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JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, HOST:

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A COMPOUND IS A SUBSTANCE MADE

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UP OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.

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AN ELEMENT IS SOMETHING THAT

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CAN'T BE BROKEN DOWN INTO A

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SIMPLER SUBSTANCE.

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WE LIST ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC

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TABLE.

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WHEN YOU COMBINE ELEMENTS, LIKE

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TWO ATOM OF HYDROGEN AND ONE

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ATOM OF OXYGEN, YOU CAN GET H2O

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OR WATER.

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BUT IF YOU COMBINE TWO ATOMS OF

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HYDROGEN AND TWO ATOMS OF

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OXYGEN, YOU GET HYDROGEN

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PEROXIDE, SOMETHING USED TO

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BLEACH THINGS AND SOMETHING YOU

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DEFINITELY SHOULDN'T DRINK.

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THEY'RE BOTH COMPOUNDS, BOTH

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MADE UP THE SAME ELEMENTS, BUT

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VERY DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES.

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THE STUDY OF ELEMENTS AND

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COMPOUNDS IS A BIG PART OF THE

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SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY.

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CHEMISTS LEARN HOW TO COMBINE

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ELEMENTS AND TO TAKE APART

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COMPOUNDS.

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THEY LEARN WHAT SUBSTANCES ARE

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MADE OF AND HOW ELEMENTS COMBINE

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TO MAKE NEW MATERIALS.

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THEY ALSO LEARN ABOUT

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PROPERTIES.

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EVERY SUBSTANCE HAS A UNIQUE SET

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OF PROPERTIES.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE

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SOMETHING YOU CAN SEE OR

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MEASURE.

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LOOK AT THE PUPPIES.

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THEY ARE ALSO SOFT AND COLORFUL

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AND WEIGH A FEW POUNDS.

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COLOR, TEXTURE, AND WEIGHT ARE

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SOME OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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OF THE PUPPIES.

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(AWE)

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BUT SCIENTISTS ARE ALSO

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INTERESTED IN A SUBSTANCE'S

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ARE HOW A

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SUBSTANCE ACTS UNDER CERTAIN

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CONDITIONS.

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YOU CAN SEE A SUBSTANCE'S

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ONLY THROUGH

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A CHEMICAL REACTION.

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AND IF YOU KNOW WHAT A

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SUBSTANCE'S CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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ARE, YOU CAN CLASSIFY IT,

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IDENTIFY IT IN AN UNKNOWN

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SOLUTION, PREDICT HOW IT WILL

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BEHAVE, AND FIGURE OUT HOW TO

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SEPARATE IT OUT.

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THIS IS MY FRIEND CHRIS

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SAUNDERS.

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HE'S A CLINICAL ASSISTANT

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PROFESSOR AT BOISE STATE

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UNIVERSITY'S DEPARTMENT OF

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CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY.

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HE'S GOING TO SHOW US HOW YOU

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CAN BREAK UP A COMPOUND INTO ITS

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COMPONENTS.

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CHRIS SAUNDERS, CHEMIST: WELL

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OFTEN TIMES THAT'S PRETTY

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DIFFICULT TO DO.

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BUT ONE OF THE EASY ONES THAT WE

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CAN DO IS THE ELECTROLYSIS OF

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WATER.

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SO WHAT I HAVE HERE IS A SET UP

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WHERE I'VE TAKEN WATER AND I'M

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PASSING AN ELECTRIC CURRENT

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THROUGH THE WATER.

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SO WHAT'S COLLECTING IN THESE

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TUBES IS HYDROGEN GAS AND OXYGEN

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GAS.

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AND YOU'LL NOTICE THERE ARE

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DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF GAS IN THAT

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TUBE BECAUSE WATER IS MADE OUT

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OF TWO PARTS OF HYDROGEN TO

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EVERY ONE PART OF OXYGEN.

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WE CAN ALSO LOOK AT THE

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DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

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HYDROGEN GAS VERSUS OXYGEN GAS.

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ONE OF THEM BEING THAT HYDROGEN

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GAS MAKES A NICE POP WHEN YOU

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IGNITE IT.

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SO WE ARE GOING TO TRY TO CATCH

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THAT GAS AND TOUCH A FLAME TO IT

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AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS SO LISTEN

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CAREFULLY.

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(POP)

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SAUNDERS: NOT MUCH OF AN

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EXPLOSION, BUT YOU COULD

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DEFINETLY HEAR THAT THERE WAS AN

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IGNITION OF THE HYDROGEN GAS.

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NOW IF WE DO THAT SAME THING

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WITH THE OXYGEN GAS WE ARE GOING

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TO GET A DIFFERENT RESULT.

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SEE NO EXPLOSION THIS TIME.

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(MUSIC)

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SAUNDERS: SO I HAVE SOME

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SOLUTIONS HERE THAT I'VE MADE UP

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AND WE ARE GOING TO MIX THEM

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TOGETHER AND WE ARE GOING TO

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MAKE OBSERVATIONS IN TERMS OF

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HAS A CHEMICAL CHANGE HAPPENED?

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I.E. HAVE WE MADE SOMETHING NEW?

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IN THIS CASE WE HAVE A SOLUTION

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OF POTASSIUM IODIDE AND IN THIS

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SOLUTION WE HAVE LEAD NITRATE.

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SO WE ARE GOING TO MIX THESE TWO

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TOGETHER.

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BOTH OF THEM START OFF AS CLEAR

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COLORLESS LIQUIDS AND WHEN I ADD

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THEM TOGETHER OBVIOUSLY

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SOMETHING NEW IS BEING MADE.

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IN THIS CASE THAT BRIGHT YELLOW

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PRECIPITATE IS LEAD IODIDE.

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NOW YOU NOTICE WHEN I MIX THESE

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TWO SOLIDS TOGETHER THAT NOTHING

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IS HAPPENING.

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WHEN WE MIXED THEM BEFORE THEY

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MADE THAT YELLOW PRECIPITATE SO

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WHAT'S GOING ON?

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WELL FOR THIS REACTION TO OCCUR

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THEY BOTH NEED TO BE DISSOLVED

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IN WATER.

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SO LET'S ADD SOME WATER TO THEM

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AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS.

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SO RIGHT AWAY YOU CAN SEE AS WE

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ADD THAT WATER THOSE COMPOUNDS

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WILL DISSOLVE AND NOW THEY CAN

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REACT WITH EACH OTHER SO THAT WE

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MAKE THE SAME YELLOW COMPOUND

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THAT WE MADE IN THE FIRST

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REACTION.

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(MUSIC)

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SAUNDERS: SO RIGHT HERE

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I HAVE A BALANCE AND WE USE A

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BALANCE TO MEASURE THE MASS OF

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COMPOUNDS.

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AND ON THE BALANCE I HAVE A

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CONTAINER OF VINEGAR AND I HAVE

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A BALLOON.

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INSIDE THE BALLOON I PLACED SOME

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BAKING SODA AND WHEN YOU MIX

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BAKING SODA AND VINEGAR TOGETHER

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YOU GET A REACTION.

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SO I'M GOING TO MIX THESE THINGS

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TOGETHER, KEEP THEM ON THE

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BALANCE AND WE'RE GOING TO SEE

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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE MASS.

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NOW IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT

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ONE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THIS

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REACTION IS A GAS SO I NEED TO

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KEEP THE BALLON ON HERE SO THAT

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I CAN CATCH ALL OF THAT GAS

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BECAUSE EVEN THOUGH IT'S VERY

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LIGHT GAS HAS MASS AS WELL.

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OH THAT'S GOING TO MAKE A MESS!

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SO OUR REACTION HAS HAPPENED.

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DEFINETLY THINGS HAVE CHANGED.

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WE SAW A LOT OF ALL THIS

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BUBBLING, WE'VE CAUGHT ALL THAT

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GAS, BUT EVEN AFTER ALL OF THAT

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THE MASS OF ALL THE PARTS OF OUR

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REACTION HAVE NOT CHANGED.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: THANKS CHRIS FOR

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SHOWING US ABOUT COMPOUNDS.

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CHRIS: MY PLEASURE THANKS FOR

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HAVING ME JOAN.

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CARTAN-HANSEN: IF YOU WANT TO

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LEARN MORE ABOUT COMPOUNDS AND

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LOTS OF OTHER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS,

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CHECK OUT THE SCIENCE TREK WEB

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SITE.

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YOU'LL FIND IT AT

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IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCE TREK.

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(MUSIC)

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NARRATOR: PRESENTATION

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OF SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC

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TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE

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THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF

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THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM

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FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO

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FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS

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FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE

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GREAT STATE OF IDAHO; BY THE

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IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY,

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MENTORING TALENT AND FINDING

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SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY AND

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SECURITY CHALLENGES; BY WALMART

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AND THE WALMART FOUNDATION,

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INCREASING ACCESS FOR IDAHO'S

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CHILDREN TO EXPLORE THE

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POSSIBILITIES OF SCIENCE AND

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TECHNOLOGY AND SPARKING THEIR

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INTEREST IN CAREERS THAT SHAPE

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OUR WORLD; BY THE FRIENDS OF

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IDAHO PUBLIC TELEVISION; BY THE

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CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC

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BROADCASTING AND BY VIEWERS LIKE

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YOU, THANK YOU.