WEBVTT 00:01.000 --> 00:03.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, HOST: SCIENTISTS ARE LEARNING ALL THEY 00:03.800 --> 00:06.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% CAN ABOUT MARS WITH THE HOPE THAT SOMEDAY SOON WE CAN SEND 00:06.700 --> 00:07.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% PEOPLE THERE. 00:07.800 --> 00:10.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT MARS? 00:10.100 --> 00:13.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% FIND OUT AS THE RED PLANET IS REVEALED ON SCIENCE TREK. 00:14.233 --> 00:20.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) CARTAN-HANSEN: MARS IS THE 00:20.066 --> 00:21.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOURTH PLANET FROM THE SUN. 00:21.600 --> 00:24.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF ALL THE PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, MARS IS THE MOST LIKE 00:24.700 --> 00:26.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% EARTH. 00:26.000 --> 00:29.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS SPINS ON ITS AXIS WITH A TILT SIMILAR TO EARTH'S. 00:29.433 --> 00:33.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% A MARTIAN DAY IS ABOUT 24 HOURS AND 40 MINUTES. 00:33.266 --> 00:35.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT HAS DISTINCT SEASONS. 00:35.100 --> 00:39.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THERE ARE ICE CAPS ON ITS NORTH AND SOUTH POLE. 00:39.000 --> 00:42.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT UNLIKE EARTH, MARS HAS A THIN ATMOSPHERE MOSTLY MADE UP 00:42.367 --> 00:44.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF CARBON DIOXIDE. 00:44.900 --> 00:48.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS IS ABOUT HALF AS WIDE AS THE EARTH AND BECAUSE ITS MASS 00:48.266 --> 00:51.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% IS LOWER, IT HAS FAR LESS GRAVITY. 00:51.867 --> 00:54.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU WEIGHED 50 POUNDS ON EARTH, YOU WOULD WEIGH ONLY 19 00:54.600 --> 00:56.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% POUNDS ON MARS. 00:56.900 --> 00:59.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND BECAUSE MARS IS MUCH FURTHER FROM THE SUN THAN THE 00:59.734 --> 01:03.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% EARTH IS, MARS TAKES LONGER TO ORBIT THE SUN. 01:03.333 --> 01:07.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% A MARS YEAR TAKES 687 EARTH DAYS. 01:07.734 --> 01:12.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% ITS AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE IS ABOUT 80 DEGREES BELOW ZERO. 01:12.166 --> 01:15.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUMMER DAYS CAN GET MUCH WARMER, BUT BECAUSE MARS HAS SO LITTLE 01:15.266 --> 01:19.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% ATMOSPHERE, THE NIGHTS ARE VERY COLD. 01:19.000 --> 01:22.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS HAS TWO MOONS: PHOBOS AND DEIMOS. 01:22.433 --> 01:25.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY ARE SMALL AND SHAPED KIND OF LIKE POTATOES. 01:25.500 --> 01:28.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% DEIMOS IS THE SMALLER AND ITS ORBIT IS FARTHER FROM MARS THAN 01:28.700 --> 01:30.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% PHOBOS. 01:30.000 --> 01:34.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% PHOBOS CAN ORBIT MARS THREE TIMES IN A SINGLE MARTIAN DAY. 01:34.600 --> 01:37.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS WAS NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN GOD OF WAR AND IS KNOWN AS THE 01:37.633 --> 01:38.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% RED PLANET. 01:38.900 --> 01:42.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S RED BECAUSE IRON IN THE DIRT ON MARS GIVES IT ITS RUSTY 01:42.000 --> 01:44.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% RED COLOR. 01:44.066 --> 01:47.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS HAS GIANT VOLCANOES AND DEEP CANYONS. 01:47.066 --> 01:50.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE HIGHEST VOLCANO IN THE WHOLE SOLAR SYSTEM IS OLYMPUS MONS AND 01:50.967 --> 01:53.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S ON MARS. 01:53.333 --> 01:59.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% OLYMPUS MONS IS ABOUT 374 MILES WIDE AND 16 MILES HIGH. 01:59.000 --> 02:02.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT'S THREE TIMES TALLER THAN MT. EVEREST, EARTH'S HIGHEST 02:02.166 --> 02:06.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% POINT AND ABOUT AS WIDE AS THE STATE OF ARIZONA. 02:06.266 --> 02:09.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE LOTS OF CRATERS ON MARS CAUSED BY ASTEROIDS. 02:09.433 --> 02:13.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MARS' SURFACE IS SOLID LIKE EARTH'S AND MADE UP OF MOSTLY OF 02:13.166 --> 02:14.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% ROCK AND DIRT. 02:14.900 --> 02:18.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% GIANT DUST STORMS CAN BLANKET MUCH OF THE PLANET AND LEAVES 02:18.700 --> 02:22.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE MARS SKY A PINK OR TAN COLOR. 02:22.333 --> 02:26.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN 1877, GIOVANNI SCHIAPARELLI FIRST IDENTIFIED LINES ON THE 02:26.433 --> 02:27.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% SURFACE OF MARS. 02:27.900 --> 02:31.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% HE CALLED THEM "CANALI", WHICH WAS MISTRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 02:31.367 --> 02:33.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% AS "CANALS." 02:33.533 --> 02:36.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% ASTRONOMERS OF THE TIME THOUGHT THE CANALS HAD BEEN DUG BY SOME 02:36.700 --> 02:38.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% SORT OF ALIEN LIFE FORM. 02:38.900 --> 02:42.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT STARTED THE TALK ABOUT LITTLE GREEN CREATURES FROM 02:42.166 --> 02:44.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS. 02:44.000 --> 02:47.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% >>> "AT LAST THE SECRET WAS MINE. 02:47.333 --> 02:50.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND NOW, TO GET PROOF OF MY DISCOVERY, SMUGGLED PAST THE 02:50.800 --> 02:52.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% BORDER GUARDS. 02:52.166 --> 02:57.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN SPITE OF MY INFINITE PRECAUTION, ONE OF THEM BECAME 02:57.433 --> 03:00.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUSPICIOUS AND GAVE THE ALARM. 03:00.333 --> 03:06.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% (WOMAN SCREAMING) >>COME BACK FOR THE 03:06.066 --> 03:07.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% (INDESCERNABLE)DID YA? 03:07.633 --> 03:08.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% GET 'EM PA! 03:08.867 --> 03:13.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% >> AND SO WITH A FOND FAREWELL TO THE NATIVES RINGING IN MY 03:13.100 --> 03:17.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% EARS, I TOOK OFF ONCE AGAIN FOR MARS." 03:17.500 --> 03:20.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: WELL, THERE WERE NO LITTLE GREEN MARTIANS WHEN 03:20.533 --> 03:23.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARINER FOUR TOOK THESE FIRST REAL CLOSE UP PICTURES OF THE 03:23.867 --> 03:27.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% SURFACE OF MARS IN 1965. 03:27.433 --> 03:31.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% VIKING ONE LANDED ON THE SURFACE OF MARS IN JULY OF 1976 AND 03:31.100 --> 03:35.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% PROVIDED THE FIRST PANORAMIC PHOTOS OF THE PLANET'S SURFACE. 03:40.900 --> 03:45.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND ROVERS LIKE "SPIRIT," "OPPORTUNITY" AND "CURIOSITY" 03:45.066 --> 03:48.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAVE ALLOWED SCIENTISTS TO LEARN A GREAT DEAL MORE ABOUT THE RED 03:48.266 --> 03:50.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANET. 03:52.233 --> 04:05.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) WE KNOW WATER ONCE RAN 04:05.333 --> 04:08.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN STREAMS ON THE PLANET AND THAT THERE WERE ONCE LAKES. 04:08.867 --> 04:12.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE'RE STUDYING THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP THE ROCKS AND SOILS ON 04:12.066 --> 04:13.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% MARS. 04:13.100 --> 04:15.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE'RE SEARCHING FOR THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE. 04:15.700 --> 04:16.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WHO KNOWS? 04:16.734 --> 04:19.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% MAYBE YOU'LL BE THE FIRST ASTRONAUT TO WALK ON MARS AND 04:19.900 --> 04:23.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% DISCOVER EVEN MORE ABOUT THE RED PLANET. 04:23.900 --> 04:26.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT MARS, CHECK OUT THE SCIENCE TREK 04:26.700 --> 04:27.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WEBSITE. 04:27.500 --> 04:31.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU'LL FIND IT AT IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 04:32.800 --> 04:53.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) ANNOUNCER: PRESENTATION OF 04:53.500 --> 04:56.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 04:56.700 --> 05:00.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 05:00.166 --> 05:03.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 05:03.000 --> 05:06.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 05:06.600 --> 05:09.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 05:09.734 --> 05:14.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 05:14.266 --> 05:17.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC TELEVISION; AND BY THE 05:17.166 --> 05:20.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING.