WEBVTT 00:00.867 --> 00:02.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, HOST: THIS 00:02.166 --> 00:03.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% IS THE EARTH. 00:03.233 --> 00:05.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THESE ARE ALL THE LIVING 00:05.166 --> 00:07.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS ON EARTH. 00:07.166 --> 00:08.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% NOW, YOU ARE THE SCIENTIST WHO 00:08.633 --> 00:10.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAS TO STUDY ALL THESE THINGS. 00:10.633 --> 00:12.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHERE DO YOU START? 00:12.100 --> 00:13.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU START BY CLASSIFYING THEM 00:13.800 --> 00:15.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% INTO THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE. 00:16.367 --> 00:21.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 00:21.000 --> 00:21.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE SCIENCE OF 00:21.900 --> 00:23.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS IS 00:23.166 --> 00:24.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% CALLED TAXONOMY. 00:24.333 --> 00:25.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENTISTS WHO CLASSIFY THINGS 00:25.734 --> 00:27.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% START WITH A BASIC QUESTION. 00:27.166 --> 00:28.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% IS THE THING LIVING OR NOT 00:28.900 --> 00:29.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVING? 00:29.967 --> 00:31.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS IS A ROCK AND THIS IS MY 00:31.333 --> 00:32.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% PET RABBIT SMOKEY. 00:32.700 --> 00:34.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% JUST LOOKING AT THESE TWO 00:34.066 --> 00:35.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS, IT'S EASY TO TELL WHICH 00:35.533 --> 00:36.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% ONE IS LIVING AND WHICH ONE IS 00:36.967 --> 00:38.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% NOT LIVING. 00:38.333 --> 00:39.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% AH, BUT IS IT? 00:39.967 --> 00:42.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% ON THAT ROCK, THERE ARE TINY, 00:42.000 --> 00:43.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% EVEN MICROSCOPIC CREATURES. 00:43.700 --> 00:45.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% HOW DO YOU TELL IF THEY ARE 00:45.433 --> 00:47.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVING OR NOT LIVING? 00:47.166 --> 00:48.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% WELL SCIENTISTS LOOK FOR A FEW 00:48.433 --> 00:50.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS TO DECIDE IF SOMETHING IS 00:50.000 --> 00:50.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALIVE. 00:50.900 --> 00:52.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% A THING IS CONSIDERED LIVING 00:52.433 --> 00:53.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF... 00:53.333 --> 00:54.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT RESPONDS TO A STIMULI, LIKE 00:54.900 --> 00:56.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% A PLANT TILTING TOWARD THE SUN. 00:56.867 --> 00:58.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF IT CHANGES OR EVOLVES OR 00:58.500 --> 01:00.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% ADAPTS TO ITS ENVIRONMENT. 01:00.533 --> 01:02.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF IT TAKES IN AND USES ENERGY, 01:02.633 --> 01:03.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIKE THE ENERGY WE GET FROM 01:03.867 --> 01:05.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOOD. 01:05.066 --> 01:06.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF ITS GROW, DEVELOPS, HAS OFF 01:06.533 --> 01:08.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% SPRING AND DIES. 01:08.533 --> 01:10.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND IMPORTANTLY, IF IT'S MADE OF 01:10.266 --> 01:12.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% CELLS AND THOSE CELLS CONTAIN 01:12.333 --> 01:13.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% DNA. 01:13.867 --> 01:15.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% DNA ARE THE MOLECULES THAT ARE 01:15.266 --> 01:16.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% SORT OF THE INSTRUCTION BOOK FOR 01:16.600 --> 01:18.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIFE. 01:18.000 --> 01:19.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF THIS THING MEETS ALL THOSE 01:19.600 --> 01:21.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% REQUIREMENTS, THEN IT'S LIVING. 01:21.800 --> 01:22.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% (HOORAY!) 01:22.900 --> 01:24.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND NOW THAT YOU HAVE 01:24.266 --> 01:25.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% DETERMINED IT IS ALIVE, YOU CAN 01:25.633 --> 01:27.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLASSIFY IT INTO A KINGDOM OF 01:27.000 --> 01:27.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIFE. 01:27.900 --> 01:29.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT THAT'S NOT AS EASY AS YOU 01:29.500 --> 01:30.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% WOULD THINK. 01:30.333 --> 01:32.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN ANCIENT GREECE, ARISTOTLE WAS 01:32.000 --> 01:33.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE FIRST TO DIVIDE LIVING 01:33.533 --> 01:35.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS INTO GROUPS. 01:35.066 --> 01:36.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% HE DECIDED ON PLANTS AND 01:36.367 --> 01:37.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS. 01:37.433 --> 01:38.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS WERE DIVIDED INTO SMALL 01:38.900 --> 01:40.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% MEDIUM AND LARGE. 01:40.166 --> 01:41.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS WERE DIVIDED INTO LAND, 01:41.600 --> 01:43.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER AND AIR. 01:43.700 --> 01:46.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT THAT PUT BEES, BIRDS AND 01:46.000 --> 01:47.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% BATS ALL IN THE SAME SUBGROUP 01:47.633 --> 01:49.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% BECAUSE THEY ALL FLY. 01:49.333 --> 01:50.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THAT JUST DIDN'T WORK. 01:50.967 --> 01:53.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE MID-SEVENTEEN HUNDREDS, A 01:53.066 --> 01:55.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% SWEDISH SCIENTIST CARL LINNAEUS 01:55.266 --> 01:57.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% DEVELOPED A NEW CLASSIFYING 01:57.066 --> 01:57.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% SYSTEM. 01:57.867 --> 01:59.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT WAS HIERARCHICAL, THAT IS THE 01:59.533 --> 02:01.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% GROUPS STARTED BIG AND BROAD AND 02:01.367 --> 02:02.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEN GOT SMALLER AND MORE 02:02.800 --> 02:03.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% SPECIFIC. 02:03.700 --> 02:06.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND HE USED LATIN TERMS. 02:06.000 --> 02:07.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% LINNAEUS STARTED WITH BROAD 02:07.500 --> 02:09.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% KINGDOMS OF LIFE. 02:09.066 --> 02:11.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTAE FOR PLANTS AND ANIMALIA 02:11.066 --> 02:13.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR ANIMALS THEN SPECIES ARE 02:13.266 --> 02:14.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIVIDED INTO MORE AND MORE 02:14.367 --> 02:17.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% SPECIFIC SUB GROUPS SO, UNDER 02:17.000 --> 02:18.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS SYSTEM, YOUR PET DOG 02:18.433 --> 02:20.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% BELONGS TO THE ANIMALIA KINGDOM, 02:20.700 --> 02:22.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE PHYLUM- CHORDATA, THE CLASS- 02:22.533 --> 02:26.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% MAMMALIA, THE ORDER- CARNIVORA, 02:26.066 --> 02:28.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE FAMILY- CANIDAE, THE GENUS- 02:28.066 --> 02:31.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% CANIS, THE SPECIES- CANIS LUPUS 02:31.600 --> 02:33.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THE SUBSPECIES- CANIS LUPUS 02:33.433 --> 02:35.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% FAMILIARIS. 02:35.800 --> 02:37.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITH THIS SYSTEM, EVERY LIVING 02:37.333 --> 02:38.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% CREATURE ON EARTH COULD BE 02:38.800 --> 02:40.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLASSIFIED IN A VERY SPECIFIC 02:40.333 --> 02:42.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% WAY SO SCIENTISTS COULD STUDY 02:42.100 --> 02:43.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEM. 02:43.533 --> 02:44.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS WORKED PRETTY WELL EXCEPT 02:44.800 --> 02:45.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR ONE THING. 02:45.967 --> 02:47.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE MID-SEVENTEEN HUNDREDS, 02:47.266 --> 02:48.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% LINNAEOUS WAS MISSING 02:48.333 --> 02:49.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOMETHING... 02:49.433 --> 02:51.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% A MICROSCOPE. 02:51.800 --> 02:53.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITH A MICROSCOPE, SCIENTISTS 02:53.166 --> 02:54.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% DISCOVERED ALL SORTS OF TINY 02:54.633 --> 02:55.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% CREATURES THEY'D NEVER SEEN 02:55.900 --> 02:57.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% BEFORE. 02:57.166 --> 02:58.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THESE CREATURES THAT DIDN'T 02:58.533 --> 03:00.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% SEEM TO FIT INTO THE ANIMAL OR 03:00.800 --> 03:02.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANT KINGDOMS OF LIFE. 03:02.333 --> 03:03.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, SCIENTISTS ADDED A FEW MORE 03:03.900 --> 03:05.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% KINGDOMS. 03:05.166 --> 03:07.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% FUNGI FOR MUSHROOMS, MOLDS, 03:07.100 --> 03:09.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% MILDEW AND YEAST. 03:09.000 --> 03:10.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% PROTISTA FOR THINGS LIKE AMOEBA 03:10.734 --> 03:12.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND ALGAE AND THEN THEY ADDED 03:12.800 --> 03:15.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% MONERA FOR BACTERIA. 03:15.433 --> 03:17.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT SCIENTIST KEPT FINDING ALL 03:17.100 --> 03:18.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE COOL NEW CREATURES WITH 03:18.867 --> 03:20.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIFFERENT DNA AND THEY DIDN'T 03:20.900 --> 03:23.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% JUST FIT. 03:23.233 --> 03:24.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, SCIENTISTS DECIDED TO GET 03:24.433 --> 03:25.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% RID OF THE CATEGORY MONERA AND 03:25.867 --> 03:27.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIVIDE THOSE CREATURES INTO TWO 03:27.633 --> 03:28.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% NEW KINGDOMS. 03:28.900 --> 03:30.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT EVEN THAT DIDN'T WORK. 03:30.433 --> 03:32.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% I MEAN SCIENTISTS GET INTO FIST 03:32.367 --> 03:34.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% FIGHTS OVER THIS KIND OF STUFF. 03:34.800 --> 03:36.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, THIS IS HOW SOME TAXONOMISTS 03:36.700 --> 03:39.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIVIDE UP THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE. 03:39.000 --> 03:40.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND DON'T HIT ME IF YOU 03:40.066 --> 03:41.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% DISAGREE. 03:41.266 --> 03:42.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY ADDED A LEVEL ABOVE THE 03:42.867 --> 03:45.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% KINGDOMS OF LIFE CALLED DOMAIN. 03:45.000 --> 03:46.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE THREE DOMAINS... 03:46.800 --> 03:49.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% ARCHAEA, THESE ARE SINGLE-CELLED 03:49.166 --> 03:50.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% ORGANISM THAT DO NOT HAVE A 03:50.533 --> 03:51.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% NUCLEUS. 03:51.700 --> 03:53.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY LIVE IN SOILS, LAKES AND 03:53.166 --> 03:55.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% RIVERS AND IN REALLY HARSH 03:55.066 --> 03:56.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% CONDITIONS LIKE HOT VENTS DEEP 03:56.967 --> 03:58.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE OCEAN OR IN SEWAGE 03:58.967 --> 04:00.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% TREATMENT PLANTS. 04:00.266 --> 04:02.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEN THERE ARE BACTERIA. 04:02.233 --> 04:03.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY ARE SIMILAR TO ARCHAEA IN 04:03.633 --> 04:05.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% TERMS OF SIZE, SHAPE AND HAVING 04:05.000 --> 04:06.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% NO NUCLEUS. 04:06.500 --> 04:08.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEY'RE FOUND EVERYWHERE, 04:08.100 --> 04:09.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% EVEN INSIDE US. 04:09.900 --> 04:12.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THE FINAL DOMAIN IS EUKARYA. 04:12.100 --> 04:14.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS DOMAIN INCLUDES ORGANISMS 04:14.000 --> 04:16.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHOSE CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS. 04:16.066 --> 04:17.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS GROUP INCLUDES ALL THE 04:17.633 --> 04:20.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS AND ANIMALS ON EARTH. 04:20.000 --> 04:21.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEN UNDER DOMAINS, COME THE 04:21.333 --> 04:23.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% KINGDOMS OF LIFE. 04:23.000 --> 04:24.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA ARE BOTH A 04:24.900 --> 04:26.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% DOMAIN AND A KINGDOM AND THEN 04:26.867 --> 04:29.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% EUKARYA IS SPLIT INTO ANIMALIA, 04:29.533 --> 04:33.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTAE, FUNGI AND PROTISTA. 04:33.633 --> 04:34.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT EVEN THAT MAY NOT BE HOW 04:34.900 --> 04:36.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY CLASSIFY THINGS BY THE TIME 04:36.233 --> 04:37.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU SEE THIS! 04:37.700 --> 04:39.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN FACT, THEY MAY NOT EVEN USE 04:39.066 --> 04:40.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE TERM KINGDOMS OF LIFE 04:40.333 --> 04:44.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANYMORE, IT'S SO COMPLICATED! 04:44.967 --> 04:46.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT THE BASICS ARE SIMPLE TO 04:46.700 --> 04:48.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% REMEMBER. 04:48.000 --> 04:49.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENTISTS GIVE EACH 04:49.500 --> 04:51.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVING CREATURE ITS OWN SPECIFIC 04:51.266 --> 04:53.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% NAME, USING A CLASSIFICATION 04:53.066 --> 04:54.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% SYSTEM. 04:54.266 --> 04:55.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% EACH GROUP AND SUB GROUP SHARE 04:55.700 --> 04:57.633 position:10% line:85% size:80% COMMON CHARACTERISTICS. 04:57.633 --> 04:59.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND BY KNOWING WHERE CREATURES 04:59.333 --> 05:01.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% FIT INTO THAT SYSTEM, SCIENTISTS 05:01.100 --> 05:03.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THEY 05:03.166 --> 05:05.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% ARE RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER. 05:05.166 --> 05:06.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, SMOKEY AND I ARE BOTH PART 05:06.600 --> 05:08.800 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF THE ANIMALIA KINGDOM OF LIFE. 05:08.800 --> 05:10.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE BOTH LIKE CARROTS! 05:10.533 --> 05:11.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE 05:11.900 --> 05:14.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, IT'S JUST 05:14.000 --> 05:15.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOMETHING WE LIKE TO SHARE. 05:15.900 --> 05:18.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT 05:18.166 --> 05:19.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% KINGDOMS OF LIFE, AND LOTS OF 05:19.900 --> 05:21.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% OTHER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS CHECK 05:21.333 --> 05:22.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUT THE SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE. 05:22.900 --> 05:23.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU'LL FIND IT AT 05:23.900 --> 05:27.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 05:28.533 --> 05:41.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 05:46.266 --> 05:47.533 position:10% line:85% size:80% NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 05:47.533 --> 05:49.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 05:49.000 --> 05:50.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 05:50.433 --> 05:52.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 05:52.000 --> 05:53.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 05:53.333 --> 05:54.900 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 05:54.900 --> 05:56.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 05:56.500 --> 05:58.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 05:58.266 --> 06:00.433 position:10% line:85% size:80% GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE 06:00.433 --> 06:02.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, 06:02.700 --> 06:04.066 position:10% line:85% size:80% MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING 06:04.066 --> 06:06.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND 06:06.166 --> 06:08.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY THE 06:08.266 --> 06:09.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 06:09.700 --> 06:10.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% TELEVISION; AND BY THE 06:10.967 --> 06:12.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 06:12.266 --> 06:13.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% BROADCASTING.