1 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:02,970 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 2 00:00:03,070 --> 00:00:04,471 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 3 00:00:04,571 --> 00:00:06,139 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 4 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:07,674 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 5 00:00:07,774 --> 00:00:08,976 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 6 00:00:09,076 --> 00:00:10,210 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 7 00:00:10,310 --> 00:00:11,712 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 8 00:00:11,812 --> 00:00:13,213 FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 9 00:00:13,313 --> 00:00:14,982 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 10 00:00:15,082 --> 00:00:16,884 IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, 11 00:00:16,984 --> 00:00:18,785 MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 12 00:00:18,886 --> 00:00:20,621 SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND 13 00:00:20,721 --> 00:00:23,123 SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 14 00:00:23,223 --> 00:00:24,591 FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 15 00:00:24,691 --> 00:00:25,993 TELEVISION; AND BY THE 16 00:00:26,093 --> 00:00:27,227 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 17 00:00:27,327 --> 00:00:28,529 BROADCASTING. 18 00:00:29,563 --> 00:00:30,731 JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: FORESTS PLAY 19 00:00:30,831 --> 00:00:32,266 AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN OUR WORLD, 20 00:00:32,366 --> 00:00:33,667 PROVIDING EVERYTHING FROM A HOME 21 00:00:33,767 --> 00:00:35,168 TO THOUSANDS OF CREATURES AND 22 00:00:35,269 --> 00:00:37,070 FUEL AND RECREATION FOR HUMANS. 23 00:00:37,170 --> 00:00:38,605 BUT THERE'S MORE TO FORESTS THAN 24 00:00:38,705 --> 00:00:39,806 JUST THE TREES. 25 00:00:39,907 --> 00:00:40,974 FIND OUT. 26 00:00:41,074 --> 00:00:42,242 STAY TUNED, SCIENCE TREK IS 27 00:00:42,342 --> 00:00:43,677 NEXT. 28 00:00:44,311 --> 00:00:51,385 (MUSIC) 29 00:00:53,020 --> 00:00:54,087 CARTAN-HANSEN: HI, I'M JOAN 30 00:00:54,187 --> 00:00:55,389 CARTAN-HANSEN, AND WELCOME TO 31 00:00:55,489 --> 00:00:56,590 SCIENCE TREK. 32 00:00:56,690 --> 00:00:57,891 AND WELCOME TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 33 00:00:57,991 --> 00:00:59,059 IDAHO'S COLLEGE OF NATURAL 34 00:00:59,159 --> 00:01:00,193 RESOURCES. 35 00:01:00,294 --> 00:01:01,395 SCIENTISTS ARE STANDING BY TO 36 00:01:01,495 --> 00:01:02,696 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT 37 00:01:02,796 --> 00:01:03,730 FORESTS. 38 00:01:03,830 --> 00:01:04,998 A LITTLE LATER IN THE SHOW WE'LL 39 00:01:05,098 --> 00:01:06,633 GO INTO MORE DETAIL ABOUT TREES. 40 00:01:06,733 --> 00:01:07,968 BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN A LITTLE 41 00:01:08,068 --> 00:01:10,904 BIT MORE ABOUT FORESTS. 42 00:01:15,609 --> 00:01:17,010 STUDENT: "FORESTS COVER ABOUT 30 43 00:01:17,110 --> 00:01:19,313 PERCENT OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE." 44 00:01:19,413 --> 00:01:21,214 CARTAN-HANSEN: THAT'S RIGHT. 45 00:01:21,315 --> 00:01:22,549 FORESTS ARE ONE OF OUR WORLD'S 46 00:01:22,649 --> 00:01:23,850 BIOMES. 47 00:01:23,951 --> 00:01:25,686 A BIOME IS A LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL 48 00:01:25,786 --> 00:01:27,721 AREA THAT CONTAINS SIMILAR 49 00:01:27,821 --> 00:01:28,822 PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND 50 00:01:28,922 --> 00:01:30,257 ENVIRONMENTS. 51 00:01:30,357 --> 00:01:32,259 A FOREST IS A COMPLEX COMMUNITY 52 00:01:32,359 --> 00:01:34,728 OF LIFE IN WHICH TREES ARE THE 53 00:01:34,828 --> 00:01:36,697 DOMINANT LIFE FORM. 54 00:01:36,797 --> 00:01:38,265 STUDENT: "THERE ARE THREE BASIC 55 00:01:38,365 --> 00:01:40,667 TYPES OF FORESTS: THE TROPICAL 56 00:01:40,767 --> 00:01:42,869 RAINFOREST, THE TEMPERATE 57 00:01:42,970 --> 00:01:45,539 FOREST, AND THE BOREAL FOREST." 58 00:01:45,639 --> 00:01:47,274 STUDENT: "TYPES OF FORESTS CAN 59 00:01:47,374 --> 00:01:48,942 BE DEFINED BY THE TYPES OF TREES 60 00:01:49,042 --> 00:01:50,744 AND THE AMOUNT OF RAIN." 61 00:01:50,844 --> 00:01:52,379 CARTAN-HANSEN: RAINFORESTS ARE 62 00:01:52,479 --> 00:01:54,247 MOSTLY FOUND AROUND THE EQUATOR. 63 00:01:54,348 --> 00:01:55,816 THEY COVER ABOUT 7 PERCENT OF 64 00:01:55,916 --> 00:01:57,451 THE EARTH'S SURFACE. 65 00:01:57,551 --> 00:01:59,019 RAINFORESTS HAVE THE GREATEST 66 00:01:59,119 --> 00:02:00,520 VARIETY OF TREES. 67 00:02:00,621 --> 00:02:02,189 THEY HAVE TWO BASIC SEASONS, WET 68 00:02:02,289 --> 00:02:03,323 AND DRY. 69 00:02:03,423 --> 00:02:04,891 AND BECAUSE THE CLIMATE IS SO 70 00:02:04,992 --> 00:02:06,560 WARM, RAINFORESTS ARE EVERGREEN, 71 00:02:06,660 --> 00:02:08,161 THAT IS, THE TREES DON'T LOSE 72 00:02:08,261 --> 00:02:09,329 THEIR LEAVES. 73 00:02:09,429 --> 00:02:10,897 RAINFORESTS ARE ALSO SO MOIST 74 00:02:10,998 --> 00:02:12,466 THAT SOME CAN EVEN CREATE THEIR 75 00:02:12,566 --> 00:02:14,001 OWN RAIN. 76 00:02:14,101 --> 00:02:15,736 STUDENT: "TEMPERATE FORESTS GROW 77 00:02:15,836 --> 00:02:17,204 IN NORTH AMERICA, NORTHEASTERN 78 00:02:17,304 --> 00:02:18,338 ASIA, WESTERN AND CENTRAL 79 00:02:18,438 --> 00:02:19,673 EUROPE, AND SOUTH OF THE 80 00:02:19,773 --> 00:02:20,707 EQUATOR. 81 00:02:20,807 --> 00:02:22,309 TEMPERATE FORESTS ENJOY ALL FOUR 82 00:02:22,409 --> 00:02:23,910 SEASONS OF WEATHER." 83 00:02:24,011 --> 00:02:25,646 CARTAN-HANSEN: TEMPERATE FORESTS 84 00:02:25,746 --> 00:02:27,314 HAVE DECIDUOUS AND CONIFER, OR 85 00:02:27,414 --> 00:02:28,849 EVERGREEN TREES. 86 00:02:28,949 --> 00:02:30,684 STUDENT: "DECIDUOUS IS LATIN AND 87 00:02:30,784 --> 00:02:32,285 MEANS 'TO FALL.' 88 00:02:32,386 --> 00:02:34,287 DECIDUOUS TREES LOSE THEIR 89 00:02:34,388 --> 00:02:36,390 LEAVES IN THE FALL AND REGROW 90 00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:38,258 THEM IN THE SPRING." 91 00:02:38,358 --> 00:02:39,826 STUDENT:"CONIFER OR EVERGREEN 92 00:02:39,926 --> 00:02:41,328 TREES HAVE NEEDLES AND KEEP THEM 93 00:02:41,428 --> 00:02:43,130 YEARROUND." 94 00:02:43,230 --> 00:02:44,498 CARTAN-HANSEN: TEMPERATE 95 00:02:44,598 --> 00:02:45,899 DECIDUOUS FORESTS IN NORTH 96 00:02:45,999 --> 00:02:47,300 AMERICA HAVE TREES LIKE OAK, 97 00:02:47,401 --> 00:02:49,002 MAPLE, AND BEECH. 98 00:02:49,102 --> 00:02:50,804 IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 99 00:02:50,904 --> 00:02:52,372 TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS HAVE 100 00:02:52,472 --> 00:02:53,940 A WARMER CLIMATE. 101 00:02:54,041 --> 00:02:55,742 TREES HERE DON'T GROW AS TALL. 102 00:02:55,842 --> 00:02:57,678 THEIR TRUNKS AND BRANCHES TWIST 103 00:02:57,778 --> 00:02:59,346 MORE AND THEIR TREE'S BARK IS 104 00:02:59,446 --> 00:03:00,747 THICKER. 105 00:03:00,847 --> 00:03:02,349 FORESTS, NO MATTER THE TYPE, 106 00:03:02,449 --> 00:03:04,184 HAVE THREE BASIC ZONES: THE TOP 107 00:03:04,284 --> 00:03:05,819 IS CALLED THE "CANOPY"; THAT'S 108 00:03:05,919 --> 00:03:07,287 WHERE BRANCHES JOIN TOGETHER TO 109 00:03:07,387 --> 00:03:08,689 FORM SORT OF A ROOF OVER THE 110 00:03:08,789 --> 00:03:09,990 REST OF THE FOREST. 111 00:03:10,090 --> 00:03:11,291 THE NEXT LEVEL IS THE 112 00:03:11,391 --> 00:03:12,859 "UNDERSTORY"; THAT'S WHERE THE 113 00:03:12,959 --> 00:03:14,194 SMALL BUSHES, PLANTS, AND 114 00:03:14,294 --> 00:03:15,729 SAPLINGS LIVE UNDERNEATH THE 115 00:03:15,829 --> 00:03:18,098 MATURE TREE'S CANOPY. 116 00:03:18,198 --> 00:03:19,533 THE FINAL LEVEL IS THE FOREST'S 117 00:03:19,633 --> 00:03:20,734 "FLOOR." 118 00:03:20,834 --> 00:03:22,269 HERE LIVING THINGS LIKE ALGAE, 119 00:03:22,369 --> 00:03:23,870 FUNGI, LICHEN, MOSS, AND THE 120 00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:25,505 DECAYING PLANTS AND LEAVES 121 00:03:25,605 --> 00:03:27,240 CREATE A SQUISHY CARPET ON THE 122 00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:29,242 FOREST FLOOR. 123 00:03:29,342 --> 00:03:30,644 STUDENT: "HERE'S A FACT FOR YOU: 124 00:03:30,744 --> 00:03:32,045 INSECTS ARE THE ONLY CREATURES 125 00:03:32,145 --> 00:03:33,246 THAT LIVE IN ALL LEVELS OF THE 126 00:03:33,346 --> 00:03:34,781 FOREST." 127 00:03:34,881 --> 00:03:36,183 CARTAN-HANSEN: MORE THAN 5 128 00:03:36,283 --> 00:03:37,951 MILLION LAND SPECIES DEPEND UPON 129 00:03:38,051 --> 00:03:39,586 FORESTS FOR THEIR SURVIVAL. 130 00:03:39,686 --> 00:03:41,021 FORESTS ARE WHERE THEY LIVE, 131 00:03:41,121 --> 00:03:42,389 WHERE THEY FIND FOOD. 132 00:03:42,489 --> 00:03:43,790 FORESTS PROVIDE SERVICES TO 133 00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:44,991 PEOPLE, TOO. 134 00:03:45,092 --> 00:03:46,493 THEY ABSORB CARBON FROM THE 135 00:03:46,593 --> 00:03:47,627 ATMOSPHERE. 136 00:03:47,728 --> 00:03:49,062 THEY GIVE US WOOD FOR FUEL, 137 00:03:49,162 --> 00:03:50,764 FURNITURE, HOUSES AND PAPER. 138 00:03:50,864 --> 00:03:52,199 THEY GIVE US A PLACE TO RECREATE 139 00:03:52,299 --> 00:03:53,633 AND TO ENJOY NATURE. 140 00:03:53,734 --> 00:03:55,102 FORESTS AND THE PLANTS THAT LIVE 141 00:03:55,202 --> 00:03:56,470 IN THEM ARE THE BASIS FOR 142 00:03:56,570 --> 00:03:58,205 MEDICINE AND FOOD. 143 00:03:58,305 --> 00:03:59,806 FORESTS GIVE US THE ABILITY TO 144 00:03:59,906 --> 00:04:01,508 REGULATE TEMPERATURE, AND THEY 145 00:04:01,608 --> 00:04:03,143 CLEAN THE AIR OF POLLUTION. 146 00:04:03,243 --> 00:04:04,678 MOST IMPORTANTLY, FORESTS CLEAN 147 00:04:04,778 --> 00:04:06,313 OUR WATER AND PROVIDE THE OXYGEN 148 00:04:06,413 --> 00:04:08,315 WE BREATHE. 149 00:04:08,415 --> 00:04:10,150 STUDENT: "ONE LARGE TREE CAN 150 00:04:10,250 --> 00:04:14,221 CAPTURE AND FILTER 36,500 151 00:04:14,321 --> 00:04:16,656 GALLONS OF WATER A YEAR." 152 00:04:16,757 --> 00:04:18,291 STUDENT: "AND, TOO, MUCH OF OUR 153 00:04:18,391 --> 00:04:19,860 TREES PROVIDE ENOUGH OXYGEN FOR 154 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:21,394 ONE PERSON TO BREATHE OVER A 155 00:04:21,495 --> 00:04:22,395 YEAR." 156 00:04:22,496 --> 00:04:23,997 CARTAN-HANSEN: FORESTS ARE SO 157 00:04:24,097 --> 00:04:25,499 IMPORTANT, THEY'VE BEEN CALLED 158 00:04:25,599 --> 00:04:27,000 OUR PLANET'S LUNGS. 159 00:04:27,100 --> 00:04:28,335 BUT THE WORLD'S FORESTS ARE IN 160 00:04:28,435 --> 00:04:29,469 TROUBLE. 161 00:04:29,569 --> 00:04:31,037 MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF THE 162 00:04:31,138 --> 00:04:32,506 PLANET'S FORESTS HAVE ALREADY 163 00:04:32,606 --> 00:04:34,207 BEEN DESTROYED, AND WE'RE LOSING 164 00:04:34,307 --> 00:04:35,675 FORESTS AT A STAGGERING RATE, 165 00:04:35,776 --> 00:04:37,444 THE EQUIVALENT OF THE SIZE OF 48 166 00:04:37,544 --> 00:04:40,180 FOOTBALL FIELDS, EVERY MINUTE. 167 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:41,715 SOME FORESTS ARE CLEARED FOR 168 00:04:41,815 --> 00:04:43,583 AGRICULTURAL USES OR MINING. 169 00:04:43,683 --> 00:04:45,185 SOME ARE LOST TO DISEASE AND 170 00:04:45,285 --> 00:04:46,453 PESTS. 171 00:04:46,553 --> 00:04:47,821 LARGE AMOUNTS ARE LOST TO 172 00:04:47,921 --> 00:04:50,490 WILDFIRES. 173 00:04:50,590 --> 00:04:51,892 STUDENT: "WE NEED TO TAKE CARE 174 00:04:51,992 --> 00:04:53,260 OF OUR FORESTS. 175 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:54,728 WE NEED OUR FORESTS FOR CLEAN 176 00:04:54,828 --> 00:04:56,730 AIR AND CLEAN WATER." 177 00:04:56,830 --> 00:04:58,298 STUDENT: "WE NEED FORESTS FOR 178 00:04:58,398 --> 00:04:59,666 RECREATION AND FOR A HOME FOR 179 00:04:59,766 --> 00:05:02,135 ALL THOSE ANIMALS AND PLANTS." 180 00:05:02,235 --> 00:05:04,204 STUDENT: "SO YOU DO YOUR PART SO 181 00:05:04,304 --> 00:05:07,073 WE ALL HAVE FORESTS TO ENJOY." 182 00:05:09,876 --> 00:05:10,977 CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME 183 00:05:11,077 --> 00:05:12,479 NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 184 00:05:12,579 --> 00:05:14,047 ABOUT FORESTS ARE TARA HUDIBURG, 185 00:05:14,147 --> 00:05:15,615 AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN THE 186 00:05:15,715 --> 00:05:17,484 DEPARTMENT OF FOREST, RANGELAND, 187 00:05:17,584 --> 00:05:19,085 AND FIRE SCIENCES AT THE 188 00:05:19,186 --> 00:05:21,354 UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO; AND DANIEL 189 00:05:21,454 --> 00:05:22,856 JOHNSON, ALSO AN ASSISTANT 190 00:05:22,956 --> 00:05:24,224 PROFESSOR IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 191 00:05:24,324 --> 00:05:25,559 FOREST, RANGELAND, AND FIRE 192 00:05:25,659 --> 00:05:26,927 SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 193 00:05:27,027 --> 00:05:28,161 IDAHO. 194 00:05:28,261 --> 00:05:29,663 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 195 00:05:29,763 --> 00:05:30,797 DAN JOHNSON: THANK YOU FOR 196 00:05:30,897 --> 00:05:31,731 HAVING US. 197 00:05:31,832 --> 00:05:33,066 TARA HUDIBURG: YES, THANK YOU. 198 00:05:33,166 --> 00:05:34,434 CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO 199 00:05:34,534 --> 00:05:35,669 YOUR QUESTIONS. 200 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:38,238 (MUSIC) 201 00:05:39,239 --> 00:05:40,240 MARYANN: HI, MY NAME IS 202 00:05:40,340 --> 00:05:41,541 MARYANN. 203 00:05:41,641 --> 00:05:43,543 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MANY 204 00:05:43,643 --> 00:05:47,314 TYPES OF FORESTS EXIST? 205 00:05:47,414 --> 00:05:49,015 HUDIBURG: THERE ARE THREE MAJOR 206 00:05:49,115 --> 00:05:50,450 FOREST TYPES IN THE WORLD. 207 00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:51,818 WE CALL THEM "BIOMES." 208 00:05:51,918 --> 00:05:53,220 THERE'S THE TROPICAL FOREST 209 00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:54,621 BIOME, THE TEMPERATE FOREST 210 00:05:54,721 --> 00:05:55,989 BIOME, AND THE BOREAL OR THE 211 00:05:56,089 --> 00:05:57,724 TAIGA FOREST BIOME. 212 00:05:57,824 --> 00:05:59,526 THE TEMPERATE FOREST BIOME IS 213 00:05:59,626 --> 00:06:00,794 WHAT WE HAVE IN THE UNITED 214 00:06:00,894 --> 00:06:01,728 STATES. 215 00:06:01,828 --> 00:06:03,530 IT IS AT THE, YOU KNOW, 45 TO 216 00:06:03,630 --> 00:06:05,398 60 DEGREE LATITUDES. 217 00:06:05,498 --> 00:06:07,100 AND ABOVE THE 60 DEGREE LATITUDE 218 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:08,869 WE HAVE THE BOREAL FOREST, WHICH 219 00:06:08,969 --> 00:06:10,303 IS, THINK ABOUT NORTHERN CANADA 220 00:06:10,403 --> 00:06:13,340 OR MOST OF CANADA AND RUSSIA. 221 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:14,641 AND THEN THE TROPICAL FORESTS 222 00:06:14,741 --> 00:06:16,710 ARE DOWN BY THE EQUATOR, NORTH 223 00:06:16,810 --> 00:06:18,712 AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR. 224 00:06:18,812 --> 00:06:21,114 WITHIN THESE DIFFERENT FOREST 225 00:06:21,214 --> 00:06:22,983 TYPES WE HAVE LIKE SUBLEVELS OF 226 00:06:23,083 --> 00:06:23,850 FORESTS. 227 00:06:23,950 --> 00:06:25,318 SO IN THE TEMPERATE FORESTS WE 228 00:06:25,418 --> 00:06:27,120 HAVE THE DECIDUOUS FORESTS, SO 229 00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:28,588 THE HARDWOOD FOREST THAT EXISTS 230 00:06:28,688 --> 00:06:30,523 ON THE EAST COAST, WHERE DAN IS 231 00:06:30,624 --> 00:06:31,658 FROM. 232 00:06:31,758 --> 00:06:33,293 AND ON THE WEST COAST WE HAVE 233 00:06:33,393 --> 00:06:34,628 CONIFEROUS FORESTS, WHICH IS 234 00:06:34,728 --> 00:06:35,929 WHAT YOU'RE MOSTLY USED TO IN 235 00:06:36,029 --> 00:06:37,297 IDAHO. 236 00:06:37,397 --> 00:06:38,899 TYLER: HI, MY NAME IS TYLER. 237 00:06:38,999 --> 00:06:40,734 HOW MANY SPECIES OF ANIMALS IN 238 00:06:40,834 --> 00:06:43,970 THE RAINFOREST ARE ENDANGERED? 239 00:06:44,070 --> 00:06:45,305 JOHNSON: WELL, GLOBALLY 240 00:06:45,405 --> 00:06:47,107 SPEAKING, THERE'S ABOUT 15,000 241 00:06:47,207 --> 00:06:48,475 ANIMAL SPECIES THAT ARE 242 00:06:48,575 --> 00:06:50,443 ENDANGERED, SO LESS THAN THAT IN 243 00:06:50,543 --> 00:06:51,678 THE RAINFOREST, MAYBE HALF OF 244 00:06:51,778 --> 00:06:52,913 THAT MUCH. 245 00:06:53,013 --> 00:06:55,448 MASON: HI, MY NAME'S MASON. 246 00:06:55,548 --> 00:06:57,150 AND HOW MANY LAYERS ARE IN THE 247 00:06:57,250 --> 00:06:59,419 RAINFOREST? 248 00:06:59,519 --> 00:07:00,887 HUDIBURG: SO THE RAINFORESTS 249 00:07:00,987 --> 00:07:02,222 ACTUALLY HAVE AN ADDITIONAL 250 00:07:02,322 --> 00:07:03,657 LAYER THAT WE DO NOT HAVE IN OUR 251 00:07:03,757 --> 00:07:05,125 FORESTS IN IDAHO. 252 00:07:05,225 --> 00:07:06,493 IT IS CALLED THE "EMERGENT 253 00:07:06,593 --> 00:07:07,694 LAYER." 254 00:07:07,794 --> 00:07:09,129 BUT ALL FORESTS HAVE THE 255 00:07:09,229 --> 00:07:10,664 OVERSTORY CANOPY LAYER, THE 256 00:07:10,764 --> 00:07:12,198 UNDERSTORY, AND THE FOREST 257 00:07:12,299 --> 00:07:13,566 FLOOR. 258 00:07:13,667 --> 00:07:14,935 SOPHIA: HI, MY NAME IS SOPHIA. 259 00:07:15,035 --> 00:07:16,269 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO 260 00:07:16,369 --> 00:07:18,772 FORESTS CLEAN WATER? 261 00:07:18,872 --> 00:07:21,241 JOHNSON: FORESTS CLEAN WATER IN 262 00:07:21,341 --> 00:07:23,810 ACTUALLY SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS. 263 00:07:23,910 --> 00:07:26,046 WHEN IT RAINS, THAT RAIN 264 00:07:26,146 --> 00:07:27,948 ACTUALLY FILTERS THROUGH THE 265 00:07:28,048 --> 00:07:29,616 CANOPY, WHICH IS WHERE THE 266 00:07:29,716 --> 00:07:31,251 LEAVES ARE, AND THAT'S ONE LEVEL 267 00:07:31,351 --> 00:07:32,886 OF FILTERING. 268 00:07:32,986 --> 00:07:35,088 AND THEN THE WATER CONTINUES ON, 269 00:07:35,188 --> 00:07:36,790 EITHER THROUGH THE CANOPY OR 270 00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:38,625 ALONG THE TRUNKS OF TREES, INTO 271 00:07:38,725 --> 00:07:40,961 THE SOIL AND THEN PERMEATES INTO 272 00:07:41,061 --> 00:07:42,495 THE SOIL, WHICH ACTS AS AN 273 00:07:42,595 --> 00:07:44,364 ADDITIONAL FILTER. 274 00:07:44,464 --> 00:07:46,433 AND THEN THE WATER GOES FROM 275 00:07:46,533 --> 00:07:47,801 THERE INTO THE GROUNDWATER OR 276 00:07:47,901 --> 00:07:49,235 INTO STREAMS. 277 00:07:49,336 --> 00:07:51,171 SO YOU HAVE ONE SET OF FILTERS 278 00:07:51,271 --> 00:07:52,806 IN THE CANOPY, AND THEN YOU HAVE 279 00:07:52,906 --> 00:07:54,941 ANOTHER SET OF FILTERS IN THE 280 00:07:55,041 --> 00:07:56,376 SOIL THAT ACTUALLY CLEAN THE 281 00:07:56,476 --> 00:07:57,510 WATER. 282 00:07:57,610 --> 00:07:59,279 WREN: HI, MY NAME IS WREN. 283 00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:01,381 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MANY 284 00:08:01,481 --> 00:08:03,583 NATIONAL FORESTS ARE THERE IN 285 00:08:03,683 --> 00:08:06,586 IDAHO? 286 00:08:06,686 --> 00:08:08,254 HUDIBURG: THERE ARE TEN NATIONAL 287 00:08:08,355 --> 00:08:09,923 FORESTS IN IDAHO. 288 00:08:10,023 --> 00:08:11,358 MANY OF THEM ARE IN NORTHERN 289 00:08:11,458 --> 00:08:13,793 IDAHO, IN THE PANHANDLE. 290 00:08:13,893 --> 00:08:15,362 THE CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST, 291 00:08:15,462 --> 00:08:18,365 THE ST. JOE NATIONAL FOREST. 292 00:08:18,465 --> 00:08:19,666 A LOT OF NATIONAL FORESTS IN 293 00:08:19,766 --> 00:08:21,201 IDAHO HAVE BEEN GETTING A LOT OF 294 00:08:21,301 --> 00:08:22,802 NATIONAL ATTENTION BECAUSE OF 295 00:08:22,902 --> 00:08:25,071 WILDFIRE IN FORESTS IN IDAHO, SO 296 00:08:25,171 --> 00:08:26,206 YOU'VE PROBABLY HEARD OF A LOT 297 00:08:26,306 --> 00:08:27,507 OF THEM. 298 00:08:27,607 --> 00:08:28,942 ANDY: MY NAME IS ANDY. 299 00:08:29,042 --> 00:08:31,511 AND I HAVE A QUESTION TO TAKE 300 00:08:31,611 --> 00:08:33,179 ABOUT THE FORESTS. 301 00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:34,714 ARE FOREST FIRES GOOD FOR THE 302 00:08:34,814 --> 00:08:36,883 FOREST? 303 00:08:36,983 --> 00:08:39,686 JOHNSON: WELL, IT DEPENDS. 304 00:08:39,786 --> 00:08:42,822 SO IF IT IS A VERY HOT, VERY 305 00:08:42,922 --> 00:08:44,591 SEVERE FOREST FIRE, THAT CAN 306 00:08:44,691 --> 00:08:46,526 ACTUALLY BE BAD FOR FORESTS 307 00:08:46,626 --> 00:08:48,294 BECAUSE IT CAN KILL ALL OF THE 308 00:08:48,395 --> 00:08:50,296 LIVING MATERIAL IN THE SOIL, AS 309 00:08:50,397 --> 00:08:52,999 WELL AS ALL THE TREES. 310 00:08:53,099 --> 00:08:54,934 BUT A MORE MILD, LESS SEVERE 311 00:08:55,035 --> 00:08:56,469 BURN CAN ACTUALLY BE VERY 312 00:08:56,569 --> 00:08:58,671 HEALTHY FOR FORESTS BECAUSE IT 313 00:08:58,772 --> 00:09:00,807 CAN REMOVE FUELS THAT MIGHT 314 00:09:00,907 --> 00:09:02,642 OTHERWISE LEAD TO A MORE SEVERE 315 00:09:02,742 --> 00:09:04,077 FOREST FIRE. 316 00:09:05,011 --> 00:09:08,581 (MUSIC) 317 00:09:09,749 --> 00:09:11,117 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE CANOPY OF A 318 00:09:11,217 --> 00:09:12,886 RAINFOREST CAN BE REALLY THICK. 319 00:09:12,986 --> 00:09:14,187 IT CAN TAKE A RAINDROP TEN 320 00:09:14,287 --> 00:09:15,688 MINUTES TO FALL FROM THE TOP OF 321 00:09:15,789 --> 00:09:16,923 THE CANOPY TO THE RAINFOREST 322 00:09:17,023 --> 00:09:18,124 FLOOR. 323 00:09:18,224 --> 00:09:19,492 AND THE RAINFORESTS IN THE 324 00:09:19,592 --> 00:09:20,994 AMAZON BASIN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 325 00:09:21,094 --> 00:09:22,729 A FIFTH OF OUR WORLD'S FRESH 326 00:09:22,829 --> 00:09:24,631 WATER SUPPLY. 327 00:09:25,398 --> 00:09:28,068 (MUSIC) 328 00:09:28,168 --> 00:09:29,335 KAYLA: MY NAME IS KAYLA. 329 00:09:29,436 --> 00:09:31,571 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT ARE ALL 330 00:09:31,671 --> 00:09:33,106 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL THAT 331 00:09:33,206 --> 00:09:35,108 ARE IN FORESTS? 332 00:09:35,208 --> 00:09:36,609 HUDIBURG: SO THERE ARE ACTUALLY 333 00:09:36,709 --> 00:09:38,344 MANY DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES THAT 334 00:09:38,445 --> 00:09:39,746 FORESTS GROW ON. 335 00:09:39,846 --> 00:09:41,614 IT REALLY DEPENDS ON WHERE THOSE 336 00:09:41,714 --> 00:09:43,016 FORESTS ARE LOCATED AND WHAT 337 00:09:43,116 --> 00:09:44,350 TYPE OF VEGETATION IS GROWING 338 00:09:44,451 --> 00:09:45,518 THERE. 339 00:09:45,618 --> 00:09:47,454 THE PARENT MATERIAL, WHICH IS 340 00:09:47,554 --> 00:09:49,222 WHAT IS AVAILABLE AS A SUBSTRATE 341 00:09:49,322 --> 00:09:51,324 TO FORM SOIL THAT TREES GROW ON 342 00:09:51,424 --> 00:09:52,926 IS WHAT KIND OF DETERMINES THE 343 00:09:53,026 --> 00:09:54,694 TYPE OF SOIL THAT WILL BE THERE. 344 00:09:54,794 --> 00:09:56,296 AT THE BEGINNING, IF IT HAS A 345 00:09:56,396 --> 00:09:57,530 LOT OF SAND, IT WILL BE A SANDY 346 00:09:57,630 --> 00:09:58,431 SOIL. 347 00:09:58,531 --> 00:09:59,866 IF IT HAS A LOT OF CLAY, IT WILL 348 00:09:59,966 --> 00:10:01,301 BE A CLAY SOIL. 349 00:10:01,401 --> 00:10:02,769 BUT THESE TYPES OF SOILS AFFECT 350 00:10:02,869 --> 00:10:04,170 HOW MUCH NUTRITION OR NUTRIENT 351 00:10:04,270 --> 00:10:05,638 CONTENT THERE CAN BE IN THE 352 00:10:05,738 --> 00:10:06,573 SOIL. 353 00:10:06,673 --> 00:10:07,774 AND PLANTS NEED NUTRIENTS TO 354 00:10:07,874 --> 00:10:08,842 GROW. 355 00:10:08,942 --> 00:10:10,176 TREES NEED NUTRIENTS TO GROW. 356 00:10:10,276 --> 00:10:11,444 THEY NEED NITROGEN, AND THEY 357 00:10:11,544 --> 00:10:12,745 NEED PHOSPHORUS. 358 00:10:12,846 --> 00:10:14,147 IN GENERAL, WHAT WE REFER TO AS 359 00:10:14,247 --> 00:10:15,782 NUTRIENTRICH SOILS ARE THE SOILS 360 00:10:15,882 --> 00:10:16,883 THAT TEND TO BE UNDER 361 00:10:16,983 --> 00:10:18,184 AGRICULTURE; THAT'S WHY WE GROW 362 00:10:18,284 --> 00:10:19,452 CROPS THERE. 363 00:10:19,552 --> 00:10:20,787 BUT NORTHERN FORESTS, LIKE THE 364 00:10:20,887 --> 00:10:22,322 TEMPERATE FORESTS, THE BOREAL 365 00:10:22,422 --> 00:10:23,556 FORESTS HAVE HIGHER NUTRITION 366 00:10:23,656 --> 00:10:24,724 CONTENT OR HIGHER NUTRIENT 367 00:10:24,824 --> 00:10:25,992 CONTENT, IN GENERAL, THAN 368 00:10:26,092 --> 00:10:27,260 TROPICAL FORESTS. 369 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:28,461 TROPICAL FORESTS ACTUALLY ARE 370 00:10:28,561 --> 00:10:30,530 VERY NUTRIENTPOOR SOILS. 371 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:32,432 LEXI: HI, MY NAME IS LEXI. 372 00:10:32,532 --> 00:10:33,867 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE 373 00:10:33,967 --> 00:10:36,569 TREELINE? 374 00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:38,805 JOHNSON: SO TREELINE IS THE 375 00:10:38,905 --> 00:10:41,374 POINT AT WHICH TREES STOP 376 00:10:41,474 --> 00:10:43,276 GROWING, OR THERE ARE NO MORE 377 00:10:43,376 --> 00:10:45,979 TREELIKE GROWTH FORMS. 378 00:10:46,079 --> 00:10:48,548 SO THERE'S A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES. 379 00:10:48,648 --> 00:10:50,717 SO AS YOU MOVE HIGHER ON A 380 00:10:50,817 --> 00:10:52,986 MOUNTAIN, IN TERMS OF ALTITUDE, 381 00:10:53,086 --> 00:10:54,654 YOU WILL NOTICE AN ALTITUDE 382 00:10:54,754 --> 00:10:56,623 WHERE TREES STOP GROWING, AND WE 383 00:10:56,723 --> 00:10:58,024 CALL THAT THE "HIGHALTITUDE 384 00:10:58,124 --> 00:10:59,792 TREELINE." 385 00:10:59,893 --> 00:11:01,661 ALSO AS YOU MOVE HIGHER IN 386 00:11:01,761 --> 00:11:03,496 LATITUDE, MOVE FURTHER NORTH, 387 00:11:03,596 --> 00:11:06,099 THERE'S ALSO A HIGHLATITUDE 388 00:11:06,199 --> 00:11:07,233 TREELINE. 389 00:11:07,333 --> 00:11:08,601 SO YOU CAN HAVE EITHER 390 00:11:08,701 --> 00:11:09,802 ALTITUDINAL OR LATITUDINAL 391 00:11:09,903 --> 00:11:11,337 TREELINE. 392 00:11:11,437 --> 00:11:13,039 VARIN: HI, MY NAME IS VARIN. 393 00:11:13,139 --> 00:11:14,307 AND I HAVE A QUESTION FOR THE 394 00:11:14,407 --> 00:11:15,375 FOREST. 395 00:11:15,475 --> 00:11:16,709 WHY DO PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES 396 00:11:16,809 --> 00:11:18,945 FROM THE FOREST? 397 00:11:19,045 --> 00:11:20,146 HUDIBURG: PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES 398 00:11:20,246 --> 00:11:22,315 MOSTLY FOR WOOD. 399 00:11:22,415 --> 00:11:24,250 WE DEPEND ON WOOD PRODUCTS FOR 400 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:26,519 OUR HOUSES, FOR PAPER, AND MANY 401 00:11:26,619 --> 00:11:28,421 OTHER THINGS. 402 00:11:28,521 --> 00:11:29,822 ACTUALLY, THE WOOD PRODUCTS 403 00:11:29,923 --> 00:11:31,691 INDUSTRY HAS EXPANDED INTO 404 00:11:31,791 --> 00:11:34,661 GLUES, RESINS, AND MANY OTHER 405 00:11:34,761 --> 00:11:36,563 TYPES OF THINGS. 406 00:11:36,663 --> 00:11:37,897 SOMETIMES PEOPLE CUT DOWN TREES, 407 00:11:37,997 --> 00:11:39,098 THOUGH, JUST FOR LAND 408 00:11:39,199 --> 00:11:40,767 CONVERSION, SO TO GROW CROPS FOR 409 00:11:40,867 --> 00:11:42,101 FOOD. 410 00:11:42,202 --> 00:11:44,871 THE RATE OF FOREST HARVEST HAS 411 00:11:44,971 --> 00:11:46,339 BOTH INCREASED AND DECREASED, 412 00:11:46,439 --> 00:11:47,674 DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE IN 413 00:11:47,774 --> 00:11:48,975 THE WORLD. 414 00:11:49,075 --> 00:11:50,343 IN THE US IT'S REMAINED 415 00:11:50,443 --> 00:11:51,811 RELATIVELY CONSTANT OVER THE 416 00:11:51,911 --> 00:11:53,546 LAST COUPLE OF DECADES. 417 00:11:53,646 --> 00:11:55,114 MICHAEL: HI, MY NAME IS MICHAEL. 418 00:11:55,215 --> 00:11:56,482 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT ARE THE 419 00:11:56,583 --> 00:11:57,951 EFFECTS CLIMATE CHANGE HAS ON 420 00:11:58,051 --> 00:11:59,652 NATIONAL FORESTS? 421 00:11:59,752 --> 00:12:01,154 JOHNSON: SO THE EFFECT OF 422 00:12:01,254 --> 00:12:03,456 CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTS 423 00:12:03,556 --> 00:12:06,226 DIFFERS DEPENDING ON THE AREA 424 00:12:06,326 --> 00:12:07,961 WHERE THE FOREST IS. 425 00:12:08,061 --> 00:12:09,762 SO IN SOME PLACES CLIMATES ARE 426 00:12:09,862 --> 00:12:11,331 GETTING DRIER, WHICH WOULD HAVE 427 00:12:11,431 --> 00:12:12,665 A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE 428 00:12:12,765 --> 00:12:14,067 FORESTS, SO THEY WOULD GROW MORE 429 00:12:14,167 --> 00:12:15,468 SLOWLY. 430 00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:16,970 IN SOME PLACES CLIMATES ARE 431 00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:18,638 GETTING WETTER, WHICH MIGHT HAVE 432 00:12:18,738 --> 00:12:21,107 A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE 433 00:12:21,207 --> 00:12:24,010 FORESTS; THEY COULD GROW FASTER. 434 00:12:24,110 --> 00:12:25,645 AND LIKEWISE, SOME PLACES ARE 435 00:12:25,745 --> 00:12:27,180 GETTING WARMER, AND SOME PLACES 436 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:28,681 ARE GETTING COOLER. 437 00:12:28,781 --> 00:12:30,483 SO THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 438 00:12:30,583 --> 00:12:32,785 ON THE FORESTS IS DIFFERENT 439 00:12:32,885 --> 00:12:34,554 DEPENDING ON REGION. 440 00:12:34,654 --> 00:12:37,991 AND I THINK A LOT OF IT IS WE'RE 441 00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:39,592 REALLY UNCERTAIN. 442 00:12:39,692 --> 00:12:41,227 WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT'S 443 00:12:41,327 --> 00:12:42,762 GOING TO HAPPEN, AND SO SOME OF 444 00:12:42,862 --> 00:12:45,131 IT'S A LITTLE BIT UNPREDICTABLE. 445 00:12:45,231 --> 00:12:47,233 HUDIBURG: AND ANOTHER THING THAT 446 00:12:47,333 --> 00:12:49,235 CLIMATE CHANGE IS CHANGING IS 447 00:12:49,335 --> 00:12:51,104 THE DISTURBANCE REGIMES. 448 00:12:51,204 --> 00:12:53,773 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT FIRE A LOT 449 00:12:53,873 --> 00:12:55,141 BEING A PART OF DISTURBANCE 450 00:12:55,241 --> 00:12:56,876 REGIMES IN FORESTS. 451 00:12:56,976 --> 00:12:58,478 AND CLIMATE CHANGE MAY BE 452 00:12:58,578 --> 00:12:59,812 INCREASING THE ACTIVITY OF FIRE 453 00:12:59,912 --> 00:13:01,447 IN FORESTS, AND THAT'S OBVIOUSLY 454 00:13:01,547 --> 00:13:02,982 GOING TO AFFECT FOREST GROWTH 455 00:13:03,082 --> 00:13:04,684 BECAUSE IT WILL KILL SOME OF THE 456 00:13:04,784 --> 00:13:06,986 TREES AND THEY CAN NO LONGER 457 00:13:07,086 --> 00:13:08,021 GROW. 458 00:13:08,121 --> 00:13:09,756 THERE ARE ALSO INSECT PATHOGENS, 459 00:13:09,856 --> 00:13:11,858 LIKE BEETLES, THAT MAY BE HAVING 460 00:13:11,958 --> 00:13:15,128 POPULATION INCREASES, WHICH, IF 461 00:13:15,228 --> 00:13:17,964 YOU THINK ABOUT ANY PREDATOR, IF 462 00:13:18,064 --> 00:13:19,399 YOU THINK ABOUT BEETLES BEING A 463 00:13:19,499 --> 00:13:21,200 PREDATOR OF TREES, IF YOU HAVE 464 00:13:21,301 --> 00:13:22,268 AN INCREASED PREDATOR 465 00:13:22,368 --> 00:13:23,569 POPULATION, YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE 466 00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:25,438 INCREASED MORTALITY OF THE PREY, 467 00:13:25,538 --> 00:13:26,973 IN THIS CASE, THE TREES. 468 00:13:27,073 --> 00:13:28,608 AND BEETLES ARE FAVORING THE 469 00:13:28,708 --> 00:13:30,276 WARMER CLIMATES THAT WE'RE 470 00:13:30,376 --> 00:13:32,145 GETTING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE. 471 00:13:33,012 --> 00:13:34,814 (MUSIC) 472 00:13:35,882 --> 00:13:36,916 CARTAN-HANSEN: TREES ARE THE 473 00:13:37,016 --> 00:13:38,618 MOST IMPORTANT PART OF A FOREST, 474 00:13:38,718 --> 00:13:40,019 SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE 475 00:13:40,119 --> 00:13:42,655 ABOUT THESE AMAZING PLANTS. 476 00:13:42,755 --> 00:13:43,790 STUDENT: "WHAT IS THE OLDEST 477 00:13:43,890 --> 00:13:45,591 THING ON EARTH?" 478 00:13:45,692 --> 00:13:48,027 "WHAT'S THE HEAVIEST?" 479 00:13:48,127 --> 00:13:49,929 "WHAT'S THE TALLEST?" 480 00:13:50,029 --> 00:13:52,598 "IT'S A TREE." 481 00:13:52,699 --> 00:13:53,766 CARTAN-HANSEN: A TREE IS A 482 00:13:53,866 --> 00:13:55,001 PLANT. 483 00:13:55,101 --> 00:13:56,569 IT'S A SPECIAL KIND OF PLANT 484 00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:58,071 BECAUSE IT BUILDS UP STRENGTH BY 485 00:13:58,171 --> 00:13:59,539 PRODUCING WOOD. 486 00:13:59,639 --> 00:14:01,674 TREES HAVE FIVE BASIC PARTS: THE 487 00:14:01,774 --> 00:14:04,310 ROOTS, THE TRUNK, THE BRANCHES, 488 00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:06,112 THE LEAVES, AND THE FLOWERS OR 489 00:14:06,212 --> 00:14:08,281 SEEDS. 490 00:14:08,381 --> 00:14:09,816 STUDENT: "ROOTS ARE WHAT TREES 491 00:14:09,916 --> 00:14:11,217 USE TO COLLECT WATER AND 492 00:14:11,317 --> 00:14:12,652 NUTRIENTS. 493 00:14:12,752 --> 00:14:14,287 THEY ALSO SPREAD OUT TO KEEP THE 494 00:14:14,387 --> 00:14:16,723 TREE STANDING UPRIGHT." 495 00:14:16,823 --> 00:14:18,191 STUDENT: "ROOTS FROM A 496 00:14:18,291 --> 00:14:19,826 150 FOOT TALL TREE STRETCH UNDER 497 00:14:19,926 --> 00:14:21,594 THE EARTH FOR THE AREA THE SIZE 498 00:14:21,694 --> 00:14:23,930 OF A SOCCER FIELD." 499 00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:25,498 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE TRUNK IS THE 500 00:14:25,598 --> 00:14:26,966 TREE'S SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT 501 00:14:27,066 --> 00:14:28,000 SYSTEM. 502 00:14:28,101 --> 00:14:29,502 THE CENTER PART OF THE TRUNK IS 503 00:14:29,602 --> 00:14:31,037 CALLED THE "HEARTWOOD," THE 504 00:14:31,137 --> 00:14:32,805 SUPPORTING PILLAR OF THE TREE. 505 00:14:32,905 --> 00:14:34,941 IT'S MADE UP OF DEAD CELLS. 506 00:14:35,041 --> 00:14:37,043 THE NEXT LAYER IS THE "SAPWOOD." 507 00:14:37,143 --> 00:14:38,344 IT CONTAINS A SYSTEM OF TUBES, 508 00:14:38,444 --> 00:14:39,979 LIKE STRAWS. 509 00:14:40,079 --> 00:14:41,347 IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND 510 00:14:41,447 --> 00:14:42,782 NUTRIENTS FROM THE ROOTS THROUGH 511 00:14:42,882 --> 00:14:44,117 TO THE LEAVES AND THE OTHER 512 00:14:44,217 --> 00:14:45,551 PARTS OF THE TREE. 513 00:14:45,651 --> 00:14:47,620 THE NEXT LAYER IS THE "CAMBIUM." 514 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:49,088 IT MAKES NEW SAPWOOD AND NEW 515 00:14:49,188 --> 00:14:50,757 BARK EACH YEAR, ALLOWING THE 516 00:14:50,857 --> 00:14:53,393 TREE TO GROW WIDER. 517 00:14:53,493 --> 00:14:54,961 THE OUTSIDE LAYER IS THE TREE'S 518 00:14:55,061 --> 00:14:56,195 "BARK." 519 00:14:56,295 --> 00:14:57,630 THE OUTER BARK PROTECTS AND 520 00:14:57,730 --> 00:14:59,198 INSULATES THE TREE. 521 00:14:59,298 --> 00:15:01,067 THE INNER BARK OR "PHLOEM," 522 00:15:01,167 --> 00:15:02,702 CARRIES SAP FULL OF SUGAR FROM 523 00:15:02,802 --> 00:15:04,604 LEAVES TO THE REST OF THE TREE. 524 00:15:04,704 --> 00:15:05,972 BARK VARIES A LOT FROM TYPE OF 525 00:15:06,072 --> 00:15:07,573 TREE TO TYPE OF TREE. 526 00:15:07,673 --> 00:15:09,509 SOME OF IT IS SO UNIQUE THAT YOU 527 00:15:09,609 --> 00:15:11,110 CAN IDENTIFY THE TREE JUST BY 528 00:15:11,210 --> 00:15:13,679 LOOKING AT THE BARK. 529 00:15:13,780 --> 00:15:15,081 STUDENT: "YOU CAN TELL HOW OLD 530 00:15:15,181 --> 00:15:16,682 THE TREE IS BY LOOKING AT ITS 531 00:15:16,783 --> 00:15:18,584 TRUNK. 532 00:15:18,684 --> 00:15:20,219 EVERY YEAR A TREE GROWS IT ADDS 533 00:15:20,319 --> 00:15:22,922 A NEW GROWTH RING. 534 00:15:23,022 --> 00:15:24,323 COUNT THE RINGS AND YOU KNOW HOW 535 00:15:24,424 --> 00:15:26,793 OLD THE TREE IS." 536 00:15:26,893 --> 00:15:28,227 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE WAY A TREE 537 00:15:28,327 --> 00:15:29,796 SPREADS ITS BRANCHES DEPENDS 538 00:15:29,896 --> 00:15:31,264 UPON ITS SPECIES. 539 00:15:31,364 --> 00:15:32,899 TREES REACH OUT TO EXPOSE THEIR 540 00:15:32,999 --> 00:15:34,434 LEAVES TO THE SUN. 541 00:15:34,534 --> 00:15:35,902 TOGETHER THE BRANCHES AND THE 542 00:15:36,002 --> 00:15:37,203 LEAVES OR NEEDLES MAKE UP THE 543 00:15:37,303 --> 00:15:38,704 TREE'S CANOPY. 544 00:15:38,805 --> 00:15:41,674 AND LIKE YOU, TREES NEED FOOD, 545 00:15:41,774 --> 00:15:42,909 EXCEPT THAT TREES MAKE THEIR OWN 546 00:15:43,009 --> 00:15:45,244 FOOD. 547 00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:46,446 THEY USE A PROCESS CALLED 548 00:15:46,546 --> 00:15:48,514 "PHOTOSYNTHESIS." 549 00:15:48,614 --> 00:15:49,982 WATER AND NUTRIENTS ARE SENT UP 550 00:15:50,082 --> 00:15:51,751 FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES. 551 00:15:51,851 --> 00:15:53,219 THE LEAVES TAKE IN CARBON 552 00:15:53,319 --> 00:15:54,754 DIOXIDE FROM THE AIR. 553 00:15:54,854 --> 00:15:56,589 USING ENERGY FROM THE SUN, THE 554 00:15:56,689 --> 00:15:57,957 LEAVES COMBINE THE WATER AND THE 555 00:15:58,057 --> 00:15:59,459 CARBON DIOXIDE TO MAKE SUGARS 556 00:15:59,559 --> 00:16:01,360 THAT THE TREE USES TO FEED 557 00:16:01,461 --> 00:16:02,562 ITSELF. 558 00:16:02,662 --> 00:16:04,163 AND IN THE PROCESS THE LEAVES 559 00:16:04,263 --> 00:16:05,798 RELEASE OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOR 560 00:16:05,898 --> 00:16:07,600 INTO THE AIR. 561 00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:09,869 TREES ALSO PRODUCE SEEDS. 562 00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:11,404 MANY TREES PRODUCE A FLOWER 563 00:16:11,504 --> 00:16:12,672 THAT'S POLLINATED AND GROWS 564 00:16:12,772 --> 00:16:14,040 SEED. 565 00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:15,575 BUT SOME TREES PRODUCE THE FRUIT 566 00:16:15,675 --> 00:16:17,743 WE EAT, LIKE APPLES AND PEARS. 567 00:16:17,844 --> 00:16:19,111 THEIR SEEDS ARE PROTECTED INSIDE 568 00:16:19,212 --> 00:16:21,147 THEIR FRUIT. 569 00:16:21,247 --> 00:16:23,182 STUDENT: "A PINECONE IS A KIND 570 00:16:23,282 --> 00:16:24,717 OF FRUIT. 571 00:16:24,817 --> 00:16:26,619 IT CONTAINS A PINE TREE'S 572 00:16:26,719 --> 00:16:28,454 SEEDS." 573 00:16:28,554 --> 00:16:30,089 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE SEEDS ARE 574 00:16:30,189 --> 00:16:31,491 DISPERSED BY THE WIND OR OTHER 575 00:16:31,591 --> 00:16:32,992 ANIMALS, TAKE ROOT ON THE GROUND 576 00:16:33,092 --> 00:16:34,894 AND START GROWING A NEW TREE. 577 00:16:34,994 --> 00:16:36,762 THERE ARE TWO BASIC KINDS OF 578 00:16:36,863 --> 00:16:39,499 TREES: BROADLEAF AND CONIFER. 579 00:16:39,599 --> 00:16:41,133 BROADLEAF, OR SOMETIMES CALLED 580 00:16:41,234 --> 00:16:43,402 "DECIDUOUS" TREES, HAVE LEAVES 581 00:16:43,503 --> 00:16:44,904 THAT BUD OUT IN THE SPRING AND 582 00:16:45,004 --> 00:16:46,472 GROW FULL AND LUSH IN THE 583 00:16:46,572 --> 00:16:47,573 SUMMER. 584 00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:49,108 THEN THE LEAVES TURN COLOR IN 585 00:16:49,208 --> 00:16:50,443 THE AUTUMN AND DROP TO THE 586 00:16:50,543 --> 00:16:51,711 GROUND. 587 00:16:51,811 --> 00:16:53,346 ALMOST ALL CONIFER TREES HAVE 588 00:16:53,446 --> 00:16:54,580 DARKGREEN NEEDLES THAT STAY ON 589 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:57,250 YEARROUND. 590 00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:58,684 CONIFER TREES BASICALLY HAVE TWO 591 00:16:58,784 --> 00:17:01,087 KINDS OF NEEDLES. 592 00:17:01,187 --> 00:17:02,622 SOME HAVE SHORT NEEDLES THAT 593 00:17:02,722 --> 00:17:04,257 LOOK AND KIND OF FEEL LIKE 594 00:17:04,357 --> 00:17:05,658 COMBS. 595 00:17:05,758 --> 00:17:07,260 AND OTHERS HAVE LONG NEEDLES 596 00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:09,996 THAT COME IN BUNDLES. 597 00:17:10,096 --> 00:17:11,297 STUDENT: "AND ONE KIND OF 598 00:17:11,397 --> 00:17:12,598 CONIFER TREE DOES CHANGE COLOR 599 00:17:12,698 --> 00:17:14,000 IN THE FALL. 600 00:17:14,100 --> 00:17:15,434 TAMARACKS TURN A BEAUTIFUL 601 00:17:15,535 --> 00:17:16,802 YELLOW AND THEN GO BACK TO GREEN 602 00:17:16,903 --> 00:17:18,537 IN THE SPRING." 603 00:17:18,638 --> 00:17:20,006 CARTAN-HANSEN: TREES PLAY AN 604 00:17:20,106 --> 00:17:21,340 IMPORTANT PART IN THE 605 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:22,842 ENVIRONMENT AND IN OUR LIVES. 606 00:17:22,942 --> 00:17:24,210 THEY SHADE OUR HOMES, PROTECT 607 00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:25,645 OUR SOIL, AND GIVE ANIMALS AND 608 00:17:25,745 --> 00:17:27,179 PEOPLE A PLACE TO LIVE. 609 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:29,415 WE GET PAPER, LUMBER, MEDICINE, 610 00:17:29,515 --> 00:17:31,150 FRUIT, NUTS, EVEN MAPLE SYRUP 611 00:17:31,250 --> 00:17:33,419 FROM TREES. 612 00:17:33,519 --> 00:17:34,987 AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES, LIKE 613 00:17:35,087 --> 00:17:36,889 AIR POLLUTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, 614 00:17:36,989 --> 00:17:39,125 DEFORESTATION, AND OVERCROWDING 615 00:17:39,225 --> 00:17:42,161 CAN HARM TREES AND FORESTS. 616 00:17:42,261 --> 00:17:43,696 TREES ARE VERY GOOD AT ADAPTING 617 00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:45,498 TO THE LAND AROUND THEM. 618 00:17:45,598 --> 00:17:46,933 THEY CAN OUTLIVE ALL OTHER 619 00:17:47,033 --> 00:17:48,434 LIVING THINGS. 620 00:17:48,534 --> 00:17:50,169 BUT WE HUMANS NEED TO MAKE SURE 621 00:17:50,269 --> 00:17:51,837 WE PROTECT THE AIR, WATER, AND 622 00:17:51,938 --> 00:17:54,140 SOIL SO TREES CAN GROW. 623 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:55,608 AND WE NEED TO PLANT TREES AND 624 00:17:55,708 --> 00:17:56,943 TAKE CARE OF OUR FORESTS TO 625 00:17:57,043 --> 00:17:58,511 IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT. 626 00:17:58,611 --> 00:18:00,179 TREES ARE ESSENTIAL TO ALL OF 627 00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:02,248 US. 628 00:18:03,082 --> 00:18:07,687 (MUSIC) 629 00:18:07,787 --> 00:18:11,324 NOAH: MY NAME IS NOAH. 630 00:18:11,424 --> 00:18:13,059 MY QUESTION IS WHAT'S THE 631 00:18:13,159 --> 00:18:15,294 BIGGEST FOREST? 632 00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:16,629 HUDIBURG: WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 633 00:18:16,729 --> 00:18:18,431 FORESTS AND WE TALK ABOUT FOREST 634 00:18:18,531 --> 00:18:20,099 TYPES, WE TALK ABOUT BIOMES. 635 00:18:20,199 --> 00:18:21,534 THE BOREAL BIOME OR THE TAIGA 636 00:18:21,634 --> 00:18:23,269 FOREST IS ANOTHER WORD FOR IT IN 637 00:18:23,369 --> 00:18:25,137 THE NORTHERN LATITUDES ON THE 638 00:18:25,237 --> 00:18:28,908 PLANET, IN RUSSIA AND CANADA, 639 00:18:29,008 --> 00:18:30,376 THOSE ARE THE LARGEST FORESTS IN 640 00:18:30,476 --> 00:18:31,844 TERMS OF FOREST TYPE. 641 00:18:31,944 --> 00:18:33,379 AND I BELIEVE THE ACTUAL LARGEST 642 00:18:33,479 --> 00:18:34,947 ONE IS THE ONE IN RUSSIA, NEAR 643 00:18:35,047 --> 00:18:36,782 SIBERIA. 644 00:18:36,882 --> 00:18:38,217 HUNTER: HI, MY NAME IS HUNTER. 645 00:18:38,317 --> 00:18:39,752 AND THE QUESTION IS WHAT CAN 646 00:18:39,852 --> 00:18:41,554 KILL FORESTS? 647 00:18:41,654 --> 00:18:42,922 JOHNSON: THERE ARE A LOT OF 648 00:18:43,022 --> 00:18:44,690 THINGS THAT CAN KILL A FOREST. 649 00:18:44,790 --> 00:18:46,325 FOR EXAMPLE, AN EXTREME WILDFIRE 650 00:18:46,425 --> 00:18:48,027 CAN KILL A FOREST, AN EXTREME 651 00:18:48,127 --> 00:18:50,997 DROUGHT, AN INSECT OUTBREAK, OR 652 00:18:51,097 --> 00:18:52,865 EVEN AN EXTREME HEAT WAVE, ALL 653 00:18:52,965 --> 00:18:55,167 THOSE THINGS CAN KILL A FOREST; 654 00:18:55,267 --> 00:18:56,636 AS WELL AS HUMANS CAN KILL 655 00:18:56,736 --> 00:18:57,903 FORESTS. 656 00:18:58,004 --> 00:18:59,505 AND WE HAVE DONE THIS IN THE 657 00:18:59,605 --> 00:19:01,374 PAST, WHERE WE HAVE REMOVED 658 00:19:01,474 --> 00:19:03,876 FOREST FOR AGRICULTURE USE. 659 00:19:03,976 --> 00:19:05,711 KRIS: HI, MY NAME IS KRIS. 660 00:19:05,811 --> 00:19:07,179 ARE FORESTS JUST IN THE 661 00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:08,881 MOUNTAINS? 662 00:19:08,981 --> 00:19:10,316 JOHNSON: FORESTS ARE NOT JUST IN 663 00:19:10,416 --> 00:19:11,817 THE MOUNTAINS. 664 00:19:11,917 --> 00:19:13,285 ACTUALLY, THEY OCCUR IN LOWLYING 665 00:19:13,386 --> 00:19:14,720 AREAS. 666 00:19:14,820 --> 00:19:16,422 THEY OCCUR IN RIVER BOTTOMS. 667 00:19:16,522 --> 00:19:20,059 THEY OCCUR AT MIDELEVATIONS, AND 668 00:19:20,159 --> 00:19:21,961 IN MOUNTAINS, AS WELL. 669 00:19:22,061 --> 00:19:23,562 SO YOU ACTUALLY FIND FORESTS IN 670 00:19:23,663 --> 00:19:25,064 ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND 671 00:19:25,164 --> 00:19:26,899 FORMS. 672 00:19:26,999 --> 00:19:28,701 HUDIBURG: FORESTS COVER ABOUT 30 673 00:19:28,801 --> 00:19:30,469 PERCENT OF THE PLANET, THE 674 00:19:30,569 --> 00:19:32,238 TERRESTRIAL LAND MASS, ACTUALLY 675 00:19:32,338 --> 00:19:34,173 BOTH IN THE US AND GLOBALLY, 676 00:19:34,273 --> 00:19:36,542 WHICH IS INTERESTING. 677 00:19:36,642 --> 00:19:38,477 BUT THEY USED TO COVER 60 678 00:19:38,577 --> 00:19:41,047 PERCENT, SO, HISTORICALLY, WE'VE 679 00:19:41,147 --> 00:19:42,882 REMOVED ABOUT HALF THE FOREST 680 00:19:42,982 --> 00:19:44,417 COVER IN THE LAST COUPLE HUNDRED 681 00:19:44,517 --> 00:19:46,719 YEARS FROM THE GLOBE. 682 00:19:46,819 --> 00:19:48,788 THEY COULD BE IN MANY MORE 683 00:19:48,888 --> 00:19:51,390 PLACES THAN WHERE THEY ARE NOW. 684 00:19:51,490 --> 00:19:53,059 WILLIAM: HI, MY NAME IS WILLIAM. 685 00:19:53,159 --> 00:19:54,460 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW MUCH 686 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:57,630 OXYGEN DOES A TREE PRODUCE? 687 00:19:57,730 --> 00:20:00,166 JOHNSON: SO TREES PRODUCE OXYGEN 688 00:20:00,266 --> 00:20:02,068 BY TAKING CARBON DIOXIDE AND 689 00:20:02,168 --> 00:20:04,570 SUNLIGHT AND FORMING SUGAR AND 690 00:20:04,670 --> 00:20:07,773 PRODUCING OXYGEN AS A BYPRODUCT. 691 00:20:07,873 --> 00:20:10,009 SORT OF LIKE WHEN YOU AND I 692 00:20:10,109 --> 00:20:11,777 BREATHE, WE CONSUME OXYGEN AND 693 00:20:11,877 --> 00:20:13,512 RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE AS A 694 00:20:13,612 --> 00:20:15,247 BYPRODUCT. 695 00:20:15,347 --> 00:20:17,049 SO ONE MATURE TREE CAN PROVIDE 696 00:20:17,149 --> 00:20:18,851 ABOUT ENOUGH OXYGEN FOR TEN 697 00:20:18,951 --> 00:20:21,387 PEOPLE TO BREATHE. 698 00:20:21,487 --> 00:20:23,022 COOPER: HI, MY NAME IS COOPER. 699 00:20:23,122 --> 00:20:24,623 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW LONG DOES 700 00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:26,258 IT TAKE FOR THE AVERAGE TREE TO 701 00:20:26,358 --> 00:20:27,860 GROW? 702 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:31,130 HUDIBURG: SO TREES GROW AT 703 00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:33,065 DIFFERENT RATES, DEPENDING ON 704 00:20:33,165 --> 00:20:34,633 WHAT TYPE OF FOREST OR WHAT 705 00:20:34,734 --> 00:20:36,535 SPECIES THEY ARE. 706 00:20:36,635 --> 00:20:38,270 EVEN IN IDAHO WE HAVE DIFFERENT 707 00:20:38,370 --> 00:20:39,805 GROWTH RATES FOR OUR CONIFER 708 00:20:39,905 --> 00:20:43,175 SPECIES OR OUR EVERGREEN TREES. 709 00:20:43,275 --> 00:20:45,911 IF YOU COMPARE GROWTH RATES IN 710 00:20:46,011 --> 00:20:48,514 IDAHO TO GROWTH RATES IN OREGON, 711 00:20:48,614 --> 00:20:50,182 LET'S SAY, LIKE ON THE COAST 712 00:20:50,282 --> 00:20:51,584 RANGE, WHERE THE TEMPERATE 713 00:20:51,684 --> 00:20:53,185 RAINFORESTS ARE, IN THE 714 00:20:53,285 --> 00:20:54,787 TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS A DOUGLAS 715 00:20:54,887 --> 00:20:56,689 FIR TREE REACHES ITS MAXIMUM 716 00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:59,024 GROWTH RATE AND STARTS TO SLOW 717 00:20:59,125 --> 00:21:01,026 DOWN AFTER THAT AT ABOUT 55 TO 718 00:21:01,127 --> 00:21:03,529 60 YEARS OR EVEN 50 TO 60 YEARS; 719 00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:05,598 WHEREAS, IN IDAHO THAT SAME 720 00:21:05,698 --> 00:21:07,233 SPECIES WOULD TAKE AROUND 70 TO 721 00:21:07,333 --> 00:21:09,535 80 YEARS TO REACH ITS MAXIMUM 722 00:21:09,635 --> 00:21:11,871 KIND OF GROWTH RATE. 723 00:21:11,971 --> 00:21:13,439 AND IT'S EVEN MORE DIFFERENT IF 724 00:21:13,539 --> 00:21:15,407 YOU GO TO THE SOUTHEAST WHERE 725 00:21:15,508 --> 00:21:17,076 THERE'S A LONGER GROWING SEASON 726 00:21:17,176 --> 00:21:18,778 THAT IS MORE FAVORABLE, AND IT'S 727 00:21:18,878 --> 00:21:20,246 ALSO MORE FAVORABLE WITHIN THE 728 00:21:20,346 --> 00:21:22,381 GROWING SEASON, WHERE LIKE THE 729 00:21:22,481 --> 00:21:24,216 [INDISCERNIBLE] PINE TREE CAN 730 00:21:24,316 --> 00:21:26,018 REACH ITS MAXIMUM GROWTH AT 30 731 00:21:26,118 --> 00:21:27,853 YEARS' TIME. 732 00:21:27,953 --> 00:21:29,288 CARTAN-HANSEN: WHY DID YOU WANT 733 00:21:29,388 --> 00:21:31,257 TO STUDY ABOUT FORESTS? 734 00:21:31,357 --> 00:21:33,492 JOHNSON: I GREW UP IN THE 735 00:21:33,592 --> 00:21:35,261 EASTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY, IN 736 00:21:35,361 --> 00:21:39,532 THE FOOTHILLS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 737 00:21:39,632 --> 00:21:41,467 AND AROUND THE HOUSE THAT I GREW 738 00:21:41,567 --> 00:21:43,302 UP IN THERE WERE SEVERAL 739 00:21:43,402 --> 00:21:45,771 THOUSAND ACRES OF FOREST, AND SO 740 00:21:45,871 --> 00:21:47,239 THAT'S WHERE I SPENT MOST OF MY 741 00:21:47,339 --> 00:21:49,441 TIME AS A KID. 742 00:21:49,542 --> 00:21:51,110 AND, YOU KNOW, EVEN EARLY ON I 743 00:21:51,210 --> 00:21:52,611 REALIZED THAT AS I MOVED FROM 744 00:21:52,711 --> 00:21:54,013 ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER IN THE 745 00:21:54,113 --> 00:21:57,116 FOREST, THE TREE TYPES OR THE 746 00:21:57,216 --> 00:21:59,018 SPECIES CHANGED. 747 00:21:59,118 --> 00:22:00,753 AND SO AS I GOT OLDER, I 748 00:22:00,853 --> 00:22:02,755 REALIZED THAT THAT WAS SOMETHING 749 00:22:02,855 --> 00:22:05,024 THAT I WAS INTERESTED IN 750 00:22:05,124 --> 00:22:07,059 FIGURING OUT MORE ABOUT, WHICH 751 00:22:07,159 --> 00:22:08,627 IS WHY DO SOME SPECIES LIVE HERE 752 00:22:08,727 --> 00:22:12,131 AND NOT THERE. 753 00:22:12,231 --> 00:22:14,200 AND SO THAT'S WHAT LED TO WHAT I 754 00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:16,836 CURRENTLY DO, WHICH IS I STUDY 755 00:22:16,936 --> 00:22:20,139 HOW DIFFERENT STRESSORS SHAPE 756 00:22:20,239 --> 00:22:23,008 DIFFERENT PLANT COMMUNITIES OR 757 00:22:23,108 --> 00:22:24,743 EXACTLY WHY A PLANT GROWS HERE 758 00:22:24,844 --> 00:22:26,512 AND NOT THERE. 759 00:22:26,612 --> 00:22:28,214 AND SO IT WAS JUST A VERY 760 00:22:28,314 --> 00:22:29,949 NATURAL SORT OF QUESTION TO HAVE 761 00:22:30,049 --> 00:22:31,483 AS A KID THAT I'M STILL PURSUING 762 00:22:31,584 --> 00:22:33,152 AS AN ADULT. 763 00:22:33,786 --> 00:22:36,889 (MUSIC) 764 00:22:38,791 --> 00:22:40,259 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE FOREST FLOOR 765 00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:41,827 IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 766 00:22:41,927 --> 00:22:43,395 PARTS OF THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM. 767 00:22:43,495 --> 00:22:44,997 IT'S WHERE DECOMPOSITION TAKES 768 00:22:45,097 --> 00:22:46,465 PLACE, MAKING THE SOIL RICH FOR 769 00:22:46,565 --> 00:22:47,833 PLANTS TO GROW. 770 00:22:47,933 --> 00:22:49,368 IT'S WHERE MOST ANIMALS AND 771 00:22:49,468 --> 00:22:50,536 INSECTS LIVE. 772 00:22:50,636 --> 00:22:51,871 AND THE STUFF YOU FIND ON THE 773 00:22:51,971 --> 00:22:53,205 FLOOR, IT HAS A NAME, IT'S 774 00:22:53,305 --> 00:22:55,007 CALLED "DUFF." 775 00:22:55,574 --> 00:22:58,210 (MUSIC) 776 00:22:59,245 --> 00:23:01,680 KIRSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS KIRSTIN. 777 00:23:01,780 --> 00:23:02,982 AND I'M FROM INDIAN HILLS, 778 00:23:03,082 --> 00:23:04,850 POCATELLO, IDAHO. 779 00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:07,319 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW CAN YOU 780 00:23:07,419 --> 00:23:08,954 TELL HOW OLD A TREE IS BY 781 00:23:09,054 --> 00:23:12,057 COUNTING ITS RINGS? 782 00:23:12,157 --> 00:23:14,894 JOHNSON: SO TREES PUT ON ONE NEW 783 00:23:14,994 --> 00:23:17,563 RING EVERY YEAR. 784 00:23:17,663 --> 00:23:19,064 AND THE REASON THAT THEY DO THAT 785 00:23:19,164 --> 00:23:21,000 OR THE WAY THAT THEY DO THAT IS 786 00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:23,135 EARLY IN THE SPRING THEY PUT ON 787 00:23:23,235 --> 00:23:26,572 A VERY LIGHTCOLORED BAND OF 788 00:23:26,672 --> 00:23:28,140 WOOD, WHICH WE CALL "EARLY 789 00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:29,208 WOOD." 790 00:23:29,308 --> 00:23:31,277 AND THEN AS THE SEASON 791 00:23:31,377 --> 00:23:34,413 PROGRESSES AND IT BEGINS TO HAVE 792 00:23:34,513 --> 00:23:36,315 LESS AND THERE BEGINS TO BE LESS 793 00:23:36,415 --> 00:23:38,617 WATER AND TEMPERATURES START TO 794 00:23:38,717 --> 00:23:40,552 COOL, THEN THAT WOOD BECOMES 795 00:23:40,653 --> 00:23:42,922 DENSER AND DENSER AND DARKER. 796 00:23:43,022 --> 00:23:44,123 AND WE CALL THAT THE "LATE 797 00:23:44,223 --> 00:23:45,624 WOOD." 798 00:23:45,724 --> 00:23:48,394 AND AT THE VERY END OF THAT LATE 799 00:23:48,494 --> 00:23:49,828 WOOD, TREE GROWTH STOPS FOR THAT 800 00:23:49,929 --> 00:23:51,563 YEAR. 801 00:23:51,664 --> 00:23:53,499 AND THEN THE FOLLOWING SPRING 802 00:23:53,599 --> 00:23:54,967 THEY'LL START AGAIN WITH A NEW 803 00:23:55,067 --> 00:23:56,535 LAYER OF EARLY WOOD. 804 00:23:56,635 --> 00:23:58,237 AND SO WE CAN COUNT THOSE RINGS 805 00:23:58,337 --> 00:23:59,505 AND TELL EXACTLY HOW MANY YEARS 806 00:23:59,605 --> 00:24:00,973 OLD A TREE IS. 807 00:24:01,073 --> 00:24:03,008 HUDIBURG: YOU CAN ALSO TELL HOW 808 00:24:03,108 --> 00:24:04,476 MUCH IT GREW BECAUSE THE RING 809 00:24:04,576 --> 00:24:06,078 WIDTH IS RELATED TO HOW MUCH 810 00:24:06,178 --> 00:24:07,947 WOOD GROWTH THERE WAS. 811 00:24:08,047 --> 00:24:11,116 COLE: MY NAME IS COLE. 812 00:24:11,216 --> 00:24:12,785 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO YOU 813 00:24:12,885 --> 00:24:15,888 STOP WILDFIRES? 814 00:24:15,988 --> 00:24:17,389 JOHNSON: WELL, ONCE A WILDFIRE 815 00:24:17,489 --> 00:24:19,959 HAS ALREADY STARTED, WHAT WE TRY 816 00:24:20,059 --> 00:24:22,861 TO DO IS WE TRY TO SUPPRESS THAT 817 00:24:22,962 --> 00:24:24,430 WILDFIRE, WHICH MEANS WE TRY TO, 818 00:24:24,530 --> 00:24:26,432 INITIALLY, SLOW IT DOWN BY 819 00:24:26,532 --> 00:24:28,767 REMOVING FUELS, FOR EXAMPLE, OF 820 00:24:28,867 --> 00:24:31,170 DEAD THINGS IN THE UNDERSTORY, 821 00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:32,638 DEAD WOOD, DEAD LIMBS, THINGS 822 00:24:32,738 --> 00:24:34,006 LIKE THAT. 823 00:24:34,106 --> 00:24:36,141 BUT ALSO BY SPRAYING WATER ON 824 00:24:36,241 --> 00:24:37,676 THE FIRE, DROPPING SAND ON THE 825 00:24:37,776 --> 00:24:38,844 FIRE. 826 00:24:38,944 --> 00:24:40,913 WE DO ALL THOSE THINGS TO 827 00:24:41,013 --> 00:24:42,481 INITIALLY TRY TO SLOW IT DOWN, 828 00:24:42,581 --> 00:24:43,816 OR SUPPRESS IT, AND THEN 829 00:24:43,916 --> 00:24:45,084 EVENTUALLY TO STOP IT FROM 830 00:24:45,184 --> 00:24:46,318 BURNING. 831 00:24:46,418 --> 00:24:47,553 SO THAT'S THE SUPPRESSION OF 832 00:24:47,653 --> 00:24:48,821 WILDFIRE. 833 00:24:48,921 --> 00:24:50,489 BUT WE ALSO WANT TO PREVENT 834 00:24:50,589 --> 00:24:52,091 WILDFIRES FROM STARTING IN THE 835 00:24:52,191 --> 00:24:53,993 FIRST PLACE, AND SO THINGS THAT 836 00:24:54,093 --> 00:24:55,527 WE CAN DO TO PREVENT WILDFIRES 837 00:24:55,627 --> 00:24:57,062 IS, AGAIN, REMOVING THE FUELS IN 838 00:24:57,162 --> 00:24:59,465 THE UNDERSTORY THAT COULD BURN, 839 00:24:59,565 --> 00:25:01,800 BUT ALSO BEING VERY CAREFUL 840 00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:05,537 ABOUT WHERE WE MAY LAY DOWN A 841 00:25:05,637 --> 00:25:07,206 MATCH AFTER WE THINK IT'S BEEN 842 00:25:07,306 --> 00:25:08,807 PUT OUT OR EXTINGUISHING A 843 00:25:08,907 --> 00:25:10,309 CAMPFIRE. 844 00:25:10,409 --> 00:25:11,744 THINGS LIKE THAT CAN GO A LONG 845 00:25:11,844 --> 00:25:13,078 WAY IN TERMS OF PREVENTING 846 00:25:13,178 --> 00:25:14,513 WILDFIRES. 847 00:25:14,613 --> 00:25:16,548 JACKSON: MY NAME IS JACKSON. 848 00:25:16,648 --> 00:25:18,283 AND MY QUESTION IS DOES ANYONE 849 00:25:18,384 --> 00:25:20,652 LIVE IN THE FOREST? 850 00:25:20,753 --> 00:25:21,987 HUDIBURG: I GREW UP IN THE 851 00:25:22,087 --> 00:25:23,389 FOREST. 852 00:25:23,489 --> 00:25:24,990 I GREW UP IN PORT ANGELES, 853 00:25:25,090 --> 00:25:26,325 WASHINGTON, AND OUR PROPERTY 854 00:25:26,425 --> 00:25:27,826 BOUNDARY WAS WITH THE OLYMPIC 855 00:25:27,926 --> 00:25:29,128 NATIONAL PARK. 856 00:25:29,228 --> 00:25:30,863 AND SO WE COULD JUST BE IN THE 857 00:25:30,963 --> 00:25:32,431 OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK WHENEVER 858 00:25:32,531 --> 00:25:34,867 WE WANTED TO, AS CHILDREN. 859 00:25:34,967 --> 00:25:36,035 I BELIEVE DAN ALSO GREW UP IN 860 00:25:36,135 --> 00:25:37,603 THE FOREST. 861 00:25:37,703 --> 00:25:38,804 JOHNSON: I GREW UP IN THE WOODS, 862 00:25:38,904 --> 00:25:39,838 AS WELL. 863 00:25:39,938 --> 00:25:42,274 MY PARENTS, THEIR HOUSE WAS 864 00:25:42,374 --> 00:25:43,909 BORDERED BY SEVERAL THOUSAND 865 00:25:44,009 --> 00:25:46,645 ACRES OF FOREST, AND SO I GREW 866 00:25:46,745 --> 00:25:48,414 UP IN THE WOODS. 867 00:25:48,514 --> 00:25:50,883 AND I GUESS PROBABLY ONE OF THE 868 00:25:50,983 --> 00:25:52,651 REASONS THAT TARA AND I DO WHAT 869 00:25:52,751 --> 00:25:54,119 WE DO IS BECAUSE WE GREW UP IN 870 00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:55,687 THE WOODS. 871 00:25:55,788 --> 00:25:57,923 AND WE'RE NOT ALONE; THERE ARE A 872 00:25:58,023 --> 00:25:59,725 LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE US, AS WELL 873 00:25:59,825 --> 00:26:01,360 AS OTHER COUNTRIES, THAT CHOOSE 874 00:26:01,460 --> 00:26:03,629 TO LIVE IN THE FOREST BECAUSE 875 00:26:03,729 --> 00:26:05,531 THEY LIKE THE AESTHETICS OF 876 00:26:05,631 --> 00:26:07,533 BEING INSIDE A FOREST. 877 00:26:07,633 --> 00:26:08,967 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF A STUDENT IS 878 00:26:09,068 --> 00:26:10,569 INTERESTED IN A JOB IN FORESTRY, 879 00:26:10,669 --> 00:26:11,970 WHAT SHOULD HE OR SHE STUDY IN 880 00:26:12,071 --> 00:26:13,439 SCHOOL? 881 00:26:13,539 --> 00:26:15,207 JOHNSON: IT HELPS TO HAVE JUST A 882 00:26:15,307 --> 00:26:16,775 NATURAL PASSION FOR TREES AND 883 00:26:16,875 --> 00:26:18,477 FOR FORESTS. 884 00:26:18,577 --> 00:26:20,612 BUT AS BACKGROUND MATERIAL, 885 00:26:20,712 --> 00:26:22,815 MATH, I KNOW THIS IS PROBABLY 886 00:26:22,915 --> 00:26:24,783 NOT A VERY POPULAR ANSWER BUT 887 00:26:24,883 --> 00:26:26,718 MATH IS VERY IMPORTANT, PHYSICS 888 00:26:26,819 --> 00:26:28,854 IS VERY IMPORTANT, CHEMISTRY, 889 00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:32,357 ALL OF THE BASIC HARD SCIENCES 890 00:26:32,458 --> 00:26:34,226 LEAD TO A VERY GOOD FOUNDATION 891 00:26:34,326 --> 00:26:35,794 THAT CAN PREPARE YOU TO STUDY 892 00:26:35,894 --> 00:26:37,129 TREES. 893 00:26:37,229 --> 00:26:40,566 BECAUSE TREES, AT THEIR CORE, 894 00:26:40,666 --> 00:26:42,801 PARDON THE PUN, BUT AT THEIR 895 00:26:42,901 --> 00:26:44,636 CORE, IT ALL COMES DOWN TO 896 00:26:44,736 --> 00:26:47,906 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY. 897 00:26:48,006 --> 00:26:49,842 HUDIBURG: SO IN ADDITION TO 898 00:26:49,942 --> 00:26:51,743 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AND MATH, 899 00:26:51,844 --> 00:26:53,612 YOU SHOULD ALSO TAKE BIOLOGY. 900 00:26:53,712 --> 00:26:55,914 SO IN BIOLOGY YOU WILL LEARN HOW 901 00:26:56,014 --> 00:26:57,349 TREES GROW AND HOW DIFFERENT 902 00:26:57,449 --> 00:26:59,751 TREES GROW AT DIFFERENT RATES. 903 00:26:59,852 --> 00:27:01,019 CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY WE'VE 904 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:02,421 RUN OUT OF TIME. 905 00:27:02,521 --> 00:27:04,022 MY THANKS TO TARA AND DANIEL FOR 906 00:27:04,123 --> 00:27:05,257 ANSWERING STUDENTS QUESTIONS. 907 00:27:05,357 --> 00:27:06,625 HUDIBURG: THANK YOU FOR HAVING 908 00:27:06,725 --> 00:27:07,493 US. 909 00:27:07,593 --> 00:27:08,694 WE BOTH REALLY HAD FUN AND 910 00:27:08,794 --> 00:27:09,928 APPRECIATED IT. 911 00:27:10,028 --> 00:27:11,296 JOHNSON: THIS WAS A GOOD TIME. 912 00:27:11,396 --> 00:27:12,631 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 913 00:27:12,731 --> 00:27:14,066 CARTAN-HANSEN: MY THANKS ALSO TO 914 00:27:14,166 --> 00:27:15,467 THE FOLKS HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY 915 00:27:15,567 --> 00:27:16,902 OF IDAHO'S COLLEGE OF NATURAL 916 00:27:17,002 --> 00:27:18,270 RESOURCES FOR HOSTING US. 917 00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:19,738 YOU CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT FORESTS 918 00:27:19,838 --> 00:27:21,240 AND LOTS OF OTHER SCIENTIFIC 919 00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:22,641 TOPICS ON THE SCIENCE TREK 920 00:27:22,741 --> 00:27:23,842 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00:27:46,765 THANKS FOR JOINING US. 938 00:27:46,865 --> 00:27:47,866 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON 939 00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:49,535 SCIENCE TREK. 940 00:27:50,235 --> 00:27:54,840 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 941 00:28:05,751 --> 00:28:07,052 (MUSIC) 942 00:28:07,152 --> 00:28:08,887 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 943 00:28:08,987 --> 00:28:10,722 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 944 00:28:10,822 --> 00:28:12,324 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 945 00:28:12,424 --> 00:28:13,859 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 946 00:28:13,959 --> 00:28:15,294 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 947 00:28:15,394 --> 00:28:16,929 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 948 00:28:17,029 --> 00:28:18,597 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 949 00:28:18,697 --> 00:28:20,232 FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 950 00:28:20,332 --> 00:28:21,733 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 951 00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:23,569 IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, 952 00:28:23,669 --> 00:28:25,103 MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 953 00:28:25,204 --> 00:28:26,405 SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND 954 00:28:26,505 --> 00:28:28,407 SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 955 00:28:28,507 --> 00:28:29,942 FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 956 00:28:30,042 --> 00:28:31,610 TELEVISION; AND BY THE 957 00:28:31,710 --> 00:28:32,711 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 958 00:28:32,811 --> 00:28:34,580 BROADCASTING. 959 00:28:37,349 --> 00:28:38,383 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF YOU WANT TO 960 00:28:38,483 --> 00:28:39,818 LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OR 961 00:28:39,918 --> 00:28:41,119 WATCH OUR VIDEOS, CHECK OUT THE 962 00:28:41,220 --> 00:28:42,387 SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE AT 963 00:28:42,487 --> 00:28:46,692 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK.