1 00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:05,867 >> PRESENTATION OF SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC TELEVISION IS 2 00:00:05,867 --> 00:00:08,133 MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF THE LAURA 3 00:00:08,133 --> 00:00:10,300 MOORE CUNNINGHAM FOUNDATION. 4 00:00:10,300 --> 00:00:13,867 COMMITTED TO FULFILLING THE MOORE FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING 5 00:00:13,867 --> 00:00:16,934 THE GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 6 00:00:16,934 --> 00:00:21,066 >> THE FLOW OF THE SUN'S ENERGY TOUCHES ALL THIFERG THINGS ON 7 00:00:21,066 --> 00:00:21,333 EARTH. 8 00:00:21,333 --> 00:00:23,567 BUT HOW ARE PLANTS AND PEOPLE CONNECTED? 9 00:00:23,567 --> 00:00:27,400 AY TUNED AND WE'LL ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FOOD WEB. 10 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:40,567 SCIENCE TREK IS NEXT. 11 00:00:40,567 --> 00:00:43,233 >> HI, I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN AND WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK, AND 12 00:00:43,233 --> 00:00:44,600 WELCOME TO ZOO BOISE. 13 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:47,667 WE'RE HERE TODAY TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FOOD WEB, 14 00:00:47,667 --> 00:00:54,033 BUT BEFORE WE DO, LET'S LEARN A BIT MORE. 15 00:00:54,033 --> 00:00:55,033 >> HEY, KIDS. 16 00:00:55,033 --> 00:00:55,967 >> WHAT? 17 00:00:55,967 --> 00:00:58,533 >> DID YOU KNOW YOU ARE THE TALK OF THE FOOD CHAIN? 18 00:00:58,533 --> 00:00:58,967 >> HUH? 19 00:00:58,967 --> 00:00:59,266 >> YEAH. 20 00:00:59,266 --> 00:01:02,400 YOU KNOW, TOP DOG. 21 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:04,233 >> NUMERAL UNO. 22 00:01:04,233 --> 00:01:07,200 THE TOP OF THE FOOD CHAIN. 23 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:08,233 >> WHAT'S ON THE BOTTOM? 24 00:01:08,233 --> 00:01:09,400 >> FUNNY YOU SHOULD ASK. 25 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:14,767 THE FOOD CHAINS DON'T START AT THE TOP, THEY BEGIN IF -- AT THE 26 00:01:14,767 --> 00:01:15,233 BOTTOM. 27 00:01:15,233 --> 00:01:18,700 NO, NOT THAT BOTTOM, THEY BEGIN HERE. 28 00:01:18,700 --> 00:01:19,600 SUNLIGHT IS ENERGY. 29 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:23,333 AND ENERGY IS WHAT ALL LIVING THINGS NEED TO SURVIVE. 30 00:01:23,333 --> 00:01:27,233 SO, THE FOOD CHAIN IS HOW ENERGY MOVES THROUGH NATURE. 31 00:01:27,233 --> 00:01:30,767 BASKING IN THE SUN IS HOW PLANTS CONVERT ENERGY INTO FOOD, AND 32 00:01:30,767 --> 00:01:34,433 LOTS OF ANIMALS EAT PLANTS, EVEN YOU. 33 00:01:34,433 --> 00:01:38,400 SO WHEN ANIMAL EATS PLANTS, THAT ENERGY MOVES FROM THE PLANT TO 34 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:40,400 THE ANIMAL. 35 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:44,934 AND WHEN THAT ANIMAL GETS EATEN BY ANOTHER ANIMAL, THE ENERGY 36 00:01:44,934 --> 00:01:46,567 MOVES AGAIN. 37 00:01:46,567 --> 00:01:50,333 EVEN A DEAD ANIMAL STILL PASSES ENERGY. 38 00:01:50,333 --> 00:01:55,767 DEAD SALMON, ANYONE? 39 00:01:55,767 --> 00:02:04,700 INSECTS AND OTHER CREEPY CRAWLERS WILL FEED ON A FISH,, 40 00:02:04,700 --> 00:02:05,800 CARCASS, AND SO ON. 41 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,700 ALSO, HOW MANY OF YOU USE FERTILIZER IN YOUR GARDEN? 42 00:02:09,700 --> 00:02:12,767 BAT POOP IS THE BEST FERTILIZER AROUND. 43 00:02:12,767 --> 00:02:16,500 IT'S MOSTLY INSECT PARTS. 44 00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:20,867 THINK ABOUT OTHER FERTILIZER LIKE COW MANURE. 45 00:02:20,867 --> 00:02:26,033 IT'S REALLY JUST A PLANT, SO FERTILIZERS HELP PLANTS TO GROW. 46 00:02:26,033 --> 00:02:30,600 THE PLANTS THEN CONVERT ENERGY FROM THE SUN INTO FOOD BY USING 47 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:31,400 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 48 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:33,300 THIS MAKES PLANTS PRODUCERS. 49 00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:37,233 THE ANIMAL THAT EATS THE PLANT IS CALLED THE CONSUMER. 50 00:02:37,233 --> 00:02:41,934 A TREE LIKE THIS THAT PRODUCES A CORN, IS A PRODUCER. 51 00:02:41,934 --> 00:02:46,300 THE SQUIRREL EATING THE A COR IS THE PRIMARY CONSUMER, BUT 52 00:02:46,300 --> 00:02:49,333 WATCH OUT, A SECONDARY CONSUMER LIKE THIS RED TAILED HAWK, MAY 53 00:02:49,333 --> 00:02:53,500 EAT THE SQUIRREL, WHO ATE THE A CORN. 54 00:02:53,500 --> 00:02:56,033 WELL, IT'S KIND OF LIKE A HAMBURGER. 55 00:02:56,033 --> 00:02:57,700 >> ACTUALLY, THIS IS A SLOPPY JOE. 56 00:02:57,700 --> 00:03:00,233 >> OK, WHO IS THE SECONDARY CONSUMER? 57 00:03:00,233 --> 00:03:00,433 YOU. 58 00:03:00,433 --> 00:03:01,967 THE COW ATE THE GRASS. 59 00:03:01,967 --> 00:03:04,233 AND YOU ARE EATING THE COW. 60 00:03:04,233 --> 00:03:04,567 >> REALLY? 61 00:03:04,567 --> 00:03:07,767 >> BUT JUST LIKE YOU, ANIMALS DON'T ALWAYS CLEAN UP THEIR 62 00:03:07,767 --> 00:03:08,333 PLATES. 63 00:03:08,333 --> 00:03:10,700 THAT'S WHERE SCAVENGERS COME IN. 64 00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:15,300 SCAVENGERS LIKE THIS VULTURE ARE NATURE'S CLEANUP CREW, THEY 65 00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:20,333 CLEAN UP THE LEFTOVERS, TAKING THE ENERGY FROM DEAD ANIMALS FOR 66 00:03:20,333 --> 00:03:20,700 THEMSELVES. 67 00:03:20,700 --> 00:03:23,967 YOU MAY HAVE A SCAVENGER IN YOUR HOUSE. 68 00:03:23,967 --> 00:03:26,934 >> I DON'T HAVE A WHEELCHAIR IN MY HOUSE. 69 00:03:26,934 --> 00:03:30,500 >> LET'S SAY YOUR MOM PRODUCES SOME COOKIES, SHE WOULD BE THE 70 00:03:30,500 --> 00:03:30,767 PRODUCER. 71 00:03:30,767 --> 00:03:34,567 IF SHE GAVE YOU A PLATE FULL OF OATMEAL RAISIN COOKIES -- 72 00:03:34,567 --> 00:03:34,967 >> THANKS, MOM. 73 00:03:34,967 --> 00:03:37,967 >> YOU WOULD BE THE PRIMARY CONSUMER. 74 00:03:37,967 --> 00:03:41,500 >> HEY, WHAT DO YOU CALL THESE GUYS? 75 00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:42,600 STEALING MY COOKIES. 76 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:45,333 >> WELL, THEY WOULD BE THE SECONDARY CONSUMERS. 77 00:03:45,333 --> 00:03:49,567 AND DON'T FORGET, FIDO. 78 00:03:49,567 --> 00:03:53,700 SEE, YOU DO HAVE A SCAVENGER IN THE HOUSE. 79 00:03:53,700 --> 00:03:55,600 WHAT WE SHOWED IS A FOOD CHAIN. 80 00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:58,133 BUT THINK ABOUT ALL THE FOOD CHAINS GOING ON ALL THE TIME 81 00:03:58,133 --> 00:04:00,300 AROUND YOU. 82 00:04:00,300 --> 00:04:02,233 TAKE SOMETHING COMMON LIKE A SPIDER. 83 00:04:02,233 --> 00:04:05,033 THIS ONE IS EATING A GRASSHOPPER. 84 00:04:05,033 --> 00:04:07,867 BUT HOW MANY OTHER ANIMALS WANT TO EAT THE SPIDER? 85 00:04:07,867 --> 00:04:08,066 BIRDS. 86 00:04:08,066 --> 00:04:09,767 OTHER SPIDERS. 87 00:04:09,767 --> 00:04:15,400 LIZARDS, FROGS, OR TOADS OR MAMMALS LIKE MICE OR SHREW AND 88 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,033 THINK ABOUT WAIST GOING TO EAT THOSE ANIMALS, EACH DEAD 89 00:04:18,033 --> 00:04:22,333 ANIMALS, THIS IS HOW FOOD CHAINS INTERCONNECT AND CREATE A FOOD 90 00:04:22,333 --> 00:04:22,767 WEB. 91 00:04:22,767 --> 00:04:23,767 WHERE DO YOU FIT IN? 92 00:04:23,767 --> 00:04:30,233 AT EACH STEP, YOU CAN BE A PRIMARY CONSUMER, A SECONDARY 93 00:04:30,233 --> 00:04:31,667 CONSUMER, A SCAVENGER. 94 00:04:31,667 --> 00:04:34,767 AND SOME DAY WHEN YOU ARE REALLY OLD AND DIE, YOU EVEN GET TO BE 95 00:04:34,767 --> 00:04:35,767 THE PRODUCER. 96 00:04:35,767 --> 00:04:39,867 IT'S THE WEB OF LIFE. 97 00:04:39,867 --> 00:04:43,333 >> AND JOINING ME NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FOOD 98 00:04:43,333 --> 00:04:47,500 WEB, ARE DR. HOLLY HOLMAN, ZOO BOISE'S VETERINARIAN, AND ADARE 99 00:04:47,500 --> 00:04:50,133 EVANS, WILDLIFE EDUCATOR FOR THE IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND 100 00:04:50,133 --> 00:04:50,333 GAME. 101 00:04:50,333 --> 00:04:52,600 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 102 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:53,767 >> THANKS FOR HAVING US. 103 00:04:53,767 --> 00:04:56,033 >> REALLY HAPPY TO BE HERE, THANKS. 104 00:04:56,033 --> 00:04:56,300 >> OK. 105 00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:01,967 LET'S GO TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 106 00:05:01,967 --> 00:05:04,133 >> HI, MY NAME IS JONAH. 107 00:05:04,133 --> 00:05:05,600 I GO TO BASIN ELEMENTARY. 108 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:14,133 MY QUESTION IS -- WHY -- WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW WHAT THIS IS? 109 00:05:14,133 --> 00:05:17,700 >> WELL, I THINK THAT THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION BECAUSE WE KNOW 110 00:05:17,700 --> 00:05:20,767 THAT WHAT A FOOD CHAIN SAYS IS ONE ANIMAL EATS SOMETHING ELSE, 111 00:05:20,767 --> 00:05:23,500 WHICH EATS SOMETHING ELSE, WHICH EATS SOMETHING ELSE, AND IT'S 112 00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:26,967 GOOD TO KNOW ABOUT A FOOD CHAIN BECAUSE IT GIVES US AN IDEA OF 113 00:05:26,967 --> 00:05:30,033 HOW ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT. 114 00:05:30,033 --> 00:05:33,400 BECAUSE YOU CAN'T JUST PICK UP ENERGY UNLESS YOU ARE A PLANT. 115 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:37,600 YOU CAN'T TAKE ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT YOUR OWN. 116 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,500 SO, IT HELPS US TO SEE THE FLOW OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS THROUGH 117 00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:42,200 THE WORLD, REALLY. 118 00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:45,967 NOT ONLY THAT, IF WE KNOW ABOUT FOOD CHAINS, IF ALL OF A SUDDEN 119 00:05:45,967 --> 00:05:49,400 WE DISCOVER ONE ANIMAL HAS A VERY STRANGE CHEMICAL IN IT, 120 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:54,700 THAT IT SHOULDN'T HAVE IN THERE, WE CAN SEE WHERE WHERE DID THEY PICK 121 00:05:54,700 --> 00:05:58,166 IT UP, AND MAYBE THROUGH ITS FOOD, AND THIS IS ONE THING THAT 122 00:05:58,166 --> 00:06:02,667 WE REALIZED WHEN WE SAW THAT BIRDS, SUCH AS THE FALCON, WERE 123 00:06:02,667 --> 00:06:05,400 GOING DOWN IN POPULATION. 124 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:09,867 THEY DISCOVERED THAT DDT, A CHEMICAL THAT THEY WERE PICKING 125 00:06:09,867 --> 00:06:11,934 UP FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, AND THAT CHEMICAL CAME FROM WHAT 126 00:06:11,934 --> 00:06:13,300 THEY WERE EATING. 127 00:06:13,300 --> 00:06:16,934 IT CAME FROM BIRDS, AND THE BIRDS PICKED IT UP FROM INSECTS 128 00:06:16,934 --> 00:06:19,033 THAT THEY WERE EATING. 129 00:06:19,033 --> 00:06:24,767 DDT WAS MADE, BUT IT HAD A HUGE EFFECT ON THE PEREGRINE FALCON. 130 00:06:24,767 --> 00:06:27,333 WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE ANIMAL'S FOOD CHAIN, WE NEVER WOULD HAVE 131 00:06:27,333 --> 00:06:28,066 KNOWN THAT. 132 00:06:28,066 --> 00:06:31,033 SO FOOD CHAINS ARE IMPORTANT. 133 00:06:31,033 --> 00:06:35,800 IT HELPS US SEE HOW EVERYTHING IN THE ENVIRONMENT IS CONNECTED. 134 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:39,300 >> HI, I AM HALENE AND I COME FROM BASIN ELEMENTARY. 135 00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:42,867 MY QUESTION IS, WHY IS IT CALLED THE FOOD WEB. 136 00:06:42,867 --> 00:06:45,066 >> IT IS CALLED THE FOOD WEB BECAUSE WHEN YOU INTERCONNECT 137 00:06:45,066 --> 00:06:49,867 THE FOOD CHAINS, THEY MAKE FOR A SPIDER WEB-LIKE PATTERN. 138 00:06:49,867 --> 00:06:53,934 >> SAMIE WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, WHAT ARE DECOMPOSERS? 139 00:06:53,934 --> 00:06:58,600 >> A DECOMPOSER IS A REALLY SMALL, OFTEN SMALL, AT LEAST, 140 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:02,667 ANIMAL THAT TAKES, BASICALLY, ALL THE DEAD STUFF THAT'S LEFT 141 00:07:02,667 --> 00:07:04,200 BEHIND FROM ANOTHER MEAL. 142 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:09,433 SO, IF WE LOOK AT A DECOMPOSER, WE ARE LOOKING AT BACTERIA, 143 00:07:09,433 --> 00:07:15,066 FUNGI, AND MOLD, AND THEY TAKE MAYBE A DEAD FISH, FOR INSTANCE, 144 00:07:15,066 --> 00:07:18,867 THEY EAT ALL OF THE DECOMPOSING FLESH OF THE DEAD FISH, AND THEY 145 00:07:18,867 --> 00:07:22,767 TURN IT BACK INTO THE LITTLE MICRONUTRIENTS THAT GO INTO THE 146 00:07:22,767 --> 00:07:26,867 SOIL, SO THEY MAKE ENERGY AVAILABLE INTO THE SOIL FOR THE 147 00:07:26,867 --> 00:07:29,200 PLANTS TO USE SO THAT THEY CAN GROW AGAIN. 148 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:31,967 SO, WITHOUT DECOMPOSERS, WE REALLY WOULDN'T HAVE A WAY TO 149 00:07:31,967 --> 00:07:36,600 GET DOWN TO THOSE MICRONUTRIENTS THAT ALL THE PLANTS NEED TO HELP 150 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:38,567 THEM GROW. 151 00:07:38,567 --> 00:07:44,967 >> HI, I AM JANE, AND I GO TO GALILEO, AND HOW ARE FOOD CHAINS 152 00:07:44,967 --> 00:07:46,200 AND WEBS DIFFERENT. 153 00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:49,033 >> CHAINS ARE A LINEAR MODEL SHOWING HOW ENERGY TRANSFERS 154 00:07:49,033 --> 00:07:52,200 BETWEEN ONE ORGANISM TO THE NEXT. 155 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:55,867 THE FOOD WEB SHOWS HOW THE ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED AMONGST 156 00:07:55,867 --> 00:08:00,667 MANY DIFFERENT ORGANISMS, MORE ON A WEB-LIKE PATTERN. 157 00:08:00,667 --> 00:08:03,033 >> FOOD WEB TALKS ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT CHAINS ARE CONNECTED. 158 00:08:03,033 --> 00:08:07,233 SO, IF YOU THINK ABOUT SOMETHING LIKE A WOLF AND A SALAMANDER, 159 00:08:07,233 --> 00:08:09,233 YOU PROBABLY DON'T THINK THAT THEY ARE CONNECTED AT ALL. 160 00:08:09,233 --> 00:08:13,033 BUT IF YOU LOOK AT A FOOD WEB, WE CAN SEE THAT THEY REALLY ARE 161 00:08:13,033 --> 00:08:17,600 BECAUSE A SALAMANDER IS IN THE WATER, AND IT MIGHT EAT AQUATIC 162 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,333 INSECTS, THE INSECT MIGHT EAT A CATTAIL, SO WE GO BACK TO IS A 163 00:08:21,333 --> 00:08:27,967 CATTAIL, AND THEN IF YOU LOOK AT A WOLF, THEY MIGHT EAT MOOSE AND 164 00:08:27,967 --> 00:08:29,033 THEY EAT A CATTAIL. 165 00:08:29,033 --> 00:08:32,233 IF WE LOOK AT A FOOD WEB, IT CAN SHOW US HOW THINGS WE DON'T 166 00:08:32,233 --> 00:08:37,934 THINK ARE CONNECTED REALLY ARE THROUGH INDIVIDUAL FOOD CHAINS. 167 00:08:37,934 --> 00:08:40,600 >> BENJAMIN WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, WHAT'S AT THE TOP OF THE FOOD 168 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:43,600 CHAIN FOR THE WHOLE WORLD? 169 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:46,867 >> THERE'S NOT ONE PARTICULAR IMAL THAT'S AT THE TOP OF THE 170 00:08:46,867 --> 00:08:49,700 CHAIN IN THE WORLD, BUT THERE ARE SEVERAL LARGE PREDATORS THAT 171 00:08:49,700 --> 00:08:51,500 WE THINK OF. 172 00:08:51,500 --> 00:08:55,066 MOST PEOPLE WOULD THINK OF LIONS AND TIGERS AND BEARS AND, 173 00:08:55,066 --> 00:08:57,233 OBVIOUSLY, HUMANS FIT INTO THAT, AS WELL, SO THERE COULD BE A 174 00:08:57,233 --> 00:09:01,233 WIDE VARIETY OF ANIMALS THAT ARE SORT OF AT THE TOP OF THEIR FOOD 175 00:09:01,233 --> 00:09:02,333 CHAIN. 176 00:09:02,333 --> 00:09:08,133 >> HI, I AM CHARLES, AND I GO TO GALILEO, AND MY QUESTION IS -- 177 00:09:08,133 --> 00:09:10,400 IS WATER PART OF A FOOD WEB. 178 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:14,700 >> WHEN WE TALK ABOUT A FOOD WEB, WE DON'T REALLY INCLUDE 179 00:09:14,700 --> 00:09:17,066 WATER, NECESSARILY. 180 00:09:17,066 --> 00:09:19,500 WATER IS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS. 181 00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:23,133 SO, IF YOU CONSIDER IT THAT WAY, THEN THE ANSWER WOULD BE YES. 182 00:09:23,133 --> 00:09:27,667 BUT, WE DON'T HAVE WATER STANDING OUT ON ITS OWN. 183 00:09:27,667 --> 00:09:30,867 >> HELLO, I AM C.J. 184 00:09:30,867 --> 00:09:37,433 MY SCHOOL IS [INAUDIBLE] ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 185 00:09:37,433 --> 00:09:43,700 I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF THERE IS [INAUDIBLE] ON THE TOP OF THE 186 00:09:43,700 --> 00:09:44,300 FOOD CHAIN. 187 00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:45,867 >> THE GRIZZLY BEAR WOULD BE ONE OF THE ANIMALS THAT I WOULD 188 00:09:45,867 --> 00:09:48,400 CONSIDER TO BE ON THE TOP OF THE FOOD CHAIN. 189 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:51,967 INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, GRIZZLY BEARS ARE OMNIVORES SO THEY CAN 190 00:09:51,967 --> 00:09:56,233 EAT PLANT AND ANIMAL MATERIAL. 191 00:09:56,233 --> 00:10:00,200 >> WHEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS DIE, WHICH ORGANISMS HELP TO RETURN 192 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:03,333 NUTRIENTS TO THE FOOD CHAIN. 193 00:10:03,333 --> 00:10:05,567 >> THE ORGANISMS THAT RETURN NUTRIENTS TO THE FOOD CHAIN 194 00:10:05,567 --> 00:10:09,433 AFTER ANIMAL DIES, WOULD BE THINGS LIKE DECOMPOSERS. 195 00:10:09,433 --> 00:10:12,800 BUT THEN, YOU ALSO HAVE TO LOOK AT SOMETHING LIKE SCAVENGERS. 196 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:16,700 SO, A SCAVENGER IS ANIMAL THAT MIGHT EAT SOMETHING DEAD, LIKE A 197 00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:19,600 MAG PIE OR A WORM. 198 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:23,867 THEY ARE, ALSO, RETURNING ALL THOSE NUTRIENTS, REALLY, THROUGH 199 00:10:23,867 --> 00:10:29,200 SOMETHING THAT WE MIGHT THINK IS YOUNGY, WHICH IS THEIR SCAT OR 200 00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:29,400 POOP. 201 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:32,700 SO IT'S THE SCAVENGERS AND THE DECOMPOSERS TOGETHER, WHICH HELP 202 00:10:32,700 --> 00:10:39,967 TO BREAK DOWN A DEAD ANIMAL AND RETURN THE NUTRIENTS TO THE FOOD 203 00:10:39,967 --> 00:10:42,433 CHAIN. 204 00:10:42,433 --> 00:10:44,700 >> FOOD WEB'S SHOW HOW INTERCONNECTED LIVING THINGS 205 00:10:44,700 --> 00:10:45,333 ARE. 206 00:10:45,333 --> 00:10:49,033 SCIENTISTS ESTIMATE IT TAKES A MILLION ALGAE TO SUPPORT THE 207 00:10:49,033 --> 00:10:52,934 10,000 HERBIVORES THAT PROVIDE FOOD FOR 100 TUNA FISH THAT 208 00:10:52,934 --> 00:11:00,400 PROVIDE DINNER FOR ONE PERSON. 209 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:04,800 >> MY NAME IS AUDREY, AND I GO TO GALILEO, AND MY QUESTION IS, 210 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:09,400 DO ANIMALS EAT LOTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANIMALS. 211 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:10,400 >> OH, YES. 212 00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,033 ANIMALS TRY TO EAT ALL DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANIMALS, AND THAT'S 213 00:11:13,033 --> 00:11:16,867 BECAUSE THE FOOD THEY EAT, JUST LIKE YOU AND I, LEADS TO 214 00:11:16,867 --> 00:11:20,433 PROTEINS THAT WE BREAK DOWN INTO OUR BODIES, AND MINERALS, 215 00:11:20,433 --> 00:11:23,600 VITAMINS, AND EVERYTHING THAT WE NEED TO LIVE, WE HAVE TO GET IT 216 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,967 FROM DIFFERENT FOODS, AND SO DO OTHER ANIMALS. 217 00:11:27,967 --> 00:11:31,567 >> HARRISON WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, ARE THERE KEYSTONE ANIMALS IN 218 00:11:31,567 --> 00:11:32,700 THE FOOD WEB? 219 00:11:32,700 --> 00:11:37,500 >> YES, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT A KEYSTONE ANIMAL, WE'RE TALKING 220 00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:39,967 ABOUT AN ANIMAL THAT IS SO IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT HOLDS THE 221 00:11:39,967 --> 00:11:41,600 WHOLE ENVIRONMENT TOGETHER. 222 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:46,600 AND IN IDAHO, IF WE HAD TO PICK A KEYSTONE ANIMAL, FOR OUR 223 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,033 FOREST, IT WOULD HAVE TO BE A SALMON. 224 00:11:49,033 --> 00:11:51,066 NOW, I KNOW YOU ARE PROBABLY GOING, SALMON? 225 00:11:51,066 --> 00:11:52,700 HOW IS THAT A KEYSTONE SPECIES? 226 00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:53,967 THAT'S JUST A FISH. 227 00:11:53,967 --> 00:11:58,333 WELL, SALMON ARE SO IMPORTANT BECAUSE WHAT THEY DO IS THEY 228 00:11:58,333 --> 00:11:58,633 TRAVEL. 229 00:11:58,633 --> 00:12:01,967 OUR SALMON GO TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, AND IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 230 00:12:01,967 --> 00:12:04,667 IT'S LIKE A GIANT GROCERY STORE. 231 00:12:04,667 --> 00:12:09,033 THEY EAT TONS AND TONS OF ZOE PLANKTON. 232 00:12:09,033 --> 00:12:12,333 THEY FILL UP ON KRILL AND COME BACK TO IDAHO, AND WHEN THEY 233 00:12:12,333 --> 00:12:16,700 COME BACK, THEY BRING ALL THOSE NUTRIENTS BACK WITH THEM. 234 00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:20,700 AND THE SALMON IS SO IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY FEED SO MANY OTHER 235 00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:20,967 ANIMALS. 236 00:12:20,967 --> 00:12:23,700 WHEN THEY COME BACK TO IDAHO, IT'S NOT ONLY US THAT THEY MIGHT 237 00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:25,767 BE FEEDING. 238 00:12:25,767 --> 00:12:28,600 IT'S OTTERS. 239 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:29,667 IT'S MUSKRATS. 240 00:12:29,667 --> 00:12:30,233 IT'S BEARS. 241 00:12:30,233 --> 00:12:31,700 IT'S OTHER FISH. 242 00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:35,700 AND NOT ONLY THAT, WHEN A RACOON OR SOMETHING HAPPENS TO FIND A 243 00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:40,200 DEAD FISH, LIKE A SALMON, THEY TAKE THAT SALMON AND DRAG IT UP 244 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:44,600 ONTO THE SHORE, AND THEN ALL OF THOSE NUTRIENTS THAT THE SALMON 245 00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:49,033 BROUGHT BACK FROM THE OCEAN, THE TREES USE ON-SHORE. 246 00:12:49,033 --> 00:12:51,967 BELIEVE IT OR NOT WE CAN SEE FROM TREE RINGS ALL THE NICE 247 00:12:51,967 --> 00:12:56,033 GROWTH RINGS THAT WE KIND OF CUT A TREE IN HALF, THEY ARE THICKER 248 00:12:56,033 --> 00:12:57,967 ON GOOD SALMON YEARS. 249 00:12:57,967 --> 00:13:01,700 WHEN WE HAVE MORE SALMON IN IDAHO, IT, ACTUALLY, MAKES OUR 250 00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:04,967 FORESTS HEALTHIER, AND THEY GROW BIGGER, THE TREES GROW BIGGER. 251 00:13:04,967 --> 00:13:05,867 WE CAN SEE THAT. 252 00:13:05,867 --> 00:13:10,667 AND SO, SALMON TO ME WOULD BE A KEYSTONE SPECIES BECAUSE WHAT 253 00:13:10,667 --> 00:13:13,967 THEIR BODIES PROVIDE, THE NUTRIENTS THAT THEY PROVIDE, 254 00:13:13,967 --> 00:13:18,133 HELP TO FEED SO MANY OTHER FOOD CHAINS AND SO MANY OTHER ANIMALS 255 00:13:18,133 --> 00:13:20,333 AND PLANTS. 256 00:13:20,333 --> 00:13:22,133 >> HELLO, I AM LANCE. 257 00:13:22,133 --> 00:13:24,867 I AM AT BASIN ELEMENTARY. 258 00:13:24,867 --> 00:13:29,867 WHAT I WANT TO KNOW ABOUT THE FOOD WEB IS, CAN THE TOP 259 00:13:29,867 --> 00:13:33,600 CONSUMER BE KILLED BY THE LOWER CONSUMERS? 260 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:34,033 >> YES. 261 00:13:34,033 --> 00:13:35,667 THEY DEFINITELY CAN. 262 00:13:35,667 --> 00:13:39,867 THE LOWER CONSUMERS CAN BE THINGS LIKE BACTERIA OR VIRUSES, 263 00:13:39,867 --> 00:13:43,333 WHICH COULD CAUSE ANIMAL HIGHER ON THE FOOD CHAIN TO BECOME ILL. 264 00:13:43,333 --> 00:13:46,133 IN THE WILD, IF THEY DON'T HAVE A VETERINARIAN THAT CAN TAKE 265 00:13:46,133 --> 00:13:49,133 CARE OF THEM, THAT COULD BE A PROBLEM, AND THEY MAY SUCCUMB TO 266 00:13:49,133 --> 00:13:51,500 THE ILLNEES. 267 00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,767 >> RONNIE WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, CAN ANIMAL BE EATEN BY A PLANT? 268 00:13:55,767 --> 00:13:57,233 >> OH, YES. 269 00:13:57,233 --> 00:13:59,166 THIS IS SO COOL. 270 00:13:59,166 --> 00:14:05,033 IN IDAHO, WE HAVE TWO PLANTS, AND MOST PEOPLE DON'T KNOW ABOUT 271 00:14:05,033 --> 00:14:05,300 THEM. 272 00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:10,433 THEY ARE CARNIVOROUS PLANS, THEY ARE SUN-DOER AND IS BLATTER 273 00:14:10,433 --> 00:14:10,700 WARTS. 274 00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:16,800 COOL NAME, THEY LIVE IN BOGS, WHICH ARE SPECIAL TYPES OF 275 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:17,133 WETLANDS. 276 00:14:17,133 --> 00:14:20,700 THEY LIVE IN AREAS WHERE THERE IS A LOT OF ACID IN THE SOIL. 277 00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:23,500 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE A LOT OF ACID IN THE SOIL, IT MAKES IT 278 00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:26,567 REALLY HARD FOR PLANTS TO GET THE NITROGEN THAT THEY NEED. 279 00:14:26,567 --> 00:14:31,133 SO, THESE PARTICULAR PLANTS ARE KIND OF LIKE A VENUS FLY TRAP, 280 00:14:31,133 --> 00:14:37,300 BUT INSTEAD OF HAVING THE CLOSED CLAM SHELL, THEY HAVE LONG 281 00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:40,700 LITTLE SPINDLIES THAT LOOK LIKE FINGERS THAT COME OUT, AND WHEN 282 00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:45,600 A PLANT LIKE A FLY LANDS ON THE LITTLE SPINDLIES, THEY CURL UP 283 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,233 LIKE YOUR FINGERS. 284 00:14:48,233 --> 00:14:53,500 THAT'S HOW THEY CAPTURE FLIES AND OTHER THINGS, AND SO BY 285 00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:57,967 ABSORBING THE ENERGY AND THE NITROGEN FROM THE INSECTS THAT 286 00:14:57,967 --> 00:15:03,600 LAND ON THEM, THE BLADDERWORTS AND THE SUN-DOERS ARE ABLE TO 287 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:05,600 GET THE NITROGEN THEY NEED TO SURVIVE. 288 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:07,934 THEY ONLY, THOUGH, NEED TO HAVE THE ANIMALS. 289 00:15:07,934 --> 00:15:11,066 THEY NOT ONLY NEED TO HAVE THE INSECTS, THEY ALSO STILL NEED 290 00:15:11,066 --> 00:15:12,400 THE SUN. 291 00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,934 SO, THEY STILL ARE ABLE TO MAKE SOME ENERGY THROUGH PHOTO 292 00:15:15,934 --> 00:15:19,400 SYNTHESIS, BUT THEY NEED THE ANIMALS TO GET THE NITROGEN TO 293 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:21,767 MAKE THEM HEALTHY. 294 00:15:21,767 --> 00:15:25,033 >> I AM HANNAH. 295 00:15:25,033 --> 00:15:32,800 AND I AM -- I GO TO BASIN ELEMENTARY, AND I WOULD LIKE TO 296 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:37,066 KNOW WHAT [INAUDIBLE] EAT. 297 00:15:37,066 --> 00:15:41,200 >> SNOWSHOE HEIRS EAT A LOT OF PLANT MATERIALS, SO ANY GRASSES, 298 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:45,567 BUSHES, AND SOMETIMES THEY WILL FEED ON TREES. 299 00:15:45,567 --> 00:15:50,300 >> COLIN ASKS, WHY CAN'T LIONS AND TIGERS EAT PLANTS? 300 00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:53,233 >> WELL, LIONS AND TIGERS CAN EAT PLANTS, BUT THEY DON'T HAVE 301 00:15:53,233 --> 00:15:56,233 A DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THAT IS EQUIPPED TO HANDLE PLANT 302 00:15:56,233 --> 00:15:57,433 MATERIAL. 303 00:15:57,433 --> 00:16:02,133 SO, MOST HERBIVORES HAVE A LARGE COMPLEX G.I. TRACK THAT WILL, 304 00:16:02,133 --> 00:16:04,667 ACTUALLY, HELP THEM TO BREAK DOWN CELLULOSE, WHICH IS 305 00:16:04,667 --> 00:16:09,667 PROBABLY THE MAIN COMPONENT OF GRASSES AND OTHER PLANT 306 00:16:09,667 --> 00:16:13,200 MATERIALS, AND IT'S JUST ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY OTHER TYPE OF 307 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:16,600 ANIMAL TO BE ABLE TO DIGEST THAT PRODUCT. 308 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,033 SO, LIONS AND TIGERS, IF THEY ATE GRASS, WOULD PROBABLY JUST 309 00:16:20,033 --> 00:16:22,767 PASS RIGHT THROUGH THEM. 310 00:16:22,767 --> 00:16:25,500 AVERY WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, WHAT OTHER SCAVENGERS ARE THERE 311 00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:27,967 THAT'S NOT A TURKEY VULTURE? 312 00:16:27,967 --> 00:16:31,333 >> WHEN WE TALK ABOUT SCAVENGERS, A BEAR IS A 313 00:16:31,333 --> 00:16:31,600 SCAVENGER. 314 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:35,600 AND GRIZZLY BEARS IN YELLOWSTONE PARK EAT A LOT OF DEAD BISON AND 315 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:39,767 ELK THEY FIND, AND SOMETHING AS TINY AS A CHICKADEE, WHICH IS A 316 00:16:39,767 --> 00:16:46,333 TINY BIRD LIKE THIS BIG, THEY ARE EATING SUNFLOWER SEEDS OUT 317 00:16:46,333 --> 00:16:49,300 OF YOUR FEEDER AT HOME, BUT IF THEY FIND A DEAD POLITICAL THEY 318 00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:54,200 WILL PICK THE FAT OFF, AND WE HAVE WEASELS, JUST ABOUT 319 00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:57,567 ANYTHING THAT YOU CAN THINK OF, COULD EAT A DEAD ANIMAL. 320 00:16:57,567 --> 00:17:01,300 FOODS HARD TO FIND SOMETIMES, AND IF YOU ARE ANIMAL LIKE A 321 00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,133 COYOTE, YOU DON'T WANT TO RISK YOUR LIFE TRYING TO GO AFTER 322 00:17:04,133 --> 00:17:06,500 ANIMAL THAT'S GOING TO BITE YOU OR SCRATCH YOU OR KICK YOU IN 323 00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:07,333 THE HEAD. 324 00:17:07,333 --> 00:17:15,934 SO, IF YOU CAN FIND SOMETHING DEAD, ALWAYS THE FIRST CHOICE. 325 00:17:15,934 --> 00:17:18,767 >> PREDATORS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE FOOD WEB. 326 00:17:18,767 --> 00:17:21,767 DON'T FEEL TOO SORRY FOR PREY ANIMALS. 327 00:17:21,767 --> 00:17:24,700 PREY ANIMALS HAVE FIGURED OUT LOTS OF WAYS TO PROTECT 328 00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:25,800 THEMSELVES. 329 00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:29,066 >> ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIG HORN SAYS USE PROTECTIVE COLORING OR 330 00:17:29,066 --> 00:17:31,767 CAMOUFLAGE TO HIDE FROM PREDATORS. 331 00:17:31,767 --> 00:17:34,967 THEIR PALE COLOR MAKES THE SHEEP DIFFICULT TO SEE IN THE BRIGHT 332 00:17:34,967 --> 00:17:36,600 DESERT SURROUNDINGS. 333 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:40,133 TEST YOURSELF, HOW MANY SHEEP DO YOU SEE IN THIS PICTURE? 334 00:17:40,133 --> 00:17:45,233 EVEN AS THE CAMERA CLOSES IN, UNTIL THEY MOVE, THE BIG HORNS 335 00:17:45,233 --> 00:17:46,767 ARE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE. 336 00:17:46,767 --> 00:17:50,700 OTHER PREY ANIMALS LIKE PORCUPINES HAVE CLEVER DEFENSES. 337 00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:57,734 IF YOU HAVE BEEN STUCK WITH A PORCUPINE, YOU KNOW, IT HURTS. 338 00:17:57,734 --> 00:18:03,333 MANY LARGE PREY ANIMALS LIKE ANTELOPE, DEER, AND ELK RELY ON 339 00:18:03,333 --> 00:18:05,767 SPEED, AND THEY ALSO HAVE EXCELLENT HEARING TO HELP THEM 340 00:18:05,767 --> 00:18:08,400 DETECT AND ATTACK. 341 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,767 HERE'S ONE MORE ADAPTATION THAT HELPS MANY PREY ANIMALS. 342 00:18:11,767 --> 00:18:15,033 SEE HOW THE EYES ON THIS ELK ARE POSITIONED? 343 00:18:15,033 --> 00:18:16,867 WIDE APART ON THE SIDE OF THE HEAD. 344 00:18:16,867 --> 00:18:20,767 THAT GIVES AN ELK A WIDE RANGE OF VISION TO HELP SPOT AN 345 00:18:20,767 --> 00:18:22,600 APPROACHING PREDATOR. 346 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:27,200 BUT PREY ANIMALS ARE NOT THE ONLY ONES WITH SPECIAL TRICKS. 347 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:34,600 PREDATORS HAVE NIQUEY WAYS OF GETTING WHAT THEY WANT. 348 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,400 MOST PREDATORS HAVE BINOCULAR VISION. 349 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,133 THAT MEANS THEIR EYES ARE SET CLOSE TOGETHER SO THEY CAN LOOK 350 00:18:39,133 --> 00:18:43,867 STRAIGHT AHEAD AND SEE OVER GREAT DISTANCES. 351 00:18:43,867 --> 00:18:49,300 BINOCULAR VISION HELPS PREDATORS LIKE THIS WOLF SPOT ITS PREY. 352 00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:53,066 SOME PREDATORS USE EXPLOSIVE BURSTS OF SPEED TO CHASE THEIR 353 00:18:53,066 --> 00:18:59,433 VICTIMS SO THEY CAN RUN, SWIM, OR FLY FASTER THAN THE PREY. 354 00:18:59,433 --> 00:19:03,133 OTHER PREDATORS, LIKE THIS COYOTE, WAIT QUIETLY AND THEN 355 00:19:03,133 --> 00:19:07,400 SUDDENLY AMBUSH AN UNSUSPECTING ANIMAL. 356 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:11,700 HERE'S A PREDATOR THAT WILL SCARE ALMOST ANYONE, A SNAKE. 357 00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:17,300 THIS BOA CONSTRICTEDDER USES SITS ENTIRE BODY TO KILL PREY. 358 00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:20,400 THEY WRAP THEMSELVES AROUND A RAT AND SQUEEZES UNTIL THE RAT 359 00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:21,500 IS DEAD. 360 00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:24,867 THE SNAKE GOES ABOUT THE SLOW PROCESS OF SWALLOWING ITS 361 00:19:24,867 --> 00:19:30,433 DINNER. 362 00:19:30,433 --> 00:19:32,800 AT THIS POINT, WE HAVE SEEN SOME OF THE MORE OBVIOUS PREDATORS 363 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:34,133 OUT THERE. 364 00:19:34,133 --> 00:19:36,233 BUT, PREDATORS ARE EVERYWHERE. 365 00:19:36,233 --> 00:19:39,133 SOME OF THEM IN PLACES YOU MIGHT NEVER SUSPECT. 366 00:19:39,133 --> 00:19:42,133 DID YOU KNOW THAT MANY BIRDS ARE ALSO PREDATORS? 367 00:19:42,133 --> 00:19:47,233 THAT'S BECAUSE THEY, TOO, EAT OTHER ANIMALS. 368 00:19:47,233 --> 00:19:51,500 CHECK OUT THIS BLUE HERON. 369 00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:53,700 HE'S EATING A RAINBOW TROUT. 370 00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:56,967 ARE HIS EYES BIGGER THAN HIS STOMACH, OR WHAT? 371 00:19:56,967 --> 00:20:00,867 ALL IN ALL, PREDATORS ARE PRETTY CLEVER CREATURES, AND PREY 372 00:20:00,867 --> 00:20:02,567 ANIMALS ARE AWFULLY SMART, TOO. 373 00:20:02,567 --> 00:20:06,133 AND EVEN THOUGH PREDATORS CHASE PREY, AND PREY ARE ALWAYS TRYING 374 00:20:06,133 --> 00:20:10,333 TO TRICK PREDATORS, THE TWO ARE NOT WHAT YOU WOULD CL ENEMIES. 375 00:20:10,333 --> 00:20:13,400 IT'S MORE LIKE THEY ARE EACH TRYING TO OUTSMART THE OTHER 376 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:16,233 WHILE LIVING OUT THEIR SPECIFIC ROLES IN NATURE. 377 00:20:16,233 --> 00:20:19,567 IN FACT, PREDATORS AND PREY DEPEND ON EACH OTHER IN WAYS YOU 378 00:20:19,567 --> 00:20:21,066 MIGHT NEVER EXPECT. 379 00:20:21,066 --> 00:20:25,667 FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN A POPULATION OF PREY ANIMALS SUFFER, THE 380 00:20:25,667 --> 00:20:27,700 PREDATOR OF THAT ANIMAL WILL SUFFER, TOO. 381 00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:31,500 DID YOU KNOW THAT EVERY TEN YEARS, THE POPULATION OF 382 00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:33,767 JACKRABBITS NATURALLY DROPS OFF. 383 00:20:33,767 --> 00:20:37,033 BOBCATS RELY ON JACKRABBITS FOR FOOD. 384 00:20:37,033 --> 00:20:38,967 WHAT WILL THE BOBCATS DO? 385 00:20:38,967 --> 00:20:42,333 WITH FEWER JACKRABBITS TO EAT, MANY BOBCATS WILL STARVE TO 386 00:20:42,333 --> 00:20:43,333 DEATH. 387 00:20:43,333 --> 00:20:47,867 IN THIS WAY, THE POPULATION OF PREY ANIMALS CONTROL THE 388 00:20:47,867 --> 00:20:50,033 POPULATIONS OF PREDATORS. 389 00:20:50,033 --> 00:20:53,767 SO, NEXT TIME YOU SEE A PREDATOR IN THE WILD, DON'T THINK IT'S 390 00:20:53,767 --> 00:20:56,433 MEAN, JUST BECAUSE IT EATS OTHER ANIMALS. 391 00:20:56,433 --> 00:21:07,934 PREDATORS ARE DOING JUST WHAT NATURE INTENDED. 392 00:21:07,934 --> 00:21:11,133 >> HI, I AM PAGE, AND I AM FROM BASIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 393 00:21:11,133 --> 00:21:14,400 MY QUESTION IS, HOW MANY LINKS CAN THERE BE ON THE FOOD WEBS? 394 00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,033 >> IT DEPENDS ON HOW FAR YOU WANT TO GO BACK? 395 00:21:17,033 --> 00:21:21,500 WE CAN HAVE, STARTING WITH THE SUN, AND THEN HAVE A PLANT, USE 396 00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:25,233 THAT SUN TO MAKE ENERGY, AND WE HAVE AN HERBIVORE, WHICH COULD 397 00:21:25,233 --> 00:21:30,333 EAT AT LIKE A RABBIT, AND THEN WE HAVE CONSUMERS, OF THE 398 00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:32,800 RABBIT, AND SO WE HAVE ALL KINDS OF LINKS. 399 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:37,400 WE COULD GO ANYWHERE FROM SIX TO SEVEN LINKS, DEPENDING ON HOW 400 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:41,700 MANY ANIMALS THAT WE HAVE EAT ANOTHER ANIMAL. 401 00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,934 >> HI, I AM ELLA, I GO TO GALILEO, AND MY QUESTION IS, 402 00:21:44,934 --> 00:21:48,033 WHERE DOES THE FOOD WEB START? 403 00:21:48,033 --> 00:21:50,700 >> WELL, ALL FOOD WEBS HAVE TO START WITH A SOURCE OF ENERGY. 404 00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:56,033 AND SO, WHEN WE THINK OF THAT, WE THINK OF THE SUN, BECAUSE THE 405 00:21:56,033 --> 00:22:00,433 SUN IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF ENERGY WHEN WE THINK OF OUR PLANET, AT 406 00:22:00,433 --> 00:22:01,867 LEAST ON THE SURFACE. 407 00:22:01,867 --> 00:22:10,400 AND SO, PLANTS MAKE THEIR SUGAR ENERGY FROM THE SUN, THROUGH 408 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:10,800 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 409 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:18,233 I ALWAYS LIKE TO THINK OF FOOD CHAINS STARTING FROM A, A SOURCE 410 00:22:18,233 --> 00:22:18,867 OF ENERGY. 411 00:22:18,867 --> 00:22:21,600 FROM THE SURFACE OF THE WORLD, THE SUN, IF WE THINK OF PLACES 412 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:25,967 LIKE THE DEEP OCEANS, WHERE NO SUN CAN REACH, WE HAVE TO THINK 413 00:22:25,967 --> 00:22:29,233 OF STARTING, ACTUALLY, WITH KIND OF AN INTERESTING THING, WHICH 414 00:22:29,233 --> 00:22:31,567 ARE DEEP SEA VENTS. 415 00:22:31,567 --> 00:22:34,567 THEY REALLY DEEPEN THE OCEAN, RELEASE ALL KINDS OF MINERALS 416 00:22:34,567 --> 00:22:38,233 AND CHEMICALS, AND THERE IS THIS LITTLE TINY BACTERIA THAT LIVE 417 00:22:38,233 --> 00:22:41,400 AMONG THOSE DEEP SEA VENTS, AND THEY CAN USE THE CHEMICALS 418 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:45,567 COMING OUT OF THE VENTS TO, ACTUALLY, MAKE THEIR FIRST 419 00:22:45,567 --> 00:22:48,333 SOURCE OF ENERGY, DEEP, DEEP IN THE OCEAN. 420 00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:52,300 IS A, I ALWAYS THINK OF IT COMING FROM A SOURCE OF ENERGY, 421 00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:56,133 SO FOR ME, IT WILL BE THE SUN OR THE REALLY DEEP SEA VENTS, THAT 422 00:22:56,133 --> 00:22:59,967 THE BACTERIA USE. 423 00:22:59,967 --> 00:23:02,400 >> WHAT IS A MICROBE? 424 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:07,967 >> A MICROBE IS A REALLY SMALL LIVING BEING, THAT USUALLY WOULD 425 00:23:07,967 --> 00:23:14,066 BE LIKE A BACTERIA, FUNGI, VIRUS, AND SO WE THINK OF THEM 426 00:23:14,066 --> 00:23:18,200 BEING SUPER, SUPER TINY, WHICH IS WHY THEY ARE CALLED MICRO, 427 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:20,767 WHICH IS MICROORGANISM. 428 00:23:20,767 --> 00:23:26,600 >> I GO TO GALILEO, AND MY QUESTION IS -- DOES A FOOD CHAIN 429 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:28,867 ONLY HAVE FOOD IN IT? 430 00:23:28,867 --> 00:23:31,300 >> DOES A FOOD CHAIN ONLY HAVE FOOD IN IT? 431 00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:34,800 IT DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU THINK OF AS FOOD, I THINK. 432 00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,033 IF YOU ARE A BACTERIA, AND YOU ARE GOING TO USE SOME SORT OF A 433 00:23:38,033 --> 00:23:41,700 MINERAL AS YOUR FOOD, THAT'S GREAT FOR A BACTERIA, BUT MAYBE 434 00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:44,867 NOT FOR A HUMAN BEING. 435 00:23:44,867 --> 00:23:48,800 SO, I THINK IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHAT THE ANIMAL THINKS, FOR US 436 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:53,333 WE WOULD THINK OF FOOD AS BEING A STRAWBERRY OR MAYBE A PIECE OF 437 00:23:53,333 --> 00:23:53,600 CHICKEN. 438 00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,500 WE DON'T NECESSARILY THINKF EATING AN INDIVIDUAL MINERAL, 439 00:23:56,500 --> 00:24:00,300 BUT FOR SOME, CERTAIN CREATURES LIKE A BACTERIA, THAT WOULD BE 440 00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:03,500 THE CASE. 441 00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:07,400 >> GUNNER ASKS WHY ARE PREDATORS AT THE TOP OF THE WEB? 442 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:09,333 >> PREDATORS WOULD BE AT THE TOP OF THE FOOD WEB BECAUSE THEY ARE 443 00:24:09,333 --> 00:24:14,967 THE ONES WHO ULTIMATELY EAT THE OTHER ANIMALS, AND RETURN THE 444 00:24:14,967 --> 00:24:19,333 ENERGY BACK TO THE SOIL BY POOPING. 445 00:24:19,333 --> 00:24:23,934 >> I AM HALEY, AND I GO TO GALILEO STANLEY ACADEMY, AND MY 446 00:24:23,934 --> 00:24:27,867 QUESTION IS, DOES A FOOD WEB INCLUDE ALL ANIMALS? 447 00:24:27,867 --> 00:24:31,133 >> EVERYTHING IN THE WORLD IS INTERCONNECTED. 448 00:24:31,133 --> 00:24:37,400 AND SO IF YOU THINK OF IT THAT WAY, THEN THE ANSWER WOULD BE 449 00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:37,867 YES. 450 00:24:37,867 --> 00:24:39,500 EVERYTHING, IF YOU LOOK AT EVERYTHING IN THE WHOLE WORLD, 451 00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:44,033 ISSUE THAT THAT'S REALLY HARD TO THINK IN THAT WAY, BUT IN MY 452 00:24:44,033 --> 00:24:46,600 MINE, EVERYTHING WOULD HAVE TO BE CONNECTED IN ONE WAY OR 453 00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:51,133 ANOTHER BECAUSE WHERE DO WE ALL GET OUR ENERGY SOURCE ON THE 454 00:24:51,133 --> 00:24:51,400 PLANET? 455 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:52,867 FOR THE MOST PART, IT'S THE SUN. 456 00:24:52,867 --> 00:24:56,800 AND THAT'S WHERE EVERYTHING STARTS. 457 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,266 >> MADDIE ASKS, WHAT ANIMAL IS THE TOP OF THE FOOD CHAIN, AND 458 00:24:59,266 --> 00:25:03,033 WHAT ANIMAL IS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE CHAIN? 459 00:25:03,033 --> 00:25:06,233 >> IT REALLY WOULD DEPEND ON WHAT CHAIN YOU ARE LOOKING AT. 460 00:25:06,233 --> 00:25:09,500 WE ALWAYS THINK ABOUT THE TOP PREDATORS BEING AT THE TOP 461 00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:13,300 BECAUSE THEY ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO EAT OTHER ANIMALS AND NOT BE 462 00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:14,867 EATEN BY ANOTHER ANIMAL. 463 00:25:14,867 --> 00:25:18,934 WHO IS ON THE BOTTOM, AGAIN, DEPENDS ON WHO IS ON THE TOP, I 464 00:25:18,934 --> 00:25:19,200 SUPPOSE. 465 00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:21,700 IT CAN BE SOMETHING THAT, AS SIMPLE AS PLANTS. 466 00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:24,867 IT COULD BE ANOTHER SMALL CREATURE. 467 00:25:24,867 --> 00:25:26,934 IT'S HARD TO TELL, UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT FOOD CHAIN YOU ARE 468 00:25:26,934 --> 00:25:28,934 LOOKING AT. 469 00:25:28,934 --> 00:25:31,967 >> HALEY WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, HOW DOES ENERGY PASS FROM ONE ANIMAL 470 00:25:31,967 --> 00:25:34,800 TO ANOTHER? 471 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:37,200 >> SO, ENERGY PASSES FROM ONE ANIMAL TO ANOTHER ANIMAL WHEN 472 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:38,600 THEY EAT SOMETHING. 473 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:43,033 WHEN YOU EAT SOMETHING, YOUR BODY HAS TO BREAK ALL OF THAT, 474 00:25:43,033 --> 00:25:47,033 WHETHER IT'S A PLANT OR ANIMAL, DOWN INTO THIS LITTLE INDIVIDUAL 475 00:25:47,033 --> 00:25:47,333 COMPONENT. 476 00:25:47,333 --> 00:25:50,767 AND THEN YOUR BODY USES THAT TO MAKE YOUR -- TO MAKE CELLS IN 477 00:25:50,767 --> 00:25:53,800 YOUR BODY AND TO RUN YOUR BODY, TO DO THE THINGS THAT YOU NEED 478 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:55,233 TO DO. 479 00:25:55,233 --> 00:25:58,967 SO, THAT'S HOW ENERGY PASSES ALONG. 480 00:25:58,967 --> 00:26:02,066 UNFORTUNATELY, EVERY TIME THAT ENERGY IS PASSED, WE LOSE A 481 00:26:02,066 --> 00:26:05,967 LITTLE BIT OF THE ENERGY BECAUSE WE, UNFORTUNATELY, NEED ENERGY 482 00:26:05,967 --> 00:26:10,500 TO MAKE ENERGY, AND I KNOW THAT SOUNDS STRANGE, BUT WHEN ANIMAL 483 00:26:10,500 --> 00:26:14,300 EATS A PLANT, IT GETS MORE ENERGY FROM THAT PLANT, THAN 484 00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:15,800 WHEN THE COW EATS THE PLANT. 485 00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:20,133 AND WHEN WE EAT THE COW, EVEN LESS ENERGY COMES UP THE FOOD 486 00:26:20,133 --> 00:26:20,700 CHAIN. 487 00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:25,233 SO, AT EACH POINT, WE LOSE A BIT OF ENERGY. 488 00:26:25,233 --> 00:26:27,567 >> BEFORE WE RUN OUT OF TIME, LET ME ASK, WHY DID YOU DECIDE 489 00:26:27,567 --> 00:26:29,800 TO BECOME A VET? 490 00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,300 >> WELL, I STARTED OFF LOVING SPACE AND WANTED TO BE AN 491 00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:35,767 ASTRONAUT AS A YOUNG CHILD, BUT SOMEWHERE ALONG THE LINE I FELL 492 00:26:35,767 --> 00:26:39,867 IN LOVE WITH ANIMALS, SO I HAVE DEDICATED MY LIFE AND MY CAREER 493 00:26:39,867 --> 00:26:44,200 TO HELPING ANIMALS, AND THAT'S HOW I BECAME A VET. 494 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:46,133 >> ADARE, IF SOMEONE IS INTERESTED IN GETTING A JOB IN 495 00:26:46,133 --> 00:26:50,133 THIS FIELD, WHAT SHALL HE OR SHE STUDY IN SCHOOL? 496 00:26:50,133 --> 00:26:51,433 >> MATH AND SCIENCE. 497 00:26:51,433 --> 00:26:54,567 MATH AND SCIENCE ARE REALLY IMPORTANT. 498 00:26:54,567 --> 00:26:57,800 YOU DON'T HAVE TO ABSOLUTELY LOVE MATH. 499 00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,433 BUT MATH IS SUPER IMPORTANT BECAUSE EVERYTHING INVOLVES A 500 00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:01,433 BIT OF MATH. 501 00:27:01,433 --> 00:27:03,333 SO, STUDY HARD. 502 00:27:03,333 --> 00:27:06,700 READ BOOKS. 503 00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:07,233 LEARN MATH. 504 00:27:07,233 --> 00:27:10,133 READ ALL YOU CAN ABOUT SCIENCE AND MATH AND SCIENCE IS THE WAY 505 00:27:10,133 --> 00:27:11,133 TO GO. 506 00:27:11,133 --> 00:27:13,066 >> I'M SORRY, WE HAVE RUN OUT. 507 00:27:13,066 --> 00:27:13,333 TIME. 508 00:27:13,333 --> 00:27:16,433 THANK YOU, HOLLY ADARE, FOR ANSWERING THE STUDENTS' 509 00:27:16,433 --> 00:27:16,767 QUESTIONS. 510 00:27:16,767 --> 00:27:18,033 >> IT WAS GREAT FUN. 511 00:27:18,033 --> 00:27:19,033 >> IT WAS A LOT OF FUN. 512 00:27:19,033 --> 00:27:19,700 THANK YOU. 513 00:27:19,700 --> 00:27:22,233 >> IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION FOR ONE OF OUR FUTURE SHOWS, YOU CAN 514 00:27:22,233 --> 00:27:24,233 EMAIL IT OR SEND US A VIDEO QUESTION. 515 00:27:24,233 --> 00:27:26,500 RECORD IT ON YOUR CELL PHONE, TABLET OR WEB CAM. 516 00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:29,600 AND IF YOU ARE AN EDUCATOR, WE WILL LEND YOU A CAMERA. 517 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,300 IF YOU SEND IN A QUESTION, YOU AND YOUR CLASS CAN WIN PRIZES. 518 00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:37,867 OUR LAST PRIZE WINNER WAS MCKAYLAIN AT HAWTHNE 519 00:27:37,867 --> 00:27:38,300 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 520 00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:42,033 TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE TOPICS, GO TO THE FOOD WEB SECTION OF 521 00:27:42,033 --> 00:27:47,033 SCIENCE TREK, AND FIND LESSON PLANS AND MORE, OR WATCHING 522 00:27:47,033 --> 00:27:50,767 SCIENCE TREK: THE WEB AND CHECK OUT MY BLOG FOR THE LATEST 523 00:27:50,767 --> 00:27:52,233 SCIENCE NEWS FOR KIDS. 524 00:27:52,233 --> 00:27:55,400 FIND IT ALL AT IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 525 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:56,700 THAT I THINK SO FOR JOINING US. 526 00:27:56,700 --> 00:28:04,667 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON SCIENCE TREK. 527 00:28:21,333 --> 00:28:22,700 >> PRESENTATION OF SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC TELEVISION IS 528 00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:24,867 MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF THE LAURA 529 00:28:24,867 --> 00:28:27,300 MOORE CUNNINGHAM FOUNDATION. 530 00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:30,066 COMMITTED TO FULFILLING THE MOORE FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING 531 00:28:30,066 --> 00:28:34,433 THE GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 532 00:28:38,967 --> 00:28:40,333 IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OR WATCH OUVIDEOS, 533 00:28:40,333 --> 00:28:42,867 CHECK OUT THE SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE AT