1 00:00:20,453 --> 00:00:23,023 Lunar Leapfrog with Jupiter and Saturn! 2 00:00:23,123 --> 00:00:25,091 JAMES: WELCOME TO STAR GAZERS. 3 00:00:25,191 --> 00:00:28,795 I'M JAMES ALBURY, DIRECTOR OF THE KIKA SILVA PLA PLANETARIUM IN GAINESVILLE FLORIDA. 4 00:00:28,895 --> 00:00:32,065 DEAN: AND I'M DEAN REGAS, ASTRONOMER FROM THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 5 00:00:32,165 --> 00:00:34,934 WE RE HERE TO HELP YOU FIND YOUR WAY AROUND THE SKY! 6 00:00:35,035 --> 00:00:39,406 JAMES: IF YOUR FAVORITE PLANETS ARE JUPITER AND SATURN, HAVE WE GOT A SHOW FOR YOU! 7 00:00:39,506 --> 00:00:40,840 DEAN: THAT'S RIGHT, JAMES! 8 00:00:40,940 --> 00:00:44,044 JUPITER AND SATURN WILL PLAY LEAPFROG WITH THE MOON NEXT WEEK. 9 00:00:44,144 --> 00:00:47,147 JAMES: AND WE RE GOING TO SHOW IT TO YOU HERE FIRST. 10 00:00:47,247 --> 00:00:49,015 LET S GO! 11 00:00:49,115 --> 00:00:53,520 JAMES: OK, WE HAVE OUR SKIES SET FOR AN HOUR BEFORE SUNRISE, SUNDAY MORNING, APRIL 21ST. 12 00:00:53,620 --> 00:00:57,757 IF YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SOUTH, YOU'LL SEE THREE BRIGHT OBJECTS IN THE SKY. 13 00:00:57,857 --> 00:00:59,592 THE BRIGHTEST OF COURSE IS THE MOON. 14 00:00:59,692 --> 00:01:04,764 DEAN: ON APRIL 21ST, THE MOON WILL BE IN THE WANING GIBBOUS PHASE IN THE CONSTELLATION 15 00:01:04,864 --> 00:01:06,099 SCORPIUS THE SCORPION. 16 00:01:06,199 --> 00:01:09,302 JAMES: THE NEXT BRIGHTEST OBJECT IN THE SKY IS JUPITER. 17 00:01:09,402 --> 00:01:13,540 IT WILL BE TO THE LEFT OF THE MOON, AND IT WILL SHINE WITH A BRIGHT, STEADY WHITE LIGHT. 18 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:18,912 DEAN: JUPITER IS THE LARGEST PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, AND MAKES UP OVER 75% OF THE 19 00:01:19,012 --> 00:01:21,081 SOLAR SYSTEM S PLANETARY MASS. 20 00:01:21,181 --> 00:01:25,351 JAMES: JUPITER HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THE SKY SINCE ANTIQUITY. 21 00:01:25,452 --> 00:01:29,456 THE ANCIENT ROMANS NAMED IT AFTER THE KING OF THEIR GODS, WHOM THE GREEKS REFERED TO 22 00:01:29,556 --> 00:01:31,257 AS ZEUS. 23 00:01:31,357 --> 00:01:34,861 DEAN: BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMERS HAVE RECORDS OF JUPITER DATING BACK TO THE 7TH CENTURY 24 00:01:34,961 --> 00:01:41,034 B.C. IN HIS BOOK THE ALMAGEST, GREEK ASTRONOMER CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY USED JUPITER'S MOTION WITH 25 00:01:41,134 --> 00:01:45,338 RESPECT TO THE EARTH TO REFINE HIS EARTH-CENTERED MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 26 00:01:45,438 --> 00:01:50,009 JAMES: BY DOING THIS, PTOLEMY SHOWED THAT JUPITER TOOK ALMOST 12 YEARS TO MAKE A COMPLETE 27 00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:55,849 CIRCUIT OF THE SKY, WHICH WE NOW KNOW AS THE AMOUNT OF TIME IT TAKES JUPITER TO ORBIT THE 28 00:01:55,949 --> 00:01:57,650 SUN. 29 00:01:57,750 --> 00:02:01,154 DEAN: IN 1610, ITALIAN ASTRONOMER GALILEO GALILEI STUDIED JUPITER USING A TELESCOPE 30 00:02:01,254 --> 00:02:05,325 AND IS CREDITED WITH DISCOVERING THE FOUR LARGEST MOONS OF JUPITER; IO, EUROPA, GANYMEDE 31 00:02:05,425 --> 00:02:07,160 AND CALLISTO. 32 00:02:07,260 --> 00:02:11,331 THE MOTIONS OF THESE MOONS AROUND JUPITER PROVIDED GALILEO WITH AN EXAMPLE SUPPORTING 33 00:02:11,431 --> 00:02:14,868 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS' VIEW OF A SUN-CENTERED SOLAR SYSTEM 34 00:02:14,968 --> 00:02:19,372 DEAN: THE THIRD BRIGHT OBJECT IN THE SOUTHERN SKY WILL BE SATURN. 35 00:02:19,472 --> 00:02:22,642 SATURN WAS NAMED AFTER JUPITER S FATHER; THE ROMAN GOD OF AGRICULTURE. 36 00:02:22,742 --> 00:02:26,045 BEING THE SECOND LARGEST PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, SATURN IS SO LARGE, YOU COULD PUT 37 00:02:26,146 --> 00:02:28,047 750 EARTHS INSIDE IT, IF IT WERE HOLLOW. 38 00:02:28,148 --> 00:02:29,916 JAMES: SATURN IS AN AMAZING PLANET. 39 00:02:30,016 --> 00:02:33,686 ASIDE FROM IT S BEAUTIFUL RINGS, ASTRONOMERS DISCOVERED SOMETHING ELSE INTERESTING THING 40 00:02:33,786 --> 00:02:35,588 ABOUT IT. 41 00:02:35,688 --> 00:02:39,359 WHEN THE CASSINI SPACE PROBE VISITED SATURN IN 2006, IT CONFIRMED A DISCOVERY THAT VOYAGER 42 00:02:39,459 --> 00:02:43,730 1 MADE BACK IN 1981 - A LARGE HEXAGON AT SATURN S NORTH POLE. 43 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:47,267 DEAN: LIKE SATURN ITSELF, THIS HEXAGON IS ENORMOUS. 44 00:02:47,367 --> 00:02:52,438 EACH SIDE OF SATURN S HEXAGON IS 9,000 MILES IN LENGTH AND THE CLOUDS ARE ESTIMATED TO 45 00:02:52,539 --> 00:02:55,008 BE OVER 190 MILES HIGH. 46 00:02:55,108 --> 00:02:59,312 JAMES: MANY ASTRONOMERS BELIEVE THAT THIS BIZARRE FEATURE IS THE RESULT OF AN ATMOSPHERIC 47 00:02:59,412 --> 00:03:04,083 WAVE PATTERN CAUSED BY DIFFERENCES IN THE DENSITIES AND SPEEDS OF THE ATMOSPHERE NEAR 48 00:03:04,184 --> 00:03:06,052 SATURN S NORTH POLE. 49 00:03:06,152 --> 00:03:10,323 DEAN: THE CASSINI MISSION DETERMINED THE ROTATION RATE FOR THE HEXAGON TO BE A LITTLE OVER 10 50 00:03:10,423 --> 00:03:11,925 HOURS AND 40 MINUTES. 51 00:03:12,025 --> 00:03:13,693 THIS IS THE SAME PERIOD OF ROTATION OF SATURN S INTERNAL RADIO EMISSIONS. 52 00:03:13,793 --> 00:03:15,428 JAMES: NOW THAT YOU KNOW A LITTLE MORE ABOUT JUPITER AND SATURN, LET S CHECK OUT THAT 53 00:03:15,528 --> 00:03:16,863 CELESTIAL GAME OF LUNAR LEAPFROG. 54 00:03:16,963 --> 00:03:18,731 (STOP - SET TIME TO 5:30 AM, MONDAY, APRIL 22ND, 2019 TO START) 55 00:03:18,831 --> 00:03:23,203 JAMES: OK, WE HAVE OUR SKIES SET UP FOR AN HOUR BEFORE SUNRISE ON MONDAY MORNING, APRIL 56 00:03:23,303 --> 00:03:25,038 22ND. 57 00:03:25,138 --> 00:03:27,941 THE WANING GIBBOUS MOON IS JUST TO THE RIGHT OF JUPITER AND DIRECTLY NORTH OF ANTARES; 58 00:03:28,041 --> 00:03:29,976 THE HEART OF SCORPIUS THE SCORPION. 59 00:03:30,076 --> 00:03:33,980 DEAN: THE FUN BEGINS THE FOLLOWING MORNING, ON APRIL 23RD. 60 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:35,148 MAN! 61 00:03:35,248 --> 00:03:37,750 CHECK OUT HOW CLOSE THE MOON IS TO JUPITER NOW! 62 00:03:37,850 --> 00:03:43,356 JAMES: ON APRIL 23RD, THE MOON WILL BE A LITTLE OVER ONE DEGREE (OR TWO FULL MOON WIDTHS) 63 00:03:43,456 --> 00:03:44,490 AWAY FROM JUPITER. 64 00:03:44,591 --> 00:03:46,693 LET S CHECK OUT IT OUT ON THE 24TH. 65 00:03:46,793 --> 00:03:52,332 DEAN: NOW THE MOON IS ALMOST EXACTLY HALFWAY BETWEEN JUPITER AND SATURN; AND RIGHT ABOVE 66 00:03:52,432 --> 00:03:55,668 THE STAR KAUS BOREALIS IN THE TEAPOT OF SAGITTARIUS. 67 00:03:55,768 --> 00:03:58,972 LET S ADVANCE TIME ONE MORE DAY TO THE 25TH. 68 00:03:59,072 --> 00:04:00,406 JAMES: BOOM! 69 00:04:00,506 --> 00:04:02,542 OUR SECOND CONJUNCTION OF THE WEEK! 70 00:04:02,642 --> 00:04:07,981 JUST BEFORE SUNRISE, SATURN AND THE MOON WILL BE JUST OVER 2 DEGREES (OR FOUR FULL MOON 71 00:04:08,081 --> 00:04:09,282 WIDTHS) APART. 72 00:04:09,382 --> 00:04:10,817 DEFINITELY WORTH WAKING UP EARLY FOR. 73 00:04:10,917 --> 00:04:12,185 DEAN: SO, TO RECAP 74 00:04:12,285 --> 00:04:15,021 LET S CHECK OUT THAT LUNAR LEAPFROG AGAIN. 75 00:04:15,121 --> 00:04:21,961 HERE S THE SKY ON THE 21ST , 22ND , 23RD , 24TH 76 00:04:22,061 --> 00:04:22,962 AND 25TH! 77 00:04:23,062 --> 00:04:24,897 WOW! 78 00:04:24,998 --> 00:04:30,470 DEAN: SO, GET OUTSIDE AND GAZE UPON OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR IN SPACE PLAYING LEAP FROG WITH KING 79 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:33,773 OF THE ROMAN GODS AND HIS FATHER, THE ROMAN GOD OF AGRICULTURE. 80 00:04:33,873 --> 00:04:35,275 JAMES: IT'S EASY TO DO WHEN YOU 81 00:04:35,375 --> 00:04:39,375 BOTH: KEEP LOOKING UP!