, YEAH, WELL, HE WAS A CHIRICAHUA APACHE. 251 00:13:23,209 --> 00:13:25,501 PART OF THE GADSDEN PURCHASE HAD A PROVISION 252 00:13:25,501 --> 00:13:30,375 THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD TO INDEMNIFY MEXICO 253 00:13:30,375 --> 00:13:32,999 FOR ANY DAMAGE THAT THE APACHES DID AND 254 00:13:32,999 --> 00:13:35,250 I EXPECT THE MEXICANS LIKE THAT. 255 00:13:35,250 --> 00:13:38,501 ONCE THE GADSDEN PURCHASE WAS DONE, IT TOOK A LONG TIME TO 256 00:13:38,501 --> 00:13:41,999 REALLY, FOR MANY PEOPLE LIVING HERE, PARTICULARLY THE APACHES, 257 00:13:41,999 --> 00:13:45,999 TO REALLY UNDERSTAND WHERE THE BORDER WAS OR WHAT IT MEANT. 258 00:13:45,999 --> 00:13:49,042 SO FOR THE APACHES THIS LANDS WAS STILL THEIR VAST 259 00:13:49,042 --> 00:13:53,083 LAND AND GOING INTO MEXICO BACK AND FORTH PROBABLY 260 00:13:53,083 --> 00:13:54,918 DIDN'T MEAN MUCH TO THEM BECAUSE... 261 00:13:54,918 --> 00:13:57,999 WELL, NO, AND THEY COULDN'T UNDERSTAND WHY THE U.S. 262 00:13:57,999 --> 00:14:00,125 CARED ABOUT THEM ATTACKING MEXICO. 263 00:14:00,125 --> 00:14:03,584 THE U.S. THEN HAD TO CLAMP DOWN ON THE APACHES BECAUSE THEY 264 00:14:03,584 --> 00:14:07,125 DIDN'T WANT TO KEEP PAYING DAMAGES AND THERE WERE A LOT. 265 00:14:07,125 --> 00:14:09,542 AND THEN A REALLY SAD PART OF HISTORY COMES WHEN THE 266 00:14:09,542 --> 00:14:12,459 APACHES THEN WERE PUT ON RESERVATIONS AND GERONIMO 267 00:14:12,459 --> 00:14:17,125 WAS SORT OF A HEROIC PROTEST AGAINST THAT TREATMENT. 268 00:14:17,125 --> 00:14:18,209 BUT AGAIN, IT'S 1886. 269 00:14:18,209 --> 00:14:22,834 THIS IS THE LAST REALLY NATIVE AMERICANS UPRISINGS 270 00:14:22,834 --> 00:14:24,375 THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD TO DEAL WITH, 271 00:14:24,375 --> 00:14:27,584 IN THE FORM OF WAR AND THERE IS GERONIMO DOING 272 00:14:27,584 --> 00:14:32,375 THAT RIGHT HERE IN THIS AREA. 273 00:14:32,375 --> 00:14:34,584 THE FIRST BORDER TOWN INSIDE ARIZONA IS DOUGLAS 274 00:14:34,584 --> 00:14:37,501 WITH IT'S FAMOUS HOTEL NAMED AFTER THE SENATOR 275 00:14:37,501 --> 00:14:41,125 WHO NEVER VENTURED HERE EVEN THOUGH THE PURCHASE 276 00:14:41,125 --> 00:14:43,959 WAS NAMED AFTER HIM. 277 00:14:43,959 --> 00:14:46,918 SO YOU'VE STAYED IN THE GADSDEN HOTEL, RIGHT? 278 00:14:46,918 --> 00:14:47,417 ONE TIME. 279 00:14:47,417 --> 00:14:49,709 DO YOU KNOW ABOUT GADSDEN? 280 00:14:49,709 --> 00:14:50,000 NOT REALLY. 281 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,417 YOU WOULDN'T BE EXPECTED TO BECAUSE THEY DON'T TELL 282 00:14:52,417 --> 00:14:53,999 YOU ABOUT THAT IN MEXICO. 283 00:14:53,999 --> 00:14:55,334 IT'S A DIFFERENT NAME. 284 00:14:55,334 --> 00:14:56,083 NO, CERTAINLY NOT. 285 00:14:56,083 --> 00:14:58,334 THE ONLY THING I'VE KNOWN IS THAT HE 286 00:14:58,334 --> 00:14:59,999 WAS EXPELLED FROM MEXICO. 287 00:14:59,999 --> 00:15:00,417 RIGHT. 288 00:15:00,417 --> 00:15:02,918 HE WAS A SOUTHERN PLANTATION SLAVE OWNING GUY. 289 00:15:02,918 --> 00:15:05,209 SO GADSDEN GETS THIS IDEA OF GETTING A STRIP WHERE 290 00:15:05,209 --> 00:15:07,209 THEY COULD BUILD A RAILROAD TO BRING SLAVE 291 00:15:07,209 --> 00:15:11,083 SYMPATHIZERS OUT WEST AND OUTNUMBER THE ANTI-SLAVE 292 00:15:11,083 --> 00:15:14,292 SENTIMENT, MAKE NEW CONFEDERATE STATES OR SLAVE STATES. 293 00:15:14,292 --> 00:15:17,501 THE ONLY PROBLEM WAS THE NORTHERNERS SUSPECTED HIM 294 00:15:17,501 --> 00:15:19,876 OF SOMETHING, THEY MADE A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 295 00:15:19,876 --> 00:15:20,999 PARCEL AND WHAT THE U.S. 296 00:15:20,999 --> 00:15:24,334 WOUND UP WITH WAS NOTHING LIKE WHAT GADSDEN HAD IN 297 00:15:24,334 --> 00:15:26,999 MIND BUT STILL HAS HIS NAME. 298 00:15:26,999 --> 00:15:29,375 YEAH, THE INTERESTING THING IN MEXICO, THIS IS NOT KNOWN VERY 299 00:15:29,375 --> 00:15:32,250 MUCH, ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTHERN PART OF MEXICO AND OTHER THAN 300 00:15:32,250 --> 00:15:35,959 THE GADSDEN HOTEL HERE IN DOUGLAS, ALL I'VE HEARD IS THAT 301 00:15:35,959 --> 00:15:38,999 HE BECAME A DIPLOMAT AFTER THE PURCHASE. 302 00:15:38,999 --> 00:15:42,999 BUT THEN HE WAS EXPELLED FROM MEXICO. 303 00:15:42,999 --> 00:15:45,209 HE WAS ACTING LIKE A BIG GRINGO. 304 00:15:45,209 --> 00:15:49,375 PROBABLY. 305 00:15:49,375 --> 00:15:50,584 YOU'RE OUT OF HERE, THEY SAID. 306 00:15:50,584 --> 00:15:52,918 LONG BEFORE DOUGLAS BECAME A TOWN, A NEARBY MEXICAN RANCH WAS 307 00:15:52,918 --> 00:15:57,959 ESTABLISHED ALONG THE ONLY RELIABLE SPRINGS FOR MANY MILES. 308 00:15:57,959 --> 00:15:59,999 THE NORTHERN PART OF THE RANCH STRADDLED THE 309 00:15:59,999 --> 00:16:03,667 U.S./MEXICAN BORDER AFTER THE GADSDEN PURCHASE 310 00:16:03,667 --> 00:16:05,334 REDEFINED THE BORDER. 311 00:16:05,334 --> 00:16:09,999 IT BECAME THE SLAUGHTER RANCH. 312 00:16:09,999 --> 00:16:11,999 THE SLAUGHTER RANCH STILL LOOKS LIKE AN OLD RANCH 313 00:16:11,999 --> 00:16:15,834 EVEN THOUGH IT'S A NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE. 314 00:16:15,834 --> 00:16:17,292 AH, THIS IS SUCH A GREAT PLACE. 315 00:16:17,292 --> 00:16:18,167 IT'S VERY UNIQUE. 316 00:16:18,167 --> 00:16:20,417 IT'S RIGHT UP AGAINST THE BORDER. 317 00:16:20,417 --> 00:16:20,999 REALLY? 318 00:16:20,999 --> 00:16:22,501 WELL, THAT'S GOTTA BE THE BORDER THEN 319 00:16:22,501 --> 00:16:25,083 RIGHT OVER AT THE EDGE OF THE PASTURE. 320 00:16:25,083 --> 00:16:29,876 I DON'T KNOW OF ANY OTHER PLACE WHERE THE BORDER IS 321 00:16:29,876 --> 00:16:31,999 MARKED BY THE END OF A SHEEP PASTURE. 322 00:16:31,999 --> 00:16:32,918 RIGHT THERE. 323 00:16:32,918 --> 00:16:33,584 THERE'S MEXICO RIGHT THERE. 324 00:16:33,584 --> 00:16:35,542 ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT FENCE RIGHT THERE IS MEXICO. 325 00:16:35,542 --> 00:16:37,250 THERE'S MEXICO RIGHT THERE, YEAH. 326 00:16:37,250 --> 00:16:38,125 AND HERE WE ARE IN ARIZONA. 327 00:16:38,125 --> 00:16:39,792 THIS WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE LAND THAT WE'VE 328 00:16:39,792 --> 00:16:41,375 SEEN IN NEW MEXICO SO THIS IS ANOTHER SECTION OF THE 329 00:16:41,375 --> 00:16:43,083 GADSDEN PURCHASE THAT PROBABLY MADE A LITTLE 330 00:16:43,083 --> 00:16:44,667 DIFFERENCE FOR THE PEOPLE AT THAT TIME. 331 00:16:44,667 --> 00:16:46,375 YEAH, BUT IT WAS NOT GREEN HERE IN 1853. 332 00:16:46,375 --> 00:16:49,292 THESE FABULOUS ARTESIAN WELLS WERE CREATED BY AN 333 00:16:49,292 --> 00:16:51,000 EARTHQUAKE IN 1887. 334 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:52,501 AND IT'S BASICALLY AN OASIS. 335 00:16:52,501 --> 00:16:54,999 AND THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT HISTORIC SITE 336 00:16:54,999 --> 00:16:57,542 TOO BECAUSE ACTUALLY PANCHO VILLA CAME THROUGH 337 00:16:57,542 --> 00:16:59,999 HERE AT ONE POINT IN THE EARLY 1900S. 338 00:16:59,999 --> 00:17:02,501 THEY JUST CAME AND STARTED HELPING THEMSELVES WITH 339 00:17:02,501 --> 00:17:04,667 THE CROPS THAT THEY HAD AND MR. SLAUGHTER WENT OUT 340 00:17:04,667 --> 00:17:06,334 AND MET THEM AND TRIED TO CONFRONT THEM. 341 00:17:06,334 --> 00:17:10,999 THEN WHEN HE CAME BACK, HE HAD HIS SADDLE BAGS WITH GOLD COINS. 342 00:17:10,999 --> 00:17:12,709 SO THEY GOT PAID. 343 00:17:12,709 --> 00:17:15,542 THEY PAID FOR THEIR STUFF. 344 00:17:15,542 --> 00:17:17,334 THAT WAS NOT THE WAY PANCHO VILLA ALWAYS OPERATED. 345 00:17:17,334 --> 00:17:21,834 HE OPERATED BUT APPARENTLY HE WORKED THAT WAY HERE. 346 00:17:21,834 --> 00:17:23,834 THEN I GUESS SLAUGHTER BOUGHT THE THING 347 00:17:23,834 --> 00:17:24,999 AFTER THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 348 00:17:24,999 --> 00:17:26,999 HE BOUGHT IT IN I THINK IT WAS 1884 349 00:17:26,999 --> 00:17:29,876 AND MADE ALL THIS LAKE OUT OF A POND. 350 00:17:29,876 --> 00:17:30,626 HE JUST ENLARGED IT. 351 00:17:30,626 --> 00:17:33,167 AND TO THIS DAY IT'S AN OASIS THAT IN THE MIDDLE 352 00:17:33,167 --> 00:17:36,584 OF THIS KIND OF ZONE BETWEEN SONORAN DESERT AND 353 00:17:36,584 --> 00:17:40,999 CHIHUAHUAN DESERT YOU HAVE THIS WONDERFUL GREEN PLACE 354 00:17:40,999 --> 00:17:44,542 AND WONDERFUL CATTLE RANCH. 355 00:17:44,542 --> 00:17:45,999 YOU GREW UP IN MEXICO. 356 00:17:45,999 --> 00:17:46,417 MM MM. 357 00:17:46,417 --> 00:17:47,792 YOU SPEND A LOT OF TIME IN MEXICO STILL. 358 00:17:47,792 --> 00:17:49,999 YOU TELL ME WHY THE UNITED STATES THOUGHT IT WAS 359 00:17:49,999 --> 00:17:53,459 IMPORTANT IN 1911 TO BUILD A FORT HERE. 360 00:17:53,459 --> 00:17:54,501 1911. 361 00:17:54,501 --> 00:17:54,918 1911. 362 00:17:54,918 --> 00:17:57,375 WELL, FIRST OF ALL IN 1910 THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION STARTS, 363 00:17:57,375 --> 00:17:59,918 BIG UNREST THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY AND 364 00:17:59,918 --> 00:18:01,751 THE BORDER IS RIGHT HERE. 365 00:18:01,751 --> 00:18:04,999 YOU GET A GOOD PERSPECTIVE HERE. 366 00:18:04,999 --> 00:18:05,999 A GOOD PERSPECTIVE. 367 00:18:05,999 --> 00:18:10,083 IT'S A GREAT SPOT RIGHT HERE TO PROTECT THE U.S. BORDER. 368 00:18:10,083 --> 00:18:11,417 AND HERE YOU HAVE THE U.S. 369 00:18:11,417 --> 00:18:13,959 ARMY STATIONED FOR ALMOST THE ENTIRE TIME OF THE 370 00:18:13,959 --> 00:18:17,999 REVOLUTION LOOKING DOWN INTO THIS VALLEY. 371 00:18:17,999 --> 00:18:19,959 MR. SLAUGHTER ALREADY WAS LIVING HERE. 372 00:18:19,959 --> 00:18:23,334 AND DURING THAT TIME BASICALLY THE ARMY WAS 373 00:18:23,334 --> 00:18:25,999 STATIONED HERE AND THIS TIME PROTECTING THE BORDER 374 00:18:25,999 --> 00:18:28,000 FOR ANYTHING COULD HAVE HAPPENED BECAUSE STILL 375 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,459 1910 THAT WAS A LONG TIME OF UNREST AND 376 00:18:32,459 --> 00:18:34,918 THE UNITED STATES WAS VERY WORRIED ABOUT IT. 377 00:18:34,918 --> 00:18:36,876 AND THERE WAS A LOT OF BANDITRY GOING 378 00:18:36,876 --> 00:18:39,792 ON AT THAT TIME, TOO, RIGHT? 379 00:19:31,959 --> 00:19:33,999 SOME OF THE BANDITRY COULD HAVE HAD TO DO WITH THE 380 00:19:33,999 --> 00:19:38,999 VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER COMING 381 00:19:38,999 --> 00:19:43,999 OUT OF THE MINE AT BISBEE 30 MILES WEST. 382 00:19:43,999 --> 00:19:47,834 BISBEE, ARIZONA IS LOCATED ABOUT FIVE MILES NORTH OF 383 00:19:47,834 --> 00:19:49,959 THE U.S./MEXICO BORDER. 384 00:19:49,959 --> 00:19:52,751 IT WAS INCLUDED IN THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. 385 00:19:52,751 --> 00:19:55,999 AT THAT TIME OF COURSE, NOBODY KNEW THE VAST 386 00:19:55,999 --> 00:19:58,167 MINERAL RICHES THAT LAY BENEATH THE SOIL. 387 00:19:58,167 --> 00:20:00,250 ULTIMATELY, OUT OF THE BISBEE MINE ALONE, 388 00:20:00,250 --> 00:20:04,125 $25 BILLION WORTH OF COPPER WAS EXTRACTED 389 00:20:04,125 --> 00:20:08,459 COMPARED WITH THE $10 MILLION THAT THE UNITED 390 00:20:08,459 --> 00:20:12,542 STATES PAID TO MEXICO. 391 00:20:12,542 --> 00:20:14,375 WE ARE GOING TO THE UNDERGROUND MINE TOUR IN 392 00:20:14,375 --> 00:20:16,167 BISBEE, ARIZONA, AND THIS IS OLD STUFF. 393 00:20:16,167 --> 00:20:21,083 ALL RIGHT, I'LL PUT ONE OF THESE, SHOULD I PUT IT ON 394 00:20:21,083 --> 00:20:22,334 OVER THE PARKA? 395 00:20:22,334 --> 00:20:23,292 SURE. 396 00:20:23,292 --> 00:20:23,999 47 DEGREES. 397 00:20:23,999 --> 00:20:26,334 WHERE I COME FROM, THAT'S COLD. 398 00:20:26,334 --> 00:20:28,751 DO YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'RE ABOUT TO ENTER THE BOWELS 399 00:20:28,751 --> 00:20:30,959 OF THE EARTH, CHUY? 400 00:20:30,959 --> 00:20:32,459 WE'RE GOING TO GO IN THE MINE HERE. 401 00:20:32,459 --> 00:20:33,999 WE'RE GOING TO GO DOWN VARIOUS LEVELS. 402 00:20:33,999 --> 00:20:36,000 THE LOWEST LEVEL WE GO DOWN TO IS 300 FEET. 403 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:40,083 I THINK IT WENT DOWN A LOT MORE THAN THAT 404 00:20:40,083 --> 00:20:42,626 WHEN IT WAS AN ACTIVE MINE. 405 00:20:42,626 --> 00:20:46,083 THIS LEVEL HERE IS THE 300 LEVEL, THIRD LEVEL. 406 00:20:46,083 --> 00:20:48,334 BACK INSIDE THERE'S TWO LEVELS ABOVE US, 407 00:20:48,334 --> 00:20:51,999 FOUR LEVELS BELOW US 100 FEET APART MAKING THIS 408 00:20:51,999 --> 00:20:54,501 PARTICULAR MINE 700 FEET TOP TO BOTTOM. 409 00:20:54,501 --> 00:20:56,999 ORIGINALLY THEY HOISTED IT ALL THE WAY UP TO THE SURFACE. 410 00:20:56,999 --> 00:20:59,542 WHEN THE RAILROAD GOT HERE TO TOWN, 411 00:20:59,542 --> 00:21:02,918 THEY DRILLED THIS TUNNEL TO GET THE ORE OUT RIGHT 412 00:21:02,918 --> 00:21:05,000 AT THE SAME LEVEL AS THE RAILROAD IS AT. 413 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:06,959 OKAY, NOW WE'RE CLIMBING THESE STEPS 414 00:21:06,959 --> 00:21:10,209 UP INTO THE STOPE, S-T-O-P-E. 415 00:21:10,209 --> 00:21:13,626 THAT'S WHERE A LOT OF THE ORE IS LOCATED, 416 00:21:13,626 --> 00:21:15,417 PLAIN OLD WORKING PLACE. 417 00:21:15,417 --> 00:21:17,999 THEY HAD A BUNCH OF THESE SCATTERED OUT THROUGH THE MINE. 418 00:21:17,999 --> 00:21:21,209 SO IT BECAME THE ORE WAS NOT SUFFICIENTLY 419 00:21:21,209 --> 00:21:24,626 CONCENTRATED TO MAKE IT WORTH THEIR WHILE TO GO ON HERE. 420 00:21:24,626 --> 00:21:25,999 EXACTLY, MINED OUT. 421 00:21:25,999 --> 00:21:30,375 THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS WITH MINES, THEY RUN OUT, DON'T THEY? 422 00:21:30,375 --> 00:21:31,083 YEAH, MM MM. 423 00:21:31,083 --> 00:21:32,459 1975 IT WASN'T SUCH HIGH GRADE. 424 00:21:32,459 --> 00:21:34,959 THE PRICE OF COPPER WENT DOWN, EVERYTHING ELSE 425 00:21:34,959 --> 00:21:35,876 IS STILL GOING UP. 426 00:21:35,876 --> 00:21:37,042 THAT'S WHEN THEY CLOSED THE MINES. 427 00:21:37,042 --> 00:21:38,334 HOW MUCH COPPER CAME OUT OF HERE? 428 00:21:38,334 --> 00:21:40,542 SOMETHING LIKE EIGHT BILLION POUNDS OF COPPER. 429 00:21:40,542 --> 00:21:42,125 BILLION POUNDS OF COPPER. 430 00:21:42,125 --> 00:21:43,876 AND AT TODAY'S PRICE AROUND $3 A POUND. 431 00:21:43,876 --> 00:21:46,167 I SAW IT WHEN IT GOT DOWN TO $13 AND $17. 432 00:21:46,167 --> 00:21:50,918 THAT'S WHEN THEY CLOSED A LOT OF THE MINES IN 1949. 433 00:21:50,918 --> 00:21:54,999 THIS IS CALCITE QUARTZ CRYSTAL AND FROM TIME TO TIME IT WOULD 434 00:21:54,999 --> 00:21:59,918 BE GOLD BEARING QUARTZ BUT I THINK SOMEBODY GOT TO HERE FIRST 435 00:21:59,918 --> 00:22:04,999 AND GOT ALL THE GOOD STUFF OUT OF THERE. 436 00:22:04,999 --> 00:22:06,999 PETE, SOMEBODY TOLD ME THAT SOME OF THE 437 00:22:06,999 --> 00:22:08,999 UNDERGROUND MINERS, IF THEY FOUND A REALLY RICH 438 00:22:08,999 --> 00:22:11,751 PIECE WITH MAYBE A LITTLE GOLD IN IT OR PRETTY 439 00:22:11,751 --> 00:22:13,751 TURQUOISE, THEY'D PUT IT IN THEIR LUNCH PAIL. 440 00:22:13,751 --> 00:22:15,999 YEAH, THEY DIDN'T EVEN BOTHER TO CHECK LUNCH BUCKETS WHEN 441 00:22:15,999 --> 00:22:19,083 WE WERE GOING OFF A SHIFT CAUSE THEY KNEW WE COULDN'T 442 00:22:19,083 --> 00:22:23,042 FIND ANY SILVER OR GOLD AND YOU FIND SOME OF THIS COPPER STUFF, 443 00:22:23,042 --> 00:22:26,459 A WHOLE LUNCH BUCKET WOULD BE ABOUT THREE CENTS WORTH 444 00:22:26,459 --> 00:22:30,334 OF COPPER SO THEY DIDN'T BOTHER CHECKING THEM. 445 00:22:30,334 --> 00:22:31,542 I FEEL A VIBRATION IN THE TRACK. 446 00:22:31,542 --> 00:22:34,292 I THINK WE'RE ABOUT TO BE RUN OVER BY A TRAIN. 447 00:22:34,292 --> 00:22:41,999 THE COAL THEY MINED ON TWO LEVELS ABOVE THEY'D DUMP 448 00:22:41,999 --> 00:22:44,042 IN THIS POCKET, THEN THEY'D LOAD IT IN SOME 449 00:22:44,042 --> 00:22:48,459 KIND OF MINE GUARD AND HAUL IT OUT TO THE RAILROAD CARS. 450 00:22:48,459 --> 00:22:49,876 SIMPLE, HUH? 451 00:22:49,876 --> 00:22:50,417 OR TRANSFER. 452 00:22:50,417 --> 00:22:52,501 OKAY, NOW WE GO BACK HERE AND PASS UP SOME, 453 00:22:52,501 --> 00:22:55,918 PASS BY SOME OF THE DRILLS THEY USED HERE. 454 00:22:55,918 --> 00:22:58,542 DRILL UP WITH THAT ONE. 455 00:22:58,542 --> 00:23:01,209 HORIZONTAL WITH THESE, MORE OR LESS. 456 00:23:01,209 --> 00:23:04,209 THIS IS CALLED A JACK LIGHT MACHINE. 457 00:23:04,209 --> 00:23:05,667 IT'S LIKE A JACKHAMMER. 458 00:23:05,667 --> 00:23:07,792 HE HOLDS IT UP AND PUSHES IT. 459 00:23:07,792 --> 00:23:09,709 THIS IS THE PATTERN OF HOLES WE DRILLED. 460 00:23:09,709 --> 00:23:11,999 BLAST THAT ONE FIRST, THEN THESE HERE SECOND. 461 00:23:11,999 --> 00:23:14,459 THIS ONE HERE IS SECOND, WE BREAK INTO THAT HOLE 462 00:23:14,459 --> 00:23:18,000 YOU JUST BLASTED, KICK OUT, DOWN THE HOLES, 463 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:19,375 WORK YOUR WAY RIGHT AROUND LIKE THAT. 464 00:23:19,375 --> 00:23:22,292 THAT RIGHT THERE IS CALLED, WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE, A CAGE. 465 00:23:22,292 --> 00:23:23,999 THAT'S AN ELEVATOR. 466 00:23:23,999 --> 00:23:25,999 WE CALLED IT A CAGE BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 467 00:23:25,999 --> 00:23:28,250 THAT'S THE WAY WE GOT IN AND OUT OF THE MINE. 468 00:23:28,250 --> 00:23:30,626 SOME OF THEM WE COULD GET 12 ON DOWN AT THE BOTTOM. 469 00:23:30,626 --> 00:23:31,999 THEY HAD THREE DECKS ON SOME OF THEM. 470 00:23:31,999 --> 00:23:35,459 AND THEN THEY HAD A BUCKET UNDERNEATH AND THEY'D PULL 471 00:23:35,459 --> 00:23:37,292 THE ORE OUT OF A CHUTE RIGHT HERE, 472 00:23:37,292 --> 00:23:39,876 IT GOES RIGHT INTO THE BUCKET AND HOISTED IT UP 473 00:23:39,876 --> 00:23:54,375 AND DUMPED IT INTO THE RAILROAD CARS. 474 00:23:54,375 --> 00:23:58,709 WHAT STRIKES ME MOST IS ALL OF THE IMMENSE AMOUNT 475 00:23:58,709 --> 00:24:00,209 OF ORE THAT CAME OUT OF HERE, 476 00:24:00,209 --> 00:24:04,918 WHAT A TERRIFIC BARGAIN THE U.S. GOT, 10 MILLION BUCKS. 477 00:24:04,918 --> 00:24:05,999 YEAH. 478 00:24:05,999 --> 00:24:13,999 I'VE HEARD A FIGURE OF $25 BILLION JUST THIS ONE MINE. 479 00:24:13,999 --> 00:24:16,834 THE EARLY MINERS FOUND OUTCROPPINGS WITH GOLD OR 480 00:24:16,834 --> 00:24:19,125 TURQUOISE OR SILVER, FOLLOWED THEM UNDERGROUND 481 00:24:19,125 --> 00:24:22,167 AND THUS THE FIRST MINES WERE ALL UNDERGROUND. 482 00:24:22,167 --> 00:24:24,999 WITH THE ADVENT OF MORE SOPHISTICATED MACHINERY, 483 00:24:24,999 --> 00:24:28,834 IT BECAME CHEAPER TO REMOVE THE TOP OVER BURDEN 484 00:24:28,834 --> 00:24:31,999 AND MAKE AN OPEN PIT MINE. 485 00:24:31,999 --> 00:24:35,501 AT THE TIME OF THE GADSDEN PURCHASE IN 1853, 486 00:24:35,501 --> 00:24:38,626 NEITHER MEXICAN NOR AMERICAN OFFICIALS KNEW 487 00:24:38,626 --> 00:24:41,751 MUCH ABOUT THE LAND THAT WAS INVOLVED IN THE 488 00:24:41,751 --> 00:24:44,876 PURCHASE OTHER THAN WHAT THEY SAW WEST OF THE RIO 489 00:24:44,876 --> 00:24:46,792 GRANDE IN WHAT IS NOW NEW MEXICO. 490 00:24:46,792 --> 00:24:50,501 HAD THEY VENTURED FARTHER WEST AND SEEN THE VARIETY OF 491 00:24:50,501 --> 00:24:54,167 LANDSCAPES AND RESOURCES, THEY BOTH WOULD HAVE REALIZED THAT 492 00:24:54,167 --> 00:25:01,999 THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID WAS FAR TOO LOW. 493 00:25:02,042 --> 00:25:05,459 DURING THE 18TH CENTURY, THIS PART OF MEXICO WAS A 494 00:25:05,459 --> 00:25:09,167 FAR AWAY, DESOLATE LAND THAT FEW PEOPLE CONSIDERED 495 00:25:09,167 --> 00:25:12,209 WORTHY OF BECOMING PART OF THE UNITED STATES. 496 00:25:12,209 --> 00:25:15,999 THOUGH MOSTLY DESERT, THE AREA IN THE GADSDEN 497 00:25:15,999 --> 00:25:19,999 PURCHASE DID HAVE ITS SHARE OF RIVERS, 498 00:25:19,999 --> 00:25:27,792 OASES AND ISLANDS, SKY ISLANDS. 499 00:25:27,792 --> 00:25:31,375 NEXT TIME ONTHE DESERT SPEAKS. 500 00:25:31,792 --> 00:26:02,876 ♪ MUSIC 501 00:26:02,999 --> 00:26:05,999 FUNDING FOR THE DESERT SPEAKS IS PROVIDED BY 502 00:26:05,999 --> 00:26:07,167 DESERT PROGRAM PARTNERS. 503 00:26:07,167 --> 00:26:10,292 REPRESENTING CONCERNED VIEWERS MAKING A FINANCIAL COMMITTMENT 504 00:26:10,292 --> 00:26:15,042 TO THE EDUCATION ABOUT AND PRESERVATION OF DESERTS 505 00:26:15,042 --> 00:26:18,501 AND BY THE STONEWALL FOUNDATION.