WEBVTT 00:01.735 --> 00:02.536 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 00:02.669 --> 00:03.804 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 00:03.904 --> 00:05.072 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 00:05.172 --> 00:06.540 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 00:06.640 --> 00:08.008 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 00:08.108 --> 00:09.243 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 00:09.343 --> 00:10.477 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 00:10.577 --> 00:12.012 FAMILIES LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 00:12.112 --> 00:14.348 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 00:14.448 --> 00:15.516 BY THE FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 00:15.616 --> 00:17.017 TELEVISION AND BY THE 00:17.117 --> 00:18.085 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 00:18.185 --> 00:19.820 BROADCASTING. 00:21.488 --> 00:22.289 JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HOW DO WE 00:22.389 --> 00:23.490 INTERACT WITH THE WORLD? 00:23.590 --> 00:24.691 W E USE OUR FIVE SENSES, SEEING, 00:24.791 --> 00:25.993 HEARING, SMELLING, TASTING, AND 00:26.093 --> 00:29.296 TOUCHING. 00:29.396 --> 00:30.430 BUT HOW DO THEY ALL WORK AND 00:30.531 --> 00:32.099 WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON? 00:32.199 --> 00:32.966 FIND OUT. 00:33.100 --> 00:36.336 SCIENCE TREK IS NEXT. 00:37.070 --> 00:44.011 (MUSIC) 00:45.045 --> 00:46.046 HI, I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, AND 00:46.146 --> 00:47.848 WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK . 00:47.948 --> 00:48.916 AND WELCOME TO SAINT ALPHONSUS 00:49.016 --> 00:50.984 HOSPITAL HERE IN BOISE. 00:51.084 --> 00:52.185 DOCTORS ARE STANDING BY TO 00:52.286 --> 00:53.220 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 00:53.320 --> 00:54.321 AND LATER ON IN THE SHOW WE'LL 00:54.421 --> 00:55.455 LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 00:55.556 --> 00:56.723 THE BRAIN. 00:56.823 --> 00:57.724 BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN MORE 00:57.824 --> 01:00.627 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES. 01:03.463 --> 01:06.033 SO WHAT ARE YOUR FIVE SENSES? 01:06.133 --> 01:08.135 STUDENTS: SEEING, HEARING, 01:08.235 --> 01:13.006 SMELLING, TASTE, AND TOUCH. 01:13.106 --> 01:14.141 CARTAN-HANSEN: WE ALL USE OUR 01:14.241 --> 01:15.576 FIVE SENSES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 01:15.676 --> 01:17.511 HAPPENING AROUND US. 01:17.611 --> 01:18.712 FOR SOME, THAT MEANS NOT 01:18.812 --> 01:20.747 BECOMING SOMEBODY ELSE'S DINNER. 01:20.847 --> 01:22.516 SO LET'S LEARN ABOUT OUR FIVE 01:22.616 --> 01:25.185 SENSES. 01:25.285 --> 01:29.089 STUDENT: WE SEE WITH OUR EYES. 01:29.189 --> 01:30.457 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR EYEBALL IS 01:30.557 --> 01:32.059 ABOUT THE SIZE OF A PINGPONG 01:32.159 --> 01:33.260 BALL. 01:33.360 --> 01:34.394 IT'S COVERED BY THE SCLERA, A 01:34.494 --> 01:35.629 TOUGH OUTER LAYER; THAT'S THE 01:35.729 --> 01:37.464 WHITE PART OF YOUR EYE. 01:37.564 --> 01:39.066 WHEN YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING LIGHT 01:39.166 --> 01:40.701 TRAVELS THROUGH THE CORNEA, THE 01:40.801 --> 01:42.402 FRONT PART OF YOUR EYE. 01:42.502 --> 01:43.704 IT GOES THROUGH THE PUPIL, 01:43.804 --> 01:44.805 THAT'S THE ROUND BLACK HOLE IN 01:44.905 --> 01:46.239 THE CENTER. 01:46.340 --> 01:47.608 A MUSCLE CALLED THE "IRIS," OR 01:47.708 --> 01:49.209 THE COLORED PART OF YOUR EYE, 01:49.309 --> 01:50.777 OPENS AND CLOSES THE PUPIL TO 01:50.877 --> 01:52.312 REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT 01:52.412 --> 01:53.914 COMING IN. 01:54.014 --> 01:55.315 LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH THE LENS 01:55.415 --> 01:56.550 WHICH FOCUSES THE IMAGE ON THE 01:56.650 --> 01:59.920 BACK OF YOUR EYE OR THE RETINA. 02:00.020 --> 02:01.088 NERVE CELLS ON THE RETINA SEND 02:01.188 --> 02:02.556 THE IMAGE TO THE OPTIC NERVE AND 02:02.656 --> 02:05.993 THEN TO YOUR BRAIN. 02:06.093 --> 02:08.829 STUDENT: WE HEAR WITH OUR EARS. 02:08.929 --> 02:11.198 (HARP) 02:11.298 --> 02:12.432 CARTAN-HANSEN: A SOUND 02:12.532 --> 02:14.034 CREATES ENERGY. 02:14.134 --> 02:15.135 THOSE SOUND WAVES ENTER YOUR 02:15.235 --> 02:16.703 EARS AND TRAVEL DOWN THE EAR 02:16.803 --> 02:19.172 CANAL TO THE EARDRUM. 02:19.272 --> 02:20.240 THIS THIN PIECE OF SKIN IS 02:20.340 --> 02:22.142 STRETCHED VERY TIGHT, AND WHEN 02:22.242 --> 02:24.244 THE SOUND WAVES HIT IT, IT 02:24.344 --> 02:26.546 BEGINS TO VIBRATE. 02:26.647 --> 02:28.281 THAT MAKES THREE TINY BONES, 02:28.382 --> 02:30.117 KNOWN AS THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 02:30.217 --> 02:31.518 STIRRUP, MOVE, TOO. 02:31.618 --> 02:32.919 THIS MOVES OR TRANSMITS THOSE 02:33.020 --> 02:34.721 SOUND WAVES INTO A SNAIL'S 02:34.821 --> 02:35.956 SHAPED STRUCTURE CALLED THE 02:36.056 --> 02:38.725 "COCHLEA." 02:38.825 --> 02:40.060 THE COCHLEA IS FILLED WITH FLUID 02:40.160 --> 02:41.361 AND 17,000 TINY HAIRLIKE 02:41.461 --> 02:43.997 TISSUES. 02:44.097 --> 02:45.332 SOUND WAVES MOVE THROUGH THE 02:45.432 --> 02:48.468 FLUID AND BEND THE HAIR. 02:48.568 --> 02:50.270 SOMEHOW THE MOVEMENT OF THE HAIR 02:50.370 --> 02:51.605 STIMULATES THE FIBERS LEADING TO 02:51.705 --> 02:53.040 THE ACOUSTIC NERVE, AND THAT 02:53.140 --> 02:55.042 NERVE TAKES THE SOUND TO THE 02:55.142 --> 02:58.345 BRAIN. 02:58.445 --> 02:59.613 STUDENT: THE SENSE OF SMELL IS 02:59.713 --> 03:01.748 PROBABLY OUR OLDEST SENSE. 03:03.884 --> 03:04.851 CARTAN-HANSEN: TINY PARTICLES 03:04.951 --> 03:06.019 TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH YOUR 03:06.119 --> 03:07.788 EYES FLOAT INTO YOUR NOSE WHEN 03:07.888 --> 03:10.257 YOU BREATHE. 03:10.357 --> 03:11.391 THEY DRIFT TO THE TOP END OF 03:11.491 --> 03:13.393 YOUR NASAL CAVITY. 03:13.493 --> 03:14.895 INSIDE YOUR NOSE ARE TWO SMALL 03:14.995 --> 03:16.530 AREAS CALLED THE "OLFACTORY 03:16.630 --> 03:18.098 EPITHELIUM." 03:18.198 --> 03:19.299 THESE ARE ABOUT THE SIZE OF YOUR 03:19.399 --> 03:21.101 THUMBNAIL, BUT THEY CONTAIN 03:21.201 --> 03:23.603 ABOUT 20 MILLION OLFACTORY CELLS 03:23.704 --> 03:26.406 WITH TINY HAIRS OR CILIA. 03:26.506 --> 03:27.708 THOSE SCENT PARTICLES STICK TO 03:27.808 --> 03:28.909 THE CILIA AND TRIGGER NERVE 03:29.009 --> 03:30.744 CELLS. 03:30.844 --> 03:31.912 THOSE NERVE CELLS SEND A MESSAGE 03:32.012 --> 03:33.346 TO THE BRAIN WHICH IDENTIFIES 03:33.447 --> 03:37.350 THE SCENT. 03:37.451 --> 03:38.218 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TASTE 03:38.318 --> 03:41.188 BEGINS YOUR TONGUE. 03:41.288 --> 03:42.189 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR TONGUE IS 03:42.289 --> 03:43.356 COVERED WITH THOUSANDS OF TINY 03:43.457 --> 03:45.492 BUMPS CALLED "PAPILLA." 03:45.592 --> 03:46.793 INSIDE THOSE BUMPS, ON THE BACK 03:46.893 --> 03:48.795 PART OF THE ROOF OF YOUR MOUTH, 03:48.895 --> 03:49.996 AND IN THE VERY BACK OF YOUR 03:50.097 --> 03:53.300 THROAT ARE 10,000 TASTEBUDS. 03:53.400 --> 03:54.401 THE TINY CELLS HAVE LITTLE 03:54.501 --> 03:56.169 HAIRS. 03:56.269 --> 03:57.571 DISSOLVED FOOD PARTICLES SEEP 03:57.671 --> 03:58.772 INTO THE HAIRS, AND THE TASTE 03:58.872 --> 04:00.307 BUDS SENSE WHETHER THE FOOD IS 04:00.407 --> 04:04.411 SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, OR SALT. 04:04.511 --> 04:05.912 THAT INFORMATION IS SENT TO YOUR 04:06.012 --> 04:07.114 BRAIN, AND THEN YOU DECIDE IF 04:07.214 --> 04:09.816 THE FOOD IS GOOD OR BAD. 04:09.916 --> 04:10.884 STUDENT 1: DID YOU KNOW MOST OF 04:10.984 --> 04:12.152 YOUR SENSE OF TASTE COMES FROM 04:12.252 --> 04:13.553 YOUR SENSE OF SMELL? 04:13.653 --> 04:14.955 STUDENT 2: SO LET'S SHARE. 04:15.055 --> 04:17.991 STUDENTS TOGHER: HEY! 04:18.625 --> 04:19.726 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TOUCH IS 04:19.826 --> 04:22.362 REALLY A BUNCH OF SENSE THAT 04:22.462 --> 04:24.765 WORK TOGETHER, AND YOU START 04:24.865 --> 04:28.268 WITH YOUR SKIN. 04:28.368 --> 04:29.469 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR SKIN IS THE 04:29.569 --> 04:31.538 LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY. 04:31.638 --> 04:32.873 THE LAYERS OF SKIN HAVE AT LEAST 04:32.973 --> 04:34.074 SEVEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF 04:34.174 --> 04:35.575 SENSORS. 04:35.675 --> 04:36.576 AND THERE ARE AS MANY AS A 04:36.676 --> 04:37.711 MILLION OF THESE MICROSCOPIC 04:37.811 --> 04:40.180 TOUCH SENSORS IN A SQUARE INCH 04:40.280 --> 04:42.048 OF SKIN. 04:42.149 --> 04:43.383 SOME OF THESE NERVES RESPOND TO 04:43.483 --> 04:44.951 LIGHT PRESSURE; OTHERS RESPOND 04:45.051 --> 04:46.319 TO HEAVY PRESSURE. 04:46.419 --> 04:47.521 SOME ARE ACTIVATED BY HEAT, 04:47.621 --> 04:49.623 COLD, OR EVEN VIBRATIONS. 04:49.723 --> 04:50.957 SO WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING ALL 04:51.057 --> 04:52.626 THAT INFORMATION ACTIVATES THE 04:52.726 --> 04:53.927 NERVES, AND THAT INFORMATION 04:54.027 --> 04:56.696 GOES TO YOUR BRAIN. 04:56.797 --> 04:57.864 YOUR BRAIN IS REALLY THE MOST 04:57.964 --> 04:58.932 IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR FIVE 04:59.032 --> 05:00.167 SENSES. 05:00.267 --> 05:01.368 THE BRAIN COLLECTS INFORMATION 05:01.468 --> 05:02.402 FROM ALL THESE DIFFERENT 05:02.502 --> 05:03.837 SOURCES, AND THAT'S HOW WE MAKE 05:03.937 --> 05:05.372 SENSE OF THE WORLD. 05:05.472 --> 05:06.239 YOU GUYS READY? 05:06.339 --> 05:07.507 LET'S EAT. 05:07.607 --> 05:09.109 STUDENTS: YEAH! 05:10.076 --> 05:10.911 CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME 05:11.011 --> 05:12.112 NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 05:12.212 --> 05:13.446 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE TWO 05:13.547 --> 05:15.115 PEDIATRICIANS, DR. NAYA ANTINK 05:15.215 --> 05:17.751 AND DR. BRADLEY BISHOP. 05:18.451 --> 05:19.719 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 05:19.820 --> 05:20.687 DR. NAYA ANTINK: THANK YOU, 05:20.787 --> 05:21.788 JOAN, FOR INVITING US. 05:21.888 --> 05:22.856 DR. BRADLEY BISHOP: IT'S OUR 05:22.956 --> 05:24.224 PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 05:24.324 --> 05:25.592 CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO 05:25.692 --> 05:27.093 YOUR QUESTIONS. 05:27.194 --> 05:30.330 (MUSIC) 05:30.430 --> 05:31.298 KARLI: HI, MY NAME IS 05:31.398 --> 05:32.999 KARLI. 05:33.099 --> 05:35.769 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 05:35.869 --> 05:37.037 AND MY QUESTION IS DO WE REALLY 05:37.137 --> 05:42.676 ONLY HAVE FIVE SENSES? 05:42.776 --> 05:43.710 DR. ANTINK: CARLEY, THAT'S A 05:43.810 --> 05:44.678 GREAT QUESTION. 05:44.778 --> 05:45.846 YES, WE HUMANS ONLY HAVE FIVE 05:45.946 --> 05:48.648 SENSES: SIGHT, SOUND, SMELL, 05:48.748 --> 05:51.251 TASTE, AND TOUCH. 05:51.351 --> 05:52.385 SOME ANIMALS HAVE MORE THAN 05:52.485 --> 05:54.855 FIVE, BUT THAT'S PRETTY RARE. 05:54.955 --> 05:56.690 JORGE: HI, MY NAME IS JORGE. 05:56.790 --> 05:57.757 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 05:57.858 --> 05:58.792 SCHOOL. 05:58.892 --> 05:59.960 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE DO 06:00.060 --> 06:02.529 WE USE THE MOST? 06:02.629 --> 06:04.097 DR. BISHOP: SO, JORGE, THAT 06:04.197 --> 06:07.000 DEPENDS ON WHAT SENSES YOU USE. 06:07.100 --> 06:08.568 FOR, I BELIEVE, MOST PEOPLE 06:08.668 --> 06:09.703 VISION IS PROBABLY THE MOST USED 06:09.803 --> 06:14.541 SENSE, SINCE WE USE IT ALL DAY, 06:14.641 --> 06:16.509 AS OUR EYES ARE OPEN. 06:16.610 --> 06:18.011 WE DO USE OUR SENSE OF SMELL AND 06:18.111 --> 06:20.547 TASTE AT TIMES, AND OUR SENSE OF 06:20.647 --> 06:22.249 HEARING IS ALWAYS THERE, AS 06:22.349 --> 06:23.516 WELL. 06:23.617 --> 06:24.751 BUT I WOULD SAY THE ONE WE 06:24.851 --> 06:25.852 PROBABLY USE THE MOST AND RELY 06:25.952 --> 06:27.854 ON THE MOST IS OUR VISION. 06:27.954 --> 06:29.155 CADEN: HI, MY NAME IS CADEN. 06:29.256 --> 06:30.790 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 06:30.891 --> 06:31.591 SCHOOL. 06:31.691 --> 06:32.692 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT MAKES US 06:32.792 --> 06:34.694 HEAR SOUND? 06:34.794 --> 06:36.162 DR. ANTINK: SO THE EAR WORKS 06:36.263 --> 06:37.731 LIKE A CONE TO ABSORB WAVE 06:37.831 --> 06:40.700 LENGTHS OF SOUND. 06:40.800 --> 06:41.968 AND AS THE SOUND COMES INTO OUR 06:42.068 --> 06:44.037 EAR, IT HITS OUR EARDRUM, WHICH 06:44.137 --> 06:46.907 THEN CONVERTS THE SOUND WAVE 06:47.007 --> 06:49.409 INTO A MECHANICAL MOVEMENT THAT, 06:49.509 --> 06:51.411 THEN, GETS TRANSMITTED INTO AN 06:51.511 --> 06:52.879 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, THROUGH THE 06:52.979 --> 06:54.047 COCHLEA, THAT GETS SENT UP TO 06:54.147 --> 06:56.483 THE BRAIN TO OUR HEARING SECTION 06:56.583 --> 06:57.617 OF THE BRAIN, AND THEN WE HEAR 06:57.717 --> 07:00.287 THE SOUND. 07:00.387 --> 07:02.522 RHONE: HI, MY NAME'S RHONE. 07:02.622 --> 07:03.857 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 07:03.957 --> 07:05.659 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO 07:05.759 --> 07:08.428 TASTEBUDS WORK? 07:08.528 --> 07:09.629 DR. BISHOP: SO TASTEBUDS ARE 07:09.729 --> 07:10.897 VERY SPECIFIC CELLS WITHIN YOUR 07:10.997 --> 07:12.332 TONGUE THAT HELP YOU SENSE 07:12.432 --> 07:14.901 FLAVOR. 07:15.001 --> 07:16.136 WHEN YOU EAT SOMETHING THAT'S 07:16.236 --> 07:17.671 SWEET, LIKE SUGAR, IT ACTUALLY 07:17.771 --> 07:19.205 HAS A RECEPTOR ON THERE THAT CAN 07:19.306 --> 07:21.775 SIGNAL THAT YOU ARE TASTING THAT 07:21.875 --> 07:24.044 SWEET SUBSTANCE. 07:24.144 --> 07:25.645 IT SENDS THAT SIGNAL TO THE 07:25.745 --> 07:27.147 BRAIN. 07:27.247 --> 07:28.348 THE TASTEBUDS WITHIN YOUR TONGUE 07:28.448 --> 07:30.317 CAN SENSE FOUR DIFFERENT THINGS. 07:30.417 --> 07:32.252 THEY CAN SENSE SWEETNESS, SOUR, 07:32.352 --> 07:37.257 BITTER, AND SALTY. 07:37.357 --> 07:38.391 ROSE: HI, MY NAME IS ROSE. 07:38.491 --> 07:39.726 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 07:39.826 --> 07:40.660 SCHOOL. 07:40.760 --> 07:41.695 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE 07:41.795 --> 07:43.096 FIRST OF THE FIVE SENSES THAT 07:43.196 --> 07:46.466 DEVELOPS IN AN UNBORN BABY? 07:46.566 --> 07:47.734 DR. ANTINK: WOW, THAT IS A VERY 07:47.834 --> 07:50.370 COMPLICATED QUESTION. 07:50.470 --> 07:52.806 MY THOUGHT WOULD BE THAT SOUND 07:52.906 --> 07:56.142 MIGHT BE THE FIRST SENSE THAT 07:56.242 --> 07:58.144 DEVELOPS, BECAUSE STUDIES HAVE 07:58.244 --> 08:00.580 SHOWN THAT WHEN BABIES ARE BORN, 08:00.680 --> 08:02.682 EVEN ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE, 08:02.782 --> 08:04.451 THEY WILL HAVE SPECIFIC SIGNALS 08:04.551 --> 08:06.319 IN THEIR BRAIN THAT GET 08:06.419 --> 08:07.721 TRIGGERED WHEN THEIR MOM SPEAKS 08:07.821 --> 08:08.855 TO THEM. 08:08.955 --> 08:10.290 MOST MOMS, WHEN THEY'RE PREGNANT 08:10.390 --> 08:11.624 ARE TALKING TO THEIR UNBORN 08:11.725 --> 08:12.792 BABIES IN THEIR TUMMY, AND SO 08:12.892 --> 08:14.594 THEY HEAR THOSE SOUNDS EVEN 08:14.694 --> 08:16.463 DURING DEVELOPMENT IN MOM'S 08:16.563 --> 08:17.998 TUMMY. 08:18.098 --> 08:19.866 HYFA: HI, MY NAME IS HYFA. 08:19.966 --> 08:23.370 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 08:23.470 --> 08:26.673 HOW DO YOUR FINGERS FEEL? 08:26.773 --> 08:27.741 DR. BISHOP: SO WITHIN YOUR 08:27.841 --> 08:29.342 FINGERS YOU HAVE CERTAIN CELLS 08:29.442 --> 08:31.678 THAT ARE SENSORY CELLS THAT CAN 08:31.778 --> 08:34.147 HELP YOU FEEL TOUCH. 08:34.247 --> 08:35.382 DEPENDING ON HOW CLOSE THESE 08:35.482 --> 08:37.250 CELLS ARE TOGETHER HELPS YOU 08:37.350 --> 08:38.551 DETERMINE WHETHER THERE'S ANY 08:38.651 --> 08:40.887 TEXTURE TO WHAT YOU'RE FEELING. 08:40.987 --> 08:42.555 IF YOU'LL NOTICE THAT IT'S 08:42.655 --> 08:43.790 EASIER TO FEEL SOMETHING WITH 08:43.890 --> 08:45.091 YOUR FINGERS THAN IT IS TO FEEL 08:45.191 --> 08:46.326 SOMETHING WITH THE BACK OF YOUR 08:46.426 --> 08:47.527 HAND, AS FAR AS WHETHER THERE'S 08:47.627 --> 08:49.262 TEXTURE OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT. 08:49.362 --> 08:50.463 BUT THESE LITTLE CELLS ARE ABLE 08:50.563 --> 08:52.465 TO SENSE AS YOU TOUCH SOMETHING 08:52.565 --> 08:53.833 IS ABLE TO SENSE THAT PRESSURE 08:53.933 --> 08:55.201 AS YOU TOUCH AND THEN SENDS THE 08:55.301 --> 08:56.569 SIGNALS TO YOUR BRAIN AND LET'S 08:56.669 --> 08:57.737 YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE TOUCHING 08:57.837 --> 08:59.939 SOMETHING. 09:00.040 --> 09:01.174 GEORGIA: HI, MY NAME IS GEORGIA. 09:01.274 --> 09:02.509 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 09:02.609 --> 09:03.977 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN YOU SEE 09:04.077 --> 09:05.178 A COLOR HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT 09:05.278 --> 09:06.379 EVERYBODY ELSE SEES THE SAME 09:06.479 --> 09:09.215 COLOR? 09:09.315 --> 09:10.483 DR. ANTINK: SO COLOR PERCEPTION 09:10.583 --> 09:13.019 ACTUALLY IS A DIFFICULT SCIENCE. 09:13.119 --> 09:16.523 WHEN WE SEE A COLOR, WE LEARN 09:16.623 --> 09:19.526 THAT THE APPLE IS RED, AND THE 09:19.626 --> 09:21.628 WAVELENGTH THAT IS EMITTED FROM 09:21.728 --> 09:22.962 THE APPLE INTO OUR BRAIN 09:23.063 --> 09:25.532 TRIGGERS A SPECIAL CELL IN THE 09:25.632 --> 09:28.234 EYEBALL, CALLED A "CONE CELL," 09:28.334 --> 09:29.803 THAT SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE 09:29.903 --> 09:31.404 BRAIN, AND WE INTERPRET THAT AS 09:31.504 --> 09:32.439 RED. 09:32.539 --> 09:33.640 NOW, SOMETIMES PEOPLE THINK THAT 09:33.740 --> 09:35.241 THEY SEE THE SAME COLOR AS OTHER 09:35.341 --> 09:36.843 PEOPLE, BUT THEY MAY BE 09:36.943 --> 09:38.044 COLORBLIND. 09:38.144 --> 09:39.479 AND SO THERE ARE SPECIAL TESTS 09:39.579 --> 09:41.181 WHERE YOU CAN DETERMINE THAT, TO 09:41.281 --> 09:43.083 DIAGNOSE THAT, BY COMPARING WHAT 09:43.183 --> 09:44.451 THE PATIENT SEES VERSUS WHAT THE 09:44.551 --> 09:47.153 DOCTOR OR EVERYONE ELSE SEES. 09:47.253 --> 09:48.388 BUT SO WE REALLY, ACTUALLY, 09:48.488 --> 09:49.656 DON'T KNOW UNTIL WE DO THOSE 09:49.756 --> 09:50.857 TESTS IF EVERYBODY ACTUALLY IS 09:50.957 --> 09:53.526 SEEING THE EXACT SAME COLOR. 09:53.626 --> 09:54.794 MASHA: HI, MY NAME IS MASHA. 09:54.894 --> 09:56.296 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 09:56.396 --> 09:57.163 SCHOOL. 09:57.263 --> 09:58.231 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO KIDS 09:58.331 --> 10:00.567 LIKE SWEET THE BEST? 10:00.667 --> 10:01.768 DR. BISHOP: WELL, WE DO HAVE THE 10:01.868 --> 10:03.036 SWEET RECEPTORS ON OUR TONGUES, 10:03.136 --> 10:05.105 THE TASTEBUDS THAT TASTE SWEET. 10:05.205 --> 10:07.607 THERE ARE SOME WHO BELIEVE THAT 10:07.707 --> 10:08.708 THERE ARE MORE SWEET TASTEBUDS 10:08.808 --> 10:10.043 WHEN WE'RE LITTLE AND THAT THOSE 10:10.143 --> 10:11.845 DISSIPATE WITH TIME OR THEY GO 10:11.945 --> 10:14.347 AWAY WITH TIME. 10:14.447 --> 10:15.348 AND THERE ARE ALSO THOSE WHO 10:15.448 --> 10:17.217 BELIEVE THAT SUGAR OR THAT 10:17.317 --> 10:20.153 FLAVOR CAN ACTUALLY STIMULATE 10:20.253 --> 10:22.188 OUR BRAIN AND GIVE US 10:22.288 --> 10:23.356 EXCITEMENT. 10:23.456 --> 10:24.357 AND WE ACTUALLY USE THAT IN 10:24.457 --> 10:26.159 SMALL INFANTS; WE USE SUGAR 10:26.259 --> 10:29.596 WATER TO HELP CALM THEM DOWN 10:29.696 --> 10:30.730 WHEN WE'RE DOING PROCEDURES WITH 10:30.830 --> 10:32.665 THEM. 10:32.765 --> 10:34.767 KAYLANI: HI, MY NAME IS KAYLANI. 10:34.868 --> 10:37.871 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 10:37.971 --> 10:38.972 WHY ARE OUR EARS SHAPED LIKE 10:39.072 --> 10:41.508 THIS? 10:41.608 --> 10:43.209 DR. ANTINK: EARS ARE SHAPED LIKE 10:43.309 --> 10:46.579 A CONE TO HELP ABSORB THE SOUND 10:46.679 --> 10:47.747 WAVES AND CHANNEL THEM DEEP INTO 10:47.847 --> 10:50.683 THE EAR TO THE EARDRUM WHERE, 10:50.783 --> 10:51.918 THEN, THEY ARE TRANSMITTED INTO 10:52.018 --> 10:53.119 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT GET SENT 10:53.219 --> 10:55.355 TO YOUR BRAIN. 10:55.455 --> 10:56.489 CARTAN-HANSEN: DR. ANTINK, WHY 10:56.589 --> 10:59.325 DID YOU WANT TO BECOME A DOCTOR? 10:59.425 --> 11:00.760 DR. ANTINK: SO I HAVE ALWAYS 11:00.860 --> 11:03.363 LOVED WORKING WITH KIDS, 11:03.463 --> 11:05.999 SPECIFICALLY, AND ALSO 11:06.099 --> 11:07.167 ADVOCATING FOR HEALTH AND TRYING 11:07.267 --> 11:09.002 TO KEEP PEOPLE HEALTHY. 11:09.102 --> 11:11.471 AND SO WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE I 11:11.571 --> 11:12.472 THOUGHT THAT BEING A DOCTOR 11:12.572 --> 11:14.607 WOULD BE A GOOD FIT, SO I DID 11:14.707 --> 11:15.708 ALL THE PREREQUISITES AND WENT 11:15.808 --> 11:17.243 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL. 11:17.343 --> 11:18.144 AND FROM DAY ONE, I WANTED TO BE 11:18.244 --> 11:20.046 A PEDIATRICIAN. 11:20.146 --> 11:21.247 AND EVEN NOW, WORKING AT THIS 11:21.347 --> 11:22.949 JOB FOR 11 YEARS, I STILL LOVE 11:23.049 --> 11:26.553 IT EVERY SINGLE DAY. 11:26.653 --> 11:27.654 DR. BISHOP: SO I ACTUALLY 11:27.754 --> 11:29.222 DECIDED TO BECOME A DOCTOR 11:29.322 --> 11:30.623 DURING COLLEGE. 11:30.723 --> 11:31.658 I ACTUALLY WENT TO COLLEGE TO 11:31.758 --> 11:33.426 BECOME AN ENGINEER. 11:33.526 --> 11:35.395 I WAS VERY INTERESTED IN MATH. 11:35.495 --> 11:37.297 I REALLY DID LOVE THE SCIENCES. 11:37.397 --> 11:38.631 BUT DURING THAT TIME I ACTUALLY 11:38.731 --> 11:40.300 TOOK A TIME OFF OF COLLEGE, AND 11:40.400 --> 11:41.467 I WENT AND WORKED WENT TO BRAZIL 11:41.568 --> 11:43.736 AND SPENT SEVERAL YEARS IN 11:43.836 --> 11:45.305 BRAZIL. 11:45.405 --> 11:46.873 AND DURING THAT TIME I REALLY 11:46.973 --> 11:48.107 FOUND OUT THAT I ENJOYED WORKING 11:48.208 --> 11:49.576 WITH PEOPLE. 11:49.676 --> 11:50.710 AND SO WHEN I CAME BACK AND WENT 11:50.810 --> 11:51.945 BACK TO COLLEGE I REALIZED I 11:52.045 --> 11:54.147 WANTED TO CHANGE MY FIELD. 11:54.247 --> 11:55.481 I NO LONGER WANTED TO BE AN 11:55.582 --> 11:56.716 ENGINEER, AND I WANTED TO WORK 11:56.816 --> 11:57.917 WITH PEOPLE. 11:58.017 --> 11:59.352 AND I THOUGHT THE BEST FIT FOR 11:59.452 --> 12:00.887 ME WOULD BE TO BE A DOCTOR. 12:00.987 --> 12:04.457 (MUSIC) 12:06.526 --> 12:07.460 CARTAN-HANSEN: FEMALES HAVE A 12:07.560 --> 12:08.628 BETTER MORE SENSITIVE SENSE OF 12:08.728 --> 12:11.197 TASTE AND SMELL THAN DO MALES. 12:11.297 --> 12:12.999 MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE 12:13.099 --> 12:14.033 COLORBLIND; THAT IS, NOT BEING 12:14.133 --> 12:15.535 ABLE TO SEE COLORS LIKE RED OR 12:15.635 --> 12:16.736 GREEN. 12:16.836 --> 12:17.904 BUT FOR ALL HUMANS THE FIRST 12:18.004 --> 12:19.105 SENSE WE DEVELOP IS THE SENSE OF 12:19.205 --> 12:21.407 TOUCH. 12:22.342 --> 12:26.446 AUSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS AUSTIN. 12:26.546 --> 12:28.281 AND I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY 12:28.381 --> 12:29.382 SCHOOL. 12:29.482 --> 12:30.216 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES THE 12:30.316 --> 12:33.186 EYEBALL ACTUALLY WORK? 12:33.286 --> 12:34.721 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EYEBALL IT 12:34.821 --> 12:36.322 RECEIVES LIGHT. 12:36.422 --> 12:37.657 IF YOU NOTICE, THERE'S A SMALL 12:37.757 --> 12:39.492 BLACK DOT IN THE FRONT OF YOUR 12:39.592 --> 12:40.627 EYE, AND THAT'S A HOLE THAT 12:40.727 --> 12:41.861 ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THROUGH 12:41.961 --> 12:43.429 YOUR EYE. 12:43.529 --> 12:44.864 BEHIND THAT IS A LENS, JUST LIKE 12:44.964 --> 12:46.099 THE LENS OF A CAMERA THAT, THEN, 12:46.199 --> 12:47.600 HELPS TO FOCUS THAT LIGHT ONTO 12:47.700 --> 12:49.202 THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL. 12:49.302 --> 12:51.137 AND ON THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL 12:51.237 --> 12:52.205 THERE ARE RECEPTORS CALLED 12:52.305 --> 12:53.406 "CONES" AND "RODS" WHICH HELP 12:53.506 --> 12:55.608 YOU PERCEIVE THE LIGHT AND 12:55.708 --> 12:57.710 WHICH, THEN, SENDS THOSE SIGNALS 12:57.810 --> 12:59.579 TO YOUR BRAIN TO HELP YOU SEE. 12:59.679 --> 13:01.681 GUS: MY NAME IS GUS, AND I GO TO 13:01.781 --> 13:02.782 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 13:02.882 --> 13:04.284 AND WHEN I WAS ASKING TO DO WAS 13:04.384 --> 13:06.352 HOW CAN YOU SMELL WHEN YOU'RE 13:06.452 --> 13:09.122 HOW CAN YOU SMELL SOMETHING 13:09.222 --> 13:13.293 WHILE YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP? 13:13.393 --> 13:15.795 DR. ANTINK: SO YOUR NOSE HAS 13:15.895 --> 13:16.829 RECEPTOR CELLS THAT SENSE A 13:16.929 --> 13:21.200 PARTICLE, THE SMELL OF A ROSE OR 13:21.301 --> 13:23.236 PARTICLES FROM FOOD AND THAT 13:23.336 --> 13:26.639 TRANSMIT THOSE SENSATIONS INTO 13:26.739 --> 13:28.041 YOUR BRAIN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 13:28.141 --> 13:29.475 SMELL. 13:29.575 --> 13:30.777 WHEN YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP 13:30.877 --> 13:31.844 SOMETIMES SOME OF THOSE CELLS 13:31.944 --> 13:33.079 GET COVERED, AND SO IT MAY BE 13:33.179 --> 13:34.180 DIFFICULT TO SMELL THINGS WHEN 13:34.280 --> 13:37.984 YOUR NOSE IS STUFFY. 13:38.084 --> 13:39.118 CARTAN-HANSEN: MASON WOULD LIKE 13:39.218 --> 13:40.820 TO KNOW: DO ANY OTHER ANIMALS 13:40.920 --> 13:42.121 HAVE SIX SENSES BESIDES THE 13:42.221 --> 13:44.791 PLATYPUS? 13:44.891 --> 13:46.392 DR. BISHOP: SO THE PLATYPUS DOES 13:46.492 --> 13:47.927 HAVE A SIXTH SENSE; IT'S AN 13:48.027 --> 13:49.962 ELECTRORECEPTOR. 13:50.063 --> 13:51.497 THE SHARK ALSO HAS THAT SAME 13:51.597 --> 13:53.466 SENSE. 13:53.566 --> 13:54.967 SO THE SHARK ALSO HAS SIX 13:55.068 --> 13:56.836 SENSES. 13:56.936 --> 13:58.004 THERE ARE OTHER ANIMALS, AS 13:58.104 --> 14:00.006 WELL, LIKE THE PORPOISE, OR THE 14:00.106 --> 14:01.741 BAT WHO HAVE AN ECHO RECEPTOR, 14:01.841 --> 14:02.809 WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO USE LIKE 14:02.909 --> 14:04.644 SONAR TO SENSE OBJECTS THAT ARE 14:04.744 --> 14:05.578 IN FRONT OF THEM. 14:05.678 --> 14:06.846 AND THERE ARE OTHER SENSES, AS 14:06.946 --> 14:08.047 WELL, IN OTHER SPECIES OF 14:08.147 --> 14:09.749 ANIMALS THAT THEY DO HAVE. 14:09.849 --> 14:11.017 AND SO THE PLATYPUS IS NOT THE 14:11.117 --> 14:13.619 ONLY ANIMAL THAT HAS SIX SENSES. 14:13.720 --> 14:15.455 STUDENT: HI, MY NAME IS LOGAN. 14:15.555 --> 14:16.989 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 14:17.090 --> 14:18.424 AND MY QUESTION IS ARE THERE 14:18.524 --> 14:20.993 REALLY AN ANVIL AND HAMMER BONE 14:21.094 --> 14:22.662 IN OUR EAR? 14:22.762 --> 14:23.596 DR. ANTINK: YES. 14:23.696 --> 14:24.864 THERE ARE THREE BONES IN THE 14:24.964 --> 14:26.299 MIDDLE EAR THAT CONNECT THE 14:26.399 --> 14:27.967 EARDRUM TO THE COCHLEA, WHICH 14:28.067 --> 14:29.569 TRANSMITS SOUND WAVES INTO 14:29.669 --> 14:31.104 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO SEND TO 14:31.204 --> 14:32.572 YOUR BRAIN. 14:32.672 --> 14:34.006 THOSE THREE BONES ARE THE 14:34.107 --> 14:35.575 HAMMER, THE ANVIL, AND THE 14:35.675 --> 14:37.276 STIRRUP. 14:37.377 --> 14:38.511 DR. BISHOP: AND LET ME ADD TO 14:38.611 --> 14:39.912 THAT. 14:40.012 --> 14:41.214 SO THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 14:41.314 --> 14:42.482 STIRRUP ARE JUST THE COMMON 14:42.582 --> 14:44.350 NAMES THAT WE USE HERE IN 14:44.450 --> 14:46.152 AMERICA. 14:46.252 --> 14:47.487 BUT THE LATIN TERMS FOR THOSE 14:47.587 --> 14:48.755 ARE MALLEUS, INCUS, AND STAPES. 14:48.855 --> 14:52.125 CAITLYN: HI, MY NAME IS CAITLYN. 14:52.225 --> 14:53.626 AND I GO TO WHITE PINE 14:53.726 --> 14:54.861 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 14:54.961 --> 14:56.129 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO OUR 14:56.229 --> 14:59.532 EYES SENSE PERIPHERAL VISION? 14:59.632 --> 15:01.000 DR. BISHOP: SO PERIPHERAL VISION 15:01.100 --> 15:02.468 IS THE VISION THAT YOU SEE ON 15:02.568 --> 15:04.470 THE SIDES, WHICH YOU CAN'T 15:04.570 --> 15:05.705 NECESSARILY FOCUS ON, BUT YOU DO 15:05.805 --> 15:07.573 NOTICE MOVEMENT THERE. 15:07.673 --> 15:08.875 AND IT'S A PERCEPTION OF LIGHT. 15:08.975 --> 15:10.109 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY DONE 15:10.209 --> 15:11.577 THROUGH YOUR RODS, WHICH ARE A 15:11.677 --> 15:14.347 SPECIFIC CELL WITHIN YOUR EYE. 15:14.447 --> 15:15.615 SO THE CONES OF YOUR EYE ARE IN 15:15.715 --> 15:17.316 THE CENTER PART, AND THAT'S WHAT 15:17.417 --> 15:18.885 SENSES THE COLOR. 15:18.985 --> 15:20.486 THE RODS ACTUALLY EXTEND FURTHER 15:20.586 --> 15:22.355 PAST THAT, AND THAT'S WHAT GIVES 15:22.455 --> 15:24.123 YOU YOUR VISION AT NIGHT AND 15:24.223 --> 15:25.958 ALSO GIVES YOU YOUR VISION TO 15:26.058 --> 15:27.693 SENSE MOVEMENT WITHIN YOUR 15:27.794 --> 15:30.263 PERIPHERY OF YOUR VISION. 15:30.363 --> 15:31.631 DR. ANTINK: YOU CAN TRY AT NIGHT 15:31.731 --> 15:32.999 TONIGHT LOOKING UP AT THE STARS. 15:33.099 --> 15:34.133 IF YOU TRY TO LOOK AT A STAR 15:34.233 --> 15:36.469 USING YOUR PERIPHERAL VISION, 15:36.569 --> 15:37.537 YOU MIGHT ACTUALLY SEE IT 15:37.637 --> 15:38.805 BRIGHTER THAN IF YOU LOOK AT IT 15:38.905 --> 15:40.106 STRAIGHT ON. 15:40.206 --> 15:41.207 AND THAT'S BECAUSE THERE ARE 15:41.307 --> 15:42.375 MORE RODS ON THE SIDES OF YOUR 15:42.475 --> 15:43.676 EYE TO PERCEIVE THE LIGHT THAN 15:43.776 --> 15:44.844 THERE ARE IN THE MIDDLE WHEN YOU 15:44.944 --> 15:47.246 LOOK DIRECTLY AT SOMETHING. 15:47.346 --> 15:48.548 JACK: HI, MY NAME IS JACK. 15:48.648 --> 15:52.585 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 15:52.685 --> 15:53.753 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 15:53.853 --> 15:57.190 HAVE HAIR IN OUR NOSE? 15:57.290 --> 15:58.391 DR. BISHOP: SO THE HAIR IN OUR 15:58.491 --> 15:59.692 NOSE PROVIDES A VERY SPECIFIC 15:59.792 --> 16:01.761 PURPOSE, BESIDES STICKING OUT OF 16:01.861 --> 16:03.062 YOUR NOSE LIKE YOUR GRANDPA'S 16:03.162 --> 16:04.730 HAIR DOES. 16:04.831 --> 16:06.799 IT'S THERE TO HELP COLLECT DUST, 16:06.899 --> 16:08.468 HELP COLLECT DIRT PARTICLES OR 16:08.568 --> 16:10.169 PARTICLES WITHIN THE AIR THAT 16:10.269 --> 16:14.073 COULD DAMAGE OUR LUNGS IF THEY 16:14.173 --> 16:15.341 WERE TO CONTINUE TO PASS THROUGH 16:15.441 --> 16:16.843 YOUR AIRWAY. 16:16.943 --> 16:18.444 AND SO THE NOSE HAS THESE SMALL 16:18.544 --> 16:19.912 HAIRS IN THERE THAT HELPS TO 16:20.012 --> 16:20.680 COLLECT THAT. 16:20.780 --> 16:21.981 AND THAT'S WHERE YOUR BOOGERS 16:22.081 --> 16:23.616 ARE FORMED. 16:23.716 --> 16:24.851 AURORA: HI, MY NAME IS AURORA. 16:24.951 --> 16:26.219 AND I'M FROM JEFFERSON 16:26.319 --> 16:28.221 ELEMENTARY. 16:28.321 --> 16:29.288 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES YOUR 16:29.388 --> 16:33.125 EYES GET BLURRY? 16:33.226 --> 16:34.227 DR. BISHOP: SO NOT EVERYONE'S 16:34.327 --> 16:35.495 EYES GET BLURRY, BUT THAT IS 16:35.595 --> 16:37.730 SOMETHING THAT CAN OCCUR. 16:37.830 --> 16:39.465 SO WHAT HAPPENS IS WITHIN YOUR 16:39.565 --> 16:41.434 EYE, BEHIND YOUR IRIS, SO THE 16:41.534 --> 16:42.969 HOLE WITHIN YOUR EYE, THERE'S A 16:43.069 --> 16:43.870 LENS. 16:43.970 --> 16:44.971 AND SO DEPENDING ON HOW THAT 16:45.071 --> 16:46.339 LENS DEVELOPS, IT CAN CAUSE YOUR 16:46.439 --> 16:48.508 VISION TO GET BLURRY. 16:48.608 --> 16:50.042 SO IF IT GETS MISSHAPEN FROM 16:50.142 --> 16:51.611 WHAT IT USUALLY WAS, THAT CAN 16:51.711 --> 16:53.779 CHANGE YOUR VISION. 16:53.880 --> 16:55.181 THERE'S ALSO PEOPLE WHO GET 16:55.281 --> 16:56.749 SOMETHING THAT'S CALLED 16:56.849 --> 16:58.784 "GLAUCOMA," SO THEY ACTUALLY GET 16:58.885 --> 16:59.952 A DEPOSIT OF SOMETHING WITHIN 17:00.052 --> 17:01.787 THEIR LENS THAT CAUSES THEIR 17:01.888 --> 17:03.189 VISION TO BE BLURRY AND ALSO GET 17:03.289 --> 17:04.557 OBSCURED. 17:04.657 --> 17:05.725 AND SO THAT IS HOW OUR VISION 17:05.825 --> 17:07.126 GETS BLURRY IS THAT LENS CHANGES 17:07.226 --> 17:08.961 SHAPE AND CHANGES THE WAY IT 17:09.061 --> 17:10.930 REFLECTS THE LIGHT ON THE BACK 17:11.030 --> 17:12.865 OF OUR EYE. 17:12.965 --> 17:13.966 DR. ANTINK: NOW, SOMETIMES MY 17:14.066 --> 17:15.401 EYES GET BLURRY IF I KEEP THEM 17:15.501 --> 17:19.105 OPEN AND DON'T BLINK. 17:19.205 --> 17:20.339 AND IF THAT EVER HAPPENS TO YOU, 17:20.439 --> 17:21.941 I THINK THAT'S BECAUSE YOU HAVE 17:22.041 --> 17:23.643 FLUID THAT'S LUBRICATING YOUR 17:23.743 --> 17:25.411 EYE, AND EVERY TIME YOU BLINK, 17:25.511 --> 17:26.612 IT PUTS ANOTHER LAYER OF FLUID 17:26.712 --> 17:28.814 TO HELP LUBRICATE YOUR EYE. 17:28.915 --> 17:30.516 AND IF YOU TRY NOT TO BLINK FOR 17:30.616 --> 17:32.485 A LONG TIME, THEN YOUR EYE GETS 17:32.585 --> 17:33.719 KIND OF DRY, AND SOMETIMES THAT 17:33.819 --> 17:36.088 CAN MAKE MY VISION BLURRY. 17:36.188 --> 17:38.057 EDANA: HI, MY NAME IS EDANA. 17:38.157 --> 17:39.225 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 17:39.325 --> 17:41.494 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN WE TOUCH 17:41.594 --> 17:42.662 SOMETHING, WE CAN FEEL THE 17:42.762 --> 17:44.096 TEXTURE. 17:44.196 --> 17:47.099 WHY CAN WE FEEL THE TEXTURE? 17:47.199 --> 17:48.434 DR. ANTINK: SO OUR SKIN CELLS 17:48.534 --> 17:50.603 HAVE RECEPTORS THAT SENSE WHEN 17:50.703 --> 17:53.906 WE TOUCH SOMETHING. 17:54.006 --> 17:55.107 AND THEY ARE VERY, VERY CLOSE 17:55.207 --> 17:56.609 TOGETHER. 17:56.709 --> 17:58.544 AND SO WHEN YOU FEEL SOMETHING 17:58.644 --> 18:00.012 THAT'S ROUGH VERSUS SMOOTH, YOU 18:00.112 --> 18:01.247 ARE STIMULATING MORE OF THE 18:01.347 --> 18:03.182 SEPARATE SKIN RECEPTORS THAN A 18:03.282 --> 18:04.283 CONTINUOUS FEELING FROM 18:04.383 --> 18:06.118 SOMETHING SMOOTH. 18:06.218 --> 18:07.553 YOU CAN ALSO FEEL IF SOMETHING 18:07.653 --> 18:08.688 IS SHARP VERSUS SOFT BASED ON 18:08.788 --> 18:10.756 HOW MUCH PRESSURE IT EXERTS ON 18:10.856 --> 18:13.192 YOUR SKIN WHEN YOU TOUCH IT. 18:13.292 --> 18:14.527 AND SOME PARTS OF YOUR BODY HAVE 18:14.627 --> 18:16.963 MORE SENSITIVE RECEPTORS BECAUSE 18:17.063 --> 18:19.198 THERE'S MORE OF THEM IN A SMALL 18:19.298 --> 18:20.366 AREA THAN IN OTHER PARTS OF YOUR 18:20.466 --> 18:22.134 BODY. 18:22.668 --> 18:25.605 (MUSIC) 18:25.705 --> 18:26.639 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN 18:26.739 --> 18:27.740 IS THE COMMAND CENTER OF YOUR 18:27.840 --> 18:28.975 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 18:29.075 --> 18:30.142 YOUR BRAIN HELPS FIGURE OUT WHAT 18:30.242 --> 18:31.310 YOUR FIVE SENSES ARE DETECTING. 18:31.410 --> 18:32.912 SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE 18:33.012 --> 18:35.748 ABOUT YOUR BRAIN. 18:35.848 --> 18:37.483 THE BRAIN WEIGHS ABOUT 3 POUNDS. 18:37.583 --> 18:38.918 IT'S MADE UP OF 100 BILLION 18:39.018 --> 18:41.520 NERVE CELLS OR NEURONS. 18:41.621 --> 18:42.788 ELECTRICAL IMPULSES PASS FROM 18:42.888 --> 18:44.757 CELL TO CELL. 18:44.857 --> 18:46.192 MESSAGES GO OUT OF YOUR BRAIN, 18:46.292 --> 18:47.360 DOWN YOUR SPINAL CORD, AND OUT 18:47.460 --> 18:48.527 TO YOUR BODY AND THEN BACK AGAIN 18:48.628 --> 18:50.763 ALL IN AN INSTANT. 18:50.863 --> 18:52.098 THE BRAIN, THE SPINAL CORD, AND 18:52.198 --> 18:53.399 ALL THOSE NERVES MAKE UP THE 18:53.499 --> 18:55.167 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 18:55.267 --> 18:56.202 IT'S YOUR BODY'S INFORMATION 18:56.302 --> 18:57.870 SYSTEM. 18:58.771 --> 18:59.672 STUDENT: SCIENTISTS SAY THERE'S 18:59.772 --> 19:00.773 ENOUGH ELECTRICITY FROM ALL 19:00.873 --> 19:02.174 THOSE MESSAGES IN YOUR BRAIN AND 19:02.274 --> 19:04.043 BODY TO TURN ON A LIGHT IN A 19:04.143 --> 19:06.512 REFRIGERATOR. 19:09.015 --> 19:09.949 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN IS MADE 19:10.049 --> 19:11.450 UP OF SEVERAL PARTS. 19:11.550 --> 19:12.485 THERE'S THE BRAIN STEM; IT 19:12.585 --> 19:13.786 CONTROLS YOUR BODY'S BASIC 19:13.886 --> 19:14.954 AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS, LIKE 19:15.054 --> 19:16.322 BREATHING. 19:16.422 --> 19:17.623 THERE'S THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH 19:17.723 --> 19:18.691 CONTROLS THINGS LIKE MOVEMENT, 19:18.791 --> 19:19.759 YOUR PHYSICAL SKILLS. 19:19.859 --> 19:20.960 AND THEN THERE'S THE LIMBIC 19:21.060 --> 19:22.161 SYSTEM, THAT MAKES UP ABOUT 19:22.261 --> 19:23.896 ONEFIFTH OF YOUR BRAIN. 19:23.996 --> 19:25.297 THERE ARE GLANDS, LIKE THE 19:25.398 --> 19:26.966 PITUITARY AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS; 19:27.066 --> 19:28.267 THEY WORK WITH THE BRAIN STEM TO 19:28.367 --> 19:29.468 CONTROL BODY TEMPERATURE, 19:29.568 --> 19:31.270 GROWTH, AND BLOOD PRESSURE. 19:31.370 --> 19:32.505 THEN THERE'S THE CEREBRUM; 19:32.605 --> 19:33.706 THAT'S THE THINKING, CREATIVE 19:33.806 --> 19:35.274 PART OF YOUR BRAIN. 19:35.374 --> 19:36.475 IT'S ALSO THE BIGGEST PART OF 19:36.575 --> 19:37.677 YOUR BRAIN. 19:37.777 --> 19:38.844 ALONG WITH ITS THIN COVERING, 19:38.944 --> 19:40.346 THE CORTEX, IT'S THE PART OF THE 19:40.446 --> 19:41.781 BRAIN THAT GOVERNS VOLUNTARY 19:41.881 --> 19:42.882 MOVEMENTS. 19:42.982 --> 19:44.083 IT'S WHERE YOU THINK, WHERE YOU 19:44.183 --> 19:45.484 PERCEIVE OR SENSE THINGS. 19:45.584 --> 19:46.652 AND BECAUSE OF YOUR CORTEX, YOU 19:46.752 --> 19:48.354 CAN UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER, 19:48.454 --> 19:50.356 COMMUNICATE AND CREATE. 19:50.456 --> 19:52.725 THE BRAIN HAS TWO SIDES. 19:52.825 --> 19:53.859 EACH CONTROLS THE OPPOSITE SIDE 19:53.959 --> 19:56.295 OF THE BODY. 19:56.395 --> 19:57.663 EACH SIDE ALSO CONTROLS CERTAIN 19:57.763 --> 19:59.365 SKILLS. 19:59.465 --> 20:00.499 THE RIGHT SIDE OF YOUR BRAIN 20:00.599 --> 20:01.967 CONTROLS MUSIC AND ART, THE 20:02.068 --> 20:03.235 CREATIVE STUFF. 20:03.335 --> 20:04.437 AND THE LEFT SIDE HANDLES 20:04.537 --> 20:05.438 NUMBERS AND WORDS AND 20:05.538 --> 20:07.006 PROBLEMSOLVING. 20:07.106 --> 20:07.907 AND THERE'S A BAND OF CELLS 20:08.007 --> 20:09.008 BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS OR 20:09.108 --> 20:10.109 HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SO THAT 20:10.209 --> 20:11.377 THE LEFT SIDE KNOWS WHAT THE 20:11.477 --> 20:13.579 RIGHT SIDE IS DOING. 20:14.947 --> 20:15.681 STUDENT: THE HUMAN BRAIN IS SO 20:15.781 --> 20:16.782 SOFT THAT YOU COULD CUT IT WITH 20:16.882 --> 20:19.385 A BUTTER KNIFE. 20:19.485 --> 20:20.453 THAT'S WHY YOU SHOULD WEAR YOUR 20:20.553 --> 20:22.655 HELMET WHEN YOU RIDE YOUR BIKE. 20:22.755 --> 20:27.093 YOU NEED TO PROTECT YOUR BRAIN. 20:27.927 --> 20:28.828 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR BRAIN AND 20:28.928 --> 20:30.196 BODY ALSO PUT OUT CHEMICALS, 20:30.296 --> 20:31.430 CALLED "HORMONES" OR 20:31.530 --> 20:33.032 "NEUROTRANSMITTERS." 20:33.132 --> 20:34.133 HORMONES HELP REGULATE YOUR 20:34.233 --> 20:35.267 BODY'S GROWTH, HELP YOU MATURE, 20:35.367 --> 20:36.836 MAINTAIN YOUR DIGESTION, EVEN 20:36.936 --> 20:39.305 TELL YOU WHEN TO SLEEP. 20:39.405 --> 20:40.406 NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE CHEMICALS 20:40.506 --> 20:41.540 THAT SEND MESSAGES BETWEEN 20:41.640 --> 20:43.109 CELLS. 20:43.209 --> 20:44.443 SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS TELL YOUR 20:44.543 --> 20:45.578 HEART TO BEAT OR YOUR LUNGS TO 20:45.678 --> 20:46.846 BREATHE, WHILE OTHERS HELP 20:46.946 --> 20:48.314 REGULATE YOUR MOOD, WHETHER 20:48.414 --> 20:50.249 YOU'RE HAPPY OR SAD. 20:50.349 --> 20:51.984 THESE CHEMICALS PLAY A PART IN 20:52.084 --> 20:53.385 HOW YOU REMEMBER THINGS, WHY YOU 20:53.486 --> 20:56.122 DREAM, WHO YOU ARE, YOUR 20:56.222 --> 20:57.857 THOUGHTS AND YOUR FEELINGS. 20:57.957 --> 20:58.991 YOUR BREATHING AND YOUR GROWING 20:59.091 --> 21:00.493 ARE ALL CONTROLLED BY YOUR 21:00.593 --> 21:01.660 BRAIN. 21:01.761 --> 21:02.762 AND YOUR BRAIN CONTINUES TO 21:02.862 --> 21:04.029 DEVELOP EVEN AFTER YOU'RE BORN 21:04.130 --> 21:05.431 AND CONTINUES TO GROW AND CHANGE 21:05.531 --> 21:07.666 EVEN AS AN ADULT. 21:07.767 --> 21:09.135 YOUR BRAIN IS WHAT MAKES YOU, 21:09.235 --> 21:11.670 YOU. 21:12.538 --> 21:15.841 (MUSIC) 21:16.509 --> 21:17.843 REBECCA: HI, MY NAME IS REBECCA. 21:17.943 --> 21:18.911 AND I GO TO GALILEO STEM 21:19.011 --> 21:20.679 ACADEMY. 21:20.780 --> 21:22.047 MY QUESTION IS HOW DO NERVES 21:22.148 --> 21:26.285 CONNECT FEELING TO YOUR BRAIN? 21:26.385 --> 21:27.419 DR. BISHOP: REBECCA, THE NERVES 21:27.520 --> 21:29.355 THAT WE HAVE IN OUR BODY, THEY 21:29.455 --> 21:30.856 DO SENSE MANY DIFFERENT THINGS. 21:30.956 --> 21:33.759 SO OUR SENSE OF TOUCH. 21:33.859 --> 21:35.661 WE ALSO HAVE SENSE OF VIBRATION 21:35.761 --> 21:37.997 AND SENSE OF HEAT OR COLD. 21:38.097 --> 21:38.998 AND ALL OF THESE NERVES ARE 21:39.098 --> 21:41.867 WITHIN OUR SKIN. 21:41.967 --> 21:43.335 AS THEY GET TRIGGERED, OR IF WE 21:43.435 --> 21:44.603 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S COLD, 21:44.703 --> 21:46.505 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S SHARP, OR 21:46.605 --> 21:48.874 TOUCH ANYTHING, THOSE NERVES 21:48.974 --> 21:50.709 THEN SEND A SIGNAL, WHICH 21:50.810 --> 21:52.211 TRAVELS UP THE NERVE INTO YOUR 21:52.311 --> 21:54.713 SPINAL CORD AND THEN UP INTO 21:54.814 --> 21:56.248 YOUR BRAIN. 21:56.348 --> 21:57.416 AND SO THE NERVE CELLS ARE VERY 21:57.516 --> 22:01.620 GOOD AT ALLOWING THAT TO TRAVEL. 22:01.720 --> 22:03.122 THE SPEED AT WHICH IT TRAVELS 22:03.222 --> 22:04.557 CAN BE UPWARDS OF 200 MILES PER 22:04.657 --> 22:06.492 HOUR AS IT TRAVELS FROM YOUR 22:06.592 --> 22:08.561 FINGER TO YOUR BRAIN. 22:08.661 --> 22:11.163 THAT'S WHY THERE'S NO LAG TIME 22:11.263 --> 22:12.464 FROM WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING TO 22:12.565 --> 22:14.633 WHEN YOU ACTUALLY FEEL IT. 22:14.733 --> 22:15.768 JOSHUA: HI, MY NAME IS JOSHUA. 22:15.868 --> 22:17.837 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 22:17.937 --> 22:19.839 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 22:19.939 --> 22:24.109 HAVE EYELASHES? 22:24.210 --> 22:25.244 DR. ANTINK: WE HAVE EYELASHES TO 22:25.344 --> 22:26.645 HELP PROTECT OUR EYE FROM DUST 22:26.745 --> 22:29.849 AND OTHER PARTICLES IN THE AIR. 22:29.949 --> 22:30.950 YOUR EYE GETS VERY IRRITATED IF 22:31.050 --> 22:32.952 SOMETHING GETS ONTO THE EYEBALL. 22:33.052 --> 22:34.553 AND SO THE EYELASHES HELP TO 22:34.653 --> 22:36.455 PROTECT YOU FROM THAT. 22:36.555 --> 22:37.656 SAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAM. 22:37.756 --> 22:39.325 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 22:39.425 --> 22:40.392 WHY DO WE HAVE LITTLE BLACK DOTS 22:40.492 --> 22:42.862 IN OUR EYES? 22:42.962 --> 22:44.697 DR. BISHOP: SO THE BLACK DOT IN 22:44.797 --> 22:46.165 THE MIDDLE OF YOUR EYE, OR YOUR 22:46.265 --> 22:48.267 PUPIL, IS ACTUALLY A HOLE THAT 22:48.367 --> 22:49.568 ALLOWS LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH TO 22:49.668 --> 22:50.736 THE BACK OF YOUR EYE SO THAT YOU 22:50.836 --> 22:52.438 CAN ACTUALLY SEE. 22:52.538 --> 22:53.606 SOME PEOPLE MIGHT ACTUALLY HAVE 22:53.706 --> 22:55.107 FLECKS OF BLACK WITHIN THE IRIS, 22:55.207 --> 22:56.375 WHICH IS THE COLORED PART OF THE 22:56.475 --> 22:58.177 EYE, WHICH ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTES 22:58.277 --> 23:00.246 TO THE COLOR OF THEIR EYES. 23:00.346 --> 23:02.081 BUT THE BLACK DOT IN THE MIDDLE 23:02.181 --> 23:03.282 IS ACTUALLY A HOLE AND ALLOWS 23:03.382 --> 23:06.585 THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH. 23:06.685 --> 23:07.920 EVAN: HI, MY NAME IS EVAN. 23:08.020 --> 23:09.054 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 23:09.154 --> 23:10.322 SCHOOL. 23:10.422 --> 23:11.357 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 23:11.457 --> 23:14.126 DECIPHER DIFFERENT SMELLS? 23:14.226 --> 23:15.561 DR. ANTINK: EVAN, THAT IS A 23:15.661 --> 23:17.062 GREAT QUESTION. 23:17.162 --> 23:18.297 IN OUR NOSE WE HAVE LOTS OF 23:18.397 --> 23:19.431 RECEPTORS THAT SEND SIGNALS OF 23:19.531 --> 23:21.500 SMELL PARTICLES TO OUR BRAIN TO 23:21.600 --> 23:23.002 SENSE THE SMELL. 23:23.102 --> 23:24.403 AND BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCES 23:24.503 --> 23:26.405 WHEN WE HAVE DIFFERENT SMELLS, 23:26.505 --> 23:27.773 THAT HELPS US DETERMINE WHETHER 23:27.873 --> 23:29.608 WE SEE SOMETHING OR SMELL 23:29.708 --> 23:30.910 SOMETHING AS PLEASURABLE OR 23:31.010 --> 23:32.711 UNPLEASURABLE. 23:32.811 --> 23:33.879 SOMETIMES CERTAIN SMELLS CAN 23:33.979 --> 23:36.916 EVOKE A MEMORY IN SOMEBODY OF A 23:37.016 --> 23:38.384 BAD THING, AND SO THEY CONSIDER 23:38.484 --> 23:40.119 THAT SMELL UNPLEASURABLE, WHILE 23:40.219 --> 23:41.553 THE SAME SMELL MIGHT EVOKE A 23:41.654 --> 23:43.322 PLEASURABLE MEMORY TO SOMEBODY 23:43.422 --> 23:44.423 ELSE, AND THAT WOULD BE 23:44.523 --> 23:47.126 CONSIDERED A GOOD SMELL. 23:47.226 --> 23:48.560 SUMMIT: HI, MY NAME IS SUMMIT. 23:48.661 --> 23:49.795 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 23:49.895 --> 23:51.931 SCHOOL. 23:52.031 --> 23:54.600 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE SEE 23:54.700 --> 23:58.237 COLOR? 23:58.337 --> 23:59.338 DR. BISHOP: SO OUR PERCEPTION OF 23:59.438 --> 24:01.340 COLOR OR HOW WE SEE COLOR IS 24:01.440 --> 24:02.741 CONTROLLED BY THE CONE CELLS, 24:02.841 --> 24:04.143 WHICH ARE IN THE BACK OF OUR 24:04.243 --> 24:05.177 EYE. 24:05.277 --> 24:06.445 SO THESE ARE SPECIFIC CELLS THAT 24:06.545 --> 24:08.447 ARE ABLE TO PROCESS THE COLORS 24:08.547 --> 24:10.316 THAT WE SEE, AND THEY THEN SEND 24:10.416 --> 24:12.017 THAT SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN AND 24:12.117 --> 24:13.452 ALLOW US TO SEE THE COLOR THAT 24:13.552 --> 24:15.354 WE ARE SEEING BEFORE US. 24:16.422 --> 24:17.389 CARTAN-HANSEN: ERIC WOULD LIKE 24:17.489 --> 24:18.557 TO KNOW: HOW DO YOUR EARS PICK 24:18.657 --> 24:20.793 UP SOUND WAVES? 24:20.893 --> 24:22.394 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EARS HAVE A 24:22.494 --> 24:24.029 VERY SPECIFIC DESIGN TO THEM. 24:24.129 --> 24:25.731 IF YOU ACTUALLY LOOK AT YOUR 24:25.831 --> 24:27.066 EAR, IT HAS A CUPPING SHAPE, 24:27.166 --> 24:28.200 WHICH HELPS US COLLECT THAT 24:28.300 --> 24:29.535 SOUND WAVE AND THEN CARRY THAT 24:29.635 --> 24:30.903 IN THROUGH OUR EAR CANAL TO THE 24:31.003 --> 24:32.237 MIDDLE EAR. 24:32.338 --> 24:33.605 AND THAT'S WHERE THAT SOUND WAVE 24:33.706 --> 24:34.940 IS THEN TURNED INTO AN 24:35.040 --> 24:36.075 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT THEN GOES 24:36.175 --> 24:38.911 OUR BRAIN. 24:39.011 --> 24:40.446 SAKSHAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAKSHAM. 24:40.546 --> 24:41.547 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 24:41.647 --> 24:42.514 SCHOOL. 24:42.614 --> 24:43.615 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE IS 24:43.716 --> 24:46.385 THE LEAST IMPORTANT AND WHY? 24:46.485 --> 24:47.619 DR. ANTINK: SO I THINK IT'S 24:47.720 --> 24:48.721 DEBATABLE AS TO WHICH SENSE IS 24:48.821 --> 24:50.255 THE LEAST IMPORTANT. 24:50.356 --> 24:51.357 TO SOMEBODY WHO IS BLIND, 24:51.457 --> 24:52.958 PROBABLY VISION IS SIGHT IS THE 24:53.058 --> 24:54.326 LEAST IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEIR 24:54.426 --> 24:55.928 EYES DON'T WORK. 24:56.028 --> 24:57.229 BUT FOR EVERY DIFFERENT PERSON, 24:57.329 --> 24:59.264 THEY MAY HAVE CERTAIN STRENGTHS 24:59.365 --> 25:00.866 IN WHICH SOME OF THEIR SENSES 25:00.966 --> 25:01.967 ARE MORE ACUTE OR STRONGER THAN 25:02.067 --> 25:03.202 OTHERS. 25:03.302 --> 25:04.536 SO I THINK THAT'S A VERY 25:04.636 --> 25:05.971 DIFFICULT QUESTION TO ANSWER. 25:06.071 --> 25:07.773 DR. BRAD, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 25:07.873 --> 25:09.375 DR. BISHOP: I BELIEVE IT IS VERY 25:09.475 --> 25:10.476 DEPENDENT ON THE PERSON. 25:10.576 --> 25:11.477 I KNOW, FOR MYSELF, I WOULD 25:11.577 --> 25:12.544 PROBABLY SAY TASTE IS THE LEAST 25:12.644 --> 25:13.545 IMPORTANT FOR ME. 25:13.645 --> 25:15.280 OR I WISH I DIDN'T HAVE TASTE 25:15.381 --> 25:16.348 BECAUSE THERE ARE CERTAIN FOODS 25:16.448 --> 25:17.449 THAT I DO NOT LIKE AND I DON'T 25:17.549 --> 25:18.751 WANT TO TASTE. 25:18.851 --> 25:19.918 AND THAT'S PROBABLY THE SAME FOR 25:20.019 --> 25:20.786 MOST OF YOU, AS WELL. 25:20.886 --> 25:21.453 BUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE ALL VERY 25:21.553 --> 25:25.491 IMPORTANT IN ALLOWING US TO 25:25.591 --> 25:28.327 PROCESS OUR ENVIRONMENT AND TO, 25:28.427 --> 25:29.928 AS WE SAY, WITH TASTE, ALL THE 25:30.029 --> 25:33.599 SENSES ARE KIND OF INVOLVED WITH 25:33.699 --> 25:34.433 THAT. 25:34.533 --> 25:35.667 JUST THE SENSATION OF TOUCH 25:35.768 --> 25:36.869 WITHIN OUR TONGUE, THE SENSATION 25:36.969 --> 25:38.003 OF SMELL WITHIN OUR NOSE. 25:38.103 --> 25:39.138 SO THERE'S ALL THE SENSES ARE 25:39.238 --> 25:42.808 VERY WORK VERY WELL TOGETHER, 25:42.908 --> 25:43.809 AND SO I FEEL THAT THEY ARE ALL 25:43.909 --> 25:45.978 VERY IMPORTANT. 25:46.078 --> 25:47.046 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF SOMEONE IS 25:47.146 --> 25:48.147 INTERESTED IN BECOMING A 25:48.247 --> 25:49.214 PEDIATRICIAN, WHAT SHOULD HE OR 25:49.314 --> 25:51.517 SHE STUDY IN SCHOOL? 25:51.617 --> 25:52.551 DR. ANTINK: TO BECOME A 25:52.651 --> 25:53.652 PEDIATRICIAN, YOU NEED TO GO 25:53.752 --> 25:54.753 THROUGH COLLEGE AND DO 25:54.853 --> 25:56.021 PREREQUISITES FOR MEDICAL 25:56.121 --> 25:57.322 SCHOOL. 25:57.423 --> 25:58.557 THEN YOU GO THROUGH MEDICAL 25:58.657 --> 25:59.925 SCHOOL, WHICH IS TYPICALLY FOUR 26:00.025 --> 26:00.993 YEARS, AND DURING THAT TIME YOU 26:01.093 --> 26:02.194 GET TO PRACTICE DIFFERENT KINDS 26:02.294 --> 26:03.829 OF DOCTOR TYPES. 26:03.929 --> 26:05.030 AT THE END OF THAT YOU DECIDE 26:05.130 --> 26:06.165 WHAT KIND OF DOCTOR YOU WANT TO 26:06.265 --> 26:06.899 BE. 26:06.999 --> 26:08.000 AND IN MY CASE A PEDIATRICIAN. 26:08.100 --> 26:09.234 SO THEN YOU DO A SPECIFIC 26:09.334 --> 26:10.202 TRAINING PROGRAM JUST FOR 26:10.302 --> 26:11.236 PEDIATRICS, WHICH IS USUALLY 26:11.336 --> 26:13.505 ABOUT THREE YEARS. 26:13.605 --> 26:14.540 DR. BISHOP: SO IF YOU WOULD LIKE 26:14.640 --> 26:15.641 TO BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN, OR 26:15.741 --> 26:16.809 JUST A DOCTOR IN GENERAL, THERE 26:16.909 --> 26:18.744 IS A LOT OF SCHOOL THAT DOES 26:18.844 --> 26:20.345 TAKE PLACE. 26:20.446 --> 26:21.346 THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO NOW TO 26:21.447 --> 26:22.881 HELP PREPARE YOU FOR THAT, TO GO 26:22.981 --> 26:24.950 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL, IS BY 26:25.050 --> 26:27.386 STUDYING A LOT OF THE SCIENCES, 26:27.486 --> 26:29.455 SO BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 26:29.555 --> 26:31.723 PHYSICS ARE THINGS THAT YOU'LL 26:31.824 --> 26:33.725 HAVE TO TAKE. 26:33.826 --> 26:34.927 BUT ALSO, THEY ALSO WANT PEOPLE 26:35.027 --> 26:37.262 WHO THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO DO A 26:37.362 --> 26:38.697 LOT OF SERVICE AND ALSO TO 26:38.797 --> 26:41.500 BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MEDICAL 26:41.600 --> 26:42.634 FIELD. 26:42.734 --> 26:43.535 THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO ACTUALLY 26:43.635 --> 26:44.837 GO AND SHADOW PHYSICIANS, NOW, 26:44.937 --> 26:46.305 IN ORDER TO APPLY FOR MEDICAL 26:46.405 --> 26:48.006 SCHOOL. 26:48.107 --> 26:49.141 AND SO THAT'S SOME OF THE THINGS 26:49.241 --> 26:50.609 YOU WOULD NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO 26:50.709 --> 26:51.777 GO TO MEDICAL SCHOOL TO THEN 26:51.877 --> 26:54.446 BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN. 26:54.546 --> 26:55.247 CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY, WE'VE 26:55.347 --> 26:56.448 RUN OUT OF TIME. 26:56.548 --> 26:57.583 MY THANKS TO DRS. 26:57.683 --> 26:58.684 ANTINK AND BISHOP FOR ANSWERING 26:58.784 --> 26:59.618 STUDENTS QUESTIONS TODAY. 26:59.718 --> 27:00.552 DR. ANTINK: THANKS, JOAN. 27:00.652 --> 27:01.453 THAT WAS FUN. 27:01.553 --> 27:02.354 DR. BISHOP: YEAH, WE LEARNED 27:02.454 --> 27:03.589 SOMETHING, TOO. 27:03.689 --> 27:04.556 CARTAN-HANSEN : MY THANKS, ALSO, 27:04.656 --> 27:05.591 TO THE FOLKS HERE AT SAINT 27:05.691 --> 27:06.792 ALPHONSUS FOR HOSTING US. 27:06.892 --> 27:07.860 NOW, YOU CAN LEARN LOTS MORE 27:07.960 --> 27:09.027 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES AND OTHER 27:09.128 --> 27:10.362 SCIENTIFIC TOPICS ON THE SCIENCE 27:10.496 --> 27:12.131 TREK WEBSITE. 27:12.231 --> 27:13.165 AND WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS 27:13.265 --> 27:14.633 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ON SCIENCE 27:14.766 --> 27:17.436 TREK: THE WEB SHOW . 27:17.536 --> 27:18.670 YOU WANT TO SUBMIT A QUESTION 27:18.770 --> 27:19.304 FOR SCIENCE TREK , IT'S EASY, 27:19.404 --> 27:20.506 AND 27:20.606 --> 27:21.607 YOU AND YOUR CLASS CAN WIN 27:21.707 --> 27:22.908 PRIZES. 27:23.008 --> 27:24.109 YOU CAN SEND IT AS AN EMAIL OR 27:24.209 --> 27:25.344 AS A VIDEO QUESTION, RECORD IT 27:25.444 --> 27:26.445 ON YOUR WEBCAM OR CELL PHONE. 27:26.545 --> 27:27.746 AND IF YOU'RE AN EDUCATOR, WE'LL 27:27.846 --> 27:29.781 EVEN LEND YOU A CAMERA. 27:29.882 --> 27:31.016 OUR LAST PRIZE WINNER WAS PAIGE 27:31.116 --> 27:33.185 IN MRS. 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