(magic tinkling) - Magic, is creating the illusio that you can defy the laws of na (Steve tinkling) (cool jazz music begins) (children laughing) (string whirring) (scissors scraping) (scissors scraping) (scissors scraping) (scissors scraping) (scissors scraping) (scissors scraping) (children loudly laughing) (children loudly laughing) (wand tinkling) - [Audience] Whoa!
(children laughing loudly) (screen tinkling) - [Deep Voice] Magic is creating the illusion, that you can defy the laws of na - [Steve] Science is the study of how the natural world works.
This, is science.
(audience cheering) (intriguing jazz music begins) Everything is matter.
Water, rocks, that chair, Jupiter, me, you, cans, bottles, all of it, is made of matter.
Anything that takes up space and has weight, is matter.
The problem can be, telling one form of matter from another.
Three common states of matter are, solid, liquid and gas.
Like this Water, for example, - [High Voice] Mm-hm.
- [Steve] Looks like a glass of but, it isn't just water.
- [High Voice] Huh?
- [Steve] It can exist, in three different states.
I don't mean states like, Alabama, Georgia, or Mississippi (screen buzzing) I mean, physical states or phase Matter comes in three main physical states, solid, liquid and gas.
This drinking water is liquid, but it can also be as solid as i And, you and I can turn this solid ice into liquid, pretty quickly, by adding heat.
The once solid water is now, liq It has changed state or phase and, amazingly, the liquid water can now change state again.
It can become a gas.
The steam coming off of the water is still water, but it's in a different phase.
Solids, liquids and gases are different for a reason, their atoms have different arran - [Deep Voice] Oh, wow!
- [Steve] Atoms are small particles that make up all matte - [High Voice] Itty bitty!
- [Steve] The atoms in solids, l hold their own shape, well.
that stable shape comes from tightly linked atoms.
Liquids, like milk, don't have a set shape.
They take the shape of their con The atoms in liquids, aren't tightly linked like in solids.
(water lapping) Their looser arrangement means, they go with the flow.
The atoms in gases, are even farther apart.
- [High Voice] Gas?
- [Steve] Gases spread out, to fill their entire container and they can also be squeezed to Solid ice changes phases into li and steam is water, changed into Water is an amazing shape-shifting phase-changer.
Nothing else changes state, with so little difference in tem but, is the world's largest gumm (gummy bear whistling) a solid liquid, or gas?
(gummy bear reverberating) Surprisingly, it is a solid, because it holds it's shape.
- [High Voice] Huh... - Most materials will phase-chan with added heat or cold.
Metal is solid, but melts to liq when heated to high temperatures That's how metal turns into, nails, bikes and cans.
Really cold temperatures cause gases to phase-change, to liquids and even solids.
Need proof?
Then look no further than... Plu Not only is Pluto far away from it's, really, really far from th - [High Voice] Oh, wow!
- That's why it's so cold.
High noon there, is about as lit up as a full moon night, here.
So, gases on Pluto are solids.
Cooking-gas, or methane, is as hard as a rock, on Pluto.
There are mountains made of solid nitrogen too.
Nitrogen is the most plentiful g in the Earth's atmosphere.
Understanding matter is more than understanding the differenc between, solid, liquid and gas.
Like everything else in the worl materials we use, are made of ma Materials are substances that people make things from.
Everything from, wood, stone, concrete to fabric, plastic and metal, are all mater This is paper and this can is me but how do I know that?
Here are a few properties of matter, that matter.
Metal is heavy and hard.
Paper is smooth and light.
Smoothness, weight and hardness, are just a few examples of the properties we use, to identify materials.
This box is paper and this can i but how do I know that?
I can tell them apart, by their properties.
Here are a few properties of matter, that matter.
Metal is heavy and hard.
It's often those same properties that make a material useful.
Steel is strong, this makes it hard to crush.
(brick thudding) (brick thudding) (brick thudding) (brick thudding) Paper is lightweight, which makes it useful for carrying.
(paper rustling) But, it's not very strong.
(paper rustling) (brick thudding) Density is another important pro This brick is denser than a pill but, what exactly is density?
Density is a combination of mass and volume.
Mass is the amount of matter in Volume is how much space something takes up.
Want to know something's mass?
Weigh it.
Weight is a measure of mass.
An orange has more mass, than a it weighs more.
(Steve humming) (cookie rattling) (Steve humming) The orange also has more volume, than the cookie.
How do we know?
It's larger and takes up more sp So it has more volume, but which food is denser?
Density is, mass per volume.
It's the weight of a particular volume of something.
To find out, you need to weigh equal volumes of both, or, measure the volume of an equ Let's see how many cookies it ta to weigh the same as the orange.
(cookies tapping) Okay!
Same mass!
Materials that take up a lot of space or volume for a set amount of weight, aren't very dense.
Pillows, air, whipped-cream and are less dense than, brick, lead, water, or even, cake.
A material's density, can add to its usefulness.
An orange wouldn't be as useful, if it didn't fit into your lunch Metals, like iron and gold, are some of the densest materials and the most useful.
Their high density, comes from their tightly packed together atoms.
They are, extra solid, solids.
Gold prospectors, use the valuable metals' property of high density, to find it.
While panning for gold in stream they scoop gravel into a sieve, while the water and sand wash aw dense gold nuggets stay behind.
low density things are useful to Think about the fluffy filling in winter coats, it's not very dense.
The filling is lightweight, but Hardness, is another property of materials.
It's an especially useful proper Diamond, is the world's hardest natural material.
Some diamonds become jewels, but most diamonds are used in to like, rock-drills, eyeglass grinders and stone polishers.
A diamond is pure carbon.
The atoms in diamond are very tightly packed together.
Another material made of pure carbon, is graphite.
It's the gray stuff, - [Deep Voice] Point, point.
- [Steve] Inside most pencils.
Graphite's atoms are more loosely packed, than diamonds, this makes graphite soft and cru Perfect for writing.
Imagine, a diamond filled pencil.
(pencil scraping) It would rip (paper ripping) your paper to pieces!
(voice screaming) So, how exactly is the hardness of diamond, graphite and other materials, me In 1812, Friedrich Mohs, came up with a scale of hardness.
Mohs scale, represents a hardness, from one to ten.
The hardest is ten and the softe A penny has a Mohs hardness of t A penny scratches anything, with a Mohs number, of lower tha A penny, scratches graphite, but anything higher than three, scratches the penny.
Common quartz is a mineral, you've probably seen in rocks.
Its hardness is seven, so it scratches a penny.
Quartz and other hard materials seem strong, but hardness, is not the same as Quartz and diamond might be hard but both shatter pretty easily.
(screen shattering) Neither are strong.
A material's strength is measure by how well it holds its shape.
Did you get that?
A material's strength is measure by how well it holds its shape.
That's different than hardness, there are different types of material strength.
Some materials hold their shape, when weight is pushing down on t Stone and concrete are very strong this way, it's why both are good for build Other materials can be pulled on, without snapping, steel and rope are very strong t It's why ropes can hold rock cli and why giant bridges are held up with, thick steel cables.
Spider-silk is surprisingly strong this way.
When, equally thick strands of s and steel wire are tested for pulling strength, guess what?
The spider-silk, wins!
Another property of materials, is magnetism.
(can thudding) Metals, (can thudding) have this property, but not all are as strongly magn as iron and steel.
(can thudding) Aluminum isn't magnetic enough, for regular magnets, (aluminum clattering) to stick to it.
The world is full of all kinds of materials, they're made into everything, from spaceships to shirts.
Many materials are, hard, dense others are, slippery liquids, some are lightweight gases.
It's their properties, hardness, strength, density, and that make them useful.
But, no matter their properties all materials are made of matter, and that really matters.
(screen chiming) (screen chiming) (screen chiming) - [Announcer] Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one.
(exciting music begins) - There was once, a really wise her name was, Eleanor Roosevelt.
She said, no-one can make you feel inferior, without your consent.
This means, that others may say, ugly, terrible, mean, or untrue things about you.
Just because they said it, doesn't make it true.
You get to choose your response, but, you don't have to respond with hurt feelings.
You don't have to respond, with Your response, is your choice.
Your choice.
If those words are untrue, choose to ignore them.
If the words are true, take them to heart and change yourself to be better.
Remember this old saying, sticks and stones, may break my but words can never hurt me.
Your thoughts, your actions, are your choice.
Sticks and stones, can break my but words can never hurt me.
(screen tinkling) (Steve tinkling) Magic, is creating the illusion, that you can defy, the laws of n (Steve tinkling) (Steve tinkling) (cool jazz music begins) (children laughing) (magic tinkling) - [Audience] Whoa!
Whoa!
(children laughing) (magic tinkling) (audience exclaiming) - [Audience Member 1] How'd you (audience cheering) (cool jazz music playing) (pots thudding) (spoon tapping) (children laughing) (pots clicking) (magic tinkling) - [Audience Member 2] Oh, wow.
- [Audience Member 3] Whoa... (audience exclaiming) (pots tapping) (pots clicking) (magic tinkling) (audience exclaiming) (children loudly laughing) - [High Voice] How did you do th (pots thudding) (magic tinkling) (pots scraping) (children laughing) (audience exclaiming) (pots thudding) (hands clapping) (hands clapping) (pots thudding) (children loudly laughing) (pot thudding) (children loudly laughing) (cool jazz music playing) (children loudly laughing) (magic tinkling) (audience exclaiming) (children laughing) (spoon tapping) (magic whirring) (audience applauding) - [High Voice] How did you do th (audience cheering) (bell chiming) - [Deep Voice] Magic is creating the illusion, that you can defy the laws of na - [Steve] Science is the study, of how the natural world works.
(screen whistling) This is science.
(audience cheering) Love your work, can I get your a I know you probably hear this all the time, but I'm a huge fan.
I know this seems a little weird, let me explain.
This plant, and all of the trees, and the flowers, and the bushes and grass and wee have made it possible, for all of us to live.
Sounds like I'm exaggerating, I' Plants provide the oxygen we need, to breathe.
They provide food and so much mo Let's watch him work...
Yes, yes!
Isn't that amazing?
(feet scuffing) Okay, okay, I know there isn't much to see here, but I'm going to tell you, what that plant is up to and you are going to be stunned.
You'll be right here, trying to push me out of the way, to get his autograph too.
Almost all of the energy helping life to be life, comes from the sun.
Today, it's all about the plants (audience cheering) Love you, buddy.
We are alive, because the sun puts, out a huge amount of energy.
We animals, feel that energy as or we see it as light, but we can't use it as food.
We aren't able to live on just light, but, plants?
Ho ho ho ho!
Plants, plants?
That light energy, gets to the e and something wonderful happens.
Like that superstar right there, catches some of it and changes it, from light, into chemical energy.
(audience cheering) What is chemical energy?
It's the energy, that is stored When food is broken down, it releases the stored energy.
Plants and animals use this chemical energy, to power their bodies.
That change from light to food is called, photosynthesis.
These guys are able to convert, sunlight, carbon dioxide (pencil scraping) and water, into types of sugar.
(pencil scraping) They are called, producers.
Producers are, self-feeders that use light, to make food.
Organisms like us, that cannot make our own food from sunlight, are called, consumers.
(mouth crunching) We have to get our energy, by eating other things.
There are even some plants, that are both, producers and con They are called, parasites and they suck the nutrients they need, from other plants.
But we aren't talking about them today, either.
Get outta here, you parasites!
Let's use this example, what is going on, with photosynt Plants take in water and carbon- the sun hits the leaves and that light energy, and some cool chemistry, cause the water and the carbon dioxide to break apart and recombine into glucose.
Glucose, which is a type of sugar and oxygen.
The oxygen, is released into the To plants, that oxygen is a bypr It's just garbage!
They're throwing it out, but to us, (Steve inhaling) oxygen, is everything.
Without plants, we would not have oxygen to breathe!
(Steve gasping) Over three billion years ago, bacteria started photosynthesizi and releasing oxygen and that completely changed the earth.
Then plants evolved and joined into the photosynthes (horn blowing) The earth at this point, had relatively little oxygen.
More oxygen, led to the evolution of more life, that used oxygen to survive.
Without bacteria, and plants later, making oxygen, there would be no animals.
Remember, that photosynthesis makes oxygen and glucose.
You know, we need that oxygen to but, what is glucose?
It's food!
Do we need food to survive?
I don't know about you, but I su (Steve laughing and chewing) (napkin squeaking) (Steve gulping) I'm gonna tell you something, that sounds completely nutty.
Are you ready?
Trees are made from the element, Remember, that trees take in carbon-dioxide.
Carbon-dioxide is made with two oxygen atoms, combined with a carbon atom.
Trees release the oxygen and keep that carbon atom.
This happens nonstop, with an uncountable number of mo That carbon is converted with other minerals, like, nitrogen, phosphorus and p into, wood and stems and leaves.
In fact, all of life on earth, is what we call, carbon based.
Life needs carbon, to survive!
Let's get back, to talking through, the steps of photosynthesis and I'll see, if I can summarize the process.
It happens mostly, in the leaves leaves on the plants take in, carbon dioxide, water and sunshi Ever notice how leaves are broad That's so they can gather more s Shape of a leaf or its form, is related to its job, or its fu The outer layer of leaf, is covered with small pores, or holes, called stomata.
Carbon-dioxide passes through th into the middle leaf cells, called mesophil.
Mesophil, contains chloroplasts, which are a type of organelle, that carry out the actual process of photosynthesis.
There are a bunch of chemical re that happen in the chloroplasts.
Carbon-dioxide and water, are broken apart by sunlight and and are re-combined to create, g The extra oxygen molecules, are released into the air.
Glucose and carbon are stored by the plant, to give it structure and energy.
As if that weren't enough, (earth whirring) plants keep the climate of our planet healthy, by removing carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere.
If all of that carbon-dioxide, that plants capture and turn int were left in our atmosphere, earth would become too hot for us to survive.
To summarize, plants are, making oxygen, making food and they are the building blocks, from which almost all life is ma and as a side job, they are keeping our planet, at a livable temperature.
I love you, man, Do you think I could get you to - Sure man, be glad to.
(Steve and plant whistling) (audience member screaming) - And now, something silly.
(comical music begins) - [Clapper Loader] Through ninet - Seventy nine, through ninety o Looks good, okay.
That's how metal turns into me- (Steve laughing) (Steve grunting) Let's just do again, in two piec (brick thudding) (paper rustling) (dog barking) - [Director] Density, is another important property.
- Apparently, there's a dog unde (crew member laughing) Sorry.
(rock music begins) ♪ Biologically, chemically, atom ♪ Everything, is connected ♪ ♪ Everything, is connected ♪ ♪ Everything, ♪ - [Deep Voice] Major funding for this program, provided by, Jason Isbell and Amanda Shires, Keep Alabama Beautiful and Northrop Grumman.
♪ Yes, the ocean is deep ♪ ♪ And the sky is so high ♪ ♪ And the earth is so wide ♪ ♪ It's a mystery ♪ ♪ But deep down, everyone knows ♪ Everything, is connected ♪