WEBVTT 00:01.768 --> 00:02.970 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 00:03.070 --> 00:04.471 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 00:04.571 --> 00:06.139 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 00:06.240 --> 00:07.674 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 00:07.774 --> 00:08.976 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 00:09.076 --> 00:10.210 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 00:10.310 --> 00:11.712 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 00:11.812 --> 00:13.213 FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 00:13.313 --> 00:14.982 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 00:15.082 --> 00:16.884 IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, 00:16.984 --> 00:18.785 MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 00:18.886 --> 00:20.621 SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND 00:20.721 --> 00:23.123 SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 00:23.223 --> 00:24.591 FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 00:24.691 --> 00:25.993 TELEVISION; AND BY THE 00:26.093 --> 00:27.227 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 00:27.327 --> 00:28.529 BROADCASTING. 00:29.563 --> 00:30.731 JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: FORESTS PLAY 00:30.831 --> 00:32.266 AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN OUR WORLD, 00:32.366 --> 00:33.667 PROVIDING EVERYTHING FROM A HOME 00:33.767 --> 00:35.168 TO THOUSANDS OF CREATURES AND 00:35.269 --> 00:37.070 FUEL AND RECREATION FOR HUMANS. 00:37.170 --> 00:38.605 BUT THERE'S MORE TO FORESTS THAN 00:38.705 --> 00:39.806 JUST THE TREES. 00:39.907 --> 00:40.974 FIND OUT. 00:41.074 --> 00:42.242 STAY TUNED, SCIENCE TREK IS 00:42.342 --> 00:43.677 NEXT. 00:44.311 --> 00:51.385 (MUSIC) 00:53.020 --> 00:54.087 CARTAN-HANSEN: HI, I'M JOAN 00:54.187 --> 00:55.389 CARTAN-HANSEN, AND WELCOME TO 00:55.489 --> 00:56.590 SCIENCE TREK. 00:56.690 --> 00:57.891 AND WELCOME TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 00:57.991 --> 00:59.059 IDAHO'S COLLEGE OF NATURAL 00:59.159 --> 01:00.193 RESOURCES. 01:00.294 --> 01:01.395 SCIENTISTS ARE STANDING BY TO 01:01.495 --> 01:02.696 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT 01:02.796 --> 01:03.730 FORESTS. 01:03.830 --> 01:04.998 A LITTLE LATER IN THE SHOW WE'LL 01:05.098 --> 01:06.633 GO INTO MORE DETAIL ABOUT TREES. 01:06.733 --> 01:07.968 BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN A LITTLE 01:08.068 --> 01:10.904 BIT MORE ABOUT FORESTS. 01:15.609 --> 01:17.010 STUDENT: "FORESTS COVER ABOUT 30 01:17.110 --> 01:19.313 PERCENT OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE." 01:19.413 --> 01:21.214 CARTAN-HANSEN: THAT'S RIGHT. 01:21.315 --> 01:22.549 FORESTS ARE ONE OF OUR WORLD'S 01:22.649 --> 01:23.850 BIOMES. 01:23.951 --> 01:25.686 A BIOME IS A LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL 01:25.786 --> 01:27.721 AREA THAT CONTAINS SIMILAR 01:27.821 --> 01:28.822 PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND 01:28.922 --> 01:30.257 ENVIRONMENTS. 01:30.357 --> 01:32.259 A FOREST IS A COMPLEX COMMUNITY 01:32.359 --> 01:34.728 OF LIFE IN WHICH TREES ARE THE 01:34.828 --> 01:36.697 DOMINANT LIFE FORM. 01:36.797 --> 01:38.265 STUDENT: "THERE ARE THREE BASIC 01:38.365 --> 01:40.667 TYPES OF FORESTS: THE TROPICAL 01:40.767 --> 01:42.869 RAINFOREST, THE TEMPERATE 01:42.970 --> 01:45.539 FOREST, AND THE BOREAL FOREST." 01:45.639 --> 01:47.274 STUDENT: "TYPES OF FORESTS CAN 01:47.374 --> 01:48.942 BE DEFINED BY THE TYPES OF TREES 01:49.042 --> 01:50.744 AND THE AMOUNT OF RAIN." 01:50.844 --> 01:52.379 CARTAN-HANSEN: RAINFORESTS ARE 01:52.479 --> 01:54.247 MOSTLY FOUND AROUND THE EQUATOR. 01:54.348 --> 01:55.816 THEY COVER ABOUT 7 PERCENT OF 01:55.916 --> 01:57.451 THE EARTH'S SURFACE. 01:57.551 --> 01:59.019 RAINFORESTS HAVE THE GREATEST 01:59.119 --> 02:00.520 VARIETY OF TREES. 02:00.621 --> 02:02.189 THEY HAVE TWO BASIC SEASONS, WET 02:02.289 --> 02:03.323 AND DRY. 02:03.423 --> 02:04.891 AND BECAUSE THE CLIMATE IS SO 02:04.992 --> 02:06.560 WARM, RAINFORESTS ARE EVERGREEN, 02:06.660 --> 02:08.161 THAT IS, THE TREES DON'T LOSE 02:08.261 --> 02:09.329 THEIR LEAVES. 02:09.429 --> 02:10.897 RAINFORESTS ARE ALSO SO MOIST 02:10.998 --> 02:12.466 THAT SOME CAN EVEN CREATE THEIR 02:12.566 --> 02:14.001 OWN RAIN. 02:14.101 --> 02:15.736 STUDENT: "TEMPERATE FORESTS GROW 02:15.836 --> 02:17.204 IN NORTH AMERICA, NORTHEASTERN 02:17.304 --> 02:18.338 ASIA, WESTERN AND CENTRAL 02:18.438 --> 02:19.673 EUROPE, AND SOUTH OF THE 02:19.773 --> 02:20.707 EQUATOR. 02:20.807 --> 02:22.309 TEMPERATE FORESTS ENJOY ALL FOUR 02:22.409 --> 02:23.910 SEASONS OF WEATHER." 02:24.011 --> 02:25.646 CARTAN-HANSEN: TEMPERATE FORESTS 02:25.746 --> 02:27.314 HAVE DECIDUOUS AND CONIFER, OR 02:27.414 --> 02:28.849 EVERGREEN TREES. 02:28.949 --> 02:30.684 STUDENT: "DECIDUOUS IS LATIN AND 02:30.784 --> 02:32.285 MEANS 'TO FALL.' 02:32.386 --> 02:34.287 DECIDUOUS TREES LOSE THEIR 02:34.388 --> 02:36.390 LEAVES IN THE FALL AND REGROW 02:36.490 --> 02:38.258 THEM IN THE SPRING." 02:38.358 --> 02:39.826 STUDENT:"CONIFER OR EVERGREEN 02:39.926 --> 02:41.328 TREES HAVE NEEDLES AND KEEP THEM 02:41.428 --> 02:43.130 YEARROUND." 02:43.230 --> 02:44.498 CARTAN-HANSEN: TEMPERATE 02:44.598 --> 02:45.899 DECIDUOUS FORESTS IN NORTH 02:45.999 --> 02:47.300 AMERICA HAVE TREES LIKE OAK, 02:47.401 --> 02:49.002 MAPLE, AND BEECH. 02:49.102 --> 02:50.804 IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 02:50.904 --> 02:52.372 TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS HAVE 02:52.472 --> 02:53.940 A WARMER CLIMATE. 02:54.041 --> 02:55.742 TREES HERE DON'T GROW AS TALL. 02:55.842 --> 02:57.678 THEIR TRUNKS AND BRANCHES TWIST 02:57.778 --> 02:59.346 MORE AND THEIR TREE'S BARK IS 02:59.446 --> 03:00.747 THICKER. 03:00.847 --> 03:02.349 FORESTS, NO MATTER THE TYPE, 03:02.449 --> 03:04.184 HAVE THREE BASIC ZONES: THE TOP 03:04.284 --> 03:05.819 IS CALLED THE "CANOPY"; THAT'S 03:05.919 --> 03:07.287 WHERE BRANCHES JOIN TOGETHER TO 03:07.387 --> 03:08.689 FORM SORT OF A ROOF OVER THE 03:08.789 --> 03:09.990 REST OF THE FOREST. 03:10.090 --> 03:11.291 THE NEXT LEVEL IS THE 03:11.391 --> 03:12.859 "UNDERSTORY"; THAT'S WHERE THE 03:12.959 --> 03:14.194 SMALL BUSHES, PLANTS, AND 03:14.294 --> 03:15.729 SAPLINGS LIVE UNDERNEATH THE 03:15.829 --> 03:18.098 MATURE TREE'S CANOPY. 03:18.198 --> 03:19.533 THE FINAL LEVEL IS THE FOREST'S 03:19.633 --> 03:20.734 "FLOOR." 03:20.834 --> 03:22.269 HERE LIVING THINGS LIKE ALGAE, 03:22.369 --> 03:23.870 FUNGI, LICHEN, MOSS, AND THE 03:23.970 --> 03:25.505 DECAYING PLANTS AND LEAVES 03:25.605 --> 03:27.240 CREATE A SQUISHY CARPET ON THE 03:27.340 --> 03:29.242 FOREST FLOOR. 03:29.342 --> 03:30.644 STUDENT: "HERE'S A FACT FOR YOU: 03:30.744 --> 03:32.045 INSECTS ARE THE ONLY CREATURES 03:32.145 --> 03:33.246 THAT LIVE IN ALL LEVELS OF THE 03:33.346 --> 03:34.781 FOREST." 03:34.881 --> 03:36.183 CARTAN-HANSEN: MORE THAN 5 03:36.283 --> 03:37.951 MILLION LAND SPECIES DEPEND UPON 03:38.051 --> 03:39.586 FORESTS FOR THEIR SURVIVAL. 03:39.686 --> 03:41.021 FORESTS ARE WHERE THEY LIVE, 03:41.121 --> 03:42.389 WHERE THEY FIND FOOD. 03:42.489 --> 03:43.790 FORESTS PROVIDE SERVICES TO 03:43.890 --> 03:44.991 PEOPLE, TOO. 03:45.092 --> 03:46.493 THEY ABSORB CARBON FROM THE 03:46.593 --> 03:47.627 ATMOSPHERE. 03:47.728 --> 03:49.062 THEY GIVE US WOOD FOR FUEL, 03:49.162 --> 03:50.764 FURNITURE, HOUSES AND PAPER. 03:50.864 --> 03:52.199 THEY GIVE US A PLACE TO RECREATE 03:52.299 --> 03:53.633 AND TO ENJOY NATURE. 03:53.734 --> 03:55.102 FORESTS AND THE PLANTS THAT LIVE 03:55.202 --> 03:56.470 IN THEM ARE THE BASIS FOR 03:56.570 --> 03:58.205 MEDICINE AND FOOD. 03:58.305 --> 03:59.806 FORESTS GIVE US THE ABILITY TO 03:59.906 --> 04:01.508 REGULATE TEMPERATURE, AND THEY 04:01.608 --> 04:03.143 CLEAN THE AIR OF POLLUTION. 04:03.243 --> 04:04.678 MOST IMPORTANTLY, FORESTS CLEAN 04:04.778 --> 04:06.313 OUR WATER AND PROVIDE THE OXYGEN 04:06.413 --> 04:08.315 WE BREATHE. 04:08.415 --> 04:10.150 STUDENT: "ONE LARGE TREE CAN 04:10.250 --> 04:14.221 CAPTURE AND FILTER 36,500 04:14.321 --> 04:16.656 GALLONS OF WATER A YEAR." 04:16.757 --> 04:18.291 STUDENT: "AND, TOO, MUCH OF OUR 04:18.391 --> 04:19.860 TREES PROVIDE ENOUGH OXYGEN FOR 04:19.960 --> 04:21.394 ONE PERSON TO BREATHE OVER A 04:21.495 --> 04:22.395 YEAR." 04:22.496 --> 04:23.997 CARTAN-HANSEN: FORESTS ARE SO 04:24.097 --> 04:25.499 IMPORTANT, THEY'VE BEEN CALLED 04:25.599 --> 04:27.000 OUR PLANET'S LUNGS. 04:27.100 --> 04:28.335 BUT THE WORLD'S FORESTS ARE IN 04:28.435 --> 04:29.469 TROUBLE. 04:29.569 --> 04:31.037 MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF THE 04:31.138 --> 04:32.506 PLANET'S FORESTS HAVE ALREADY 04:32.606 --> 04:34.207 BEEN DESTROYED, AND WE'RE LOSING 04:34.307 --> 04:35.675 FORESTS AT A STAGGERING RATE, 04:35.776 --> 04:37.444 THE EQUIVALENT OF THE SIZE OF 48 04:37.544 --> 04:40.180 FOOTBALL FIELDS, EVERY MINUTE. 04:40.280 --> 04:41.715 SOME FORESTS ARE CLEARED FOR 04:41.815 --> 04:43.583 AGRICULTURAL USES OR MINING. 04:43.683 --> 04:45.185 SOME ARE LOST TO DISEASE AND 04:45.285 --> 04:46.453 PESTS. 04:46.553 --> 04:47.821 LARGE AMOUNTS ARE LOST TO 04:47.921 --> 04:50.490 WILDFIRES. 04:50.590 --> 04:51.892 STUDENT: "WE NEED TO TAKE CARE 04:51.992 --> 04:53.260 OF OUR FORESTS. 04:53.360 --> 04:54.728 WE NEED OUR FORESTS FOR CLEAN 04:54.828 --> 04:56.730 AIR AND CLEAN WATER." 04:56.830 --> 04:58.298 STUDENT: "WE NEED FORESTS FOR 04:58.398 --> 04:59.666 RECREATION AND FOR A HOME FOR 04:59.766 --> 05:02.135 ALL THOSE ANIMALS AND PLANTS." 05:02.235 --> 05:04.204 STUDENT: "SO YOU DO YOUR PART SO 05:04.304 --> 05:07.073 WE ALL HAVE FORESTS TO ENJOY." 05:09.876 --> 05:10.977 CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME 05:11.077 --> 05:12.479 NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 05:12.579 --> 05:14.047 ABOUT FORESTS ARE TARA HUDIBURG, 05:14.147 --> 05:15.615 AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN THE 05:15.715 --> 05:17.484 DEPARTMENT OF FOREST, RANGELAND, 05:17.584 --> 05:19.085 AND FIRE SCIENCES AT THE 05:19.186 --> 05:21.354 UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO; AND DANIEL 05:21.454 --> 05:22.856 JOHNSON, ALSO AN ASSISTANT 05:22.956 --> 05:24.224 PROFESSOR IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 05:24.324 --> 05:25.559 FOREST, RANGELAND, AND FIRE 05:25.659 --> 05:26.927 SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 05:27.027 --> 05:28.161 IDAHO. 05:28.261 --> 05:29.663 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 05:29.763 --> 05:30.797 DAN JOHNSON: THANK YOU FOR 05:30.897 --> 05:31.731 HAVING US. 05:31.832 --> 05:33.066 TARA HUDIBURG: YES, THANK YOU. 05:33.166 --> 05:34.434 CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO 05:34.534 --> 05:35.669 YOUR QUESTIONS. 05:36.469 --> 05:38.238 (MUSIC) 05:39.239 --> 05:40.240 MARYANN: HI, MY NAME IS 05:40.340 --> 05:41.541 MARYANN. 05:41.641 --> 05:43.543 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MANY 05:43.643 --> 05:47.314 TYPES OF FORESTS EXIST? 05:47.414 --> 05:49.015 HUDIBURG: THERE ARE THREE MAJOR 05:49.115 --> 05:50.450 FOREST TYPES IN THE WORLD. 05:50.550 --> 05:51.818 WE CALL THEM "BIOMES." 05:51.918 --> 05:53.220 THERE'S THE TROPICAL FOREST 05:53.320 --> 05:54.621 BIOME, THE TEMPERATE FOREST 05:54.721 --> 05:55.989 BIOME, AND THE BOREAL OR THE 05:56.089 --> 05:57.724 TAIGA FOREST BIOME. 05:57.824 --> 05:59.526 THE TEMPERATE FOREST BIOME IS 05:59.626 --> 06:00.794 WHAT WE HAVE IN THE UNITED 06:00.894 --> 06:01.728 STATES. 06:01.828 --> 06:03.530 IT IS AT THE, YOU KNOW, 45 TO 06:03.630 --> 06:05.398 60 DEGREE LATITUDES. 06:05.498 --> 06:07.100 AND ABOVE THE 60 DEGREE LATITUDE 06:07.200 --> 06:08.869 WE HAVE THE BOREAL FOREST, WHICH 06:08.969 --> 06:10.303 IS, THINK ABOUT NORTHERN CANADA 06:10.403 --> 06:13.340 OR MOST OF CANADA AND RUSSIA. 06:13.440 --> 06:14.641 AND THEN THE TROPICAL FORESTS 06:14.741 --> 06:16.710 ARE DOWN BY THE EQUATOR, NORTH 06:16.810 --> 06:18.712 AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR. 06:18.812 --> 06:21.114 WITHIN THESE DIFFERENT FOREST 06:21.214 --> 06:22.983 TYPES WE HAVE LIKE SUBLEVELS OF 06:23.083 --> 06:23.850 FORESTS. 06:23.950 --> 06:25.318 SO IN THE TEMPERATE FORESTS WE 06:25.418 --> 06:27.120 HAVE THE DECIDUOUS FORESTS, SO 06:27.220 --> 06:28.588 THE HARDWOOD FOREST THAT EXISTS 06:28.688 --> 06:30.523 ON THE EAST COAST, WHERE DAN IS 06:30.624 --> 06:31.658 FROM. 06:31.758 --> 06:33.293 AND ON THE WEST COAST WE HAVE 06:33.393 --> 06:34.628 CONIFEROUS FORESTS, WHICH IS 06:34.728 --> 06:35.929 WHAT YOU'RE MOSTLY USED TO IN 06:36.029 --> 06:37.297 IDAHO. 06:37.397 --> 06:38.899 TYLER: HI, MY NAME IS TYLER. 06:38.999 --> 06:40.734 HOW MANY SPECIES OF ANIMALS IN 06:40.834 --> 06:43.970 THE RAINFOREST ARE ENDANGERED? 06:44.070 --> 06:45.305 JOHNSON: WELL, GLOBALLY 06:45.405 --> 06:47.107 SPEAKING, THERE'S ABOUT 15,000 06:47.207 --> 06:48.475 ANIMAL SPECIES THAT ARE 06:48.575 --> 06:50.443 ENDANGERED, SO LESS THAN THAT IN 06:50.543 --> 06:51.678 THE RAINFOREST, MAYBE HALF OF 06:51.778 --> 06:52.913 THAT MUCH. 06:53.013 --> 06:55.448 MASON: HI, MY NAME'S MASON. 06:55.548 --> 06:57.150 AND HOW MANY LAYERS ARE IN THE 06:57.250 --> 06:59.419 RAINFOREST? 06:59.519 --> 07:00.887 HUDIBURG: SO THE RAINFORESTS 07:00.987 --> 07:02.222 ACTUALLY HAVE AN ADDITIONAL 07:02.322 --> 07:03.657 LAYER THAT WE DO NOT HAVE IN OUR 07:03.757 --> 07:05.125 FORESTS IN IDAHO. 07:05.225 --> 07:06.493 IT IS CALLED THE "EMERGENT 07:06.593 --> 07:07.694 LAYER." 07:07.794 --> 07:09.129 BUT ALL FORESTS HAVE THE 07:09.229 --> 07:10.664 OVERSTORY CANOPY LAYER, THE 07:10.764 --> 07:12.198 UNDERSTORY, AND THE FOREST 07:12.299 --> 07:13.566 FLOOR. 07:13.667 --> 07:14.935 SOPHIA: HI, MY NAME IS SOPHIA. 07:15.035 --> 07:16.269 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO 07:16.369 --> 07:18.772 FORESTS CLEAN WATER? 07:18.872 --> 07:21.241 JOHNSON: FORESTS CLEAN WATER IN 07:21.341 --> 07:23.810 ACTUALLY SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS. 07:23.910 --> 07:26.046 WHEN IT RAINS, THAT RAIN 07:26.146 --> 07:27.948 ACTUALLY FILTERS THROUGH THE 07:28.048 --> 07:29.616 CANOPY, WHICH IS WHERE THE 07:29.716 --> 07:31.251 LEAVES ARE, AND THAT'S ONE LEVEL 07:31.351 --> 07:32.886 OF FILTERING. 07:32.986 --> 07:35.088 AND THEN THE WATER CONTINUES ON, 07:35.188 --> 07:36.790 EITHER THROUGH THE CANOPY OR 07:36.890 --> 07:38.625 ALONG THE TRUNKS OF TREES, INTO 07:38.725 --> 07:40.961 THE SOIL AND THEN PERMEATES INTO 07:41.061 --> 07:42.495 THE SOIL, WHICH ACTS AS AN 07:42.595 --> 07:44.364 ADDITIONAL FILTER. 07:44.464 --> 07:46.433 AND THEN THE WATER GOES FROM 07:46.533 --> 07:47.801 THERE INTO THE GROUNDWATER OR 07:47.901 --> 07:49.235 INTO STREAMS. 07:49.336 --> 07:51.171 SO YOU HAVE ONE SET OF FILTERS 07:51.271 --> 07:52.806 IN THE CANOPY, AND THEN YOU HAVE 07:52.906 --> 07:54.941 ANOTHER SET OF FILTERS IN THE 07:55.041 --> 07:56.376 SOIL THAT ACTUALLY CLEAN THE 07:56.476 --> 07:57.510 WATER. 07:57.610 --> 07:59.279 WREN: HI, MY NAME IS WREN. 07:59.379 --> 08:01.381 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MANY 08:01.481 --> 08:03.583 NATIONAL FORESTS ARE THERE IN 08:03.683 --> 08:06.586 IDAHO? 08:06.686 --> 08:08.254 HUDIBURG: THERE ARE TEN NATIONAL 08:08.355 --> 08:09.923 FORESTS IN IDAHO. 08:10.023 --> 08:11.358 MANY OF THEM ARE IN NORTHERN 08:11.458 --> 08:13.793 IDAHO, IN THE PANHANDLE. 08:13.893 --> 08:15.362 THE CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST, 08:15.462 --> 08:18.365 THE ST. JOE NATIONAL FOREST. 08:18.465 --> 08:19.666 A LOT OF NATIONAL FORESTS IN 08:19.766 --> 08:21.201 IDAHO HAVE BEEN GETTING A LOT OF 08:21.301 --> 08:22.802 NATIONAL ATTENTION BECAUSE OF 08:22.902 --> 08:25.071 WILDFIRE IN FORESTS IN IDAHO, SO 08:25.171 --> 08:26.206 YOU'VE PROBABLY HEARD OF A LOT 08:26.306 --> 08:27.507 OF THEM. 08:27.607 --> 08:28.942 ANDY: MY NAME IS ANDY. 08:29.042 --> 08:31.511 AND I HAVE A QUESTION TO TAKE 08:31.611 --> 08:33.179 ABOUT THE FORESTS. 08:33.279 --> 08:34.714 ARE FOREST FIRES GOOD FOR THE 08:34.814 --> 08:36.883 FOREST? 08:36.983 --> 08:39.686 JOHNSON: WELL, IT DEPENDS. 08:39.786 --> 08:42.822 SO IF IT IS A VERY HOT, VERY 08:42.922 --> 08:44.591 SEVERE FOREST FIRE, THAT CAN 08:44.691 --> 08:46.526 ACTUALLY BE BAD FOR FORESTS 08:46.626 --> 08:48.294 BECAUSE IT CAN KILL ALL OF THE 08:48.395 --> 08:50.296 LIVING MATERIAL IN THE SOIL, AS 08:50.397 --> 08:52.999 WELL AS ALL THE TREES. 08:53.099 --> 08:54.934 BUT A MORE MILD, LESS SEVERE 08:55.035 --> 08:56.469 BURN CAN ACTUALLY BE VERY 08:56.569 --> 08:58.671 HEALTHY FOR FORESTS BECAUSE IT 08:58.772 --> 09:00.807 CAN REMOVE FUELS THAT MIGHT 09:00.907 --> 09:02.642 OTHERWISE LEAD TO A MORE SEVERE 09:02.742 --> 09:04.077 FOREST FIRE. 09:05.011 --> 09:08.581 (MUSIC) 09:09.749 --> 09:11.117 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE CANOPY OF A 09:11.217 --> 09:12.886 RAINFOREST CAN BE REALLY THICK. 09:12.986 --> 09:14.187 IT CAN TAKE A RAINDROP TEN 09:14.287 --> 09:15.688 MINUTES TO FALL FROM THE TOP OF 09:15.789 --> 09:16.923 THE CANOPY TO THE RAINFOREST 09:17.023 --> 09:18.124 FLOOR. 09:18.224 --> 09:19.492 AND THE RAINFORESTS IN THE 09:19.592 --> 09:20.994 AMAZON BASIN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 09:21.094 --> 09:22.729 A FIFTH OF OUR WORLD'S FRESH 09:22.829 --> 09:24.631 WATER SUPPLY. 09:25.398 --> 09:28.068 (MUSIC) 09:28.168 --> 09:29.335 KAYLA: MY NAME IS KAYLA. 09:29.436 --> 09:31.571 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT ARE ALL 09:31.671 --> 09:33.106 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL THAT 09:33.206 --> 09:35.108 ARE IN FORESTS? 09:35.208 --> 09:36.609 HUDIBURG: SO THERE ARE ACTUALLY 09:36.709 --> 09:38.344 MANY DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES THAT 09:38.445 --> 09:39.746 FORESTS GROW ON. 09:39.846 --> 09:41.614 IT REALLY DEPENDS ON WHERE THOSE 09:41.714 --> 09:43.016 FORESTS ARE LOCATED AND WHAT 09:43.116 --> 09:44.350 TYPE OF VEGETATION IS GROWING 09:44.451 --> 09:45.518 THERE. 09:45.618 --> 09:47.454 THE PARENT MATERIAL, WHICH IS 09:47.554 --> 09:49.222 WHAT IS AVAILABLE AS A SUBSTRATE 09:49.322 --> 09:51.324 TO FORM SOIL THAT TREES GROW ON 09:51.424 --> 09:52.926 IS WHAT KIND OF DETERMINES THE 09:53.026 --> 09:54.694 TYPE OF SOIL THAT WILL BE THERE. 09:54.794 --> 09:56.296 AT THE BEGINNING, IF IT HAS A 09:56.396 --> 09:57.530 LOT OF SAND, IT WILL BE A SANDY 09:57.630 --> 09:58.431 SOIL. 09:58.531 --> 09:59.866 IF IT HAS A LOT OF CLAY, IT WILL 09:59.966 --> 10:01.301 BE A CLAY SOIL. 10:01.401 --> 10:02.769 BUT THESE TYPES OF SOILS AFFECT 10:02.869 --> 10:04.170 HOW MUCH NUTRITION OR NUTRIENT 10:04.270 --> 10:05.638 CONTENT THERE CAN BE IN THE 10:05.738 --> 10:06.573 SOIL. 10:06.673 --> 10:07.774 AND PLANTS NEED NUTRIENTS TO 10:07.874 --> 10:08.842 GROW. 10:08.942 --> 10:10.176 TREES NEED NUTRIENTS TO GROW. 10:10.276 --> 10:11.444 THEY NEED NITROGEN, AND THEY 10:11.544 --> 10:12.745 NEED PHOSPHORUS. 10:12.846 --> 10:14.147 IN GENERAL, WHAT WE REFER TO AS 10:14.247 --> 10:15.782 NUTRIENTRICH SOILS ARE THE SOILS 10:15.882 --> 10:16.883 THAT TEND TO BE UNDER 10:16.983 --> 10:18.184 AGRICULTURE; THAT'S WHY WE GROW 10:18.284 --> 10:19.452 CROPS THERE. 10:19.552 --> 10:20.787 BUT NORTHERN FORESTS, LIKE THE 10:20.887 --> 10:22.322 TEMPERATE FORESTS, THE BOREAL 10:22.422 --> 10:23.556 FORESTS HAVE HIGHER NUTRITION 10:23.656 --> 10:24.724 CONTENT OR HIGHER NUTRIENT 10:24.824 --> 10:25.992 CONTENT, IN GENERAL, THAN 10:26.092 --> 10:27.260 TROPICAL FORESTS. 10:27.360 --> 10:28.461 TROPICAL FORESTS ACTUALLY ARE 10:28.561 --> 10:30.530 VERY NUTRIENTPOOR SOILS. 10:30.630 --> 10:32.432 LEXI: HI, MY NAME IS LEXI. 10:32.532 --> 10:33.867 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE 10:33.967 --> 10:36.569 TREELINE? 10:36.669 --> 10:38.805 JOHNSON: SO TREELINE IS THE 10:38.905 --> 10:41.374 POINT AT WHICH TREES STOP 10:41.474 --> 10:43.276 GROWING, OR THERE ARE NO MORE 10:43.376 --> 10:45.979 TREELIKE GROWTH FORMS. 10:46.079 --> 10:48.548 SO THERE'S A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES. 10:48.648 --> 10:50.717 SO AS YOU MOVE HIGHER ON A 10:50.817 --> 10:52.986 MOUNTAIN, IN TERMS OF ALTITUDE, 10:53.086 --> 10:54.654 YOU WILL NOTICE AN ALTITUDE 10:54.754 --> 10:56.623 WHERE TREES STOP GROWING, AND WE 10:56.723 --> 10:58.024 CALL THAT THE "HIGHALTITUDE 10:58.124 --> 10:59.792 TREELINE." 10:59.893 --> 11:01.661 ALSO AS YOU MOVE HIGHER IN 11:01.761 --> 11:03.496 LATITUDE, MOVE FURTHER NORTH, 11:03.596 --> 11:06.099 THERE'S ALSO A HIGHLATITUDE 11:06.199 --> 11:07.233 TREELINE. 11:07.333 --> 11:08.601 SO YOU CAN HAVE EITHER 11:08.701 --> 11:09.802 ALTITUDINAL OR LATITUDINAL 11:09.903 --> 11:11.337 TREELINE. 11:11.437 --> 11:13.039 VARIN: HI, MY NAME IS VARIN. 11:13.139 --> 11:14.307 AND I HAVE A QUESTION FOR THE 11:14.407 --> 11:15.375 FOREST. 11:15.475 --> 11:16.709 WHY DO PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES 11:16.809 --> 11:18.945 FROM THE FOREST? 11:19.045 --> 11:20.146 HUDIBURG: PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES 11:20.246 --> 11:22.315 MOSTLY FOR WOOD. 11:22.415 --> 11:24.250 WE DEPEND ON WOOD PRODUCTS FOR 11:24.350 --> 11:26.519 OUR HOUSES, FOR PAPER, AND MANY 11:26.619 --> 11:28.421 OTHER THINGS. 11:28.521 --> 11:29.822 ACTUALLY, THE WOOD PRODUCTS 11:29.923 --> 11:31.691 INDUSTRY HAS EXPANDED INTO 11:31.791 --> 11:34.661 GLUES, RESINS, AND MANY OTHER 11:34.761 --> 11:36.563 TYPES OF THINGS. 11:36.663 --> 11:37.897 SOMETIMES PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES, 11:37.997 --> 11:39.098 THOUGH, JUST FOR LAND 11:39.199 --> 11:40.767 CONVERSION, SO TO GROW CROPS FOR 11:40.867 --> 11:42.101 FOOD. 11:42.202 --> 11:44.871 THE RATE OF FOREST HARVEST HAS 11:44.971 --> 11:46.339 BOTH INCREASED AND DECREASED, 11:46.439 --> 11:47.674 DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE IN 11:47.774 --> 11:48.975 THE WORLD. 11:49.075 --> 11:50.343 IN THE US IT'S REMAINED 11:50.443 --> 11:51.811 RELATIVELY CONSTANT OVER THE 11:51.911 --> 11:53.546 LAST COUPLE OF DECADES. 11:53.646 --> 11:55.114 MICHAEL: HI, MY NAME IS MICHAEL. 11:55.215 --> 11:56.482 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT ARE THE 11:56.583 --> 11:57.951 EFFECTS CLIMATE CHANGE HAS ON 11:58.051 --> 11:59.652 NATIONAL FORESTS? 11:59.752 --> 12:01.154 JOHNSON: SO THE EFFECT OF 12:01.254 --> 12:03.456 CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTS 12:03.556 --> 12:06.226 DIFFERS DEPENDING ON THE AREA 12:06.326 --> 12:07.961 WHERE THE FOREST IS. 12:08.061 --> 12:09.762 SO IN SOME PLACES CLIMATES ARE 12:09.862 --> 12:11.331 GETTING DRIER, WHICH WOULD HAVE 12:11.431 --> 12:12.665 A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE 12:12.765 --> 12:14.067 FORESTS, SO THEY WOULD GROW MORE 12:14.167 --> 12:15.468 SLOWLY. 12:15.568 --> 12:16.970 IN SOME PLACES CLIMATES ARE 12:17.070 --> 12:18.638 GETTING WETTER, WHICH MIGHT HAVE 12:18.738 --> 12:21.107 A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE 12:21.207 --> 12:24.010 FORESTS; THEY COULD GROW FASTER. 12:24.110 --> 12:25.645 AND LIKEWISE, SOME PLACES ARE 12:25.745 --> 12:27.180 GETTING WARMER, AND SOME PLACES 12:27.280 --> 12:28.681 ARE GETTING COOLER. 12:28.781 --> 12:30.483 SO THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 12:30.583 --> 12:32.785 ON THE FORESTS IS DIFFERENT 12:32.885 --> 12:34.554 DEPENDING ON REGION. 12:34.654 --> 12:37.991 AND I THINK A LOT OF IT IS WE'RE 12:38.091 --> 12:39.592 REALLY UNCERTAIN. 12:39.692 --> 12:41.227 WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT'S 12:41.327 --> 12:42.762 GOING TO HAPPEN, AND SO SOME OF 12:42.862 --> 12:45.131 IT'S A LITTLE BIT UNPREDICTABLE. 12:45.231 --> 12:47.233 HUDIBURG: AND ANOTHER THING THAT 12:47.333 --> 12:49.235 CLIMATE CHANGE IS CHANGING IS 12:49.335 --> 12:51.104 THE DISTURBANCE REGIMES. 12:51.204 --> 12:53.773 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT FIRE A LOT 12:53.873 --> 12:55.141 BEING A PART OF DISTURBANCE 12:55.241 --> 12:56.876 REGIMES IN FORESTS. 12:56.976 --> 12:58.478 AND CLIMATE CHANGE MAY BE 12:58.578 --> 12:59.812 INCREASING THE ACTIVITY OF FIRE 12:59.912 --> 13:01.447 IN FORESTS, AND THAT'S OBVIOUSLY 13:01.547 --> 13:02.982 GOING TO AFFECT FOREST GROWTH 13:03.082 --> 13:04.684 BECAUSE IT WILL KILL SOME OF THE 13:04.784 --> 13:06.986 TREES AND THEY CAN NO LONGER 13:07.086 --> 13:08.021 GROW. 13:08.121 --> 13:09.756 THERE ARE ALSO INSECT PATHOGENS, 13:09.856 --> 13:11.858 LIKE BEETLES, THAT MAY BE HAVING 13:11.958 --> 13:15.128 POPULATION INCREASES, WHICH, IF 13:15.228 --> 13:17.964 YOU THINK ABOUT ANY PREDATOR, IF 13:18.064 --> 13:19.399 YOU THINK ABOUT BEETLES BEING A 13:19.499 --> 13:21.200 PREDATOR OF TREES, IF YOU HAVE 13:21.301 --> 13:22.268 AN INCREASED PREDATOR 13:22.368 --> 13:23.569 POPULATION, YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE 13:23.670 --> 13:25.438 INCREASED MORTALITY OF THE PREY, 13:25.538 --> 13:26.973 IN THIS CASE, THE TREES. 13:27.073 --> 13:28.608 AND BEETLES ARE FAVORING THE 13:28.708 --> 13:30.276 WARMER CLIMATES THAT WE'RE 13:30.376 --> 13:32.145 GETTING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE. 13:33.012 --> 13:34.814 (MUSIC) 13:35.882 --> 13:36.916 CARTAN-HANSEN: TREES ARE THE 13:37.016 --> 13:38.618 MOST IMPORTANT PART OF A FOREST, 13:38.718 --> 13:40.019 SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE 13:40.119 --> 13:42.655 ABOUT THESE AMAZING PLANTS. 13:42.755 --> 13:43.790 STUDENT: "WHAT IS THE OLDEST 13:43.890 --> 13:45.591 THING ON EARTH?" 13:45.692 --> 13:48.027 "WHAT'S THE HEAVIEST?" 13:48.127 --> 13:49.929 "WHAT'S THE TALLEST?" 13:50.029 --> 13:52.598 "IT'S A TREE." 13:52.699 --> 13:53.766 CARTAN-HANSEN: A TREE IS A 13:53.866 --> 13:55.001 PLANT. 13:55.101 --> 13:56.569 IT'S A SPECIAL KIND OF PLANT 13:56.669 --> 13:58.071 BECAUSE IT BUILDS UP STRENGTH BY 13:58.171 --> 13:59.539 PRODUCING WOOD. 13:59.639 --> 14:01.674 TREES HAVE FIVE BASIC PARTS: THE 14:01.774 --> 14:04.310 ROOTS, THE TRUNK, THE BRANCHES, 14:04.410 --> 14:06.112 THE LEAVES, AND THE FLOWERS OR 14:06.212 --> 14:08.281 SEEDS. 14:08.381 --> 14:09.816 STUDENT: "ROOTS ARE WHAT TREES 14:09.916 --> 14:11.217 USE TO COLLECT WATER AND 14:11.317 --> 14:12.652 NUTRIENTS. 14:12.752 --> 14:14.287 THEY ALSO SPREAD OUT TO KEEP THE 14:14.387 --> 14:16.723 TREE STANDING UPRIGHT." 14:16.823 --> 14:18.191 STUDENT: "ROOTS FROM A 14:18.291 --> 14:19.826 150 FOOT TALL TREE STRETCH UNDER 14:19.926 --> 14:21.594 THE EARTH FOR THE AREA THE SIZE 14:21.694 --> 14:23.930 OF A SOCCER FIELD." 14:24.030 --> 14:25.498 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE TRUNK IS THE 14:25.598 --> 14:26.966 TREE'S SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT 14:27.066 --> 14:28.000 SYSTEM. 14:28.101 --> 14:29.502 THE CENTER PART OF THE TRUNK IS 14:29.602 --> 14:31.037 CALLED THE "HEARTWOOD," THE 14:31.137 --> 14:32.805 SUPPORTING PILLAR OF THE TREE. 14:32.905 --> 14:34.941 IT'S MADE UP OF DEAD CELLS. 14:35.041 --> 14:37.043 THE NEXT LAYER IS THE "SAPWOOD." 14:37.143 --> 14:38.344 IT CONTAINS A SYSTEM OF TUBES, 14:38.444 --> 14:39.979 LIKE STRAWS. 14:40.079 --> 14:41.347 IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND 14:41.447 --> 14:42.782 NUTRIENTS FROM THE ROOTS THROUGH 14:42.882 --> 14:44.117 TO THE LEAVES AND THE OTHER 14:44.217 --> 14:45.551 PARTS OF THE TREE. 14:45.651 --> 14:47.620 THE NEXT LAYER IS THE "CAMBIUM." 14:47.720 --> 14:49.088 IT MAKES NEW SAPWOOD AND NEW 14:49.188 --> 14:50.757 BARK EACH YEAR, ALLOWING THE 14:50.857 --> 14:53.393 TREE TO GROW WIDER. 14:53.493 --> 14:54.961 THE OUTSIDE LAYER IS THE TREE'S 14:55.061 --> 14:56.195 "BARK." 14:56.295 --> 14:57.630 THE OUTER BARK PROTECTS AND 14:57.730 --> 14:59.198 INSULATES THE TREE. 14:59.298 --> 15:01.067 THE INNER BARK OR "PHLOEM," 15:01.167 --> 15:02.702 CARRIES SAP FULL OF SUGAR FROM 15:02.802 --> 15:04.604 LEAVES TO THE REST OF THE TREE. 15:04.704 --> 15:05.972 BARK VARIES A LOT FROM TYPE OF 15:06.072 --> 15:07.573 TREE TO TYPE OF TREE. 15:07.673 --> 15:09.509 SOME OF IT IS SO UNIQUE THAT YOU 15:09.609 --> 15:11.110 CAN IDENTIFY THE TREE JUST BY 15:11.210 --> 15:13.679 LOOKING AT THE BARK. 15:13.780 --> 15:15.081 STUDENT: "YOU CAN TELL HOW OLD 15:15.181 --> 15:16.682 THE TREE IS BY LOOKING AT ITS 15:16.783 --> 15:18.584 TRUNK. 15:18.684 --> 15:20.219 EVERY YEAR A TREE GROWS IT ADDS 15:20.319 --> 15:22.922 A NEW GROWTH RING. 15:23.022 --> 15:24.323 COUNT THE RINGS AND YOU KNOW HOW 15:24.424 --> 15:26.793 OLD THE TREE IS." 15:26.893 --> 15:28.227 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE WAY A TREE 15:28.327 --> 15:29.796 SPREADS ITS BRANCHES DEPENDS 15:29.896 --> 15:31.264 UPON ITS SPECIES. 15:31.364 --> 15:32.899 TREES REACH OUT TO EXPOSE THEIR 15:32.999 --> 15:34.434 LEAVES TO THE SUN. 15:34.534 --> 15:35.902 TOGETHER THE BRANCHES AND THE 15:36.002 --> 15:37.203 LEAVES OR NEEDLES MAKE UP THE 15:37.303 --> 15:38.704 TREE'S CANOPY. 15:38.805 --> 15:41.674 AND LIKE YOU, TREES NEED FOOD, 15:41.774 --> 15:42.909 EXCEPT THAT TREES MAKE THEIR OWN 15:43.009 --> 15:45.244 FOOD. 15:45.344 --> 15:46.446 THEY USE A PROCESS CALLED 15:46.546 --> 15:48.514 "PHOTOSYNTHESIS." 15:48.614 --> 15:49.982 WATER AND NUTRIENTS ARE SENT UP 15:50.082 --> 15:51.751 FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES. 15:51.851 --> 15:53.219 THE LEAVES TAKE IN CARBON 15:53.319 --> 15:54.754 DIOXIDE FROM THE AIR. 15:54.854 --> 15:56.589 USING ENERGY FROM THE SUN, THE 15:56.689 --> 15:57.957 LEAVES COMBINE THE WATER AND THE 15:58.057 --> 15:59.459 CARBON DIOXIDE TO MAKE SUGARS 15:59.559 --> 16:01.360 THAT THE TREE USES TO FEED 16:01.461 --> 16:02.562 ITSELF. 16:02.662 --> 16:04.163 AND IN THE PROCESS THE LEAVES 16:04.263 --> 16:05.798 RELEASE OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOR 16:05.898 --> 16:07.600 INTO THE AIR. 16:07.700 --> 16:09.869 TREES ALSO PRODUCE SEEDS. 16:09.969 --> 16:11.404 MANY TREES PRODUCE A FLOWER 16:11.504 --> 16:12.672 THAT'S POLLINATED AND GROWS 16:12.772 --> 16:14.040 SEED. 16:14.140 --> 16:15.575 BUT SOME TREES PRODUCE THE FRUIT 16:15.675 --> 16:17.743 WE EAT, LIKE APPLES AND PEARS. 16:17.844 --> 16:19.111 THEIR SEEDS ARE PROTECTED INSIDE 16:19.212 --> 16:21.147 THEIR FRUIT. 16:21.247 --> 16:23.182 STUDENT: "A PINECONE IS A KIND 16:23.282 --> 16:24.717 OF FRUIT. 16:24.817 --> 16:26.619 IT CONTAINS A PINE TREE'S 16:26.719 --> 16:28.454 SEEDS." 16:28.554 --> 16:30.089 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE SEEDS ARE 16:30.189 --> 16:31.491 DISPERSED BY THE WIND OR OTHER 16:31.591 --> 16:32.992 ANIMALS, TAKE ROOT ON THE GROUND 16:33.092 --> 16:34.894 AND START GROWING A NEW TREE. 16:34.994 --> 16:36.762 THERE ARE TWO BASIC KINDS OF 16:36.863 --> 16:39.499 TREES: BROADLEAF AND CONIFER. 16:39.599 --> 16:41.133 BROADLEAF, OR SOMETIMES CALLED 16:41.234 --> 16:43.402 "DECIDUOUS" TREES, HAVE LEAVES 16:43.503 --> 16:44.904 THAT BUD OUT IN THE SPRING AND 16:45.004 --> 16:46.472 GROW FULL AND LUSH IN THE 16:46.572 --> 16:47.573 SUMMER. 16:47.673 --> 16:49.108 THEN THE LEAVES TURN COLOR IN 16:49.208 --> 16:50.443 THE AUTUMN AND DROP TO THE 16:50.543 --> 16:51.711 GROUND. 16:51.811 --> 16:53.346 ALMOST ALL CONIFER TREES HAVE 16:53.446 --> 16:54.580 DARKGREEN NEEDLES THAT STAY ON 16:54.680 --> 16:57.250 YEARROUND. 16:57.350 --> 16:58.684 CONIFER TREES BASICALLY HAVE TWO 16:58.784 --> 17:01.087 KINDS OF NEEDLES. 17:01.187 --> 17:02.622 SOME HAVE SHORT NEEDLES THAT 17:02.722 --> 17:04.257 LOOK AND KIND OF FEEL LIKE 17:04.357 --> 17:05.658 COMBS. 17:05.758 --> 17:07.260 AND OTHERS HAVE LONG NEEDLES 17:07.360 --> 17:09.996 THAT COME IN BUNDLES. 17:10.096 --> 17:11.297 STUDENT: "AND ONE KIND OF 17:11.397 --> 17:12.598 CONIFER TREE DOES CHANGE COLOR 17:12.698 --> 17:14.000 IN THE FALL. 17:14.100 --> 17:15.434 TAMARACKS TURN A BEAUTIFUL 17:15.535 --> 17:16.802 YELLOW AND THEN GO BACK TO GREEN 17:16.903 --> 17:18.537 IN THE SPRING." 17:18.638 --> 17:20.006 CARTAN-HANSEN: TREES PLAY AN 17:20.106 --> 17:21.340 IMPORTANT PART IN THE 17:21.440 --> 17:22.842 ENVIRONMENT AND IN OUR LIVES. 17:22.942 --> 17:24.210 THEY SHADE OUR HOMES, PROTECT 17:24.310 --> 17:25.645 OUR SOIL, AND GIVE ANIMALS AND 17:25.745 --> 17:27.179 PEOPLE A PLACE TO LIVE. 17:27.280 --> 17:29.415 WE GET PAPER, LUMBER, MEDICINE, 17:29.515 --> 17:31.150 FRUIT, NUTS, EVEN MAPLE SYRUP 17:31.250 --> 17:33.419 FROM TREES. 17:33.519 --> 17:34.987 AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES, LIKE 17:35.087 --> 17:36.889 AIR POLLUTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, 17:36.989 --> 17:39.125 DEFORESTATION, AND OVERCROWDING 17:39.225 --> 17:42.161 CAN HARM TREES AND FORESTS. 17:42.261 --> 17:43.696 TREES ARE VERY GOOD AT ADAPTING 17:43.796 --> 17:45.498 TO THE LAND AROUND THEM. 17:45.598 --> 17:46.933 THEY CAN OUTLIVE ALL OTHER 17:47.033 --> 17:48.434 LIVING THINGS. 17:48.534 --> 17:50.169 BUT WE HUMANS NEED TO MAKE SURE 17:50.269 --> 17:51.837 WE PROTECT THE AIR, WATER, AND 17:51.938 --> 17:54.140 SOIL SO TREES CAN GROW. 17:54.240 --> 17:55.608 AND WE NEED TO PLANT TREES AND 17:55.708 --> 17:56.943 TAKE CARE OF OUR FORESTS TO 17:57.043 --> 17:58.511 IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT. 17:58.611 --> 18:00.179 TREES ARE ESSENTIAL TO ALL OF 18:00.279 --> 18:02.248 US. 18:03.082 --> 18:07.687 (MUSIC) 18:07.787 --> 18:11.324 NOAH: MY NAME IS NOAH. 18:11.424 --> 18:13.059 MY QUESTION IS WHAT'S THE 18:13.159 --> 18:15.294 BIGGEST FOREST? 18:15.394 --> 18:16.629 HUDIBURG: WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 18:16.729 --> 18:18.431 FORESTS AND WE TALK ABOUT FOREST 18:18.531 --> 18:20.099 TYPES, WE TALK ABOUT BIOMES. 18:20.199 --> 18:21.534 THE BOREAL BIOME OR THE TAIGA 18:21.634 --> 18:23.269 FOREST IS ANOTHER WORD FOR IT IN 18:23.369 --> 18:25.137 THE NORTHERN LATITUDES ON THE 18:25.237 --> 18:28.908 PLANET, IN RUSSIA AND CANADA, 18:29.008 --> 18:30.376 THOSE ARE THE LARGEST FORESTS IN 18:30.476 --> 18:31.844 TERMS OF FOREST TYPE. 18:31.944 --> 18:33.379 AND I BELIEVE THE ACTUAL LARGEST 18:33.479 --> 18:34.947 ONE IS THE ONE IN RUSSIA, NEAR 18:35.047 --> 18:36.782 SIBERIA. 18:36.882 --> 18:38.217 HUNTER: HI, MY NAME IS HUNTER. 18:38.317 --> 18:39.752 AND THE QUESTION IS WHAT CAN 18:39.852 --> 18:41.554 KILL FORESTS? 18:41.654 --> 18:42.922 JOHNSON: THERE ARE A LOT OF 18:43.022 --> 18:44.690 THINGS THAT CAN KILL A FOREST. 18:44.790 --> 18:46.325 FOR EXAMPLE, AN EXTREME WILDFIRE 18:46.425 --> 18:48.027 CAN KILL A FOREST, AN EXTREME 18:48.127 --> 18:50.997 DROUGHT, AN INSECT OUTBREAK, OR 18:51.097 --> 18:52.865 EVEN AN EXTREME HEAT WAVE, ALL 18:52.965 --> 18:55.167 THOSE THINGS CAN KILL A FOREST; 18:55.267 --> 18:56.636 AS WELL AS HUMANS CAN KILL 18:56.736 --> 18:57.903 FORESTS. 18:58.004 --> 18:59.505 AND WE HAVE DONE THIS IN THE 18:59.605 --> 19:01.374 PAST, WHERE WE HAVE REMOVED 19:01.474 --> 19:03.876 FOREST FOR AGRICULTURE USE. 19:03.976 --> 19:05.711 KRIS: HI, MY NAME IS KRIS. 19:05.811 --> 19:07.179 ARE FORESTS JUST IN THE 19:07.279 --> 19:08.881 MOUNTAINS? 19:08.981 --> 19:10.316 JOHNSON: FORESTS ARE NOT JUST IN 19:10.416 --> 19:11.817 THE MOUNTAINS. 19:11.917 --> 19:13.285 ACTUALLY, THEY OCCUR IN LOWLYING 19:13.386 --> 19:14.720 AREAS. 19:14.820 --> 19:16.422 THEY OCCUR IN RIVER BOTTOMS. 19:16.522 --> 19:20.059 THEY OCCUR AT MIDELEVATIONS, AND 19:20.159 --> 19:21.961 IN MOUNTAINS, AS WELL. 19:22.061 --> 19:23.562 SO YOU ACTUALLY FIND FORESTS IN 19:23.663 --> 19:25.064 ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND 19:25.164 --> 19:26.899 FORMS. 19:26.999 --> 19:28.701 HUDIBURG: FORESTS COVER ABOUT 30 19:28.801 --> 19:30.469 PERCENT OF THE PLANET, THE 19:30.569 --> 19:32.238 TERRESTRIAL LAND MASS, ACTUALLY 19:32.338 --> 19:34.173 BOTH IN THE US AND GLOBALLY, 19:34.273 --> 19:36.542 WHICH IS INTERESTING. 19:36.642 --> 19:38.477 BUT THEY USED TO COVER 60 19:38.577 --> 19:41.047 PERCENT, SO, HISTORICALLY, WE'VE 19:41.147 --> 19:42.882 REMOVED ABOUT HALF THE FOREST 19:42.982 --> 19:44.417 COVER IN THE LAST COUPLE HUNDRED 19:44.517 --> 19:46.719 YEARS FROM THE GLOBE. 19:46.819 --> 19:48.788 THEY COULD BE IN MANY MORE 19:48.888 --> 19:51.390 PLACES THAN WHERE THEY ARE NOW. 19:51.490 --> 19:53.059 WILLIAM: HI, MY NAME IS WILLIAM. 19:53.159 --> 19:54.460 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MUCH 19:54.560 --> 19:57.630 OXYGEN DOES A TREE PRODUCE? 19:57.730 --> 20:00.166 JOHNSON: SO TREES PRODUCE OXYGEN 20:00.266 --> 20:02.068 BY TAKING CARBON DIOXIDE AND 20:02.168 --> 20:04.570 SUNLIGHT AND FORMING SUGAR AND 20:04.670 --> 20:07.773 PRODUCING OXYGEN AS A BYPRODUCT. 20:07.873 --> 20:10.009 SORT OF LIKE WHEN YOU AND I 20:10.109 --> 20:11.777 BREATHE, WE CONSUME OXYGEN AND 20:11.877 --> 20:13.512 RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE AS A 20:13.612 --> 20:15.247 BYPRODUCT. 20:15.347 --> 20:17.049 SO ONE MATURE TREE CAN PROVIDE 20:17.149 --> 20:18.851 ABOUT ENOUGH OXYGEN FOR TEN 20:18.951 --> 20:21.387 PEOPLE TO BREATHE. 20:21.487 --> 20:23.022 COOPER: HI, MY NAME IS COOPER. 20:23.122 --> 20:24.623 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW LONG DOES 20:24.724 --> 20:26.258 IT TAKE FOR THE AVERAGE TREE TO 20:26.358 --> 20:27.860 GROW? 20:27.960 --> 20:31.130 HUDIBURG: SO TREES GROW AT 20:31.230 --> 20:33.065 DIFFERENT RATES, DEPENDING ON 20:33.165 --> 20:34.633 WHAT TYPE OF FOREST OR WHAT 20:34.734 --> 20:36.535 SPECIES THEY ARE. 20:36.635 --> 20:38.270 EVEN IN IDAHO WE HAVE DIFFERENT 20:38.370 --> 20:39.805 GROWTH RATES FOR OUR CONIFER 20:39.905 --> 20:43.175 SPECIES OR OUR EVERGREEN TREES. 20:43.275 --> 20:45.911 IF YOU COMPARE GROWTH RATES IN 20:46.011 --> 20:48.514 IDAHO TO GROWTH RATES IN OREGON, 20:48.614 --> 20:50.182 LET'S SAY, LIKE ON THE COAST 20:50.282 --> 20:51.584 RANGE, WHERE THE TEMPERATE 20:51.684 --> 20:53.185 RAINFORESTS ARE, IN THE 20:53.285 --> 20:54.787 TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS A DOUGLAS 20:54.887 --> 20:56.689 FIR TREE REACHES ITS MAXIMUM 20:56.789 --> 20:59.024 GROWTH RATE AND STARTS TO SLOW 20:59.125 --> 21:01.026 DOWN AFTER THAT AT ABOUT 55 TO 21:01.127 --> 21:03.529 60 YEARS OR EVEN 50 TO 60 YEARS; 21:03.629 --> 21:05.598 WHEREAS, IN IDAHO THAT SAME 21:05.698 --> 21:07.233 SPECIES WOULD TAKE AROUND 70 TO 21:07.333 --> 21:09.535 80 YEARS TO REACH ITS MAXIMUM 21:09.635 --> 21:11.871 KIND OF GROWTH RATE. 21:11.971 --> 21:13.439 AND IT'S EVEN MORE DIFFERENT IF 21:13.539 --> 21:15.407 YOU GO TO THE SOUTHEAST WHERE 21:15.508 --> 21:17.076 THERE'S A LONGER GROWING SEASON 21:17.176 --> 21:18.778 THAT IS MORE FAVORABLE, AND IT'S 21:18.878 --> 21:20.246 ALSO MORE FAVORABLE WITHIN THE 21:20.346 --> 21:22.381 GROWING SEASON, WHERE LIKE THE 21:22.481 --> 21:24.216 [INDISCERNIBLE] PINE TREE CAN 21:24.316 --> 21:26.018 REACH ITS MAXIMUM GROWTH AT 30 21:26.118 --> 21:27.853 YEARS' TIME. 21:27.953 --> 21:29.288 CARTAN-HANSEN: WHY DID YOU WANT 21:29.388 --> 21:31.257 TO STUDY ABOUT FORESTS? 21:31.357 --> 21:33.492 JOHNSON: I GREW UP IN THE 21:33.592 --> 21:35.261 EASTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY, IN 21:35.361 --> 21:39.532 THE FOOTHILLS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 21:39.632 --> 21:41.467 AND AROUND THE HOUSE THAT I GREW 21:41.567 --> 21:43.302 UP IN THERE WERE SEVERAL 21:43.402 --> 21:45.771 THOUSAND ACRES OF FOREST, AND SO 21:45.871 --> 21:47.239 THAT'S WHERE I SPENT MOST OF MY 21:47.339 --> 21:49.441 TIME AS A KID. 21:49.542 --> 21:51.110 AND, YOU KNOW, EVEN EARLY ON I 21:51.210 --> 21:52.611 REALIZED THAT AS I MOVED FROM 21:52.711 --> 21:54.013 ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER IN THE 21:54.113 --> 21:57.116 FOREST, THE TREE TYPES OR THE 21:57.216 --> 21:59.018 SPECIES CHANGED. 21:59.118 --> 22:00.753 AND SO AS I GOT OLDER, I 22:00.853 --> 22:02.755 REALIZED THAT THAT WAS SOMETHING 22:02.855 --> 22:05.024 THAT I WAS INTERESTED IN 22:05.124 --> 22:07.059 FIGURING OUT MORE ABOUT, WHICH 22:07.159 --> 22:08.627 IS WHY DO SOME SPECIES LIVE HERE 22:08.727 --> 22:12.131 AND NOT THERE. 22:12.231 --> 22:14.200 AND SO THAT'S WHAT LED TO WHAT I 22:14.300 --> 22:16.836 CURRENTLY DO, WHICH IS I STUDY 22:16.936 --> 22:20.139 HOW DIFFERENT STRESSORS SHAPE 22:20.239 --> 22:23.008 DIFFERENT PLANT COMMUNITIES OR 22:23.108 --> 22:24.743 EXACTLY WHY A PLANT GROWS HERE 22:24.844 --> 22:26.512 AND NOT THERE. 22:26.612 --> 22:28.214 AND SO IT WAS JUST A VERY 22:28.314 --> 22:29.949 NATURAL SORT OF QUESTION TO HAVE 22:30.049 --> 22:31.483 AS A KID THAT I'M STILL PURSUING 22:31.584 --> 22:33.152 AS AN ADULT. 22:33.786 --> 22:36.889 (MUSIC) 22:38.791 --> 22:40.259 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE FOREST FLOOR 22:40.359 --> 22:41.827 IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 22:41.927 --> 22:43.395 PARTS OF THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM. 22:43.495 --> 22:44.997 IT'S WHERE DECOMPOSITION TAKES 22:45.097 --> 22:46.465 PLACE, MAKING THE SOIL RICH FOR 22:46.565 --> 22:47.833 PLANTS TO GROW. 22:47.933 --> 22:49.368 IT'S WHERE MOST ANIMALS AND 22:49.468 --> 22:50.536 INSECTS LIVE. 22:50.636 --> 22:51.871 AND THE STUFF YOU FIND ON THE 22:51.971 --> 22:53.205 FLOOR, IT HAS A NAME, IT'S 22:53.305 --> 22:55.007 CALLED "DUFF." 22:55.574 --> 22:58.210 (MUSIC) 22:59.245 --> 23:01.680 KIRSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS KIRSTIN. 23:01.780 --> 23:02.982 AND I'M FROM INDIAN HILLS, 23:03.082 --> 23:04.850 POCATELLO, IDAHO. 23:04.950 --> 23:07.319 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW CAN YOU 23:07.419 --> 23:08.954 TELL HOW OLD A TREE IS BY 23:09.054 --> 23:12.057 COUNTING ITS RINGS? 23:12.157 --> 23:14.894 JOHNSON: SO TREES PUT ON ONE NEW 23:14.994 --> 23:17.563 RING EVERY YEAR. 23:17.663 --> 23:19.064 AND THE REASON THAT THEY DO THAT 23:19.164 --> 23:21.000 OR THE WAY THAT THEY DO THAT IS 23:21.100 --> 23:23.135 EARLY IN THE SPRING THEY PUT ON 23:23.235 --> 23:26.572 A VERY LIGHTCOLORED BAND OF 23:26.672 --> 23:28.140 WOOD, WHICH WE CALL "EARLY 23:28.240 --> 23:29.208 WOOD." 23:29.308 --> 23:31.277 AND THEN AS THE SEASON 23:31.377 --> 23:34.413 PROGRESSES AND IT BEGINS TO HAVE 23:34.513 --> 23:36.315 LESS AND THERE BEGINS TO BE LESS 23:36.415 --> 23:38.617 WATER AND TEMPERATURES START TO 23:38.717 --> 23:40.552 COOL, THEN THAT WOOD BECOMES 23:40.653 --> 23:42.922 DENSER AND DENSER AND DARKER. 23:43.022 --> 23:44.123 AND WE CALL THAT THE "LATE 23:44.223 --> 23:45.624 WOOD." 23:45.724 --> 23:48.394 AND AT THE VERY END OF THAT LATE 23:48.494 --> 23:49.828 WOOD, TREE GROWTH STOPS FOR THAT 23:49.929 --> 23:51.563 YEAR. 23:51.664 --> 23:53.499 AND THEN THE FOLLOWING SPRING 23:53.599 --> 23:54.967 THEY'LL START AGAIN WITH A NEW 23:55.067 --> 23:56.535 LAYER OF EARLY WOOD. 23:56.635 --> 23:58.237 AND SO WE CAN COUNT THOSE RINGS 23:58.337 --> 23:59.505 AND TELL EXACTLY HOW MANY YEARS 23:59.605 --> 24:00.973 OLD A TREE IS. 24:01.073 --> 24:03.008 HUDIBURG: YOU CAN ALSO TELL HOW 24:03.108 --> 24:04.476 MUCH IT GREW BECAUSE THE RING 24:04.576 --> 24:06.078 WIDTH IS RELATED TO HOW MUCH 24:06.178 --> 24:07.947 WOOD GROWTH THERE WAS. 24:08.047 --> 24:11.116 COLE: MY NAME IS COLE. 24:11.216 --> 24:12.785 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO YOU 24:12.885 --> 24:15.888 STOP WILDFIRES? 24:15.988 --> 24:17.389 JOHNSON: WELL, ONCE A WILDFIRE 24:17.489 --> 24:19.959 HAS ALREADY STARTED, WHAT WE TRY 24:20.059 --> 24:22.861 TO DO IS WE TRY TO SUPPRESS THAT 24:22.962 --> 24:24.430 WILDFIRE, WHICH MEANS WE TRY TO, 24:24.530 --> 24:26.432 INITIALLY, SLOW IT DOWN BY 24:26.532 --> 24:28.767 REMOVING FUELS, FOR EXAMPLE, OF 24:28.867 --> 24:31.170 DEAD THINGS IN THE UNDERSTORY, 24:31.270 --> 24:32.638 DEAD WOOD, DEAD LIMBS, THINGS 24:32.738 --> 24:34.006 LIKE THAT. 24:34.106 --> 24:36.141 BUT ALSO BY SPRAYING WATER ON 24:36.241 --> 24:37.676 THE FIRE, DROPPING SAND ON THE 24:37.776 --> 24:38.844 FIRE. 24:38.944 --> 24:40.913 WE DO ALL THOSE THINGS TO 24:41.013 --> 24:42.481 INITIALLY TRY TO SLOW IT DOWN, 24:42.581 --> 24:43.816 OR SUPPRESS IT, AND THEN 24:43.916 --> 24:45.084 EVENTUALLY TO STOP IT FROM 24:45.184 --> 24:46.318 BURNING. 24:46.418 --> 24:47.553 SO THAT'S THE SUPPRESSION OF 24:47.653 --> 24:48.821 WILDFIRE. 24:48.921 --> 24:50.489 BUT WE ALSO WANT TO PREVENT 24:50.589 --> 24:52.091 WILDFIRES FROM STARTING IN THE 24:52.191 --> 24:53.993 FIRST PLACE, AND SO THINGS THAT 24:54.093 --> 24:55.527 WE CAN DO TO PREVENT WILDFIRES 24:55.627 --> 24:57.062 IS, AGAIN, REMOVING THE FUELS IN 24:57.162 --> 24:59.465 THE UNDERSTORY THAT COULD BURN, 24:59.565 --> 25:01.800 BUT ALSO BEING VERY CAREFUL 25:01.900 --> 25:05.537 ABOUT WHERE WE MAY LAY DOWN A 25:05.637 --> 25:07.206 MATCH AFTER WE THINK IT'S BEEN 25:07.306 --> 25:08.807 PUT OUT OR EXTINGUISHING A 25:08.907 --> 25:10.309 CAMPFIRE. 25:10.409 --> 25:11.744 THINGS LIKE THAT CAN GO A LONG 25:11.844 --> 25:13.078 WAY IN TERMS OF PREVENTING 25:13.178 --> 25:14.513 WILDFIRES. 25:14.613 --> 25:16.548 JACKSON: MY NAME IS JACKSON. 25:16.648 --> 25:18.283 AND MY QUESTION IS DOES ANYONE 25:18.384 --> 25:20.652 LIVE IN THE FOREST? 25:20.753 --> 25:21.987 HUDIBURG: I GREW UP IN THE 25:22.087 --> 25:23.389 FOREST. 25:23.489 --> 25:24.990 I GREW UP IN PORT ANGELES, 25:25.090 --> 25:26.325 WASHINGTON, AND OUR PROPERTY 25:26.425 --> 25:27.826 BOUNDARY WAS WITH THE OLYMPIC 25:27.926 --> 25:29.128 NATIONAL PARK. 25:29.228 --> 25:30.863 AND SO WE COULD JUST BE IN THE 25:30.963 --> 25:32.431 OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK WHENEVER 25:32.531 --> 25:34.867 WE WANTED TO, AS CHILDREN. 25:34.967 --> 25:36.035 I BELIEVE DAN ALSO GREW UP IN 25:36.135 --> 25:37.603 THE FOREST. 25:37.703 --> 25:38.804 JOHNSON: I GREW UP IN THE WOODS, 25:38.904 --> 25:39.838 AS WELL. 25:39.938 --> 25:42.274 MY PARENTS, THEIR HOUSE WAS 25:42.374 --> 25:43.909 BORDERED BY SEVERAL THOUSAND 25:44.009 --> 25:46.645 ACRES OF FOREST, AND SO I GREW 25:46.745 --> 25:48.414 UP IN THE WOODS. 25:48.514 --> 25:50.883 AND I GUESS PROBABLY ONE OF THE 25:50.983 --> 25:52.651 REASONS THAT TARA AND I DO WHAT 25:52.751 --> 25:54.119 WE DO IS BECAUSE WE GREW UP IN 25:54.219 --> 25:55.687 THE WOODS. 25:55.788 --> 25:57.923 AND WE'RE NOT ALONE; THERE ARE A 25:58.023 --> 25:59.725 LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE US, AS WELL 25:59.825 --> 26:01.360 AS OTHER COUNTRIES, THAT CHOOSE 26:01.460 --> 26:03.629 TO LIVE IN THE FOREST BECAUSE 26:03.729 --> 26:05.531 THEY LIKE THE AESTHETICS OF 26:05.631 --> 26:07.533 BEING INSIDE A FOREST. 26:07.633 --> 26:08.967 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF A STUDENT IS 26:09.068 --> 26:10.569 INTERESTED IN A JOB IN FORESTRY, 26:10.669 --> 26:11.970 WHAT SHOULD HE OR SHE STUDY IN 26:12.071 --> 26:13.439 SCHOOL? 26:13.539 --> 26:15.207 JOHNSON: IT HELPS TO HAVE JUST A 26:15.307 --> 26:16.775 NATURAL PASSION FOR TREES AND 26:16.875 --> 26:18.477 FOR FORESTS. 26:18.577 --> 26:20.612 BUT AS BACKGROUND MATERIAL, 26:20.712 --> 26:22.815 MATH, I KNOW THIS IS PROBABLY 26:22.915 --> 26:24.783 NOT A VERY POPULAR ANSWER BUT 26:24.883 --> 26:26.718 MATH IS VERY IMPORTANT, PHYSICS 26:26.819 --> 26:28.854 IS VERY IMPORTANT, CHEMISTRY, 26:28.954 --> 26:32.357 ALL OF THE BASIC HARD SCIENCES 26:32.458 --> 26:34.226 LEAD TO A VERY GOOD FOUNDATION 26:34.326 --> 26:35.794 THAT CAN PREPARE YOU TO STUDY 26:35.894 --> 26:37.129 TREES. 26:37.229 --> 26:40.566 BECAUSE TREES, AT THEIR CORE, 26:40.666 --> 26:42.801 PARDON THE PUN, BUT AT THEIR 26:42.901 --> 26:44.636 CORE, IT ALL COMES DOWN TO 26:44.736 --> 26:47.906 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY. 26:48.006 --> 26:49.842 HUDIBURG: SO IN ADDITION TO 26:49.942 --> 26:51.743 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AND MATH, 26:51.844 --> 26:53.612 YOU SHOULD ALSO TAKE BIOLOGY. 26:53.712 --> 26:55.914 SO IN BIOLOGY YOU WILL LEARN HOW 26:56.014 --> 26:57.349 TREES GROW AND HOW DIFFERENT 26:57.449 --> 26:59.751 TREES GROW AT DIFFERENT RATES. 26:59.852 --> 27:01.019 CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY WE'VE 27:01.120 --> 27:02.421 RUN OUT OF TIME. 27:02.521 --> 27:04.022 MY THANKS TO TARA AND DANIEL FOR 27:04.123 --> 27:05.257 ANSWERING STUDENTS QUESTIONS. 27:05.357 --> 27:06.625 HUDIBURG: THANK YOU FOR HAVING 27:06.725 --> 27:07.493 US. 27:07.593 --> 27:08.694 WE BOTH REALLY HAD FUN AND 27:08.794 --> 27:09.928 APPRECIATED IT. 27:10.028 --> 27:11.296 JOHNSON: THIS WAS A GOOD TIME. 27:11.396 --> 27:12.631 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 27:12.731 --> 27:14.066 CARTAN-HANSEN: MY THANKS ALSO TO 27:14.166 --> 27:15.467 THE FOLKS HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY 27:15.567 --> 27:16.902 OF IDAHO'S COLLEGE OF NATURAL 27:17.002 --> 27:18.270 RESOURCES FOR HOSTING US. 27:18.370 --> 27:19.738 YOU CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT FORESTS 27:19.838 --> 27:21.240 AND LOTS OF OTHER SCIENTIFIC 27:21.340 --> 27:22.641 TOPICS ON THE SCIENCE TREK 27:22.741 --> 27:23.842 WEBSITE. 27:23.942 --> 27:25.210 AND WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS 27:25.310 --> 27:26.645 ABOUT FORESTS ON SCIENCE TREK: 27:26.745 --> 27:27.779 THE WEB SHOW. 27:27.880 --> 27:29.214 AND IF YOU WANT TO SUBMIT A 27:29.314 --> 27:30.782 QUESTION FOR SCIENCE TREK, IT'S 27:30.883 --> 27:31.783 EASY. 27:31.884 --> 27:33.252 YOU CAN SEND IT AS AN EMAIL OR A 27:33.352 --> 27:34.753 VIDEO QUESTION, RECORD IT ON 27:34.853 --> 27:36.121 YOUR WEBCAM OR CELL PHONE. 27:36.221 --> 27:37.623 AND IF YOU'RE AN EDUCATOR, WE'LL 27:37.723 --> 27:38.991 EVEN LEND YOU A CAMERA. 27:39.091 --> 27:40.526 AND EACH WEEK CHECK OUT MY BLOG 27:40.626 --> 27:42.027 FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE NEWS FOR 27:42.127 --> 27:43.028 KIDS. 27:43.128 --> 27:44.396 YOU'LL FIND ALL THE DETAILS AT 27:44.496 --> 27:45.797 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 27:45.898 --> 27:46.765 THANKS FOR JOINING US. 27:46.865 --> 27:47.866 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON 27:47.966 --> 27:49.535 SCIENCE TREK. 27:50.235 --> 27:54.840 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 28:05.751 --> 28:07.052 (MUSIC) 28:07.152 --> 28:08.887 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 28:08.987 --> 28:10.722 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 28:10.822 --> 28:12.324 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 28:12.424 --> 28:13.859 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 28:13.959 --> 28:15.294 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 28:15.394 --> 28:16.929 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 28:17.029 --> 28:18.597 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 28:18.697 --> 28:20.232 FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 28:20.332 --> 28:21.733 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 28:21.833 --> 28:23.569 IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, 28:23.669 --> 28:25.103 MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 28:25.204 --> 28:26.405 SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND 28:26.505 --> 28:28.407 SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 28:28.507 --> 28:29.942 FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 28:30.042 --> 28:31.610 TELEVISION; AND BY THE 28:31.710 --> 28:32.711 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 28:32.811 --> 28:34.580 BROADCASTING. 28:37.349 --> 28:38.383 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF YOU WANT TO 28:38.483 --> 28:39.818 LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OR 28:39.918 --> 28:41.119 WATCH OUR VIDEOS, CHECK OUT THE 28:41.220 --> 28:42.387 SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE AT 28:42.487 --> 28:46.692 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK.