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[MUSIC]

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JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HI.

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I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, AND

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WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK THE

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WEB SHOW, AND WELCOME TO THE

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MK NATURE CENTER.

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AND JOINING ME TO ANSWER YOUR

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QUESTIONS ABOUT THE OCEANS ARE

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DAVID WILKINS, ASSOCIATE

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PROFESSOR OF GEOSCIENCES AT

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BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY, AND

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WALTER SNYDER, PROFESSOR

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EMERITUS, FROM THE DEPARTMENT

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OF GEOSCIENCES AT BOISE STATE

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UNIVERSITY.

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THANK YOU BOTH FOR BEING HERE.

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DAVID WILKINS: GREAT TO BE

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HERE.

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WALTER SNYDER: THANKS FOR

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HAVING US.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY.

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LET'S GO TO YOUR QUESTIONS.

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[MUSIC]

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JB: HI.

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MY NAME IS JB, AND I GO TO

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RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,

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AND MY QUESTION IS, WHY IS THE

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OCEAN BLUE?

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SNYDER: WELL, THE OCEAN -- THE

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OCEAN IS BLUE NOT FOR THE

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REASON YOU MIGHT THINK.

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IT IS NOT DUE TO THE FACT THAT

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IT'S JUST REFLECTING THE COLOR

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OF THE ALREADY BLUE SKY.

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THAT'S WHAT MOST PEOPLE WOULD

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THINK.

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WHAT IT'S REALLY DUE TO IS THE

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WAY THE OCEAN ABSORBS CERTAIN

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COLORS OF SUNLIGHT AND

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REFLECTS OTHER COLORS OF

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SUNLIGHT.

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SUNLIGHT HAS A FULL SPECTRUM

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OF COLORS.

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THINK OF THE RAINBOW.

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AND WHEN THAT RAINBOW FROM THE

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SUN HITS THE OCEAN WATER, THE

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WATER ITSELF ABSORBS THE REDS

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AND VIOLETS AND REFLECTS BACK

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MOSTLY THE BLUE.

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AND SO IT'S THE REFLECTED

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LIGHT, THE REFLECTED COLOR, IS

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WHAT YOU UNDERSTAND IS THE

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COLOR OF ANY OBJECT YOU'RE

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LOOKING AT.

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SO, IT'S BLUE BECAUSE IT'S

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ABSORBING THE RED COLOR OF

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SUNLIGHT AND REFLECTING BACK

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TO BLUE.

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LUKE: HI.

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MY NAME IS LUKE, AND I GO TO

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RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY.

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MY QUESTION IS, I HEARD THAT

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THERE'S A FLOATING ISLAND OF

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TRASH.

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WHERE IS IT LOCATED, AND HOW

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BIG IS IT?

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WILKINS: SADLY, THERE ARE

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ACTUALLY SEVERAL TRASH ZONES

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OUT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE

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OCEAN.

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EVERYTHING THAT WE TOSS INTO

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THE STREAMS AND RIVERS

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EVENTUALLY ENDS UP INTO THE

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OCEAN.

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SO, PLASTICS, BOTTLES, CANS,

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EVERYTHING GETS WASHED OUT

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THERE.

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AND WITH THE OCEAN CURRENTS IN

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THE BIG OCEAN BASIN, SPECIFIC,

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THE ATLANTIC AND THE NORTH AND

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THE SOUTH OF EACH OF THOSE

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BASINS, THERE ARE THESE LARGE

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AREAS CALLED "GYRES."

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IT'S WHERE EACH HEMISPHERE

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OF WATER IS CIRCULATING AROUND

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THE CENTER OF THE OCEAN BASIN,

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ITSELF, IN THE NORTHERN

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HEMISPHERE AND THE SOUTHERN

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HEMISPHERE.

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AND SO ALL OF THE MATERIAL,

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ALL THE FLOTSAM AND JETSAM,

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ALL THE PLASTIC PARTICLES ALL

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EVENTUALLY END UP FLOATING IN

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A SHALLOW AREA, A SHALLOW ZONE

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OF ABOUT 4 TO 5 TO 10 FEET

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DEEP, AND MIGRATE OVER TIME

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INTO THE CENTER OF THE OCEAN

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BASINS WHERE IT ACCUMULATES.

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THE FISH DON'T KNOW THE

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DIFFERENCE, BECAUSE THE

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PARTICLES ARE SO SMALL THEY

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LOOK LIKE THINGS THEY MIGHT

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EAT NORMALLY, AND SO THEY EAT

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THEM, AND THEN THE FISH DIE,

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BECAUSE THEY CAN'T DIGEST THE

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PLASTIC EITHER.

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IT'S A REAL PROBLEM, AND IT'S

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VERY, VERY SAD.

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MERCADEEZ: HI.

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MY NAME IS MERCADEEZ, AND I GO

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TO KAMIAH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN

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KAMIAH, IDAHO, AND MY QUESTION

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IS, WHICH OCEAN IS THE BIGGEST

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OF THEM ALL?

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SNYDER: THE BIGGEST OCEAN OF

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ALL IS THE PACIFIC AT ABOUT 64

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MILLION SQUARE MILES.

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THE ATLANTIC IS ABOUT HALF

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THAT SIZE AT 33 MILLION SQUARE

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MILES, AND THEN THE INDIAN

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OCEAN IS AROUND 24, 25 MILLION

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SQUARE MILES, BUT THE PACIFIC

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IS DEFINITELY THE BIGGEST OF

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THEM ALL.

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BAILEE: HI.

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MY NAME IS BAILEE, AND I GO TO

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RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,

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AND MY QUESTION IS, HOW LONG

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DO WHALES LIVE?

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WILKINS: WHALES, BECAUSE

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THEY'RE SO LARGE, AND BECAUSE

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THEY LIVE IN SUCH COLD

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CONDITIONS, HAVE A VERY SLOW

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METABOLISM.

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THEY AGE FAIRLY SLOWLY.

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THEY CAN LIVE DECADES.

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60, 70, 80 YEARS IS NOT

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UNCOMMON FOR WHALES, AND WE

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DON'T DO THIS BECAUSE WE SEE

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WHALES BLOWING OUT BIRTHDAY

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CAKES WITH CANDLES ON THEM,

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BUT WHEN WE FIND WHALEBONES ON

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THE SHORELINE, WE CAN LOOK AT

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THEIR TEETH STRUCTURES AND

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THEIR JAW STRUCTURES AND GET

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AN IDEA ABOUT HOW OLD THEY

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ARE.

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MEGAN: HI.

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MY NAME IS MEGAN.

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I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY

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SCHOOL, AND MY QUESTION IS,

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WHY DOES THE OCEAN HAVE

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CURRENTS?

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SNYDER: THE OCEAN HAS CURRENTS

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FUNDAMENTALLY BECAUSE OF TWO

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FACTORS; WIND AND THE FACT

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THAT THE EARTH ROTATES.

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MAJOR WIND CIRCULATION ON THE

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EARTH IS THAT WINDS TEND TO

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BLOW TO THE WEST AT THE

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EQUATOR AND TO THE EAST AT THE

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POLES, BOTH THE NORTH POLE AND

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THE SOUTH POLE.

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SO, IF YOU JUST IMAGINE --

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RIGHT NOW IMAGINE THE PACIFIC.

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SO, THE WIND'S BLOWING TO THE

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WEST ACROSS THE EQUATOR.

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THE WATER IS MOVING FROM THE

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AMERICAS TOWARDS THE --

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TOWARDS JAPAN AND THE

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PHILIPPINES AND THE PACIFIC

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SIDE, AND THEN AS IT HITS THE

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WEST SIDE OF THE OCEAN, IT

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THEN MAKES A TURN TO THE

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NORTH.

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FLOWS ALL THE WAY UP NORTH

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WHERE IT CATCHES.

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THEN THE WINDS ARE BLOWING TO

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THE EAST, AND THAT ALSO HELPS

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PROMOTE THE CURRENTS THEN TO

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MOVE BACK TO THE EAST.

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THEN THEY MOVE DOWN ALONG IN

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THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DOWN

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ALONG, SAY, OUR COAST, AND

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THEN THEY GO BACK ACROSS THE

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PACIFIC AGAIN AT THE EQUATOR.

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NOW, WHAT CAUSES THOSE TO TURN

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IS THE FACT THAT WHEN THE

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EARTH TURNS, THE WESTERN

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MOVING WATER IS FORCED TO TURN

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TO THE RIGHT.

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AND SO THAT COMBINATION OF THE

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EARTH TURNING AND THE WINDS IS

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WHAT CREATES THESE BIG OCEAN

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-- WHAT ARE CALLED "OCEAN

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GYRES" THAT HAVE CONSTANT AND

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CONSISTENT DIRECTIONS OF

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MOVEMENT.

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[MUSIC]

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CARTAN-HANSEN: EMILY

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ASKS, IS IT EASIER TO FLOAT IN

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AN OCEAN OR A LAKE, AND WHY?

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SNYDER: IT ALL DEPENDS ON

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WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE LAKE

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OR THE OCEAN.

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BASICALLY, YOU FLOAT IN THE

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OCEAN BECAUSE THERE'S SALT IN

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IT, AND WHEN YOU PUT SALT IN

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THE WATER, IT MAKES IT

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THICKER, HEAVIER, DENSER, AND

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IF IT'S THICKER, YOU CAN FLOAT

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EASIER IN IT.

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SO, IN GENERAL, IN AN OCEAN,

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YOU CAN FLOAT EASIER, BECAUSE

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IT CONTAINS A LOT OF SALT THAN

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IF YOU TRIED TO FLOAT IN A

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FRESHWATER LAKE.

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HOWEVER, SOME LAKES, SUCH AS

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THE GREAT SALT LAKE, ARE

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EXTREMELY SALTY, SALTIER THAN

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THE OCEAN, AND IT'S EVEN

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EASIER TO FLOAT THERE.

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SO, IT'S NOT JUST THE

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OCEAN

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AND A LAKE.

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IT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

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SALTY WATER AND FRESHWATER.

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SO, THE MORE SALT, THE EASIER

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IT IS TO FLOAT BECAUSE IT

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MAKES THE WATER THICKER, AND

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IT CAN SUPPORT YOU.

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YAROSLAVA: HI.

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MY NAME IS SLAVA, AND I GO TO

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RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,

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AND MY QUESTION IS, I LIKE

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SHARKS, AND I READ THEY LIVED

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BEFORE DINOSAURS.

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DO THEY HAVE THE SAME LOOK AS

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THEY HAD A HUNDRED MILLION

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YEARS AGO?

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WILKINS: PRETTY MUCH.

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SHARKS HAVEN'T CHANGED MUCH IN

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THEIR APPEARANCE SINCE THEY

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FIRST FORMED -- FIRST APPEARED

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IN THE FOSSIL RECORD OVER 400

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MILLION YEARS AGO.

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THE ONE BIG DIFFERENCE IS THAT

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THEY WERE MUCH LARGER BACK

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THEN.

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YOU HAVE SHARK SPECIES THAT

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WERE 50 FEET LONG, WHICH WOULD

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BE MUCH -- IT'S VERY HARD TO

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VISUALIZE AND PROBABLY PRETTY

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TERRIFYING TO EVERYTHING ELSE

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THAT WAS IN THE WATER AT THE

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TIME.

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ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING

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FOSSILS IS THE HELICOPRION

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WHICH IS A BUZZSAW-JAWED

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SHARK.

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THE TEETH ACTUALLY CAME OUT OF

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ITS JAWS LIKE A BUZZ SAW.

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IF YOU PICTURE A SAW THAT'S

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GOING AROUND AND AROUND ON A

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TABLE, THAT'S WHAT THE TEETH

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IN THIS LOOKED LIKE.

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THE SCIENTISTS AT IDAHO STATE

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UNIVERSITY ARE THE BEST IN

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STUDYING THIS, AND SOME OF THE

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BEST FOSSILS HAVE COME FROM

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EASTERN IDAHO.

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ASHLEY: HI.

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MY NAME IS ASHLEY, AND I GO TO

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RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY, AND MY

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QUESTION IS, HOW DO WE KEEP

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THE OCEAN WATER CLEAN,

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HEALTHY, AND SUSTAINABLE?

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WILKINS: I WISH I KNEW.

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I WISH WE KNEW.

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I THINK WE BEGIN BY TREATING

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THE OCEAN WITH RESPECT.

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MAYBE RECOGNIZING THAT THE

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HEALTHY OCEAN MEANS A HEALTHY

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PLANET FOR THE REST OF US.

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EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS IN THE

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OCEAN EVENTUALLY COMES BACK ON

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LAND; WEATHER, CLIMATE, WATER,

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ALONG THE SHORELINE, A LOT OF

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OUR FOOD.

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ALL THAT MEANS THAT WE NEED TO

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HAVE A HEALTHY OCEAN TO HAVE A

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HEALTHY PLANET.

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WHAT WE REALLY NEED IS WE NEED

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TO HAVE MORE GOOD CURIOUS

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INTERESTED SCIENTISTS WHO WANT

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TO STUDY THIS PROBLEM LOOKING

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AT HOW DO WE -- HOW DO WE --

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SAY, HOW DO WE PROTECT AND

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SUSTAIN THE OCEAN, AND WE ALSO

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NEED TO HAVE WELL-EDUCATED AND

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LISTENING LEADERS WHO CAN

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LISTEN TO THE SCIENTISTS AND

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ACTUALLY MAKE THE DIFFICULT

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DECISIONS THAT ARE NEEDED TO

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MAKE THE OCEAN SUSTAINABLE.

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[MUSIC] CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M

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SORRY, WE'VE RUN OUT OF TIME.

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MY THANKS TO DAVID AND WALTER

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FOR ANSWERING STUDENTS'

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QUESTIONS.

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WILKINS: THANKS FOR INVITING

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US.

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IT'S BEEN A LOT OF FUN, AND I

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LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING ALL

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THESE STUDENTS IN OUR

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CLASSROOMS IN A FEW YEARS.

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SNYDER: IT'S BEEN A PLEASURE.

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I'VE ENJOYED YOUR QUESTIONS,

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AND KEEP ON ASKING QUESTIONS.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: AND MY THANKS

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ALSO TO THE FOLKS HERE AT THE

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MK NATURE CENTER FOR HOSTING

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US.

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NOW, IF YOU WANT TO LEARN

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MORE, CHECK OUT THE OCEANS

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AREA ON THE SCIENCE TREK

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WEBSITE.

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YOU'LL FIND FACTS, LINKS,

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GAMES, OUR OCEANS BROADCAST

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SHOW AND LOTS MORE.

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AND EVERY WEEK, CHECK OUT MY

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BLOG FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE

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NEWS FOR KIDS ALL AT

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IDAHOPTV.ORG.

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THANKS FOR JOINING US.

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WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON

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SCIENCE TREK, THE WEB SHOW.

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[MUSIC]