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(MUSIC)

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JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HI, I'M JOAN

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CARTAN-HANSEN.

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AND WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK-THE

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WEB SHOW.

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AND WELCOME TO THE OFFICES OF HP

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HERE IN BOISE.

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JOINING US NOW TO ANSWER YOUR

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QUESTIONS ABOUT COMPUTERS ARE

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TIM ANDERSEN AND FLOSSIE ERBEN.

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THANK YOU BOTH FOR BEING HERE.

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TIM ANDERSEN: THANK YOU.

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FLOSSIE ERBEN: THANK YOU, WE'RE

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HAPPY TO BE HERE.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY LET'S GO TO

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YOUR QUESTIONS.

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(MUSIC)

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NORAH: HI I'M, MY NAME

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IS NORAH, MY QUESTION IS HOW DO

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COMPUTERS WORK?

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ERBEN: SO COMPUTERS ARE BUILT OF

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MANY DIFFERENT PARTS AND

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COMPONENTS, YOU HAVE EVERYTHING

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FROM YOUR CIRCUITRY CHIPS

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THAT DRIVE THE PROCESSOR.

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YOU HAVE FANS THAT KEEP THE

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DEVICE COOL, YOU HAVE WIRES THAT

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CONNECT PIECES TOGETHER, YOU

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HAVE

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HARD DRIVE WHERE YOU STORE YOUR

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DATA, YOU HAVE A KEYBOARD IN

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WHICH YOU CAN GIVE INSTRUCTIONS

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TO THE COMPUTER.

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YOU HAVE A MONITOR SO THAT IT

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CAN DISPLAY WHAT YOU'RE ASKING

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IT TO DISPLAY.

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AND IN SOME CASES YOU HAVE

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THINGS LIKE A MOUSE TO HELP

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DRIVE DIFFERENT PORTIONS OF THE

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COMPUTER.

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HERON: HI MY NAME IS HERON AND

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MY QUESTION IS, HOW DOES LIKE

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THE KEYS ON THE COMPUTER WORK?

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ANDERSEN: SO EVERY KEY ON YOUR

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KEYBOARD HAS UNDERNEATH IT A

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CIRCUIT AND WHEN YOU PRESS THAT

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KEY YOU COME DOWN, YOU PUSH THAT

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KEY IT PUSHES DOWN AND TOUCHES

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THAT CIRCUIT AND CONNECTS IT SO

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THAT AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL GOES

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THROUGH THE CIRCUIT AND ITS SENT

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TO THE COMPUTER AND TELLS THE

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COMPUTER EXACTLY WHICH KEY YOU

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PRESSED.

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BY THE WAY, WHEN I WAS IN

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COLLEGE WE WROTE A KEYBOARD

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DRIVER FOR A VERY SIMPLE

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COMPUTER AND YOU HAD TO, SO THE

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KEY COMES DOWN AND THE

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COMPUTER'S RUNNING SO FAST THAT

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IT'LL HIT THAT CIRCUIT AND

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BOUNCE.

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YOU DON'T KNOW THAT IT'S

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BOUNCING; YOU THINK YOU JUST

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PRESSED THE KEY AND YOU JUST

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CONNECTED THE CIRCUIT, BUT IT

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ACTUALLY BOUNCES UP SO IT

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DISCONNECTS THE CIRCUIT AND

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BOUNCES BACK AND CONNECTS THE

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CIRCUIT BACK UP.

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AND IT DOES THAT PROBABLY SIXTY

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PLUS TIMES BEFORE IT SETTLES,

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AND THEN WHEN YOU RELEASE THE

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KEY IT DOES THE SAME THING JUST

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KIND OF IN THE OPPOSITE.

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SO IF YOU DON'T HANDLE THAT, YOU

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KNOW, YOU CAN HANDLE IT AT THE

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HARDWARE LEVEL, BUT IF YOU DON'T

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HANDLE IT AT THE DRIVER LEVEL

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YOU'LL GET LIKE A HUNDRED AND

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SOMETHING KEY PRESSES OUT OF

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EVERY KEY PRESS THAT YOU THINK

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YOU'RE MAKING.

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SO YOU HAD TO WRITE A DELAY LOOP

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BASICALLY IN YOUR KEYBOARD

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DRIVER TO DELAY ONCE YOU HIT THE

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INITIAL CONTACT YOU DELAY

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LOOKING FOR MORE CONTACTS UNTIL,

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YOU KNOW, HUNDRED MILLISECONDS

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OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

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KELSEY: MY NAME IS KELSEY AND I

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GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY IN

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POCATELLO, IDAHO AND MY QUESTION

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IS WHY DID THEY INVENT

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COMPUTERS?

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ERBEN: THEY INVENTED COMPUTERS

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TO HELP US AND HELP HUMANS DO

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THE CONTINUAL MATHEMATIC

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EQUATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS OVER

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AND OVER AGAIN.

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THE HUMAN MIND GETS BORED AND SO

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SOMETIMES WE START MAKING

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MISTAKES, SO IT WAS EASY TO HAVE

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THIS PROCESS AND THIS COMPUTER

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TO CONTINUE TO ANSWER THOSE

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QUESTIONS FOR US.

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BRADEN: HI MY NAME IS BRADEN AND

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MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES A

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COMPUTER MEMORY CHIP WORK?

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ANDERSEN: SO A COMPUTER MEMORY

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CHIP WORKS BY STORING ELECTRICAL

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CHARGE ON THE CHIP, IN A

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PARTICULAR LOCATION THAT

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CORRESPONDS TO A BIT AND THERE'S

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BILLIONS OF BITS WORTH OF

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INFORMATION ON EVERY COMPUTER

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MEMORY CHIP AND SO THAT CHARGE

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IS STORED ON THE CHIP IN SEVERAL

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DIFFERENT PLACES, BILLIONS OF

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DIFFERENT PLACES AND IF THE

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CHARGE IS PRESENT YOU CONSIDER

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THAT TO HAVE A BIT VALUE OF ONE

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IF THE CHARGE IS ABSENT ITS GOT

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A BIT VALUE OF ZERO.

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SAM: HI MY NAME IS SAM AND MY

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QUESTION IS IS HOW GOOGLE GETS

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ALL THEIR ANSWERS FOR QUESTIONS?

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ERBEN: GOOGLE GOES ABOUT

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GETTING, ITS A SEARCH ENGINE AND

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IT GOES ABOUT GETTING ALL OF ITS

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ANSWERS BY SEARCHING THE WEB

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LOOKING FOR PARTICULAR KEYWORDS

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AND SO IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR

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SOMETHING THAT SAYS PIZZA IT'S

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GOING TO GO AND FIND THE WORD

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PIZZA AS MANY PLACES AS IT CAN

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FIND AND IT'LL CRAWL THROUGH ALL

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THE DIFFERENT WEBSITES AND GRAB

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THE ONES THAT SAY, HAVE THE

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WORDS PIZZA ON THEM AND DISPLAY

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THEM IN A LIST FOR YOU TO CHOOSE

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FROM.

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CLAIRE: HI MY NAME IS CLAIRE AND

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MY QUESTION IS HOW DO COMPUTERS

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PROCESS WHAT YOU TELL THEM TO

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DO?

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ANDERSEN: SO WHEN YOU TYPE INTO

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A KEYBOARD AND YOU REQUEST THE

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COMPUTER TO DO SOMETHING THAT

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INFORMATION IS SENT TO THE

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PROGRAM THAT'S ON TOP OF THE

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SCREEN THAT YOU'RE LOOKING AT

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AND THAT PROGRAM, BASED ON WHAT

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THE PROGRAMMER HAS PROGRAMMED IT

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TO DO IS GOING TO TAKE THAT

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INFORMATION AND PROCESS IT AND

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RETURN AN ANSWER TO YOU.

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DIMITRI: HI MY NAME IS DIMITRI

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AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO THE

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KEYBOARD BUTTONS PROJECT ONTO

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THE SCREEN?

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ERBEN: SO THE KEYBOARD BUTTONS

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DON'T ACTUALLY PROJECT ONTO THE

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SCREEN, YOU PRESS A CIRCUIT AND

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THAT CIRCUIT INFORMATION GOES

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THROUGH THE COMPUTER AND THE

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COMPUTER PROCESSES THAT AND

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IDENTIFIES WHICH KEY IT IS AND

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THEY, IT HAS INSTRUCTIONS TO

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DISPLAY THAT YOU TYPED THIS

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PARTICULAR KEY AND THAT'S TURNS

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ON AND OFF THE PIXELS THAT

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REPRESENT THAT KEY.

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OSCAR: HI MY NAME IS OSCAR, HOW

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DOES THE COMPUTER KNOW WHICH

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IMAGE TO USE?

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ANDERSEN: THAT'S DONE BY THE

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COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT YOU'RE

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RUNNING.

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SO IF YOU'RE RUNNING A COMPUTER

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PROGRAM AND IT NEEDS TO DISPLAY

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AN IMAGE THE COMPUTER PROGRAM IS

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GOING TO SEND THAT IMAGE TO YOUR

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VIDEO CARD AND THEN VIDEO CARD

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WILL SEND THAT IMAGE TO THE

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MONITOR AND THE MONITOR DISPLAYS

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THAT IMAGE TO YOU.

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(MUSIC)

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CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY

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WE'VE RUN OUT OF TIME.

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MY THANKS TO TIM AND FLOSSIE FOR

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ANSWERING STUDENTS QUESTIONS.

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ANDERSEN: THANK YOU IT'S BEEN

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GREAT.

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ERBEN: WE WERE HAPPY TO DO IT.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: AND MY THANKS TO

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THE FOLKS HERE AT HP FOR HOSTING

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US.

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IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE CHECK

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OUT THE COMPUTER AREA ON THE

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SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE-YOU'LL FIND

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FACTS, LINKS, GAMES, OUR

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COMPUTER BROADCAST SHOW AND LOTS

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MORE.

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AND EVERY WEEK CHECK OUT MY BLOG

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FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE NEWS FOR

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KIDS.

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ALL AT IDAHOPTV.ORG.

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THANKS FOR JOINING US FOR

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SCIENCE TREK-THE WEB SHOW.

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(MUSIC)