WEBVTT

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MEASURING THE COSMOS

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DEAN:
HEY THERE STAR GAZERS.

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I'M DEAN REGAS, ASTRONOMER FOR THE CINCINNATI
OBSERVATORY.

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JAMES:
AND I'M JAMES ALBURY, DIRECTOR OF THE KIKA

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SILVA PLA PLANETARIUM IN GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA.

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WE'RE HERE TO HELP YOU FIND YOUR WAY AROUND
THE SKY TONIGHT.

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HEY DEAN, HUMOR ME.

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IF YOU WANT TO DESCRIBE YOUR HEIGHT, WHAT
UNITS OF MEASURE WOULD YOU USE?

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DEAN: FEET AND INCHES.

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JAMES:
AND IF WE WANT TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE TO

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THE MOON, WHAT DO WE USE?

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DEAN:
I COULD USE FEET AND INCHES BUT MILES MAKES

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A LOT MORE SENSE.

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JAMES:
HOW ABOUT THE DISTANCE TO STARS?

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DEAN:
AH, WE USE LIGHT YEARS.

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DISTANCES IN SPACE ARE SO

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WELL

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ASTRONOMICAL THAT ITS HARD TO WRAP OUR BRAINS
AROUND THEM.

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SO WE CREATED NEW UNITS OF MEASURE TO TAKE
US AROUND THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THROUGH INTERSTELLAR

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SPACE.

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JAMES:
SO, LET'S TAKE YOU TO THE MOON, JUPITER, SATURN,

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AND BEYOND!

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JAMES:
OKAY, WE HAVE OUR SKY SET UP FOR THE NIGHT

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OF THURSDAY JULY 11 AT 10:30 PM FACING SOUTH.

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THE MOON IS IN ITS WAXING GIBBOUS PHASE - MEANING
IT WILL

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SOON BE A FULL MOON.

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DEAN:
EVERY DAY THE MOON WILL SHIFT FARTHER

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TO THE EAST.

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HERE IS THE MOON ON JULY 12TH

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AND JULY 13TH.

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LET'S FLY UP THERE
AND TAKE OUR TAPE MEASURES WITH US.

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DEAN:
ON AVERAGE, THE MOON IS ABOUT 239,000 MILES

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FROM THE EARTH.

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WE CAN FIND OUT THE PRECISE DISTANCE TO THE
MOON ANY TIME BY BOUNCING LASERS OFF THE REFLECTORS

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SET UP BY THE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS.

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JAMES:
NEIL ARMSTRONG,

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BUZZ ALDRIN AND COMPANY TOOK THREE DAYS TO
FLY THE 239,000 MILES TO THE MOON - AND THREE

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DAYS TO FLY BACK.

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DEAN:
BACK ON EARTH, WHATS THAT BRIGHT LIGHT NEXT

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TO THE MOON ON
JULY 13TH?

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JAMES:
THAT IS THE GIANT PLANET JUPITER AND IT IS

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RELATIVELY CLOSE TO US RIGHT NOW.

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DEAN:
RELATIVELY CLOSE.

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IT MAY LOOK LIKE ITS CLOSE TO THE MOON BUT
IT IS MUCH, MUCH FARTHER.

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WHILE THE MOON IS ABOUT 239,000 MILES AWAY,
JUPITER IS

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A WHOPPING 409 MILLION MILES AWAY!

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JAMES:
AS THE NIGHT GOES ON WE GET CLOSER TO 11:30PM,

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EVERYTHING HAS SHIFTED TO THE RIGHT.

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AND ANOTHER PLANET IS GETTING HIGHER IN THE
SKY.

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THIS IS SATURN.

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DEAN:
SATURN IS JUST THE MOST AMAZING SIGHT TO SEE

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IN A TELESCOPE.

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YOU CAN SEE THE PLANET, THE RINGS, THE SHADOW
OF THE RINGS, THE MOONS

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JAMES:
CALM DOWN DEAN

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I KNOW SATURNS YOUR FAVORITE PLANET BUT LET'S
DO SOME MEASURING HERE.

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JAMES:
THIS WEEK SATURN IS ABOUT 837 MILLION MILES

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AWAY.

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NOW THAT NUMBER IS HARD TO WRAP OUR BRAINS
AROUND, SO WHEN WERE TALKING ABOUT DISTANCES

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IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM ASTRONOMERS USE A DIFFERENT
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT -

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THE ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OR A.U.

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ONE A.U. IS THE AVERAGE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
SUN AND EARTH,

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SO WERE ABOUT 1 A.U.

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FROM THE SUN.

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IN MILES THATS ABOUT 93,000,000 MILES.

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DEAN:
SINCE SATURN IS ABOUT 837 MILLION MILES AWAY

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IT IS ALSO ABOUT 9 AU'S FROM US.

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AU'S WORK GREAT WITHIN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

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FOR EXAMPLE, WE COULD SAY JUPITER IS ABOUT
5 AU'S FROM THE SUN, NEPTUNE IS ABOUT

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30 AU'S FROM THE SUN AND VOYAGER 1 -
OUR FARTHEST FLUNG SPACECRAFT IS A WHOPPING

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120 AU'S FROM THE SUN!

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JAMES:
NOW WHAT ABOUT THAT OTHER STAR - THE RED ONE

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TO THE RIGHT OF JUPITER?

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DEAN:
THAT'S THE STAR ANTARES IN THE CONSTELLATION

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SCORPIUS THE SCORPION.

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RED GIANT STARS LIKE ANTARES ARE HUMONGOUS
AND UNBELIEVABLY FAR.

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JAMES:
LET'S CLOSE IN ON ANTARES AND MEASURE ITS

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SIZE AND DISTANCE.

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DEAN:
ANTARES IS ABOUT 3.6 QUADRILLION MILES FROM

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EARTH, OR 39 MILLION AU'S.

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WE COULD MEASURE THE DISTANCE TO ANTARES IN
MILLIMETERS IF WE WANTED TO, BUT THOSE NUMBERS

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LOSE ALL MEANING FOR US.

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JAMES:
ASTRONOMERS USE LIGHT YEARS AS THEIR UNIT

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OF CHOICE FOR MEASURING INTERSTELLAR SPACE.

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A LIGHT YEAR IS THE DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS
IN A YEAR - ROUGHLY 5.8 TRILLION MILES.

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THEREFORE, ANTARES
IS A WHOPPING 620 LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH.

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DEAN:
IT'S BY NO MEANS THE FARTHEST STAR YOU CAN

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SEE WITH THE NAKED EYE.

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THAT HONOR MOST LIKELY GOES TO DENEB - THE
TAIL STAR OF CYGNUS THE SWAN.

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JAMES:
DENEB IS OVER 3000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.

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THAT MEANS THE LIGHT YOU SEE LEFT DENEB AROUND
1000 BC.

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DEAN:
SO SEE THE MOON AT 239,000 MILES AWAY.

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JAMES:
SATURN FROM 9 AU'S AWAY.

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DEAN:
AND ANTARES AT 620 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.

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BOTH: KEEP LOOKING UP!