WEBVTT 00:20.186 --> 00:24.691 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5% DEAN: WELCOME TO STAR GAZERS. 00:24.791 --> 00:27.527 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% I'M DEAN REGAS, ASTRONOMER FROM THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 00:27.627 --> 00:31.798 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% JAMES: AND I'M JAMES ALBURY, DIRECTOR OF THE KIKA SILVA PLA PLANETARIUM IN GAINESVILLE 00:31.898 --> 00:33.633 align:left position:40%,start line:89% size:50% FLORIDA. 00:33.733 --> 00:36.236 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% NOW THAT AUTUMN HAS BEGUN IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, ITS TIME TO SAY FAREWELL TO THE 00:36.336 --> 00:38.905 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% CONSTELLATIONS THAT KEPT US COMPANY ALL SUMMER LONG. 00:39.005 --> 00:43.176 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% DEAN: THATS RIGHT, JAMES AND ONE OF THE MOST BELOVED OF THESE CONSTELLATIONS IS CYGNUS 00:43.276 --> 00:44.811 align:left position:37.5%,start line:89% size:52.5% THE SWAN. 00:44.911 --> 00:48.681 align:left position:62.5%,start line:83% size:27.5% EVEN FROM BRIGHTLY LIT CITIES, THIS IS A CONSTELLATION THATS EASY TO FIND. 00:48.782 --> 00:54.087 align:left position:70%,start line:83% size:20% BUT, DID YOU KNOW THAT CYGNUS HAS BOTH A POETIC AND A SCIENTIFIC HISTORY THAT RIVALS MANY 00:54.187 --> 00:55.822 align:left position:87.5%,start line:89% size:2.5% OF THE CONSTELLATIONS WE CAN SEE? 00:55.922 --> 00:57.457 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5% JAMES: LETS SHOW YOU. 00:57.557 --> 01:01.594 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% DEAN: OK, WE HAVE OUR SKIES SET FOR JUST AFTER SUNSET ANY NIGHT THIS WEEK. 01:01.694 --> 01:05.865 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% ALMOST DIRECTLY OVERHEAD, YOU CAN SEE THE FAMILIAR STARS OF THE SUMMER TRIANGLE. 01:05.965 --> 01:11.037 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% VEGA, THE BRIGHTEST STAR IN LYRA THE HARP, ALTAIR, THE BRIGHTEST STAR IN AQUILA THE EAGLE 01:11.137 --> 01:14.340 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% AND DENEB THE BRIGHTEST STAR IN CYGNUS THE SWAN. 01:14.441 --> 01:19.612 align:left position:70%,start line:83% size:20% CYGNUS THE SWAN HAS BEEN AN AREA OF FASCINATION FOR STORY TELLERS AND ASTRONOMERS ALIKE FOR 01:19.712 --> 01:21.448 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65% THOUSANDS OF YEARS. 01:21.548 --> 01:25.819 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% JAMES: TO FIND THE SWAN, SIMPLY DRAW A LINE FROM DENEB INWARD TOWARD THE CENTER OF THE 01:25.919 --> 01:27.087 align:left position:30%,start line:89% size:60% SUMMER TRIANGLE. 01:27.187 --> 01:29.389 align:left position:80%,start line:89% size:10% THE FIRST STAR YOU'LL ENCOUNTER IS SADR. 01:29.489 --> 01:31.558 align:left position:87.5%,start line:89% size:2.5% THIS MARKS THE HEART OF THE SWAN. 01:31.658 --> 01:36.296 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% THEN IF YOU DRAW LINES TO THE WEST AND EAST OF THIS STAR, YOULL FIND TWO MORE STARS. 01:36.396 --> 01:39.265 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% THESE MARK THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS OF THE SWAN. 01:39.365 --> 01:43.636 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% GOING BACK TO THE STAR SADR, WE CONTINUE TO DRAW A LINE OUTWARD TO FORM THE NECK OF THE 01:43.736 --> 01:45.638 align:left position:87.5%,start line:89% size:2.5% SWAN, ENDING AT THE STAR ALBIREO. 01:45.738 --> 01:51.511 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% DEAN: IN ONE LEGEND, CYGNUS THE SWAN IS SAID TO BE THE GREAT MUSICIAN ORPHEUS WHO WAS TRANSFORMED 01:51.611 --> 01:56.549 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% INTO A SWAN, AND PLACED IN THE SKY NEXT TO HIS HARP, THE CONSTELLATION, LYRA. 01:56.649 --> 02:00.854 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% JAMES: IN ANOTHER LEGEND, CYGNUS IS SAID TO BE ZEUS, WHEN HE TRANSFORMED HIMSELF INTO 02:00.954 --> 02:05.692 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% A SWAN TO SEDUCE LEDA, THE QUEEN OF SPARTA, WHO ALSO HAPPENED TO BE THE MOTHER OF HELEN 02:05.792 --> 02:10.029 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% OF TROY, CLYTEMNESTRA AND THE GEMINI TWINS, CASTOR AND POLLUX. 02:10.130 --> 02:15.201 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% DEAN: HOWEVER, IN MODERN TIMES, CYGNUS HAS TURNED OUT TO BE A PLACE OF GREAT DISCOVERIES. 02:15.301 --> 02:22.742 align:left position:67.5%,start line:83% size:22.5% JAMES: DURING A ROCKET FLIGHT IN 1964, A GALACTIC X-RAY SOURCE KNOWN AS CYGNUS X-1 WAS DISCOVERED. 02:22.842 --> 02:27.747 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% CYGNUS X-1 IS NOW WIDELY ACCEPTED TO BE A CANDIDATE FOR THE FIRST BLACK HOLE WEVE DISCOVERED 02:27.847 --> 02:32.952 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% AND ITS ESTIMATED TO HAVE A MASS ALMOST 15 TIMES THE MASS OF OUR SUN, YET AN EVENT HORIZON 02:33.052 --> 02:34.921 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5% RADIUS OF ONLY ABOUT 16 MILES. 02:35.021 --> 02:40.093 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% DEAN: IN MORE RECENT TIMES, CYGNUS HAS BEEN THE TARGET OF STUDY BY NASAS KEPLER SPACE 02:40.193 --> 02:41.427 align:left position:37.5%,start line:89% size:52.5% TELESCOPE. 02:41.528 --> 02:45.198 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% THE KEPLER TELESCOPE STUDIED OVER 100,000 STARS IN CYGNUS. 02:45.298 --> 02:51.137 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% ITS GOAL WAS TO FIND PLANETS ORBITING OTHER STARS, AND SINCE ITS MISSION BEGAN, THOUSANDS 02:51.237 --> 02:54.941 align:left position:67.5%,start line:83% size:22.5% OF THESE EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED AND CONFIRMED. 02:55.041 --> 03:01.080 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% THE PLANET KEPLER- 22B WAS ANNOUNCED AS BEING THE FIRST EARTH-LIKE PLANET ORBITING A SUN-LIKE 03:01.181 --> 03:02.916 align:left position:42.5%,start line:89% size:47.5% STAR. 03:03.016 --> 03:06.586 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% JAMES: KEPLER 22-B IS OVER 600 LIGHT YEARS AWAY AND ORBITS IN THE HABITABLE ZONE WHERE 03:06.686 --> 03:08.488 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70% LIQUID WATER CAN EXIST. 03:08.588 --> 03:13.092 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% WITH A POSSIBLE SURFACE TEMPERATURE NEAR 73 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, KEPLER-22B IS QUITE THE 03:13.193 --> 03:15.895 align:left position:77.5%,start line:89% size:12.5% GOLDILOCKS PLANET, IF I DO SAY SO MYSELF. 03:15.995 --> 03:21.367 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% JAMES: AND SPEAKING OF PLANETS, IF YOU EVER GET LOST ON MARS, DENEB IS THE NORTH STAR 03:21.467 --> 03:23.203 align:left position:40%,start line:89% size:50% ON MARS. 03:23.303 --> 03:26.206 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% WE NEVER REALLY THINK ABOUT IT, BUT EACH OF THE PLANETS HAS A DIFFERENT NORTH STAR OR 03:26.306 --> 03:27.941 align:left position:17.5%,start line:89% size:72.5% HAS NO NORTH STAR AT ALL. 03:28.041 --> 03:31.377 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% DEAN: ALL THE PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM ROTATE ON AN AXIS. 03:31.477 --> 03:36.082 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% THE DIRECTION THE AXIS POINTS WITH RESPECT TO THE PLANE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM DETERMINES 03:36.182 --> 03:38.351 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70% THE ANGLE OF AXIAL TILT. 03:38.451 --> 03:43.990 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% OUR EARTH IS TILTED 23.5 DEGREES WITH RESPECT TO THE PLANE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 03:44.090 --> 03:48.795 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% MARS TILTS AT 25 DEGREES AND SATURN HAS A TILT OF ALMOST 27 DEGREES. 03:48.895 --> 03:53.700 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% JAMES: HOWEVER, COMPARE THAT WITH MERCURY AND JUPITER, WHICH BARELY TILT AT ALL; BETWEEN 03:53.800 --> 03:55.902 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5% 2 AND 3 DEGREES RESPECTIVELY. 03:56.002 --> 04:01.241 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% YET AT THE OTHER EXTREME YOU HAVE VENUS, WHICH IS PRACTICALLY UPSIDE DOWN AT 177 DEGREES 04:01.341 --> 04:04.143 align:left position:70%,start line:89% size:20% AND URANUS WHICH LIES ON ITS SIDE AT 98 DEGREES. 04:04.244 --> 04:08.948 align:left position:70%,start line:83% size:20% DEAN: SO SINCE EVERY PLANET TILTS IN A DIFFERENT DIRECTION, EACH PLANET SHOULD HAVE A DIFFERENT 04:09.048 --> 04:12.085 align:left position:82.5%,start line:89% size:7.5% NORTH STAR; OR, NO NORTH STAR AT ALL. 04:12.185 --> 04:17.290 align:left position:75%,start line:83% size:15% SO THATS WHY OUR NORTH POLE IS POINTING NEAR POLARIS, AND MARS IS POINTING NEAR DENEB. 04:17.390 --> 04:22.195 align:left position:72.5%,start line:83% size:17.5% JAMES: SO, IF YOU EVER GET LOST ON MARS, LOOK FOR CYGNUS THE SWAN AND YOU'LL FIND NORTH. 04:22.295 --> 04:26.399 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% DEAN: WELL,THERE YOU HAVE IT, THE AMAZING CELESTIAL SWAN CYGNUS. 04:26.499 --> 04:29.269 align:left position:77.5%,start line:83% size:12.5% AND ITS ALL UP THERE FOR YOU TO SEE IF YOU REMEMBER TO 04:29.369 --> 04:33.369 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5% BOTH: KEEP LOOKING UP!