1 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:02,536 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 2 00:00:02,669 --> 00:00:03,804 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 3 00:00:03,904 --> 00:00:05,072 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 4 00:00:05,172 --> 00:00:06,540 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 5 00:00:06,640 --> 00:00:08,008 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 6 00:00:08,108 --> 00:00:09,243 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 7 00:00:09,343 --> 00:00:10,477 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 8 00:00:10,577 --> 00:00:12,012 FAMILIES LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 9 00:00:12,112 --> 00:00:14,348 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 10 00:00:14,448 --> 00:00:15,516 BY THE FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 11 00:00:15,616 --> 00:00:17,017 TELEVISION AND BY THE 12 00:00:17,117 --> 00:00:18,085 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 13 00:00:18,185 --> 00:00:19,820 BROADCASTING. 14 00:00:21,488 --> 00:00:22,289 JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HOW DO WE 15 00:00:22,389 --> 00:00:23,490 INTERACT WITH THE WORLD? 16 00:00:23,590 --> 00:00:24,691 W E USE OUR FIVE SENSES, SEEING, 17 00:00:24,791 --> 00:00:25,993 HEARING, SMELLING, TASTING, AND 18 00:00:26,093 --> 00:00:29,296 TOUCHING. 19 00:00:29,396 --> 00:00:30,430 BUT HOW DO THEY ALL WORK AND 20 00:00:30,531 --> 00:00:32,099 WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON? 21 00:00:32,199 --> 00:00:32,966 FIND OUT. 22 00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:36,336 SCIENCE TREK IS NEXT. 23 00:00:37,070 --> 00:00:44,011 (MUSIC) 24 00:00:45,045 --> 00:00:46,046 HI, I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, AND 25 00:00:46,146 --> 00:00:47,848 WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK . 26 00:00:47,948 --> 00:00:48,916 AND WELCOME TO SAINT ALPHONSUS 27 00:00:49,016 --> 00:00:50,984 HOSPITAL HERE IN BOISE. 28 00:00:51,084 --> 00:00:52,185 DOCTORS ARE STANDING BY TO 29 00:00:52,286 --> 00:00:53,220 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 30 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:54,321 AND LATER ON IN THE SHOW WE'LL 31 00:00:54,421 --> 00:00:55,455 LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 32 00:00:55,556 --> 00:00:56,723 THE BRAIN. 33 00:00:56,823 --> 00:00:57,724 BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN MORE 34 00:00:57,824 --> 00:01:00,627 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES. 35 00:01:03,463 --> 00:01:06,033 SO WHAT ARE YOUR FIVE SENSES? 36 00:01:06,133 --> 00:01:08,135 STUDENTS: SEEING, HEARING, 37 00:01:08,235 --> 00:01:13,006 SMELLING, TASTE, AND TOUCH. 38 00:01:13,106 --> 00:01:14,141 CARTAN-HANSEN: WE ALL USE OUR 39 00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:15,576 FIVE SENSES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 40 00:01:15,676 --> 00:01:17,511 HAPPENING AROUND US. 41 00:01:17,611 --> 00:01:18,712 FOR SOME, THAT MEANS NOT 42 00:01:18,812 --> 00:01:20,747 BECOMING SOMEBODY ELSE'S DINNER. 43 00:01:20,847 --> 00:01:22,516 SO LET'S LEARN ABOUT OUR FIVE 44 00:01:22,616 --> 00:01:25,185 SENSES. 45 00:01:25,285 --> 00:01:29,089 STUDENT: WE SEE WITH OUR EYES. 46 00:01:29,189 --> 00:01:30,457 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR EYEBALL IS 47 00:01:30,557 --> 00:01:32,059 ABOUT THE SIZE OF A PINGPONG 48 00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:33,260 BALL. 49 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:34,394 IT'S COVERED BY THE SCLERA, A 50 00:01:34,494 --> 00:01:35,629 TOUGH OUTER LAYER; THAT'S THE 51 00:01:35,729 --> 00:01:37,464 WHITE PART OF YOUR EYE. 52 00:01:37,564 --> 00:01:39,066 WHEN YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING LIGHT 53 00:01:39,166 --> 00:01:40,701 TRAVELS THROUGH THE CORNEA, THE 54 00:01:40,801 --> 00:01:42,402 FRONT PART OF YOUR EYE. 55 00:01:42,502 --> 00:01:43,704 IT GOES THROUGH THE PUPIL, 56 00:01:43,804 --> 00:01:44,805 THAT'S THE ROUND BLACK HOLE IN 57 00:01:44,905 --> 00:01:46,239 THE CENTER. 58 00:01:46,340 --> 00:01:47,608 A MUSCLE CALLED THE "IRIS," OR 59 00:01:47,708 --> 00:01:49,209 THE COLORED PART OF YOUR EYE, 60 00:01:49,309 --> 00:01:50,777 OPENS AND CLOSES THE PUPIL TO 61 00:01:50,877 --> 00:01:52,312 REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT 62 00:01:52,412 --> 00:01:53,914 COMING IN. 63 00:01:54,014 --> 00:01:55,315 LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH THE LENS 64 00:01:55,415 --> 00:01:56,550 WHICH FOCUSES THE IMAGE ON THE 65 00:01:56,650 --> 00:01:59,920 BACK OF YOUR EYE OR THE RETINA. 66 00:02:00,020 --> 00:02:01,088 NERVE CELLS ON THE RETINA SEND 67 00:02:01,188 --> 00:02:02,556 THE IMAGE TO THE OPTIC NERVE AND 68 00:02:02,656 --> 00:02:05,993 THEN TO YOUR BRAIN. 69 00:02:06,093 --> 00:02:08,829 STUDENT: WE HEAR WITH OUR EARS. 70 00:02:08,929 --> 00:02:11,198 (HARP) 71 00:02:11,298 --> 00:02:12,432 CARTAN-HANSEN: A SOUND 72 00:02:12,532 --> 00:02:14,034 CREATES ENERGY. 73 00:02:14,134 --> 00:02:15,135 THOSE SOUND WAVES ENTER YOUR 74 00:02:15,235 --> 00:02:16,703 EARS AND TRAVEL DOWN THE EAR 75 00:02:16,803 --> 00:02:19,172 CANAL TO THE EARDRUM. 76 00:02:19,272 --> 00:02:20,240 THIS THIN PIECE OF SKIN IS 77 00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:22,142 STRETCHED VERY TIGHT, AND WHEN 78 00:02:22,242 --> 00:02:24,244 THE SOUND WAVES HIT IT, IT 79 00:02:24,344 --> 00:02:26,546 BEGINS TO VIBRATE. 80 00:02:26,647 --> 00:02:28,281 THAT MAKES THREE TINY BONES, 81 00:02:28,382 --> 00:02:30,117 KNOWN AS THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 82 00:02:30,217 --> 00:02:31,518 STIRRUP, MOVE, TOO. 83 00:02:31,618 --> 00:02:32,919 THIS MOVES OR TRANSMITS THOSE 84 00:02:33,020 --> 00:02:34,721 SOUND WAVES INTO A SNAIL'S 85 00:02:34,821 --> 00:02:35,956 SHAPED STRUCTURE CALLED THE 86 00:02:36,056 --> 00:02:38,725 "COCHLEA." 87 00:02:38,825 --> 00:02:40,060 THE COCHLEA IS FILLED WITH FLUID 88 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:41,361 AND 17,000 TINY HAIRLIKE 89 00:02:41,461 --> 00:02:43,997 TISSUES. 90 00:02:44,097 --> 00:02:45,332 SOUND WAVES MOVE THROUGH THE 91 00:02:45,432 --> 00:02:48,468 FLUID AND BEND THE HAIR. 92 00:02:48,568 --> 00:02:50,270 SOMEHOW THE MOVEMENT OF THE HAIR 93 00:02:50,370 --> 00:02:51,605 STIMULATES THE FIBERS LEADING TO 94 00:02:51,705 --> 00:02:53,040 THE ACOUSTIC NERVE, AND THAT 95 00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:55,042 NERVE TAKES THE SOUND TO THE 96 00:02:55,142 --> 00:02:58,345 BRAIN. 97 00:02:58,445 --> 00:02:59,613 STUDENT: THE SENSE OF SMELL IS 98 00:02:59,713 --> 00:03:01,748 PROBABLY OUR OLDEST SENSE. 99 00:03:03,884 --> 00:03:04,851 CARTAN-HANSEN: TINY PARTICLES 100 00:03:04,951 --> 00:03:06,019 TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH YOUR 101 00:03:06,119 --> 00:03:07,788 EYES FLOAT INTO YOUR NOSE WHEN 102 00:03:07,888 --> 00:03:10,257 YOU BREATHE. 103 00:03:10,357 --> 00:03:11,391 THEY DRIFT TO THE TOP END OF 104 00:03:11,491 --> 00:03:13,393 YOUR NASAL CAVITY. 105 00:03:13,493 --> 00:03:14,895 INSIDE YOUR NOSE ARE TWO SMALL 106 00:03:14,995 --> 00:03:16,530 AREAS CALLED THE "OLFACTORY 107 00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:18,098 EPITHELIUM." 108 00:03:18,198 --> 00:03:19,299 THESE ARE ABOUT THE SIZE OF YOUR 109 00:03:19,399 --> 00:03:21,101 THUMBNAIL, BUT THEY CONTAIN 110 00:03:21,201 --> 00:03:23,603 ABOUT 20 MILLION OLFACTORY CELLS 111 00:03:23,704 --> 00:03:26,406 WITH TINY HAIRS OR CILIA. 112 00:03:26,506 --> 00:03:27,708 THOSE SCENT PARTICLES STICK TO 113 00:03:27,808 --> 00:03:28,909 THE CILIA AND TRIGGER NERVE 114 00:03:29,009 --> 00:03:30,744 CELLS. 115 00:03:30,844 --> 00:03:31,912 THOSE NERVE CELLS SEND A MESSAGE 116 00:03:32,012 --> 00:03:33,346 TO THE BRAIN WHICH IDENTIFIES 117 00:03:33,447 --> 00:03:37,350 THE SCENT. 118 00:03:37,451 --> 00:03:38,218 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TASTE 119 00:03:38,318 --> 00:03:41,188 BEGINS YOUR TONGUE. 120 00:03:41,288 --> 00:03:42,189 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR TONGUE IS 121 00:03:42,289 --> 00:03:43,356 COVERED WITH THOUSANDS OF TINY 122 00:03:43,457 --> 00:03:45,492 BUMPS CALLED "PAPILLA." 123 00:03:45,592 --> 00:03:46,793 INSIDE THOSE BUMPS, ON THE BACK 124 00:03:46,893 --> 00:03:48,795 PART OF THE ROOF OF YOUR MOUTH, 125 00:03:48,895 --> 00:03:49,996 AND IN THE VERY BACK OF YOUR 126 00:03:50,097 --> 00:03:53,300 THROAT ARE 10,000 TASTEBUDS. 127 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:54,401 THE TINY CELLS HAVE LITTLE 128 00:03:54,501 --> 00:03:56,169 HAIRS. 129 00:03:56,269 --> 00:03:57,571 DISSOLVED FOOD PARTICLES SEEP 130 00:03:57,671 --> 00:03:58,772 INTO THE HAIRS, AND THE TASTE 131 00:03:58,872 --> 00:04:00,307 BUDS SENSE WHETHER THE FOOD IS 132 00:04:00,407 --> 00:04:04,411 SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, OR SALT. 133 00:04:04,511 --> 00:04:05,912 THAT INFORMATION IS SENT TO YOUR 134 00:04:06,012 --> 00:04:07,114 BRAIN, AND THEN YOU DECIDE IF 135 00:04:07,214 --> 00:04:09,816 THE FOOD IS GOOD OR BAD. 136 00:04:09,916 --> 00:04:10,884 STUDENT 1: DID YOU KNOW MOST OF 137 00:04:10,984 --> 00:04:12,152 YOUR SENSE OF TASTE COMES FROM 138 00:04:12,252 --> 00:04:13,553 YOUR SENSE OF SMELL? 139 00:04:13,653 --> 00:04:14,955 STUDENT 2: SO LET'S SHARE. 140 00:04:15,055 --> 00:04:17,991 STUDENTS TOGHER: HEY! 141 00:04:18,625 --> 00:04:19,726 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TOUCH IS 142 00:04:19,826 --> 00:04:22,362 REALLY A BUNCH OF SENSE THAT 143 00:04:22,462 --> 00:04:24,765 WORK TOGETHER, AND YOU START 144 00:04:24,865 --> 00:04:28,268 WITH YOUR SKIN. 145 00:04:28,368 --> 00:04:29,469 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR SKIN IS THE 146 00:04:29,569 --> 00:04:31,538 LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY. 147 00:04:31,638 --> 00:04:32,873 THE LAYERS OF SKIN HAVE AT LEAST 148 00:04:32,973 --> 00:04:34,074 SEVEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF 149 00:04:34,174 --> 00:04:35,575 SENSORS. 150 00:04:35,675 --> 00:04:36,576 AND THERE ARE AS MANY AS A 151 00:04:36,676 --> 00:04:37,711 MILLION OF THESE MICROSCOPIC 152 00:04:37,811 --> 00:04:40,180 TOUCH SENSORS IN A SQUARE INCH 153 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:42,048 OF SKIN. 154 00:04:42,149 --> 00:04:43,383 SOME OF THESE NERVES RESPOND TO 155 00:04:43,483 --> 00:04:44,951 LIGHT PRESSURE; OTHERS RESPOND 156 00:04:45,051 --> 00:04:46,319 TO HEAVY PRESSURE. 157 00:04:46,419 --> 00:04:47,521 SOME ARE ACTIVATED BY HEAT, 158 00:04:47,621 --> 00:04:49,623 COLD, OR EVEN VIBRATIONS. 159 00:04:49,723 --> 00:04:50,957 SO WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING ALL 160 00:04:51,057 --> 00:04:52,626 THAT INFORMATION ACTIVATES THE 161 00:04:52,726 --> 00:04:53,927 NERVES, AND THAT INFORMATION 162 00:04:54,027 --> 00:04:56,696 GOES TO YOUR BRAIN. 163 00:04:56,797 --> 00:04:57,864 YOUR BRAIN IS REALLY THE MOST 164 00:04:57,964 --> 00:04:58,932 IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR FIVE 165 00:04:59,032 --> 00:05:00,167 SENSES. 166 00:05:00,267 --> 00:05:01,368 THE BRAIN COLLECTS INFORMATION 167 00:05:01,468 --> 00:05:02,402 FROM ALL THESE DIFFERENT 168 00:05:02,502 --> 00:05:03,837 SOURCES, AND THAT'S HOW WE MAKE 169 00:05:03,937 --> 00:05:05,372 SENSE OF THE WORLD. 170 00:05:05,472 --> 00:05:06,239 YOU GUYS READY? 171 00:05:06,339 --> 00:05:07,507 LET'S EAT. 172 00:05:07,607 --> 00:05:09,109 STUDENTS: YEAH! 173 00:05:10,076 --> 00:05:10,911 CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME 174 00:05:11,011 --> 00:05:12,112 NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 175 00:05:12,212 --> 00:05:13,446 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE TWO 176 00:05:13,547 --> 00:05:15,115 PEDIATRICIANS, DR. NAYA ANTINK 177 00:05:15,215 --> 00:05:17,751 AND DR. BRADLEY BISHOP. 178 00:05:18,451 --> 00:05:19,719 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 179 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:20,687 DR. NAYA ANTINK: THANK YOU, 180 00:05:20,787 --> 00:05:21,788 JOAN, FOR INVITING US. 181 00:05:21,888 --> 00:05:22,856 DR. BRADLEY BISHOP: IT'S OUR 182 00:05:22,956 --> 00:05:24,224 PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 183 00:05:24,324 --> 00:05:25,592 CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO 184 00:05:25,692 --> 00:05:27,093 YOUR QUESTIONS. 185 00:05:27,194 --> 00:05:30,330 (MUSIC) 186 00:05:30,430 --> 00:05:31,298 KARLI: HI, MY NAME IS 187 00:05:31,398 --> 00:05:32,999 KARLI. 188 00:05:33,099 --> 00:05:35,769 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 189 00:05:35,869 --> 00:05:37,037 AND MY QUESTION IS DO WE REALLY 190 00:05:37,137 --> 00:05:42,676 ONLY HAVE FIVE SENSES? 191 00:05:42,776 --> 00:05:43,710 DR. ANTINK: CARLEY, THAT'S A 192 00:05:43,810 --> 00:05:44,678 GREAT QUESTION. 193 00:05:44,778 --> 00:05:45,846 YES, WE HUMANS ONLY HAVE FIVE 194 00:05:45,946 --> 00:05:48,648 SENSES: SIGHT, SOUND, SMELL, 195 00:05:48,748 --> 00:05:51,251 TASTE, AND TOUCH. 196 00:05:51,351 --> 00:05:52,385 SOME ANIMALS HAVE MORE THAN 197 00:05:52,485 --> 00:05:54,855 FIVE, BUT THAT'S PRETTY RARE. 198 00:05:54,955 --> 00:05:56,690 JORGE: HI, MY NAME IS JORGE. 199 00:05:56,790 --> 00:05:57,757 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 200 00:05:57,858 --> 00:05:58,792 SCHOOL. 201 00:05:58,892 --> 00:05:59,960 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE DO 202 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:02,529 WE USE THE MOST? 203 00:06:02,629 --> 00:06:04,097 DR. BISHOP: SO, JORGE, THAT 204 00:06:04,197 --> 00:06:07,000 DEPENDS ON WHAT SENSES YOU USE. 205 00:06:07,100 --> 00:06:08,568 FOR, I BELIEVE, MOST PEOPLE 206 00:06:08,668 --> 00:06:09,703 VISION IS PROBABLY THE MOST USED 207 00:06:09,803 --> 00:06:14,541 SENSE, SINCE WE USE IT ALL DAY, 208 00:06:14,641 --> 00:06:16,509 AS OUR EYES ARE OPEN. 209 00:06:16,610 --> 00:06:18,011 WE DO USE OUR SENSE OF SMELL AND 210 00:06:18,111 --> 00:06:20,547 TASTE AT TIMES, AND OUR SENSE OF 211 00:06:20,647 --> 00:06:22,249 HEARING IS ALWAYS THERE, AS 212 00:06:22,349 --> 00:06:23,516 WELL. 213 00:06:23,617 --> 00:06:24,751 BUT I WOULD SAY THE ONE WE 214 00:06:24,851 --> 00:06:25,852 PROBABLY USE THE MOST AND RELY 215 00:06:25,952 --> 00:06:27,854 ON THE MOST IS OUR VISION. 216 00:06:27,954 --> 00:06:29,155 CADEN: HI, MY NAME IS CADEN. 217 00:06:29,256 --> 00:06:30,790 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 218 00:06:30,891 --> 00:06:31,591 SCHOOL. 219 00:06:31,691 --> 00:06:32,692 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT MAKES US 220 00:06:32,792 --> 00:06:34,694 HEAR SOUND? 221 00:06:34,794 --> 00:06:36,162 DR. ANTINK: SO THE EAR WORKS 222 00:06:36,263 --> 00:06:37,731 LIKE A CONE TO ABSORB WAVE 223 00:06:37,831 --> 00:06:40,700 LENGTHS OF SOUND. 224 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:41,968 AND AS THE SOUND COMES INTO OUR 225 00:06:42,068 --> 00:06:44,037 EAR, IT HITS OUR EARDRUM, WHICH 226 00:06:44,137 --> 00:06:46,907 THEN CONVERTS THE SOUND WAVE 227 00:06:47,007 --> 00:06:49,409 INTO A MECHANICAL MOVEMENT THAT, 228 00:06:49,509 --> 00:06:51,411 THEN, GETS TRANSMITTED INTO AN 229 00:06:51,511 --> 00:06:52,879 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, THROUGH THE 230 00:06:52,979 --> 00:06:54,047 COCHLEA, THAT GETS SENT UP TO 231 00:06:54,147 --> 00:06:56,483 THE BRAIN TO OUR HEARING SECTION 232 00:06:56,583 --> 00:06:57,617 OF THE BRAIN, AND THEN WE HEAR 233 00:06:57,717 --> 00:07:00,287 THE SOUND. 234 00:07:00,387 --> 00:07:02,522 RHONE: HI, MY NAME'S RHONE. 235 00:07:02,622 --> 00:07:03,857 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 236 00:07:03,957 --> 00:07:05,659 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO 237 00:07:05,759 --> 00:07:08,428 TASTEBUDS WORK? 238 00:07:08,528 --> 00:07:09,629 DR. BISHOP: SO TASTEBUDS ARE 239 00:07:09,729 --> 00:07:10,897 VERY SPECIFIC CELLS WITHIN YOUR 240 00:07:10,997 --> 00:07:12,332 TONGUE THAT HELP YOU SENSE 241 00:07:12,432 --> 00:07:14,901 FLAVOR. 242 00:07:15,001 --> 00:07:16,136 WHEN YOU EAT SOMETHING THAT'S 243 00:07:16,236 --> 00:07:17,671 SWEET, LIKE SUGAR, IT ACTUALLY 244 00:07:17,771 --> 00:07:19,205 HAS A RECEPTOR ON THERE THAT CAN 245 00:07:19,306 --> 00:07:21,775 SIGNAL THAT YOU ARE TASTING THAT 246 00:07:21,875 --> 00:07:24,044 SWEET SUBSTANCE. 247 00:07:24,144 --> 00:07:25,645 IT SENDS THAT SIGNAL TO THE 248 00:07:25,745 --> 00:07:27,147 BRAIN. 249 00:07:27,247 --> 00:07:28,348 THE TASTEBUDS WITHIN YOUR TONGUE 250 00:07:28,448 --> 00:07:30,317 CAN SENSE FOUR DIFFERENT THINGS. 251 00:07:30,417 --> 00:07:32,252 THEY CAN SENSE SWEETNESS, SOUR, 252 00:07:32,352 --> 00:07:37,257 BITTER, AND SALTY. 253 00:07:37,357 --> 00:07:38,391 ROSE: HI, MY NAME IS ROSE. 254 00:07:38,491 --> 00:07:39,726 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 255 00:07:39,826 --> 00:07:40,660 SCHOOL. 256 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:41,695 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE 257 00:07:41,795 --> 00:07:43,096 FIRST OF THE FIVE SENSES THAT 258 00:07:43,196 --> 00:07:46,466 DEVELOPS IN AN UNBORN BABY? 259 00:07:46,566 --> 00:07:47,734 DR. ANTINK: WOW, THAT IS A VERY 260 00:07:47,834 --> 00:07:50,370 COMPLICATED QUESTION. 261 00:07:50,470 --> 00:07:52,806 MY THOUGHT WOULD BE THAT SOUND 262 00:07:52,906 --> 00:07:56,142 MIGHT BE THE FIRST SENSE THAT 263 00:07:56,242 --> 00:07:58,144 DEVELOPS, BECAUSE STUDIES HAVE 264 00:07:58,244 --> 00:08:00,580 SHOWN THAT WHEN BABIES ARE BORN, 265 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:02,682 EVEN ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE, 266 00:08:02,782 --> 00:08:04,451 THEY WILL HAVE SPECIFIC SIGNALS 267 00:08:04,551 --> 00:08:06,319 IN THEIR BRAIN THAT GET 268 00:08:06,419 --> 00:08:07,721 TRIGGERED WHEN THEIR MOM SPEAKS 269 00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:08,855 TO THEM. 270 00:08:08,955 --> 00:08:10,290 MOST MOMS, WHEN THEY'RE PREGNANT 271 00:08:10,390 --> 00:08:11,624 ARE TALKING TO THEIR UNBORN 272 00:08:11,725 --> 00:08:12,792 BABIES IN THEIR TUMMY, AND SO 273 00:08:12,892 --> 00:08:14,594 THEY HEAR THOSE SOUNDS EVEN 274 00:08:14,694 --> 00:08:16,463 DURING DEVELOPMENT IN MOM'S 275 00:08:16,563 --> 00:08:17,998 TUMMY. 276 00:08:18,098 --> 00:08:19,866 HYFA: HI, MY NAME IS HYFA. 277 00:08:19,966 --> 00:08:23,370 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 278 00:08:23,470 --> 00:08:26,673 HOW DO YOUR FINGERS FEEL? 279 00:08:26,773 --> 00:08:27,741 DR. BISHOP: SO WITHIN YOUR 280 00:08:27,841 --> 00:08:29,342 FINGERS YOU HAVE CERTAIN CELLS 281 00:08:29,442 --> 00:08:31,678 THAT ARE SENSORY CELLS THAT CAN 282 00:08:31,778 --> 00:08:34,147 HELP YOU FEEL TOUCH. 283 00:08:34,247 --> 00:08:35,382 DEPENDING ON HOW CLOSE THESE 284 00:08:35,482 --> 00:08:37,250 CELLS ARE TOGETHER HELPS YOU 285 00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:38,551 DETERMINE WHETHER THERE'S ANY 286 00:08:38,651 --> 00:08:40,887 TEXTURE TO WHAT YOU'RE FEELING. 287 00:08:40,987 --> 00:08:42,555 IF YOU'LL NOTICE THAT IT'S 288 00:08:42,655 --> 00:08:43,790 EASIER TO FEEL SOMETHING WITH 289 00:08:43,890 --> 00:08:45,091 YOUR FINGERS THAN IT IS TO FEEL 290 00:08:45,191 --> 00:08:46,326 SOMETHING WITH THE BACK OF YOUR 291 00:08:46,426 --> 00:08:47,527 HAND, AS FAR AS WHETHER THERE'S 292 00:08:47,627 --> 00:08:49,262 TEXTURE OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT. 293 00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:50,463 BUT THESE LITTLE CELLS ARE ABLE 294 00:08:50,563 --> 00:08:52,465 TO SENSE AS YOU TOUCH SOMETHING 295 00:08:52,565 --> 00:08:53,833 IS ABLE TO SENSE THAT PRESSURE 296 00:08:53,933 --> 00:08:55,201 AS YOU TOUCH AND THEN SENDS THE 297 00:08:55,301 --> 00:08:56,569 SIGNALS TO YOUR BRAIN AND LET'S 298 00:08:56,669 --> 00:08:57,737 YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE TOUCHING 299 00:08:57,837 --> 00:08:59,939 SOMETHING. 300 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:01,174 GEORGIA: HI, MY NAME IS GEORGIA. 301 00:09:01,274 --> 00:09:02,509 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 302 00:09:02,609 --> 00:09:03,977 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN YOU SEE 303 00:09:04,077 --> 00:09:05,178 A COLOR HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT 304 00:09:05,278 --> 00:09:06,379 EVERYBODY ELSE SEES THE SAME 305 00:09:06,479 --> 00:09:09,215 COLOR? 306 00:09:09,315 --> 00:09:10,483 DR. ANTINK: SO COLOR PERCEPTION 307 00:09:10,583 --> 00:09:13,019 ACTUALLY IS A DIFFICULT SCIENCE. 308 00:09:13,119 --> 00:09:16,523 WHEN WE SEE A COLOR, WE LEARN 309 00:09:16,623 --> 00:09:19,526 THAT THE APPLE IS RED, AND THE 310 00:09:19,626 --> 00:09:21,628 WAVELENGTH THAT IS EMITTED FROM 311 00:09:21,728 --> 00:09:22,962 THE APPLE INTO OUR BRAIN 312 00:09:23,063 --> 00:09:25,532 TRIGGERS A SPECIAL CELL IN THE 313 00:09:25,632 --> 00:09:28,234 EYEBALL, CALLED A "CONE CELL," 314 00:09:28,334 --> 00:09:29,803 THAT SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE 315 00:09:29,903 --> 00:09:31,404 BRAIN, AND WE INTERPRET THAT AS 316 00:09:31,504 --> 00:09:32,439 RED. 317 00:09:32,539 --> 00:09:33,640 NOW, SOMETIMES PEOPLE THINK THAT 318 00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,241 THEY SEE THE SAME COLOR AS OTHER 319 00:09:35,341 --> 00:09:36,843 PEOPLE, BUT THEY MAY BE 320 00:09:36,943 --> 00:09:38,044 COLORBLIND. 321 00:09:38,144 --> 00:09:39,479 AND SO THERE ARE SPECIAL TESTS 322 00:09:39,579 --> 00:09:41,181 WHERE YOU CAN DETERMINE THAT, TO 323 00:09:41,281 --> 00:09:43,083 DIAGNOSE THAT, BY COMPARING WHAT 324 00:09:43,183 --> 00:09:44,451 THE PATIENT SEES VERSUS WHAT THE 325 00:09:44,551 --> 00:09:47,153 DOCTOR OR EVERYONE ELSE SEES. 326 00:09:47,253 --> 00:09:48,388 BUT SO WE REALLY, ACTUALLY, 327 00:09:48,488 --> 00:09:49,656 DON'T KNOW UNTIL WE DO THOSE 328 00:09:49,756 --> 00:09:50,857 TESTS IF EVERYBODY ACTUALLY IS 329 00:09:50,957 --> 00:09:53,526 SEEING THE EXACT SAME COLOR. 330 00:09:53,626 --> 00:09:54,794 MASHA: HI, MY NAME IS MASHA. 331 00:09:54,894 --> 00:09:56,296 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 332 00:09:56,396 --> 00:09:57,163 SCHOOL. 333 00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:58,231 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO KIDS 334 00:09:58,331 --> 00:10:00,567 LIKE SWEET THE BEST? 335 00:10:00,667 --> 00:10:01,768 DR. BISHOP: WELL, WE DO HAVE THE 336 00:10:01,868 --> 00:10:03,036 SWEET RECEPTORS ON OUR TONGUES, 337 00:10:03,136 --> 00:10:05,105 THE TASTEBUDS THAT TASTE SWEET. 338 00:10:05,205 --> 00:10:07,607 THERE ARE SOME WHO BELIEVE THAT 339 00:10:07,707 --> 00:10:08,708 THERE ARE MORE SWEET TASTEBUDS 340 00:10:08,808 --> 00:10:10,043 WHEN WE'RE LITTLE AND THAT THOSE 341 00:10:10,143 --> 00:10:11,845 DISSIPATE WITH TIME OR THEY GO 342 00:10:11,945 --> 00:10:14,347 AWAY WITH TIME. 343 00:10:14,447 --> 00:10:15,348 AND THERE ARE ALSO THOSE WHO 344 00:10:15,448 --> 00:10:17,217 BELIEVE THAT SUGAR OR THAT 345 00:10:17,317 --> 00:10:20,153 FLAVOR CAN ACTUALLY STIMULATE 346 00:10:20,253 --> 00:10:22,188 OUR BRAIN AND GIVE US 347 00:10:22,288 --> 00:10:23,356 EXCITEMENT. 348 00:10:23,456 --> 00:10:24,357 AND WE ACTUALLY USE THAT IN 349 00:10:24,457 --> 00:10:26,159 SMALL INFANTS; WE USE SUGAR 350 00:10:26,259 --> 00:10:29,596 WATER TO HELP CALM THEM DOWN 351 00:10:29,696 --> 00:10:30,730 WHEN WE'RE DOING PROCEDURES WITH 352 00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:32,665 THEM. 353 00:10:32,765 --> 00:10:34,767 KAYLANI: HI, MY NAME IS KAYLANI. 354 00:10:34,868 --> 00:10:37,871 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 355 00:10:37,971 --> 00:10:38,972 WHY ARE OUR EARS SHAPED LIKE 356 00:10:39,072 --> 00:10:41,508 THIS? 357 00:10:41,608 --> 00:10:43,209 DR. ANTINK: EARS ARE SHAPED LIKE 358 00:10:43,309 --> 00:10:46,579 A CONE TO HELP ABSORB THE SOUND 359 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:47,747 WAVES AND CHANNEL THEM DEEP INTO 360 00:10:47,847 --> 00:10:50,683 THE EAR TO THE EARDRUM WHERE, 361 00:10:50,783 --> 00:10:51,918 THEN, THEY ARE TRANSMITTED INTO 362 00:10:52,018 --> 00:10:53,119 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT GET SENT 363 00:10:53,219 --> 00:10:55,355 TO YOUR BRAIN. 364 00:10:55,455 --> 00:10:56,489 CARTAN-HANSEN: DR. ANTINK, WHY 365 00:10:56,589 --> 00:10:59,325 DID YOU WANT TO BECOME A DOCTOR? 366 00:10:59,425 --> 00:11:00,760 DR. ANTINK: SO I HAVE ALWAYS 367 00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:03,363 LOVED WORKING WITH KIDS, 368 00:11:03,463 --> 00:11:05,999 SPECIFICALLY, AND ALSO 369 00:11:06,099 --> 00:11:07,167 ADVOCATING FOR HEALTH AND TRYING 370 00:11:07,267 --> 00:11:09,002 TO KEEP PEOPLE HEALTHY. 371 00:11:09,102 --> 00:11:11,471 AND SO WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE I 372 00:11:11,571 --> 00:11:12,472 THOUGHT THAT BEING A DOCTOR 373 00:11:12,572 --> 00:11:14,607 WOULD BE A GOOD FIT, SO I DID 374 00:11:14,707 --> 00:11:15,708 ALL THE PREREQUISITES AND WENT 375 00:11:15,808 --> 00:11:17,243 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL. 376 00:11:17,343 --> 00:11:18,144 AND FROM DAY ONE, I WANTED TO BE 377 00:11:18,244 --> 00:11:20,046 A PEDIATRICIAN. 378 00:11:20,146 --> 00:11:21,247 AND EVEN NOW, WORKING AT THIS 379 00:11:21,347 --> 00:11:22,949 JOB FOR 11 YEARS, I STILL LOVE 380 00:11:23,049 --> 00:11:26,553 IT EVERY SINGLE DAY. 381 00:11:26,653 --> 00:11:27,654 DR. BISHOP: SO I ACTUALLY 382 00:11:27,754 --> 00:11:29,222 DECIDED TO BECOME A DOCTOR 383 00:11:29,322 --> 00:11:30,623 DURING COLLEGE. 384 00:11:30,723 --> 00:11:31,658 I ACTUALLY WENT TO COLLEGE TO 385 00:11:31,758 --> 00:11:33,426 BECOME AN ENGINEER. 386 00:11:33,526 --> 00:11:35,395 I WAS VERY INTERESTED IN MATH. 387 00:11:35,495 --> 00:11:37,297 I REALLY DID LOVE THE SCIENCES. 388 00:11:37,397 --> 00:11:38,631 BUT DURING THAT TIME I ACTUALLY 389 00:11:38,731 --> 00:11:40,300 TOOK A TIME OFF OF COLLEGE, AND 390 00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:41,467 I WENT AND WORKED WENT TO BRAZIL 391 00:11:41,568 --> 00:11:43,736 AND SPENT SEVERAL YEARS IN 392 00:11:43,836 --> 00:11:45,305 BRAZIL. 393 00:11:45,405 --> 00:11:46,873 AND DURING THAT TIME I REALLY 394 00:11:46,973 --> 00:11:48,107 FOUND OUT THAT I ENJOYED WORKING 395 00:11:48,208 --> 00:11:49,576 WITH PEOPLE. 396 00:11:49,676 --> 00:11:50,710 AND SO WHEN I CAME BACK AND WENT 397 00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:51,945 BACK TO COLLEGE I REALIZED I 398 00:11:52,045 --> 00:11:54,147 WANTED TO CHANGE MY FIELD. 399 00:11:54,247 --> 00:11:55,481 I NO LONGER WANTED TO BE AN 400 00:11:55,582 --> 00:11:56,716 ENGINEER, AND I WANTED TO WORK 401 00:11:56,816 --> 00:11:57,917 WITH PEOPLE. 402 00:11:58,017 --> 00:11:59,352 AND I THOUGHT THE BEST FIT FOR 403 00:11:59,452 --> 00:12:00,887 ME WOULD BE TO BE A DOCTOR. 404 00:12:00,987 --> 00:12:04,457 (MUSIC) 405 00:12:06,526 --> 00:12:07,460 CARTAN-HANSEN: FEMALES HAVE A 406 00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:08,628 BETTER MORE SENSITIVE SENSE OF 407 00:12:08,728 --> 00:12:11,197 TASTE AND SMELL THAN DO MALES. 408 00:12:11,297 --> 00:12:12,999 MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE 409 00:12:13,099 --> 00:12:14,033 COLORBLIND; THAT IS, NOT BEING 410 00:12:14,133 --> 00:12:15,535 ABLE TO SEE COLORS LIKE RED OR 411 00:12:15,635 --> 00:12:16,736 GREEN. 412 00:12:16,836 --> 00:12:17,904 BUT FOR ALL HUMANS THE FIRST 413 00:12:18,004 --> 00:12:19,105 SENSE WE DEVELOP IS THE SENSE OF 414 00:12:19,205 --> 00:12:21,407 TOUCH. 415 00:12:22,342 --> 00:12:26,446 AUSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS AUSTIN. 416 00:12:26,546 --> 00:12:28,281 AND I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY 417 00:12:28,381 --> 00:12:29,382 SCHOOL. 418 00:12:29,482 --> 00:12:30,216 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES THE 419 00:12:30,316 --> 00:12:33,186 EYEBALL ACTUALLY WORK? 420 00:12:33,286 --> 00:12:34,721 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EYEBALL IT 421 00:12:34,821 --> 00:12:36,322 RECEIVES LIGHT. 422 00:12:36,422 --> 00:12:37,657 IF YOU NOTICE, THERE'S A SMALL 423 00:12:37,757 --> 00:12:39,492 BLACK DOT IN THE FRONT OF YOUR 424 00:12:39,592 --> 00:12:40,627 EYE, AND THAT'S A HOLE THAT 425 00:12:40,727 --> 00:12:41,861 ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THROUGH 426 00:12:41,961 --> 00:12:43,429 YOUR EYE. 427 00:12:43,529 --> 00:12:44,864 BEHIND THAT IS A LENS, JUST LIKE 428 00:12:44,964 --> 00:12:46,099 THE LENS OF A CAMERA THAT, THEN, 429 00:12:46,199 --> 00:12:47,600 HELPS TO FOCUS THAT LIGHT ONTO 430 00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:49,202 THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL. 431 00:12:49,302 --> 00:12:51,137 AND ON THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL 432 00:12:51,237 --> 00:12:52,205 THERE ARE RECEPTORS CALLED 433 00:12:52,305 --> 00:12:53,406 "CONES" AND "RODS" WHICH HELP 434 00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:55,608 YOU PERCEIVE THE LIGHT AND 435 00:12:55,708 --> 00:12:57,710 WHICH, THEN, SENDS THOSE SIGNALS 436 00:12:57,810 --> 00:12:59,579 TO YOUR BRAIN TO HELP YOU SEE. 437 00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:01,681 GUS: MY NAME IS GUS, AND I GO TO 438 00:13:01,781 --> 00:13:02,782 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 439 00:13:02,882 --> 00:13:04,284 AND WHEN I WAS ASKING TO DO WAS 440 00:13:04,384 --> 00:13:06,352 HOW CAN YOU SMELL WHEN YOU'RE 441 00:13:06,452 --> 00:13:09,122 HOW CAN YOU SMELL SOMETHING 442 00:13:09,222 --> 00:13:13,293 WHILE YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP? 443 00:13:13,393 --> 00:13:15,795 DR. ANTINK: SO YOUR NOSE HAS 444 00:13:15,895 --> 00:13:16,829 RECEPTOR CELLS THAT SENSE A 445 00:13:16,929 --> 00:13:21,200 PARTICLE, THE SMELL OF A ROSE OR 446 00:13:21,301 --> 00:13:23,236 PARTICLES FROM FOOD AND THAT 447 00:13:23,336 --> 00:13:26,639 TRANSMIT THOSE SENSATIONS INTO 448 00:13:26,739 --> 00:13:28,041 YOUR BRAIN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 449 00:13:28,141 --> 00:13:29,475 SMELL. 450 00:13:29,575 --> 00:13:30,777 WHEN YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP 451 00:13:30,877 --> 00:13:31,844 SOMETIMES SOME OF THOSE CELLS 452 00:13:31,944 --> 00:13:33,079 GET COVERED, AND SO IT MAY BE 453 00:13:33,179 --> 00:13:34,180 DIFFICULT TO SMELL THINGS WHEN 454 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:37,984 YOUR NOSE IS STUFFY. 455 00:13:38,084 --> 00:13:39,118 CARTAN-HANSEN: MASON WOULD LIKE 456 00:13:39,218 --> 00:13:40,820 TO KNOW: DO ANY OTHER ANIMALS 457 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:42,121 HAVE SIX SENSES BESIDES THE 458 00:13:42,221 --> 00:13:44,791 PLATYPUS? 459 00:13:44,891 --> 00:13:46,392 DR. BISHOP: SO THE PLATYPUS DOES 460 00:13:46,492 --> 00:13:47,927 HAVE A SIXTH SENSE; IT'S AN 461 00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:49,962 ELECTRORECEPTOR. 462 00:13:50,063 --> 00:13:51,497 THE SHARK ALSO HAS THAT SAME 463 00:13:51,597 --> 00:13:53,466 SENSE. 464 00:13:53,566 --> 00:13:54,967 SO THE SHARK ALSO HAS SIX 465 00:13:55,068 --> 00:13:56,836 SENSES. 466 00:13:56,936 --> 00:13:58,004 THERE ARE OTHER ANIMALS, AS 467 00:13:58,104 --> 00:14:00,006 WELL, LIKE THE PORPOISE, OR THE 468 00:14:00,106 --> 00:14:01,741 BAT WHO HAVE AN ECHO RECEPTOR, 469 00:14:01,841 --> 00:14:02,809 WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO USE LIKE 470 00:14:02,909 --> 00:14:04,644 SONAR TO SENSE OBJECTS THAT ARE 471 00:14:04,744 --> 00:14:05,578 IN FRONT OF THEM. 472 00:14:05,678 --> 00:14:06,846 AND THERE ARE OTHER SENSES, AS 473 00:14:06,946 --> 00:14:08,047 WELL, IN OTHER SPECIES OF 474 00:14:08,147 --> 00:14:09,749 ANIMALS THAT THEY DO HAVE. 475 00:14:09,849 --> 00:14:11,017 AND SO THE PLATYPUS IS NOT THE 476 00:14:11,117 --> 00:14:13,619 ONLY ANIMAL THAT HAS SIX SENSES. 477 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:15,455 STUDENT: HI, MY NAME IS LOGAN. 478 00:14:15,555 --> 00:14:16,989 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 479 00:14:17,090 --> 00:14:18,424 AND MY QUESTION IS ARE THERE 480 00:14:18,524 --> 00:14:20,993 REALLY AN ANVIL AND HAMMER BONE 481 00:14:21,094 --> 00:14:22,662 IN OUR EAR? 482 00:14:22,762 --> 00:14:23,596 DR. ANTINK: YES. 483 00:14:23,696 --> 00:14:24,864 THERE ARE THREE BONES IN THE 484 00:14:24,964 --> 00:14:26,299 MIDDLE EAR THAT CONNECT THE 485 00:14:26,399 --> 00:14:27,967 EARDRUM TO THE COCHLEA, WHICH 486 00:14:28,067 --> 00:14:29,569 TRANSMITS SOUND WAVES INTO 487 00:14:29,669 --> 00:14:31,104 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO SEND TO 488 00:14:31,204 --> 00:14:32,572 YOUR BRAIN. 489 00:14:32,672 --> 00:14:34,006 THOSE THREE BONES ARE THE 490 00:14:34,107 --> 00:14:35,575 HAMMER, THE ANVIL, AND THE 491 00:14:35,675 --> 00:14:37,276 STIRRUP. 492 00:14:37,377 --> 00:14:38,511 DR. BISHOP: AND LET ME ADD TO 493 00:14:38,611 --> 00:14:39,912 THAT. 494 00:14:40,012 --> 00:14:41,214 SO THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 495 00:14:41,314 --> 00:14:42,482 STIRRUP ARE JUST THE COMMON 496 00:14:42,582 --> 00:14:44,350 NAMES THAT WE USE HERE IN 497 00:14:44,450 --> 00:14:46,152 AMERICA. 498 00:14:46,252 --> 00:14:47,487 BUT THE LATIN TERMS FOR THOSE 499 00:14:47,587 --> 00:14:48,755 ARE MALLEUS, INCUS, AND STAPES. 500 00:14:48,855 --> 00:14:52,125 CAITLYN: HI, MY NAME IS CAITLYN. 501 00:14:52,225 --> 00:14:53,626 AND I GO TO WHITE PINE 502 00:14:53,726 --> 00:14:54,861 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 503 00:14:54,961 --> 00:14:56,129 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO OUR 504 00:14:56,229 --> 00:14:59,532 EYES SENSE PERIPHERAL VISION? 505 00:14:59,632 --> 00:15:01,000 DR. BISHOP: SO PERIPHERAL VISION 506 00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:02,468 IS THE VISION THAT YOU SEE ON 507 00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:04,470 THE SIDES, WHICH YOU CAN'T 508 00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:05,705 NECESSARILY FOCUS ON, BUT YOU DO 509 00:15:05,805 --> 00:15:07,573 NOTICE MOVEMENT THERE. 510 00:15:07,673 --> 00:15:08,875 AND IT'S A PERCEPTION OF LIGHT. 511 00:15:08,975 --> 00:15:10,109 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY DONE 512 00:15:10,209 --> 00:15:11,577 THROUGH YOUR RODS, WHICH ARE A 513 00:15:11,677 --> 00:15:14,347 SPECIFIC CELL WITHIN YOUR EYE. 514 00:15:14,447 --> 00:15:15,615 SO THE CONES OF YOUR EYE ARE IN 515 00:15:15,715 --> 00:15:17,316 THE CENTER PART, AND THAT'S WHAT 516 00:15:17,417 --> 00:15:18,885 SENSES THE COLOR. 517 00:15:18,985 --> 00:15:20,486 THE RODS ACTUALLY EXTEND FURTHER 518 00:15:20,586 --> 00:15:22,355 PAST THAT, AND THAT'S WHAT GIVES 519 00:15:22,455 --> 00:15:24,123 YOU YOUR VISION AT NIGHT AND 520 00:15:24,223 --> 00:15:25,958 ALSO GIVES YOU YOUR VISION TO 521 00:15:26,058 --> 00:15:27,693 SENSE MOVEMENT WITHIN YOUR 522 00:15:27,794 --> 00:15:30,263 PERIPHERY OF YOUR VISION. 523 00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:31,631 DR. ANTINK: YOU CAN TRY AT NIGHT 524 00:15:31,731 --> 00:15:32,999 TONIGHT LOOKING UP AT THE STARS. 525 00:15:33,099 --> 00:15:34,133 IF YOU TRY TO LOOK AT A STAR 526 00:15:34,233 --> 00:15:36,469 USING YOUR PERIPHERAL VISION, 527 00:15:36,569 --> 00:15:37,537 YOU MIGHT ACTUALLY SEE IT 528 00:15:37,637 --> 00:15:38,805 BRIGHTER THAN IF YOU LOOK AT IT 529 00:15:38,905 --> 00:15:40,106 STRAIGHT ON. 530 00:15:40,206 --> 00:15:41,207 AND THAT'S BECAUSE THERE ARE 531 00:15:41,307 --> 00:15:42,375 MORE RODS ON THE SIDES OF YOUR 532 00:15:42,475 --> 00:15:43,676 EYE TO PERCEIVE THE LIGHT THAN 533 00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:44,844 THERE ARE IN THE MIDDLE WHEN YOU 534 00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:47,246 LOOK DIRECTLY AT SOMETHING. 535 00:15:47,346 --> 00:15:48,548 JACK: HI, MY NAME IS JACK. 536 00:15:48,648 --> 00:15:52,585 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 537 00:15:52,685 --> 00:15:53,753 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 538 00:15:53,853 --> 00:15:57,190 HAVE HAIR IN OUR NOSE? 539 00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:58,391 DR. BISHOP: SO THE HAIR IN OUR 540 00:15:58,491 --> 00:15:59,692 NOSE PROVIDES A VERY SPECIFIC 541 00:15:59,792 --> 00:16:01,761 PURPOSE, BESIDES STICKING OUT OF 542 00:16:01,861 --> 00:16:03,062 YOUR NOSE LIKE YOUR GRANDPA'S 543 00:16:03,162 --> 00:16:04,730 HAIR DOES. 544 00:16:04,831 --> 00:16:06,799 IT'S THERE TO HELP COLLECT DUST, 545 00:16:06,899 --> 00:16:08,468 HELP COLLECT DIRT PARTICLES OR 546 00:16:08,568 --> 00:16:10,169 PARTICLES WITHIN THE AIR THAT 547 00:16:10,269 --> 00:16:14,073 COULD DAMAGE OUR LUNGS IF THEY 548 00:16:14,173 --> 00:16:15,341 WERE TO CONTINUE TO PASS THROUGH 549 00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:16,843 YOUR AIRWAY. 550 00:16:16,943 --> 00:16:18,444 AND SO THE NOSE HAS THESE SMALL 551 00:16:18,544 --> 00:16:19,912 HAIRS IN THERE THAT HELPS TO 552 00:16:20,012 --> 00:16:20,680 COLLECT THAT. 553 00:16:20,780 --> 00:16:21,981 AND THAT'S WHERE YOUR BOOGERS 554 00:16:22,081 --> 00:16:23,616 ARE FORMED. 555 00:16:23,716 --> 00:16:24,851 AURORA: HI, MY NAME IS AURORA. 556 00:16:24,951 --> 00:16:26,219 AND I'M FROM JEFFERSON 557 00:16:26,319 --> 00:16:28,221 ELEMENTARY. 558 00:16:28,321 --> 00:16:29,288 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES YOUR 559 00:16:29,388 --> 00:16:33,125 EYES GET BLURRY? 560 00:16:33,226 --> 00:16:34,227 DR. BISHOP: SO NOT EVERYONE'S 561 00:16:34,327 --> 00:16:35,495 EYES GET BLURRY, BUT THAT IS 562 00:16:35,595 --> 00:16:37,730 SOMETHING THAT CAN OCCUR. 563 00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:39,465 SO WHAT HAPPENS IS WITHIN YOUR 564 00:16:39,565 --> 00:16:41,434 EYE, BEHIND YOUR IRIS, SO THE 565 00:16:41,534 --> 00:16:42,969 HOLE WITHIN YOUR EYE, THERE'S A 566 00:16:43,069 --> 00:16:43,870 LENS. 567 00:16:43,970 --> 00:16:44,971 AND SO DEPENDING ON HOW THAT 568 00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:46,339 LENS DEVELOPS, IT CAN CAUSE YOUR 569 00:16:46,439 --> 00:16:48,508 VISION TO GET BLURRY. 570 00:16:48,608 --> 00:16:50,042 SO IF IT GETS MISSHAPEN FROM 571 00:16:50,142 --> 00:16:51,611 WHAT IT USUALLY WAS, THAT CAN 572 00:16:51,711 --> 00:16:53,779 CHANGE YOUR VISION. 573 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:55,181 THERE'S ALSO PEOPLE WHO GET 574 00:16:55,281 --> 00:16:56,749 SOMETHING THAT'S CALLED 575 00:16:56,849 --> 00:16:58,784 "GLAUCOMA," SO THEY ACTUALLY GET 576 00:16:58,885 --> 00:16:59,952 A DEPOSIT OF SOMETHING WITHIN 577 00:17:00,052 --> 00:17:01,787 THEIR LENS THAT CAUSES THEIR 578 00:17:01,888 --> 00:17:03,189 VISION TO BE BLURRY AND ALSO GET 579 00:17:03,289 --> 00:17:04,557 OBSCURED. 580 00:17:04,657 --> 00:17:05,725 AND SO THAT IS HOW OUR VISION 581 00:17:05,825 --> 00:17:07,126 GETS BLURRY IS THAT LENS CHANGES 582 00:17:07,226 --> 00:17:08,961 SHAPE AND CHANGES THE WAY IT 583 00:17:09,061 --> 00:17:10,930 REFLECTS THE LIGHT ON THE BACK 584 00:17:11,030 --> 00:17:12,865 OF OUR EYE. 585 00:17:12,965 --> 00:17:13,966 DR. ANTINK: NOW, SOMETIMES MY 586 00:17:14,066 --> 00:17:15,401 EYES GET BLURRY IF I KEEP THEM 587 00:17:15,501 --> 00:17:19,105 OPEN AND DON'T BLINK. 588 00:17:19,205 --> 00:17:20,339 AND IF THAT EVER HAPPENS TO YOU, 589 00:17:20,439 --> 00:17:21,941 I THINK THAT'S BECAUSE YOU HAVE 590 00:17:22,041 --> 00:17:23,643 FLUID THAT'S LUBRICATING YOUR 591 00:17:23,743 --> 00:17:25,411 EYE, AND EVERY TIME YOU BLINK, 592 00:17:25,511 --> 00:17:26,612 IT PUTS ANOTHER LAYER OF FLUID 593 00:17:26,712 --> 00:17:28,814 TO HELP LUBRICATE YOUR EYE. 594 00:17:28,915 --> 00:17:30,516 AND IF YOU TRY NOT TO BLINK FOR 595 00:17:30,616 --> 00:17:32,485 A LONG TIME, THEN YOUR EYE GETS 596 00:17:32,585 --> 00:17:33,719 KIND OF DRY, AND SOMETIMES THAT 597 00:17:33,819 --> 00:17:36,088 CAN MAKE MY VISION BLURRY. 598 00:17:36,188 --> 00:17:38,057 EDANA: HI, MY NAME IS EDANA. 599 00:17:38,157 --> 00:17:39,225 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 600 00:17:39,325 --> 00:17:41,494 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN WE TOUCH 601 00:17:41,594 --> 00:17:42,662 SOMETHING, WE CAN FEEL THE 602 00:17:42,762 --> 00:17:44,096 TEXTURE. 603 00:17:44,196 --> 00:17:47,099 WHY CAN WE FEEL THE TEXTURE? 604 00:17:47,199 --> 00:17:48,434 DR. ANTINK: SO OUR SKIN CELLS 605 00:17:48,534 --> 00:17:50,603 HAVE RECEPTORS THAT SENSE WHEN 606 00:17:50,703 --> 00:17:53,906 WE TOUCH SOMETHING. 607 00:17:54,006 --> 00:17:55,107 AND THEY ARE VERY, VERY CLOSE 608 00:17:55,207 --> 00:17:56,609 TOGETHER. 609 00:17:56,709 --> 00:17:58,544 AND SO WHEN YOU FEEL SOMETHING 610 00:17:58,644 --> 00:18:00,012 THAT'S ROUGH VERSUS SMOOTH, YOU 611 00:18:00,112 --> 00:18:01,247 ARE STIMULATING MORE OF THE 612 00:18:01,347 --> 00:18:03,182 SEPARATE SKIN RECEPTORS THAN A 613 00:18:03,282 --> 00:18:04,283 CONTINUOUS FEELING FROM 614 00:18:04,383 --> 00:18:06,118 SOMETHING SMOOTH. 615 00:18:06,218 --> 00:18:07,553 YOU CAN ALSO FEEL IF SOMETHING 616 00:18:07,653 --> 00:18:08,688 IS SHARP VERSUS SOFT BASED ON 617 00:18:08,788 --> 00:18:10,756 HOW MUCH PRESSURE IT EXERTS ON 618 00:18:10,856 --> 00:18:13,192 YOUR SKIN WHEN YOU TOUCH IT. 619 00:18:13,292 --> 00:18:14,527 AND SOME PARTS OF YOUR BODY HAVE 620 00:18:14,627 --> 00:18:16,963 MORE SENSITIVE RECEPTORS BECAUSE 621 00:18:17,063 --> 00:18:19,198 THERE'S MORE OF THEM IN A SMALL 622 00:18:19,298 --> 00:18:20,366 AREA THAN IN OTHER PARTS OF YOUR 623 00:18:20,466 --> 00:18:22,134 BODY. 624 00:18:22,668 --> 00:18:25,605 (MUSIC) 625 00:18:25,705 --> 00:18:26,639 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN 626 00:18:26,739 --> 00:18:27,740 IS THE COMMAND CENTER OF YOUR 627 00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:28,975 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 628 00:18:29,075 --> 00:18:30,142 YOUR BRAIN HELPS FIGURE OUT WHAT 629 00:18:30,242 --> 00:18:31,310 YOUR FIVE SENSES ARE DETECTING. 630 00:18:31,410 --> 00:18:32,912 SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE 631 00:18:33,012 --> 00:18:35,748 ABOUT YOUR BRAIN. 632 00:18:35,848 --> 00:18:37,483 THE BRAIN WEIGHS ABOUT 3 POUNDS. 633 00:18:37,583 --> 00:18:38,918 IT'S MADE UP OF 100 BILLION 634 00:18:39,018 --> 00:18:41,520 NERVE CELLS OR NEURONS. 635 00:18:41,621 --> 00:18:42,788 ELECTRICAL IMPULSES PASS FROM 636 00:18:42,888 --> 00:18:44,757 CELL TO CELL. 637 00:18:44,857 --> 00:18:46,192 MESSAGES GO OUT OF YOUR BRAIN, 638 00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:47,360 DOWN YOUR SPINAL CORD, AND OUT 639 00:18:47,460 --> 00:18:48,527 TO YOUR BODY AND THEN BACK AGAIN 640 00:18:48,628 --> 00:18:50,763 ALL IN AN INSTANT. 641 00:18:50,863 --> 00:18:52,098 THE BRAIN, THE SPINAL CORD, AND 642 00:18:52,198 --> 00:18:53,399 ALL THOSE NERVES MAKE UP THE 643 00:18:53,499 --> 00:18:55,167 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 644 00:18:55,267 --> 00:18:56,202 IT'S YOUR BODY'S INFORMATION 645 00:18:56,302 --> 00:18:57,870 SYSTEM. 646 00:18:58,771 --> 00:18:59,672 STUDENT: SCIENTISTS SAY THERE'S 647 00:18:59,772 --> 00:19:00,773 ENOUGH ELECTRICITY FROM ALL 648 00:19:00,873 --> 00:19:02,174 THOSE MESSAGES IN YOUR BRAIN AND 649 00:19:02,274 --> 00:19:04,043 BODY TO TURN ON A LIGHT IN A 650 00:19:04,143 --> 00:19:06,512 REFRIGERATOR. 651 00:19:09,015 --> 00:19:09,949 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN IS MADE 652 00:19:10,049 --> 00:19:11,450 UP OF SEVERAL PARTS. 653 00:19:11,550 --> 00:19:12,485 THERE'S THE BRAIN STEM; IT 654 00:19:12,585 --> 00:19:13,786 CONTROLS YOUR BODY'S BASIC 655 00:19:13,886 --> 00:19:14,954 AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS, LIKE 656 00:19:15,054 --> 00:19:16,322 BREATHING. 657 00:19:16,422 --> 00:19:17,623 THERE'S THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH 658 00:19:17,723 --> 00:19:18,691 CONTROLS THINGS LIKE MOVEMENT, 659 00:19:18,791 --> 00:19:19,759 YOUR PHYSICAL SKILLS. 660 00:19:19,859 --> 00:19:20,960 AND THEN THERE'S THE LIMBIC 661 00:19:21,060 --> 00:19:22,161 SYSTEM, THAT MAKES UP ABOUT 662 00:19:22,261 --> 00:19:23,896 ONEFIFTH OF YOUR BRAIN. 663 00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:25,297 THERE ARE GLANDS, LIKE THE 664 00:19:25,398 --> 00:19:26,966 PITUITARY AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS; 665 00:19:27,066 --> 00:19:28,267 THEY WORK WITH THE BRAIN STEM TO 666 00:19:28,367 --> 00:19:29,468 CONTROL BODY TEMPERATURE, 667 00:19:29,568 --> 00:19:31,270 GROWTH, AND BLOOD PRESSURE. 668 00:19:31,370 --> 00:19:32,505 THEN THERE'S THE CEREBRUM; 669 00:19:32,605 --> 00:19:33,706 THAT'S THE THINKING, CREATIVE 670 00:19:33,806 --> 00:19:35,274 PART OF YOUR BRAIN. 671 00:19:35,374 --> 00:19:36,475 IT'S ALSO THE BIGGEST PART OF 672 00:19:36,575 --> 00:19:37,677 YOUR BRAIN. 673 00:19:37,777 --> 00:19:38,844 ALONG WITH ITS THIN COVERING, 674 00:19:38,944 --> 00:19:40,346 THE CORTEX, IT'S THE PART OF THE 675 00:19:40,446 --> 00:19:41,781 BRAIN THAT GOVERNS VOLUNTARY 676 00:19:41,881 --> 00:19:42,882 MOVEMENTS. 677 00:19:42,982 --> 00:19:44,083 IT'S WHERE YOU THINK, WHERE YOU 678 00:19:44,183 --> 00:19:45,484 PERCEIVE OR SENSE THINGS. 679 00:19:45,584 --> 00:19:46,652 AND BECAUSE OF YOUR CORTEX, YOU 680 00:19:46,752 --> 00:19:48,354 CAN UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER, 681 00:19:48,454 --> 00:19:50,356 COMMUNICATE AND CREATE. 682 00:19:50,456 --> 00:19:52,725 THE BRAIN HAS TWO SIDES. 683 00:19:52,825 --> 00:19:53,859 EACH CONTROLS THE OPPOSITE SIDE 684 00:19:53,959 --> 00:19:56,295 OF THE BODY. 685 00:19:56,395 --> 00:19:57,663 EACH SIDE ALSO CONTROLS CERTAIN 686 00:19:57,763 --> 00:19:59,365 SKILLS. 687 00:19:59,465 --> 00:20:00,499 THE RIGHT SIDE OF YOUR BRAIN 688 00:20:00,599 --> 00:20:01,967 CONTROLS MUSIC AND ART, THE 689 00:20:02,068 --> 00:20:03,235 CREATIVE STUFF. 690 00:20:03,335 --> 00:20:04,437 AND THE LEFT SIDE HANDLES 691 00:20:04,537 --> 00:20:05,438 NUMBERS AND WORDS AND 692 00:20:05,538 --> 00:20:07,006 PROBLEMSOLVING. 693 00:20:07,106 --> 00:20:07,907 AND THERE'S A BAND OF CELLS 694 00:20:08,007 --> 00:20:09,008 BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS OR 695 00:20:09,108 --> 00:20:10,109 HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SO THAT 696 00:20:10,209 --> 00:20:11,377 THE LEFT SIDE KNOWS WHAT THE 697 00:20:11,477 --> 00:20:13,579 RIGHT SIDE IS DOING. 698 00:20:14,947 --> 00:20:15,681 STUDENT: THE HUMAN BRAIN IS SO 699 00:20:15,781 --> 00:20:16,782 SOFT THAT YOU COULD CUT IT WITH 700 00:20:16,882 --> 00:20:19,385 A BUTTER KNIFE. 701 00:20:19,485 --> 00:20:20,453 THAT'S WHY YOU SHOULD WEAR YOUR 702 00:20:20,553 --> 00:20:22,655 HELMET WHEN YOU RIDE YOUR BIKE. 703 00:20:22,755 --> 00:20:27,093 YOU NEED TO PROTECT YOUR BRAIN. 704 00:20:27,927 --> 00:20:28,828 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR BRAIN AND 705 00:20:28,928 --> 00:20:30,196 BODY ALSO PUT OUT CHEMICALS, 706 00:20:30,296 --> 00:20:31,430 CALLED "HORMONES" OR 707 00:20:31,530 --> 00:20:33,032 "NEUROTRANSMITTERS." 708 00:20:33,132 --> 00:20:34,133 HORMONES HELP REGULATE YOUR 709 00:20:34,233 --> 00:20:35,267 BODY'S GROWTH, HELP YOU MATURE, 710 00:20:35,367 --> 00:20:36,836 MAINTAIN YOUR DIGESTION, EVEN 711 00:20:36,936 --> 00:20:39,305 TELL YOU WHEN TO SLEEP. 712 00:20:39,405 --> 00:20:40,406 NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE CHEMICALS 713 00:20:40,506 --> 00:20:41,540 THAT SEND MESSAGES BETWEEN 714 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:43,109 CELLS. 715 00:20:43,209 --> 00:20:44,443 SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS TELL YOUR 716 00:20:44,543 --> 00:20:45,578 HEART TO BEAT OR YOUR LUNGS TO 717 00:20:45,678 --> 00:20:46,846 BREATHE, WHILE OTHERS HELP 718 00:20:46,946 --> 00:20:48,314 REGULATE YOUR MOOD, WHETHER 719 00:20:48,414 --> 00:20:50,249 YOU'RE HAPPY OR SAD. 720 00:20:50,349 --> 00:20:51,984 THESE CHEMICALS PLAY A PART IN 721 00:20:52,084 --> 00:20:53,385 HOW YOU REMEMBER THINGS, WHY YOU 722 00:20:53,486 --> 00:20:56,122 DREAM, WHO YOU ARE, YOUR 723 00:20:56,222 --> 00:20:57,857 THOUGHTS AND YOUR FEELINGS. 724 00:20:57,957 --> 00:20:58,991 YOUR BREATHING AND YOUR GROWING 725 00:20:59,091 --> 00:21:00,493 ARE ALL CONTROLLED BY YOUR 726 00:21:00,593 --> 00:21:01,660 BRAIN. 727 00:21:01,761 --> 00:21:02,762 AND YOUR BRAIN CONTINUES TO 728 00:21:02,862 --> 00:21:04,029 DEVELOP EVEN AFTER YOU'RE BORN 729 00:21:04,130 --> 00:21:05,431 AND CONTINUES TO GROW AND CHANGE 730 00:21:05,531 --> 00:21:07,666 EVEN AS AN ADULT. 731 00:21:07,767 --> 00:21:09,135 YOUR BRAIN IS WHAT MAKES YOU, 732 00:21:09,235 --> 00:21:11,670 YOU. 733 00:21:12,538 --> 00:21:15,841 (MUSIC) 734 00:21:16,509 --> 00:21:17,843 REBECCA: HI, MY NAME IS REBECCA. 735 00:21:17,943 --> 00:21:18,911 AND I GO TO GALILEO STEM 736 00:21:19,011 --> 00:21:20,679 ACADEMY. 737 00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:22,047 MY QUESTION IS HOW DO NERVES 738 00:21:22,148 --> 00:21:26,285 CONNECT FEELING TO YOUR BRAIN? 739 00:21:26,385 --> 00:21:27,419 DR. BISHOP: REBECCA, THE NERVES 740 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:29,355 THAT WE HAVE IN OUR BODY, THEY 741 00:21:29,455 --> 00:21:30,856 DO SENSE MANY DIFFERENT THINGS. 742 00:21:30,956 --> 00:21:33,759 SO OUR SENSE OF TOUCH. 743 00:21:33,859 --> 00:21:35,661 WE ALSO HAVE SENSE OF VIBRATION 744 00:21:35,761 --> 00:21:37,997 AND SENSE OF HEAT OR COLD. 745 00:21:38,097 --> 00:21:38,998 AND ALL OF THESE NERVES ARE 746 00:21:39,098 --> 00:21:41,867 WITHIN OUR SKIN. 747 00:21:41,967 --> 00:21:43,335 AS THEY GET TRIGGERED, OR IF WE 748 00:21:43,435 --> 00:21:44,603 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S COLD, 749 00:21:44,703 --> 00:21:46,505 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S SHARP, OR 750 00:21:46,605 --> 00:21:48,874 TOUCH ANYTHING, THOSE NERVES 751 00:21:48,974 --> 00:21:50,709 THEN SEND A SIGNAL, WHICH 752 00:21:50,810 --> 00:21:52,211 TRAVELS UP THE NERVE INTO YOUR 753 00:21:52,311 --> 00:21:54,713 SPINAL CORD AND THEN UP INTO 754 00:21:54,814 --> 00:21:56,248 YOUR BRAIN. 755 00:21:56,348 --> 00:21:57,416 AND SO THE NERVE CELLS ARE VERY 756 00:21:57,516 --> 00:22:01,620 GOOD AT ALLOWING THAT TO TRAVEL. 757 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:03,122 THE SPEED AT WHICH IT TRAVELS 758 00:22:03,222 --> 00:22:04,557 CAN BE UPWARDS OF 200 MILES PER 759 00:22:04,657 --> 00:22:06,492 HOUR AS IT TRAVELS FROM YOUR 760 00:22:06,592 --> 00:22:08,561 FINGER TO YOUR BRAIN. 761 00:22:08,661 --> 00:22:11,163 THAT'S WHY THERE'S NO LAG TIME 762 00:22:11,263 --> 00:22:12,464 FROM WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING TO 763 00:22:12,565 --> 00:22:14,633 WHEN YOU ACTUALLY FEEL IT. 764 00:22:14,733 --> 00:22:15,768 JOSHUA: HI, MY NAME IS JOSHUA. 765 00:22:15,868 --> 00:22:17,837 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 766 00:22:17,937 --> 00:22:19,839 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 767 00:22:19,939 --> 00:22:24,109 HAVE EYELASHES? 768 00:22:24,210 --> 00:22:25,244 DR. ANTINK: WE HAVE EYELASHES TO 769 00:22:25,344 --> 00:22:26,645 HELP PROTECT OUR EYE FROM DUST 770 00:22:26,745 --> 00:22:29,849 AND OTHER PARTICLES IN THE AIR. 771 00:22:29,949 --> 00:22:30,950 YOUR EYE GETS VERY IRRITATED IF 772 00:22:31,050 --> 00:22:32,952 SOMETHING GETS ONTO THE EYEBALL. 773 00:22:33,052 --> 00:22:34,553 AND SO THE EYELASHES HELP TO 774 00:22:34,653 --> 00:22:36,455 PROTECT YOU FROM THAT. 775 00:22:36,555 --> 00:22:37,656 SAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAM. 776 00:22:37,756 --> 00:22:39,325 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 777 00:22:39,425 --> 00:22:40,392 WHY DO WE HAVE LITTLE BLACK DOTS 778 00:22:40,492 --> 00:22:42,862 IN OUR EYES? 779 00:22:42,962 --> 00:22:44,697 DR. BISHOP: SO THE BLACK DOT IN 780 00:22:44,797 --> 00:22:46,165 THE MIDDLE OF YOUR EYE, OR YOUR 781 00:22:46,265 --> 00:22:48,267 PUPIL, IS ACTUALLY A HOLE THAT 782 00:22:48,367 --> 00:22:49,568 ALLOWS LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH TO 783 00:22:49,668 --> 00:22:50,736 THE BACK OF YOUR EYE SO THAT YOU 784 00:22:50,836 --> 00:22:52,438 CAN ACTUALLY SEE. 785 00:22:52,538 --> 00:22:53,606 SOME PEOPLE MIGHT ACTUALLY HAVE 786 00:22:53,706 --> 00:22:55,107 FLECKS OF BLACK WITHIN THE IRIS, 787 00:22:55,207 --> 00:22:56,375 WHICH IS THE COLORED PART OF THE 788 00:22:56,475 --> 00:22:58,177 EYE, WHICH ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTES 789 00:22:58,277 --> 00:23:00,246 TO THE COLOR OF THEIR EYES. 790 00:23:00,346 --> 00:23:02,081 BUT THE BLACK DOT IN THE MIDDLE 791 00:23:02,181 --> 00:23:03,282 IS ACTUALLY A HOLE AND ALLOWS 792 00:23:03,382 --> 00:23:06,585 THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH. 793 00:23:06,685 --> 00:23:07,920 EVAN: HI, MY NAME IS EVAN. 794 00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:09,054 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 795 00:23:09,154 --> 00:23:10,322 SCHOOL. 796 00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:11,357 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 797 00:23:11,457 --> 00:23:14,126 DECIPHER DIFFERENT SMELLS? 798 00:23:14,226 --> 00:23:15,561 DR. ANTINK: EVAN, THAT IS A 799 00:23:15,661 --> 00:23:17,062 GREAT QUESTION. 800 00:23:17,162 --> 00:23:18,297 IN OUR NOSE WE HAVE LOTS OF 801 00:23:18,397 --> 00:23:19,431 RECEPTORS THAT SEND SIGNALS OF 802 00:23:19,531 --> 00:23:21,500 SMELL PARTICLES TO OUR BRAIN TO 803 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,002 SENSE THE SMELL. 804 00:23:23,102 --> 00:23:24,403 AND BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCES 805 00:23:24,503 --> 00:23:26,405 WHEN WE HAVE DIFFERENT SMELLS, 806 00:23:26,505 --> 00:23:27,773 THAT HELPS US DETERMINE WHETHER 807 00:23:27,873 --> 00:23:29,608 WE SEE SOMETHING OR SMELL 808 00:23:29,708 --> 00:23:30,910 SOMETHING AS PLEASURABLE OR 809 00:23:31,010 --> 00:23:32,711 UNPLEASURABLE. 810 00:23:32,811 --> 00:23:33,879 SOMETIMES CERTAIN SMELLS CAN 811 00:23:33,979 --> 00:23:36,916 EVOKE A MEMORY IN SOMEBODY OF A 812 00:23:37,016 --> 00:23:38,384 BAD THING, AND SO THEY CONSIDER 813 00:23:38,484 --> 00:23:40,119 THAT SMELL UNPLEASURABLE, WHILE 814 00:23:40,219 --> 00:23:41,553 THE SAME SMELL MIGHT EVOKE A 815 00:23:41,654 --> 00:23:43,322 PLEASURABLE MEMORY TO SOMEBODY 816 00:23:43,422 --> 00:23:44,423 ELSE, AND THAT WOULD BE 817 00:23:44,523 --> 00:23:47,126 CONSIDERED A GOOD SMELL. 818 00:23:47,226 --> 00:23:48,560 SUMMIT: HI, MY NAME IS SUMMIT. 819 00:23:48,661 --> 00:23:49,795 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 820 00:23:49,895 --> 00:23:51,931 SCHOOL. 821 00:23:52,031 --> 00:23:54,600 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE SEE 822 00:23:54,700 --> 00:23:58,237 COLOR? 823 00:23:58,337 --> 00:23:59,338 DR. BISHOP: SO OUR PERCEPTION OF 824 00:23:59,438 --> 00:24:01,340 COLOR OR HOW WE SEE COLOR IS 825 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:02,741 CONTROLLED BY THE CONE CELLS, 826 00:24:02,841 --> 00:24:04,143 WHICH ARE IN THE BACK OF OUR 827 00:24:04,243 --> 00:24:05,177 EYE. 828 00:24:05,277 --> 00:24:06,445 SO THESE ARE SPECIFIC CELLS THAT 829 00:24:06,545 --> 00:24:08,447 ARE ABLE TO PROCESS THE COLORS 830 00:24:08,547 --> 00:24:10,316 THAT WE SEE, AND THEY THEN SEND 831 00:24:10,416 --> 00:24:12,017 THAT SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN AND 832 00:24:12,117 --> 00:24:13,452 ALLOW US TO SEE THE COLOR THAT 833 00:24:13,552 --> 00:24:15,354 WE ARE SEEING BEFORE US. 834 00:24:16,422 --> 00:24:17,389 CARTAN-HANSEN: ERIC WOULD LIKE 835 00:24:17,489 --> 00:24:18,557 TO KNOW: HOW DO YOUR EARS PICK 836 00:24:18,657 --> 00:24:20,793 UP SOUND WAVES? 837 00:24:20,893 --> 00:24:22,394 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EARS HAVE A 838 00:24:22,494 --> 00:24:24,029 VERY SPECIFIC DESIGN TO THEM. 839 00:24:24,129 --> 00:24:25,731 IF YOU ACTUALLY LOOK AT YOUR 840 00:24:25,831 --> 00:24:27,066 EAR, IT HAS A CUPPING SHAPE, 841 00:24:27,166 --> 00:24:28,200 WHICH HELPS US COLLECT THAT 842 00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:29,535 SOUND WAVE AND THEN CARRY THAT 843 00:24:29,635 --> 00:24:30,903 IN THROUGH OUR EAR CANAL TO THE 844 00:24:31,003 --> 00:24:32,237 MIDDLE EAR. 845 00:24:32,338 --> 00:24:33,605 AND THAT'S WHERE THAT SOUND WAVE 846 00:24:33,706 --> 00:24:34,940 IS THEN TURNED INTO AN 847 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:36,075 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT THEN GOES 848 00:24:36,175 --> 00:24:38,911 OUR BRAIN. 849 00:24:39,011 --> 00:24:40,446 SAKSHAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAKSHAM. 850 00:24:40,546 --> 00:24:41,547 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 851 00:24:41,647 --> 00:24:42,514 SCHOOL. 852 00:24:42,614 --> 00:24:43,615 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE IS 853 00:24:43,716 --> 00:24:46,385 THE LEAST IMPORTANT AND WHY? 854 00:24:46,485 --> 00:24:47,619 DR. ANTINK: SO I THINK IT'S 855 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:48,721 DEBATABLE AS TO WHICH SENSE IS 856 00:24:48,821 --> 00:24:50,255 THE LEAST IMPORTANT. 857 00:24:50,356 --> 00:24:51,357 TO SOMEBODY WHO IS BLIND, 858 00:24:51,457 --> 00:24:52,958 PROBABLY VISION IS SIGHT IS THE 859 00:24:53,058 --> 00:24:54,326 LEAST IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEIR 860 00:24:54,426 --> 00:24:55,928 EYES DON'T WORK. 861 00:24:56,028 --> 00:24:57,229 BUT FOR EVERY DIFFERENT PERSON, 862 00:24:57,329 --> 00:24:59,264 THEY MAY HAVE CERTAIN STRENGTHS 863 00:24:59,365 --> 00:25:00,866 IN WHICH SOME OF THEIR SENSES 864 00:25:00,966 --> 00:25:01,967 ARE MORE ACUTE OR STRONGER THAN 865 00:25:02,067 --> 00:25:03,202 OTHERS. 866 00:25:03,302 --> 00:25:04,536 SO I THINK THAT'S A VERY 867 00:25:04,636 --> 00:25:05,971 DIFFICULT QUESTION TO ANSWER. 868 00:25:06,071 --> 00:25:07,773 DR. BRAD, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 869 00:25:07,873 --> 00:25:09,375 DR. BISHOP: I BELIEVE IT IS VERY 870 00:25:09,475 --> 00:25:10,476 DEPENDENT ON THE PERSON. 871 00:25:10,576 --> 00:25:11,477 I KNOW, FOR MYSELF, I WOULD 872 00:25:11,577 --> 00:25:12,544 PROBABLY SAY TASTE IS THE LEAST 873 00:25:12,644 --> 00:25:13,545 IMPORTANT FOR ME. 874 00:25:13,645 --> 00:25:15,280 OR I WISH I DIDN'T HAVE TASTE 875 00:25:15,381 --> 00:25:16,348 BECAUSE THERE ARE CERTAIN FOODS 876 00:25:16,448 --> 00:25:17,449 THAT I DO NOT LIKE AND I DON'T 877 00:25:17,549 --> 00:25:18,751 WANT TO TASTE. 878 00:25:18,851 --> 00:25:19,918 AND THAT'S PROBABLY THE SAME FOR 879 00:25:20,019 --> 00:25:20,786 MOST OF YOU, AS WELL. 880 00:25:20,886 --> 00:25:21,453 BUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE ALL VERY 881 00:25:21,553 --> 00:25:25,491 IMPORTANT IN ALLOWING US TO 882 00:25:25,591 --> 00:25:28,327 PROCESS OUR ENVIRONMENT AND TO, 883 00:25:28,427 --> 00:25:29,928 AS WE SAY, WITH TASTE, ALL THE 884 00:25:30,029 --> 00:25:33,599 SENSES ARE KIND OF INVOLVED WITH 885 00:25:33,699 --> 00:25:34,433 THAT. 886 00:25:34,533 --> 00:25:35,667 JUST THE SENSATION OF TOUCH 887 00:25:35,768 --> 00:25:36,869 WITHIN OUR TONGUE, THE SENSATION 888 00:25:36,969 --> 00:25:38,003 OF SMELL WITHIN OUR NOSE. 889 00:25:38,103 --> 00:25:39,138 SO THERE'S ALL THE SENSES ARE 890 00:25:39,238 --> 00:25:42,808 VERY WORK VERY WELL TOGETHER, 891 00:25:42,908 --> 00:25:43,809 AND SO I FEEL THAT THEY ARE ALL 892 00:25:43,909 --> 00:25:45,978 VERY IMPORTANT. 893 00:25:46,078 --> 00:25:47,046 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF SOMEONE IS 894 00:25:47,146 --> 00:25:48,147 INTERESTED IN BECOMING A 895 00:25:48,247 --> 00:25:49,214 PEDIATRICIAN, WHAT SHOULD HE OR 896 00:25:49,314 --> 00:25:51,517 SHE STUDY IN SCHOOL? 897 00:25:51,617 --> 00:25:52,551 DR. ANTINK: TO BECOME A 898 00:25:52,651 --> 00:25:53,652 PEDIATRICIAN, YOU NEED TO GO 899 00:25:53,752 --> 00:25:54,753 THROUGH COLLEGE AND DO 900 00:25:54,853 --> 00:25:56,021 PREREQUISITES FOR MEDICAL 901 00:25:56,121 --> 00:25:57,322 SCHOOL. 902 00:25:57,423 --> 00:25:58,557 THEN YOU GO THROUGH MEDICAL 903 00:25:58,657 --> 00:25:59,925 SCHOOL, WHICH IS TYPICALLY FOUR 904 00:26:00,025 --> 00:26:00,993 YEARS, AND DURING THAT TIME YOU 905 00:26:01,093 --> 00:26:02,194 GET TO PRACTICE DIFFERENT KINDS 906 00:26:02,294 --> 00:26:03,829 OF DOCTOR TYPES. 907 00:26:03,929 --> 00:26:05,030 AT THE END OF THAT YOU DECIDE 908 00:26:05,130 --> 00:26:06,165 WHAT KIND OF DOCTOR YOU WANT TO 909 00:26:06,265 --> 00:26:06,899 BE. 910 00:26:06,999 --> 00:26:08,000 AND IN MY CASE A PEDIATRICIAN. 911 00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:09,234 SO THEN YOU DO A SPECIFIC 912 00:26:09,334 --> 00:26:10,202 TRAINING PROGRAM JUST FOR 913 00:26:10,302 --> 00:26:11,236 PEDIATRICS, WHICH IS USUALLY 914 00:26:11,336 --> 00:26:13,505 ABOUT THREE YEARS. 915 00:26:13,605 --> 00:26:14,540 DR. BISHOP: SO IF YOU WOULD LIKE 916 00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:15,641 TO BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN, OR 917 00:26:15,741 --> 00:26:16,809 JUST A DOCTOR IN GENERAL, THERE 918 00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:18,744 IS A LOT OF SCHOOL THAT DOES 919 00:26:18,844 --> 00:26:20,345 TAKE PLACE. 920 00:26:20,446 --> 00:26:21,346 THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO NOW TO 921 00:26:21,447 --> 00:26:22,881 HELP PREPARE YOU FOR THAT, TO GO 922 00:26:22,981 --> 00:26:24,950 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL, IS BY 923 00:26:25,050 --> 00:26:27,386 STUDYING A LOT OF THE SCIENCES, 924 00:26:27,486 --> 00:26:29,455 SO BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 925 00:26:29,555 --> 00:26:31,723 PHYSICS ARE THINGS THAT YOU'LL 926 00:26:31,824 --> 00:26:33,725 HAVE TO TAKE. 927 00:26:33,826 --> 00:26:34,927 BUT ALSO, THEY ALSO WANT PEOPLE 928 00:26:35,027 --> 00:26:37,262 WHO THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO DO A 929 00:26:37,362 --> 00:26:38,697 LOT OF SERVICE AND ALSO TO 930 00:26:38,797 --> 00:26:41,500 BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MEDICAL 931 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:42,634 FIELD. 932 00:26:42,734 --> 00:26:43,535 THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO ACTUALLY 933 00:26:43,635 --> 00:26:44,837 GO AND SHADOW PHYSICIANS, NOW, 934 00:26:44,937 --> 00:26:46,305 IN ORDER TO APPLY FOR MEDICAL 935 00:26:46,405 --> 00:26:48,006 SCHOOL. 936 00:26:48,107 --> 00:26:49,141 AND SO THAT'S SOME OF THE THINGS 937 00:26:49,241 --> 00:26:50,609 YOU WOULD NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO 938 00:26:50,709 --> 00:26:51,777 GO TO MEDICAL SCHOOL TO THEN 939 00:26:51,877 --> 00:26:54,446 BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN. 940 00:26:54,546 --> 00:26:55,247 CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY, WE'VE 941 00:26:55,347 --> 00:26:56,448 RUN OUT OF TIME. 942 00:26:56,548 --> 00:26:57,583 MY THANKS TO DRS. 943 00:26:57,683 --> 00:26:58,684 ANTINK AND BISHOP FOR ANSWERING 944 00:26:58,784 --> 00:26:59,618 STUDENTS QUESTIONS TODAY. 945 00:26:59,718 --> 00:27:00,552 DR. ANTINK: THANKS, JOAN. 946 00:27:00,652 --> 00:27:01,453 THAT WAS FUN. 947 00:27:01,553 --> 00:27:02,354 DR. BISHOP: YEAH, WE LEARNED 948 00:27:02,454 --> 00:27:03,589 SOMETHING, TOO. 949 00:27:03,689 --> 00:27:04,556 CARTAN-HANSEN : MY THANKS, ALSO, 950 00:27:04,656 --> 00:27:05,591 TO THE FOLKS HERE AT SAINT 951 00:27:05,691 --> 00:27:06,792 ALPHONSUS FOR HOSTING US. 952 00:27:06,892 --> 00:27:07,860 NOW, YOU CAN LEARN LOTS MORE 953 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:09,027 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES AND OTHER 954 00:27:09,128 --> 00:27:10,362 SCIENTIFIC TOPICS ON THE SCIENCE 955 00:27:10,496 --> 00:27:12,131 TREK WEBSITE. 956 00:27:12,231 --> 00:27:13,165 AND WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS 957 00:27:13,265 --> 00:27:14,633 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ON SCIENCE 958 00:27:14,766 --> 00:27:17,436 TREK: THE WEB SHOW . 959 00:27:17,536 --> 00:27:18,670 YOU WANT TO SUBMIT A QUESTION 960 00:27:18,770 --> 00:27:19,304 FOR SCIENCE TREK , IT'S EASY, 961 00:27:19,404 --> 00:27:20,506 AND 962 00:27:20,606 --> 00:27:21,607 YOU AND YOUR CLASS CAN WIN 963 00:27:21,707 --> 00:27:22,908 PRIZES. 964 00:27:23,008 --> 00:27:24,109 YOU CAN SEND IT AS AN EMAIL OR 965 00:27:24,209 --> 00:27:25,344 AS A VIDEO QUESTION, RECORD IT 966 00:27:25,444 --> 00:27:26,445 ON YOUR WEBCAM OR CELL PHONE. 967 00:27:26,545 --> 00:27:27,746 AND IF YOU'RE AN EDUCATOR, WE'LL 968 00:27:27,846 --> 00:27:29,781 EVEN LEND YOU A CAMERA. 969 00:27:29,882 --> 00:27:31,016 OUR LAST PRIZE WINNER WAS PAIGE 970 00:27:31,116 --> 00:27:33,185 IN MRS. MANNING-FLOCK'S CLASS AT 971 00:27:33,285 --> 00:27:35,354 WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 972 00:27:35,454 --> 00:27:36,522 SO TO FIND OUT ALL ABOUT THE 973 00:27:36,622 --> 00:27:37,689 FIVE SENSES AND HOW TO SEND IN 974 00:27:37,789 --> 00:27:39,024 YOUR QUESTIONS AND HOW TO WIN, 975 00:27:39,124 --> 00:27:40,659 GO TO THE SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE. 976 00:27:40,759 --> 00:27:42,594 AND EACH WEEK CHECK OUT MY BLOG 977 00:27:42,694 --> 00:27:43,862 FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE NEWS FOR 978 00:27:43,962 --> 00:27:45,764 KIDS. 979 00:27:45,864 --> 00:27:46,698 YOU'LL FIND IT ALL AT 980 00:27:46,798 --> 00:27:49,735 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 981 00:27:49,835 --> 00:27:51,036 THANKS FOR JOINING US. 982 00:27:51,136 --> 00:27:52,204 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON 983 00:27:52,337 --> 00:27:54,573 SCIENCE TREK . 984 00:27:54,673 --> 00:28:12,991 (MUSIC) 985 00:28:14,059 --> 00:28:14,993 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 986 00:28:15,127 --> 00:28:16,595 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 987 00:28:16,695 --> 00:28:17,963 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 988 00:28:18,063 --> 00:28:19,331 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 989 00:28:19,431 --> 00:28:21,066 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 990 00:28:21,166 --> 00:28:22,267 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 991 00:28:22,367 --> 00:28:23,569 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 992 00:28:23,669 --> 00:28:25,003 FAMILIES LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 993 00:28:25,103 --> 00:28:27,739 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 994 00:28:27,839 --> 00:28:28,974 BY THE FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 995 00:28:29,074 --> 00:28:30,542 TELEVISION AND BY THE 996 00:28:30,642 --> 00:28:31,777 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 997 00:28:31,877 --> 00:28:33,512 BROADCASTING. 998 00:28:36,148 --> 00:28:37,149 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF YOU WANT TO 999 00:28:37,249 --> 00:28:38,483 LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OR 1000 00:28:38,584 --> 00:28:39,851 WATCH OUR VIDEOS, CHECK OUT THE 1001 00:28:39,985 --> 00:28:41,053 SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE AT 1002 00:28:41,153 --> 00:28:45,324 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK.