WEBVTT 00:02.500 --> 00:10.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 00:11.033 --> 00:13.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HI I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN. 00:13.033 --> 00:15.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% WELCOME TO "SCIENCE TREK," THE WEB SHOW, AND WELCOME TO THE 00:15.133 --> 00:18.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ON THE IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY 00:18.133 --> 00:20.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% CAMPUS IN POCATELLO. 00:20.667 --> 00:22.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOINING ME TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT 00:22.500 --> 00:25.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL ARE DAVID HUBER AND CARLA REBERNAK. 00:25.600 --> 00:26.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THANK YOU BOTH FOR BEING HERE. 00:26.600 --> 00:28.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: THANKS FOR HAVING US. 00:28.400 --> 00:30.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: GLAD TO BE HERE. 00:30.100 --> 00:32.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 00:32.233 --> 00:36.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% LEIGHANN: HI. 00:36.233 --> 00:38.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY NAME IS LIAM. 00:38.767 --> 00:46.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS, CAN YOU MAKE ANYTHING OUT OF SOIL? 00:46.667 --> 00:49.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: ALL OVER THE WORLD WHERE PEOPLE BUILD HOUSES 00:49.867 --> 00:56.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND OTHER THINGS FROM WHAT WE CALL ADOBE WHICH IS A MIXTURE OF 00:56.233 --> 00:57.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL AND OTHER MATERIALS. 00:57.233 --> 01:00.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU CAN ALSO POTTERY IS MADE FROM CLAY. 01:00.467 --> 01:03.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% I'VE ALSO SEEN A LOT OF ART MADE FROM SOIL. 01:03.300 --> 01:07.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: I WOULD ADD ONE THING THAT I THINK NASA RIGHT 01:07.033 --> 01:11.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% NOW IS ACTUALLY LOOKING AT USING SOIL OR RELIS ON MARS WITH 3-D 01:11.567 --> 01:17.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% PRINTERS TO ACTUALLY BUILD STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS THAT 01:17.500 --> 01:21.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY WOULD NEED TO SUSTAIN PEOPLE ON MARS. 01:21.233 --> 01:25.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT'S ANOTHER COOL WAY THAT WE CAN USE SOILS. 01:25.300 --> 01:27.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: KATHERINE ASKS "WHY IS THE THIRD LAYER OF 01:27.467 --> 01:31.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL CALLED THE PARENT LAYER?" 01:31.133 --> 01:33.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: WELL, THE THIRD LAYER OR HORIZON OF 01:33.600 --> 01:37.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE SOIL IS CALLED A PARENT LAYER FOR THE SAME REASON THAT 01:37.133 --> 01:40.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOUR MOM AND DAD ARE CALLED YOUR PARENTS. 01:40.133 --> 01:43.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S BECAUSE YOU CAME FROM THEM, AND THE SAME IS TRUE FOR THAT 01:43.867 --> 01:46.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% PARENT LAYER, HORIZON. 01:46.400 --> 01:50.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE SOILS ABOVE IT CAME FROM THAT MATERIAL. 01:50.700 --> 01:55.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT COULD BE WEATHERED BEDROCK OR SANDS OR SITS, BUT THE SOIL 01:55.033 --> 02:00.266 position:10% line:85% size:80% FORMING ABOVE IT WAS ORIGINALLY FORMED FROM THAT MATERIAL AND 02:00.266 --> 02:02.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT'S WHY IT'S A PARENT MATERIAL. 02:02.667 --> 02:05.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: I WOULD ADD, JUST LIKE DAVID SAID, JUST LIKE 02:05.233 --> 02:07.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU GET CHARACTERISTICS FROM YOUR PARENTS LIKE MAYBE YOUR 02:07.667 --> 02:09.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAIR COLOR OR CURLY HAIR, THE SOIL 02:09.967 --> 02:13.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WILL GET CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE PARENT MATERIALS. 02:13.500 --> 02:16.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT MIGHT GET THE TEXTURE OR COLOR CAME FROM THE PARENT 02:16.100 --> 02:18.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% MATERIAL. 02:18.300 --> 02:19.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% ABIGALE: HI. 02:19.233 --> 02:22.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY NAME IS ABIGALE AND I GO TO OWYHEE HARBOR ELEMENTARY. 02:22.667 --> 02:29.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS, WHY DO WE NEED SOIL? 02:29.667 --> 02:32.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: WELL, THERE'S A LOT OF REASONS WE NEED SOIL. 02:32.834 --> 02:39.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% I WOULD SAY IT GROWS THE PLANTS THAT WE USE FOR FOOD AND THAT 02:39.300 --> 02:41.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR OTHER ANIMALS USE FOR FOOD. 02:41.700 --> 02:43.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT. 02:43.934 --> 02:48.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT GROWS THE PLANTS THAT PRODUCE THE OXYGEN THAT WE BREATHE. 02:48.667 --> 02:50.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT. 02:50.600 --> 02:55.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOILS ARE ALSO VERY IMPORTANT FOR REGULATING AND CONTROLLING 02:55.867 --> 02:57.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUR CLIMATE. 02:57.500 --> 02:59.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY STORE CARBON. 02:59.400 --> 03:02.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT CARBON WHICH THEY TAKE OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS CARBON 03:02.767 --> 03:06.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIOXIDE, THEY HAVE ALMOST THREE AND A HALF TIMES MORE CARBON IN 03:06.967 --> 03:10.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE SOILS AND IN THE PLANTS THAT GROW IN THEM THAN WHAT'S IN THE 03:10.300 --> 03:11.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% ATMOSPHERE. 03:11.867 --> 03:15.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU CAN IMAGINE IF THAT CARBON WAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THAT 03:15.033 --> 03:17.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% WOULD CHANGE OUR CLIMATE QUITE A BIT. 03:17.834 --> 03:20.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO THOSE ARE SOME REALLY IMPORTANT REASONS THAT SOILS ARE 03:20.333 --> 03:22.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% IMPORTANT TO US. 03:22.233 --> 03:23.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARLA: HI. 03:23.233 --> 03:24.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY NAME IS CARLA. 03:24.467 --> 03:26.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS, HOW CAN WE PROTECT SOIL? 03:26.867 --> 03:29.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% RBERNAK: I THINK THERE'S A TWO-PART ANSWER TO THAT 03:29.233 --> 03:30.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% QUESTION. 03:30.500 --> 03:32.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT WOULD BE, FIRST, WE NEED TO KEEP IT IN PLACE, KEEP IT 03:32.567 --> 03:33.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% INTACT. 03:33.300 --> 03:35.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% SECOND, WE NEED TO KEEP IT HEALTHY. 03:35.233 --> 03:37.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% TO PROTECT IT AND KEEP IT IN PLACE, WE NEED TO PROTECT IT 03:37.500 --> 03:38.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% FROM EROSION. 03:38.500 --> 03:41.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% EROSION CAN HAPPEN THROUGH WIND, WATER MOST COMMONLY. 03:41.567 --> 03:44.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR WIND, YOU MIGHT WANT TO, IF YOU PLANT GRASS OR TREES, THOSE 03:44.567 --> 03:47.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ROOT SYSTEMS HELP KEEP THE SOIL IN PLACE. 03:47.667 --> 03:50.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU'RE A FARMER, YOU CAN PLANT A WIND BREAK ALONG THE 03:50.133 --> 03:51.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% EDGE OF YOUR FIELD. 03:51.400 --> 03:53.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT WOULD HELP PROTECT A RECENTLY PLOWED FIELD FROM 03:53.834 --> 03:56.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% BLOWING AWAY. 03:56.567 --> 03:59.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR RAIN EVENTS, IF YOU'RE A FARMER, YOU COULD PLANT YOUR 03:59.200 --> 04:01.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% CROPS ACROSS THE SLOPE. 04:01.300 --> 04:03.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHEN WE BUILD ROADS, MAKE SURE WE BUILD THEM ACROSS THE 04:03.967 --> 04:08.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% CONTURES SO WHEN IT RAINS, IT DOESN'T WASH ALL THE SOIL AWAY. 04:08.934 --> 04:11.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF WE'RE KEEPING IT IN PLACE, WE WANT TO PROTECT IT FROM EROSION 04:11.700 --> 04:14.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE WANT TO MAKE SURE WE'RE KEEPING IT HEALTHY. 04:14.400 --> 04:18.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU'RE HARVESTING CROPS OR TREES, YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE 04:18.500 --> 04:21.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU'RE REPLACING THE NUTRIENTS YOU'VE TAKEN OUT IN THE HARVEST. 04:21.767 --> 04:26.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU ALSO WANT TO TRY NOT TO CONTAMINATE YOUR SOILS. 04:26.033 --> 04:30.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% TRY NOT TO DUMP YOUR MOTOR OIL OR GASOLINE OR PAINTS, ANYTHING 04:30.600 --> 04:33.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU WOULDN'T PUT IN YOUR BODY, YOU PROBABLY DON'T WANT TO PUT 04:33.667 --> 04:35.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE SOIL. 04:35.233 --> 04:37.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT WAY WE CAN KEEP OUR SOILS PRODUCTIVE AND HEALTHY. 04:37.867 --> 04:41.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% TRY NOT TO COMPACT THEM AND NOT BUILD ON OUR MOST PRODUCTIVE 04:41.934 --> 04:44.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOILS. 04:44.767 --> 04:45.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% MAHALIA: MY NAME IS MAHALIA. 04:45.834 --> 04:49.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% I WAS WONDERING HOW SOIL IS MADE? 04:49.400 --> 04:51.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: SOMETIMES IT STARTS WITH A ROCK. 04:51.767 --> 04:54.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF IT GETS RAINED ON OR FROZEN OR BREAKS AND IT BREAKS INTO A 04:54.500 --> 04:55.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% LOT OF PIECES, ROCK GRAINS. 04:55.934 --> 05:03.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU ADD TO THAT ORGANIC MATTER, A LEAF BLOWING IN OR DECOMPOSING 05:03.200 --> 05:08.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% OR ANIMAL WASTE GETS INCORPORATED. 05:08.600 --> 05:11.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS, THOSE ROCK GRAINS AND THE ORGANIC 05:11.600 --> 05:14.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% MATERIAL AND ADD TO THAT SOME WATER AND AIR IN BETWEEN THE 05:14.133 --> 05:18.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% PARTICLES, THAT MIXTURE IS WHAT WE CALL SOIL. 05:18.767 --> 05:20.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: COLIN WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, 05:20.834 --> 05:24.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CAN YOU GROW ANY PLANT IN SOIL? 05:24.500 --> 05:26.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: YOU CAN GROW MOST PLANTS IN SOIL, DEPENDING ON IF 05:26.834 --> 05:30.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU KNOW WHAT THEY NEED AS FAR AS NUTRIENTS AND WATER. 05:30.867 --> 05:35.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT THERE ARE ALSO OTHER PLANTS THAT DON'T GROW IN SOILS. 05:35.500 --> 05:38.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU'VE GOT PLANTS THAT ARE EPITHITES THAT GROW IN OTHER 05:38.033 --> 05:41.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS THAT GET THEIR NUTRIENTS FROM THE OTHER PLANTS, AIR, 05:41.600 --> 05:43.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% DUST, RAIN. 05:43.834 --> 05:45.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE PARASITIC PLANTS. 05:45.333 --> 05:48.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU CAN DO HYDROPONICS WHICH IS GROWING PLANTS IN WATER WITHOUT 05:48.600 --> 05:54.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANY MEDIUM TO HOLD THE NUTRIENTS. 05:54.967 --> 05:55.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% RUBY: HELLO. 05:55.767 --> 05:57.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY NAME IS RUBY. 05:57.033 --> 05:58.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND I AM AT MASON ELEMENTARY. 05:58.233 --> 06:00.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS, WHAT NUTRIENTS ARE IN SOIL AND HOW DO THEY HELP 06:00.967 --> 06:03.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS? 06:03.200 --> 06:05.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: SO THERE ARE A LOT OF NUTRIENTS IN SOIL. 06:05.300 --> 06:08.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE KIND OF BREAK THEM INTO CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY 06:08.700 --> 06:11.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEN SOME TRACE NUTRIENTS. 06:11.600 --> 06:16.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY'RE ALL IMPORTANT EQUALLY, BUT THE PRIMARY OR THE MACRO 06:16.233 --> 06:19.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% NUTRIENTS ARE USABLE THE ONES THE PLANTS NEED THE MOST OF. 06:19.400 --> 06:23.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THOSE WOULD BE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM. 06:23.400 --> 06:25.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: SAMUEL WOULD LIKE TO KNOW, 06:25.567 --> 06:28.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% "WHAT IS DECAYING?" 06:28.500 --> 06:31.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: SO DECAYING IS THE PROCESS OF BACTERIA AND 06:31.767 --> 06:35.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% FUNGI BREAKING DOWN ORGANIC MATERIAL. 06:35.867 --> 06:39.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY USE THAT MATERIAL, THE CARBON AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF 06:39.834 --> 06:43.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT FOR ENERGY, AND THEY LEAVE A LITTLE EXTRA, THOUGH. 06:43.834 --> 06:46.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT MATERIAL THAT THEY LEAVE OVER IS THEN INCORPORATED INTO 06:46.600 --> 06:51.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE SOILS AND USED BY OTHER ORGANISMS FOR ENERGY AND OTHER 06:51.467 --> 06:54.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% PROCESSES. 06:54.233 --> 06:55.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% NICOLE: HI. 06:55.133 --> 06:57.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY NAME IS NICOLE AND I GO TO OWYHEE HARBOR 06:57.500 --> 06:59.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 06:59.233 --> 07:01.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS, WHAT OTHER LIVING 07:01.233 --> 07:04.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS CAN YOU FIND IN SOIL? 07:04.934 --> 07:07.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: SO SOILS HAVE LOTS OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS IN 07:07.967 --> 07:09.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEM. 07:09.500 --> 07:13.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY'RE FULL OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI, WHICH MAKE UP THE BULK OF 07:13.767 --> 07:17.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVING CREATURES IN THE SOIL. 07:17.300 --> 07:22.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT WE CAN ALSO FIND INSECTS AND OBVIOUSLY THERE'S PLANT ROOTS 07:22.667 --> 07:27.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT ARE PENETRATING DOWN INTO THE SOIL AND THERE'S ALL KINDS 07:27.333 --> 07:32.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF FUN THINGS THAT LIVE DOWN THERE. 07:32.033 --> 07:34.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: INDIA WOULD LIKE TO KNOW: 07:34.233 --> 07:37.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% "HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL ARE THERE?" 07:37.667 --> 07:39.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: WELL, MOST SOIL SCIENTISTS RECOGNIZE 07:39.667 --> 07:41.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% 12 ORDERS OF SOIL. 07:41.934 --> 07:44.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THOSE CAN DESCRIBE THINGS LIKE FROZEN SOIL OR A SOIL THAT 07:44.600 --> 07:47.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% FORMED FROM VOLCANIC MATERIALS OR ORGANIC MATERIALS. 07:47.867 --> 07:50.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE FINER GROUPS OF SOILS. 07:50.934 --> 07:55.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE NUMBER OF UNIQUELY DIFFERENT SOILS IS INFINITE, TOO MANY TO 07:55.300 --> 07:57.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% COUNT. 07:57.233 --> 07:59.333 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY, WE'VE RUN OUT OF 07:59.333 --> 08:00.166 position:10% line:85% size:80% TIME. 08:00.166 --> 08:01.967 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY THANKS TO DAVID AND CARLA FOR ANSWERING QUESTIONS. 08:01.967 --> 08:03.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBERNAK: THANK YOU FOR HAVING US. 08:03.667 --> 08:05.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUBER: IT WAS OUR PLEASURE. 08:05.400 --> 08:07.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: AND THANKS, TOO, TO THE 08:07.033 --> 08:09.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOLKS HERE AT THE IDAHO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR HOSTING 08:09.200 --> 08:10.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% US. 08:10.133 --> 08:12.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC, CHECK OUT THE SOIL 08:12.200 --> 08:14.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% AREA ON THE "SCIENCE TREK" WEBSITE. 08:14.500 --> 08:16.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU'LL FIND FACTS, LINKS, GAMES, OUR SOIL BROADCAST SHOW AND LOTS 08:16.667 --> 08:18.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% MORE. 08:18.767 --> 08:21.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND EVERY WEEK, CHECK OUT MY BLOG FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE NEWS 08:21.033 --> 08:22.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR KIDS. 08:22.600 --> 08:24.700 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALL AT IDAHOPTV.ORG. 08:24.700 --> 08:28.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% THANKS FOR JOINING US FOR THIS "SCIENCE TREK": THE WEB SHOW. 08:28.567 --> 08:36.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC)