WEBVTT 00:00.500 --> 00:03.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% PRESENTATION OF SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 00:03.200 --> 00:05.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 00:05.934 --> 00:09.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 00:09.233 --> 00:11.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% FULFILLING THE MOORE FAMILY LEGACY OF BUILDING THE GREAT 00:11.834 --> 00:14.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% STATE OF IDAHO. 00:20.867 --> 00:23.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: IDAHO HAS FIVE DISTINCT ECOSYSTEMS. 00:23.367 --> 00:25.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHAT KIND ECOSYSTEM YOU LIVE IN TELLS YOU A LOT ABOUT THE 00:25.867 --> 00:27.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS AND PLANTS IN YOUR AREA. 00:27.734 --> 00:30.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% DO YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT IDAHO'S ECOSYSTEMS? 00:30.467 --> 00:32.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% WELL, SCIENTISTS ARE STANDING BY WITH ANSWERS. 00:32.867 --> 00:33.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% STAY TUNED. 00:33.834 --> 00:35.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCE TREK IS NEXT. 00:36.200 --> 00:44.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 00:44.500 --> 00:46.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: HI, I'M JOAN CARTANHANSEN, AND WELCOME TO 00:46.367 --> 00:47.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCE TREK . 00:47.567 --> 00:50.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WELCOME TO THE IDAHO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 00:50.100 --> 00:52.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENTISTS ARE STANDING BY TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 00:52.667 --> 00:54.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND LATER IN THE SHOW WE'LL LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 00:54.834 --> 00:57.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE BASE OF MOST ECOSYSTEMS, THE SOIL. 00:57.834 --> 01:02.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS. 01:04.500 --> 01:06.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: A HABITAT IS MADE UP OF FOUR THINGS THAT ALL 01:06.567 --> 01:12.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS NEED: FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, AND SPACE. 01:12.033 --> 01:18.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% (BAH BAH) WHEN AN ANIMAL 01:18.500 --> 01:21.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVES IN A PLACE THAT HAS THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF ALL THESE 01:21.033 --> 01:23.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINGS, THEN IT'S LIVING IN A HEALTHY HABITAT. 01:23.767 --> 01:25.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% LET'S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK. 01:25.200 --> 01:32.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, AND SPACE. 01:32.934 --> 01:36.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE FIRST THREE ARE PRETTY EASY TO UNDERSTAND, RIGHT? 01:36.767 --> 01:43.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU HAVE TO EAT, DRINK, AND HAVE A PLACE TO STAY. 01:43.934 --> 01:45.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT WHAT ABOUT SPACE? 01:45.667 --> 01:48.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% DO YOU NEED SPACE? 01:48.567 --> 01:52.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE ALL NEED SPACE, ALTHOUGH SOME OF US REQUIRE MORE THAN OTHERS. 01:55.133 --> 01:58.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% A SPIDER WOULD ONLY NEED A SMALL AREA TO BUILD A WEB, MAYBE IN 01:58.000 --> 02:00.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOUR BACKYARD. 02:00.100 --> 02:02.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT WHAT ABOUT A COUGAR? 02:02.467 --> 02:06.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT REQUIRES A LOT MORE SPACE THAN A SPIDER, EVEN AS MUCH AS 02:06.767 --> 02:11.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% 120 SQUARE MILES. 02:14.300 --> 02:19.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS DESERT HAS A LOT OF SPACE BUT VERY LITTLE WATER. 02:19.033 --> 02:21.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN FACT, FOR AN AREA TO BE CONSIDERED A DESERT, IT MUST 02:21.200 --> 02:24.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAVE LESS THAN 10 INCHES OF MOISTURE A YEAR. 02:24.934 --> 02:27.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS AFFECTS THE KINDS OF PLANTS THAT CAN GROW HERE, WHICH, IN 02:27.500 --> 02:31.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% TURN, AFFECTS THE TYPES OF ANIMALS THAT CAN ADAPT TO LIVING 02:31.367 --> 02:33.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN A DESERT. 02:33.233 --> 02:35.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS THAT HAVE ADAPTED TO DESERT LIFE BY ALTERING THEIR 02:35.600 --> 02:38.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% PHYSICAL STRUCTURE ARE CALLED "XEROPHYTES." 02:38.734 --> 02:41.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY USUALLY HAVE A SPECIAL WAY OF STORING WATER, LIKE THIS 02:41.000 --> 02:44.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CACTUS THAT COLLECTS WATER IN ITS FAT STEM. 02:44.500 --> 02:46.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOME OTHER DESERT SHRUBS HAVE ALSO ADAPTED BY REDUCING THE 02:46.834 --> 02:50.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SIZE OF THEIR LEAVES TO ELIMINATE TRANSPIRATION, WHICH 02:50.200 --> 02:53.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% MEANS THE LOSS OF WATER TO THE AIR. 02:53.133 --> 02:55.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% DESERT WILDLIFE HAS ALSO ADAPTED. 02:55.500 --> 02:58.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% MANY ANIMALS AVOID THE HEAT OF MIDDAY AND ONLY BECOME ACTIVE AT 02:58.400 --> 03:00.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% DUSK AND DAWN. 03:00.667 --> 03:03.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE ANIMALS ARE SAID TO BE CREPUSCULAR. 03:03.233 --> 03:06.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A CREPUSCULAR REPTILE IS THE RATTLESNAKE. 03:06.834 --> 03:12.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% (RATTLE) SOME DESERT ANIMALS, LIKE THIS BAT YIKES GO ONE STEP 03:12.834 --> 03:16.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% FARTHER AND ONLY COME OUT IN THE COOL TEMPERATURES OF THE DARK 03:16.834 --> 03:18.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% NIGHT. 03:18.100 --> 03:20.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE ARE CALLED "NOCTURNAL ANIMALS." 03:20.667 --> 03:23.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% OTHERS LIVE IN BURROWS BENEATH THE SOIL TO ESCAPE HIGH 03:23.233 --> 03:25.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% TEMPERATURES AT THE DESERT SURFACE. 03:25.767 --> 03:28.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND ABOVE IT ALL SOAR THE BIRDS OF PREY. 03:28.667 --> 03:30.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY FEED ON THE SMALL MAMMALS WHEN THEY EMERGE FROM THE 03:30.934 --> 03:32.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% GROUND. 03:32.467 --> 03:35.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALL HAVE ADAPTED TO EXTREME TEMPERATURES AND VERY LITTLE 03:35.367 --> 03:36.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER. 03:36.834 --> 03:40.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% WETLANDS, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE LOTS OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 03:40.033 --> 03:41.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% PART OF THE YEAR. 03:41.600 --> 03:44.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER DRIVES THE OTHER TWO THINGS THAT DEFINE A WETLAND, 03:44.200 --> 03:46.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% HYDROPHYTES AND HYDRIC SOIL. 03:46.233 --> 03:50.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% HYDRO MEANS "WATER," "PHYTES" IS THE WORD FOR PLANTS. 03:50.500 --> 03:53.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% HYDROPHYTES, LIKE THIS CATTAIL, ARE PLANTS THAT HAVE ADAPTED TO 03:53.200 --> 03:55.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% WET CONDITIONS. 03:55.033 --> 03:59.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE DON'T SUFFOCATE OR ROT IN WATERSOAKED OR HYDRIC SOIL. 03:59.300 --> 04:02.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT SOIL IS COMPOSED OF ORGANIC MATERIALS, PLANTS THAT HAVE DIED 04:02.300 --> 04:05.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND BUILT UP WITHOUT BREAKING DOWN LIKE THEY DO IN DRIER 04:05.133 --> 04:07.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOILS. 04:07.200 --> 04:10.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE SOILS WORK LIKE GIANT SPONGES, ABSORBING WATER DURING 04:10.000 --> 04:11.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% FLOODS. 04:11.567 --> 04:14.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE PLANTS IMPROVE WATER QUALITY BY TRAPPING POLLUTANTS AND 04:14.600 --> 04:18.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOAKING UP NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES AND FARM FERTILIZER. 04:18.400 --> 04:21.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% WETLANDS PROVIDE FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, AND SPACE FOR BIRDS 04:21.367 --> 04:23.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIKE DUCKS AND SHORE BIRDS. 04:23.867 --> 04:26.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY'RE ALSO IMPORTANT STOPOVER PLACES FOR MIGRATING BIRDS, LIKE 04:26.667 --> 04:30.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE SNOW GEESE, STOPPING IN IDAHO ON THEIR WAY TO NESTING 04:30.500 --> 04:33.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% GROUNDS FARTHER NORTH. 04:34.467 --> 04:36.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% REMEMBER OUR DESERT HABITAT? 04:36.300 --> 04:40.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOME OF THE LESS OBVIOUS WETLANDS ARE PLACES LIKE THIS, 04:40.200 --> 04:43.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE THIN, GREEN LINES THAT WIND THROUGH THE DESERTS. 04:43.934 --> 04:47.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS NARROW STRIP OF RELATIVELY LUSH VEGETATION IS THE LIFEBLOOD 04:47.233 --> 04:49.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF IDAHO'S DESERT WILDLIFE. 04:49.667 --> 04:52.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% BIGHORN SHEEP, FROGS, ANTELOPES, SONG BIRDS, AND OTHER SPECIES 04:52.834 --> 04:57.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% DEPEND ON THESE CRITICAL WETLANDS TO SURVIVE. 04:57.200 --> 04:59.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% FORESTS COMBINE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS AND 04:59.567 --> 05:01.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% DESERTS. 05:01.467 --> 05:03.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% RAINFORESTS HAVE LOTS OF WATER. 05:03.200 --> 05:05.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% OTHER FORESTS ARE DRY. 05:05.000 --> 05:07.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% HERE IN IDAHO THE FORESTS OF THE PANHANDLE, CALLED "BOREAL 05:07.667 --> 05:10.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% FORESTS," ARE VERY WET; BUT THE FORESTS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE 05:10.834 --> 05:14.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% STATE ARE DRY OR TEMPERATE FORESTS. 05:14.467 --> 05:18.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE TALL TREES IN A FOREST ARE CALLED THE "OVERSTORY." 05:18.200 --> 05:21.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE WIND SPREADS THEIR SEEDS AND POLLEN. 05:21.000 --> 05:23.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE UNDERSTORY, THE SHRUBS AND GRASSES BENEATH THE TALL TREES, 05:23.834 --> 05:26.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% ARE DESIGNED TO GROW IN SHADE. 05:26.400 --> 05:28.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE'S USUALLY LESS WIND IN THE UNDERSTORY, SO THESE PLANTS HAVE 05:28.667 --> 05:35.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% ADAPTED BY USING ANIMALS TO DISPERSE THEIR SEEDS. 05:35.467 --> 05:39.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% (RAINFALL) IN A TEMPERATE FOREST PRECIPITATION MAY FALL 05:39.033 --> 05:40.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 05:40.667 --> 05:43.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% (WIND) HOWEVER, DURING THE 05:43.400 --> 05:46.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% WINTER MOISTURE IS LESS AVAILABLE BECAUSE IT'S FROZEN. 05:46.400 --> 05:49.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN THIS TYPE OF FOREST MUST BE ABLE TO 05:49.000 --> 05:52.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% TOLERATE HOT SUMMERS, ADJUST TO COLD WINTERS BY EITHER 05:52.500 --> 05:56.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% HIBERNATING, MIGRATING, OR KEEPING ACTIVE. 05:56.367 --> 05:59.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% HIBERNATION GETS BLACK BEARS THROUGH THE WINTER. 05:59.667 --> 06:02.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY FATTEN UP DURING THE WARM MONTHS ON INSECTS AND BERRIES, 06:02.300 --> 06:05.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEN HIBERNATE WHEN FOOD IS SCARCE. 06:05.400 --> 06:08.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHEN GRASSES AND SHRUBS BECOME BURIED IN SNOW MANY ANIMALS, 06:08.300 --> 06:11.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIKE DEER AND ELK, MIGRATE FROM MOUNTAINS TO LOWER ELEVATIONS 06:11.934 --> 06:14.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHERE FOOD IS MORE AVAILABLE. 06:14.834 --> 06:17.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF A FOREST ANIMAL DOES NOT HIBERNATE OR MIGRATE, IT MUST 06:17.567 --> 06:21.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% STAY ACTIVE TO SURVIVE THE COLD. 06:21.000 --> 06:23.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS WOLVERINE REMAINS IN THE HIGH COUNTRY BUT SPENDS THE 06:23.600 --> 06:27.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% WINTER FEEDING ON DEAD ANIMALS, OFTEN THE DEER AND ELK THAT 06:27.033 --> 06:29.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% DON'T SURVIVE THE HARSH WEATHER. 06:29.767 --> 06:32.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN BOREAL FORESTS, THE SUMMERS ARE WET AND COOL. 06:32.400 --> 06:37.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% DEAD PLANTS DECOMPOSE SLOWLY, CREATING THE SAME HYDRIC SOILS 06:37.033 --> 06:39.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT ARE FOUND IN WETLANDS. 06:39.133 --> 06:41.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS, LIKE THIS MOOSE, HAVE ADAPTED TO THIS WET, COOL 06:41.667 --> 06:43.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLIMATE. 06:43.500 --> 06:46.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE SUMMER MOOSE CAN BE FOUND FEEDING ON THE AQUATIC 06:46.133 --> 06:49.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% VEGETATION IN PONDS AND MARSHES TUCKED INTO THE FORESTS. 06:49.500 --> 06:53.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% DURING THE COLD, WET WINTERS THEY EAT WILLOWS AND SHRUBS. 06:53.367 --> 06:55.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEIR LONG LEGS MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR MOOSE TO REACH THE TALL 06:55.834 --> 06:59.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% BRANCHES, AND THEIR BLACK COAT ABSORBS THE WARMING RAYS OF THE 06:59.200 --> 07:01.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUN. 07:01.500 --> 07:03.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO WHAT IS A GRASSLAND? 07:03.033 --> 07:07.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIKE A FOREST, GRASSLANDS CAN BE EITHER WET OR DRY. 07:07.300 --> 07:10.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN IDAHO OUR GRASSLANDS ARE IN THE NORTH, NEAR MOSCOW. 07:10.567 --> 07:12.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS AREA IS CALLED THE "PALOUSE." 07:12.834 --> 07:16.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S ONE OF THE MOST ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES; 07:16.367 --> 07:19.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% ONLY 1 PERCENT REMAINS. 07:19.133 --> 07:22.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS AREA IS RICH IN VOLCANIC SOILS, WHICH MAKE GOOD FARMLAND. 07:22.834 --> 07:25.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO WHEN WHITE SETTLERS ARRIVED, THE NATIVE PLANTS WERE PLOWED UP 07:25.934 --> 07:27.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% TO SOW WHEAT. 07:27.767 --> 07:30.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUMMERS AND WINTERS ARE MILD IN OUR GRASSLANDS. 07:30.667 --> 07:34.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE RAINFALL IS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 07:34.300 --> 07:37.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT MEANS IT'S JUST AS WET IN THE SUMMER AS THE WINTER. 07:37.367 --> 07:40.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% BECAUSE OF THAT, THE PLANTS DON'T NEED THE LONG TAPROOTS 07:40.133 --> 07:44.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% DESERT PLANTS NEED TO REACH WATER. 07:44.567 --> 07:45.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WHAT ARE GRASSLAND PLANTS? 07:45.600 --> 07:49.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% GRASSES, OF COURSE, PLUS SPECIAL WILD FLOWERS LIKE CAMAS. 07:49.567 --> 07:52.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% GRASSLANDS CAN BE BLUSTERY PLACES BECAUSE THERE ARE NOT 07:52.600 --> 07:55.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% MANY TREES TO SLOW THE WIND. 07:55.033 --> 07:58.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE LONG, NARROW LEAVES OF THE GRASSES HELPS REDUCE EVAPORATION 07:58.500 --> 08:00.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% BY THE WIND. 08:00.667 --> 08:03.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% WILDLIFE THAT LIVES IN GRASSLANDS OFTEN SEEKS SHELTER 08:03.300 --> 08:04.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE GROUND. 08:04.734 --> 08:06.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% NO TREES, RIGHT? 08:06.300 --> 08:09.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS LIKE POCKET GOPHERS, SKUNKS, AND RED FOXES ARE 08:09.367 --> 08:12.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% ADAPTED TO BURROW INTO THE GROUND. 08:12.400 --> 08:15.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO IF YOU WERE A WILD ANIMAL, WHERE WOULD YOU LIVE? 08:15.467 --> 08:16.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN A FOREST? 08:16.400 --> 08:17.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% A WETLAND? 08:17.400 --> 08:18.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% DESERT? 08:18.467 --> 08:20.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% OR GRASSLAND? 08:22.767 --> 08:24.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 08:24.767 --> 08:27.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ABOUT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS ARE ROSEMARY SMITH, PROFESSOR OF 08:27.667 --> 08:30.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% BIOLOGY AT IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY, AND LEIF TAPANILA, 08:30.400 --> 08:33.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIRECTOR OF THE IDAHO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 08:33.667 --> 08:35.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 08:35.300 --> 08:36.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% ROSEMARY SMITH: THANK YOU. 08:36.300 --> 08:38.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% LEIF TAPANILA: PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 08:38.500 --> 08:39.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY. 08:39.500 --> 08:41.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% LET'S GO TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 08:41.133 --> 08:44.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) AMBER: HI, MY NAME IS 08:44.934 --> 08:47.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AMBER, AND I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY, AND I HAVE A 08:47.000 --> 08:48.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% QUESTION ABOUT ECOSYSTEMS. 08:48.400 --> 08:51.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? 08:51.100 --> 08:53.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: AN ECOSYSTEM IS ALL OF THE LIVING AND NONLIVING 08:53.667 --> 08:57.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% ORGANISMS THAT INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN A SPECIFIC LOCATION. 08:57.400 --> 09:00.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE MANY KIND OF ECOSYSTEMS, AND THEY DON'T HAVE 09:00.367 --> 09:02.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% DISTINCT BORDERS. 09:02.567 --> 09:04.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% HANNAH: HI, MY NAME IS HANNAH. 09:04.300 --> 09:06.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% I GO TO DALTON ELEMENTARY. 09:06.133 --> 09:13.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION IS: DOES IDAHO HAVE MORE THAN THREE ECOSYSTEMS? 09:13.400 --> 09:16.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: SURE, IDAHO HAS WAY MORE THAN THREE ECOSYSTEMS. 09:16.834 --> 09:21.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF WE THINK FROM THE TOP TO THE BOTTOM, WE GO FROM THE ALPINE 09:21.133 --> 09:24.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEM, DOWN TO FORESTED ECOSYSTEMS, THROUGH THE 09:24.200 --> 09:26.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS. 09:26.400 --> 09:28.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE HAVE DESERT ECOSYSTEMS. 09:28.500 --> 09:32.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEN AT THE VERY LOW POINTS WE HAVE OUR WATERY RIPARIAN 09:32.100 --> 09:34.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS. 09:34.033 --> 09:38.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% REBECCA: HI, MY NAME IS REBECCA, AND I GO TO GALILEO STEM 09:38.133 --> 09:39.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ACADEMY. 09:39.033 --> 09:43.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS HOW DO THE DIFFERENT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS WORK 09:43.000 --> 09:45.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% TOGETHER? 09:45.734 --> 09:48.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: WELL, ALL ECOSYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER BECAUSE THERE'S A 09:48.200 --> 09:52.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% FINITE AMOUNT OF, FOR EXAMPLE, CARBON AND NITROGEN AND WATER ON 09:52.033 --> 09:53.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE EARTH. 09:53.767 --> 09:56.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THERE'S CONSTANTLY EXCHANGE BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE 09:56.767 --> 10:00.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% NONLIVING WORLD BETWEEN ALL OF THE DIFFERENT CHEMICALS THAT WE 10:00.367 --> 10:02.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% NEED TO SUPPORT LIFE. 10:02.200 --> 10:04.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO EVERY NO ECOSYSTEM HAS CONTROL OF ALL OF THOSE 10:04.600 --> 10:07.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% MOLECULES, AND SO THEY'RE CONSTANTLY CHANGING THEM FROM 10:07.133 --> 10:12.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, BETWEEN LIVING AND NONLIVING FORMS. 10:12.200 --> 10:15.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THIS HAPPENS ACROSS THOSE ECOSYSTEMS. 10:15.000 --> 10:17.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% AS I SAID EARLIER, ECOSYSTEMS DON'T HAVE BORDERS, AND SO 10:17.233 --> 10:22.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY'RE ALWAYS CHANGING AND INTERACTING WITH ONE ANOTHER. 10:22.500 --> 10:26.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: JOHN ASKS: "WHAT DOES INLAND WETLAND MEAN?" 10:26.934 --> 10:30.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: AN INLAND WETLAND IS ANY ECOSYSTEM THAT'S NOT NEXT TO 10:30.100 --> 10:31.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE OCEAN. 10:31.567 --> 10:34.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO YOU CAN THINK OF A FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM LIKE A RIVER SYSTEM OR 10:34.500 --> 10:36.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% A LAKE. 10:36.767 --> 10:39.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELIZABETH: HI, MY NAME IS ELIZABETH, AND I GO TO JEFFERSON 10:39.934 --> 10:42.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELEMENTARY. 10:42.133 --> 10:48.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS: WHAT KIND OF PLANTS ARE IN THE WETLAND? 10:48.467 --> 10:49.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: LOTS AND LOTS. 10:49.567 --> 10:52.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE'S OVER HUNDREDS OF SPECIES THAT LIVE IN WETLANDS. 10:52.500 --> 10:55.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% ONES THAT MIGHT BE FAMILIAR TO YOU MIGHT BE CATTAILS, WILLOWS, 10:55.400 --> 11:01.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% BULRUSHES, SEDGES, MOSSES, AND SOME FERNS. 11:01.667 --> 11:06.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% EVAN: HI, MY NAME IS EVAN, AND I'M FROM DALTON ELEMENTARY. 11:06.667 --> 11:10.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION IS: HOW DID THE DESERTS GET CREATED? 11:10.767 --> 11:13.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: WELL, A DESERT IS ALL ABOUT WATER. 11:13.667 --> 11:16.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND IF YOU DON'T GET A LOT OF RAIN OR A LOT OF SNOW, THEN IT'S 11:16.033 --> 11:17.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% REALLY DRY. 11:17.400 --> 11:19.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THAT'S WHAT A DESERT IS. 11:19.133 --> 11:21.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE HERE IN IDAHO LIVE IN A DESERT. 11:21.467 --> 11:23.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S A VERY, VERY DRY PLACE. 11:23.300 --> 11:28.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO OUR ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE ADAPTED TO LEARN HOW TO 11:28.300 --> 11:29.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIVE IN THESE PLACES. 11:29.567 --> 11:32.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: YEAH, JUST TO ADD TO THAT, A COUPLE FEATURES THAT CAN 11:32.834 --> 11:35.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ADD TO DESERTS ARE SOMETHING CALLED THE "RAIN SHADOW." 11:35.667 --> 11:38.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO WE'RE IN THE RAIN SHADOW OF THE COASTAL MOUNTAINS THAT ARE 11:38.667 --> 11:40.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 11:40.567 --> 11:41.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO WATER FALLS THERE. 11:41.934 --> 11:44.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD THAT WASHINGTON AND OREGON CAN BE 11:44.100 --> 11:45.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% VERY RAINY PLACES. 11:45.200 --> 11:47.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS IS VERY, VERY DRY 11:47.734 --> 11:51.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% BECAUSE THE RAIN HAS ALREADY FALLEN IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 11:51.200 --> 11:54.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO AS THEY REACH IDAHO, USUALLY, THOSE CLOUDS HOLD MUCH LESS 11:54.300 --> 11:55.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER. 11:55.200 --> 11:57.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS THAT, ESPECIALLY, THE PARTS OF 11:57.834 --> 12:01.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% FARWESTERN IDAHO AND NORTHERN IDAHO ARE MUCH DRIER. 12:01.233 --> 12:04.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT AS THEY HIT AS THOSE SAME CLOUDS HIT IDAHO MOUNTAINS, THEY 12:04.667 --> 12:06.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% ACTUALLY ALSO RAIN. 12:06.934 --> 12:09.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO OUR MOUNTAINS AND OUR CONIFEROUS FORESTS ARE SUPPORTED 12:09.133 --> 12:11.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% BY A LITTLE BIT MORE RAIN. 12:11.200 --> 12:15.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEN MONTANA GETS THE DRY SIDE OF AND WYOMING GET THE DRY 12:15.667 --> 12:19.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% SIDE FROM THE RAIN SHADOW OF IDAHO'S MOUNTAINS. 12:19.867 --> 12:20.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% MICAH: HI, MY NAME IS MICAH. 12:20.834 --> 12:21.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 12:21.867 --> 12:24.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION IS: I KNOW THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 12:24.467 --> 12:29.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% FORESTS, SO I'M CURIOUS IF THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DESERTS? 12:30.233 --> 12:33.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: OH, ABSOLUTELY, THERE ARE DIFFERENT KINDS OF DESERTS. 12:33.400 --> 12:36.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND PART OF IT IS, AGAIN, RELATED TO A DESERT BEING ABOUT 12:36.133 --> 12:38.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER, HOW MUCH WATER YOU GET. 12:38.567 --> 12:43.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT DIFFERENT DESERTS COME FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD 12:43.500 --> 12:45.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHERE THE CLIMATE MIGHT BE A LITTLE WARMER AND DRIER THAN 12:45.867 --> 12:47.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% OTHERS. 12:47.467 --> 12:50.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO SOME OF THE FAMOUS DESERTS THAT YOU CAN THINK OF IN 12:50.567 --> 12:55.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% NORTH AMERICA ARE THE SONORAN DESERT THE GREAT BASIN DESERT. 12:55.667 --> 12:58.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT AROUND THE WORLD WE HAVE THE GOBI DESERT, IN MONGOLIA, WE 12:58.500 --> 13:02.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAVE THE SAHARAN DESERT, IN NORTHERN AFRICA. 13:02.767 --> 13:05.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THE LARGEST DESERTS IN THE WORLD ARE ACTUALLY AT THE NORTH 13:05.500 --> 13:08.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% POLE AND THE SOUTH POLE. 13:08.934 --> 13:11.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: LEIF, WHY DID YOU WANT TO STUDY ABOUT IDAHO'S 13:11.033 --> 13:13.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS? 13:13.200 --> 13:17.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: WELL, I'M FASCINATED ABOUT HOW OUR PLANET CHANGES AND 13:17.500 --> 13:20.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUR ENVIRONMENT CHANGES OVER TIME. 13:20.033 --> 13:22.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THAT'S WHY I STUDY THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE 13:22.233 --> 13:24.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS IN IDAHO. 13:24.667 --> 13:29.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% I'M A PALEONTOLOGIST, SO I STUDY FOSSILS, AND I STUDY HOW IDAHO 13:29.100 --> 13:35.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% USED TO BE UNDERWATER AND PART OF THE OCEAN A LONG TIME AGO AND 13:35.567 --> 13:39.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEN BECAME MOUNTAINS, AND THEN IT BECAME WHAT IT IS TODAY, WITH 13:39.467 --> 13:43.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALL OF ITS DIVERSE MODERN ECOSYSTEMS. 13:43.133 --> 13:47.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO I'M FASCINATED IN LEARNING ABOUT ANCIENT ANIMALS 13:47.934 --> 13:50.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND HOW THEY INTERACTED WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT, HOW THEY 13:50.867 --> 13:54.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% COPED WITH CHANGE, OF HOW EXTINCTIONS HAPPENED AND HOW 13:54.867 --> 13:58.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ORGANISMS RECOVER AFTER EXTINCTION EVENTS. 13:58.667 --> 14:01.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF COURSE, THIS IS ANCIENT HISTORY, BUT IT TELLS US A LOT 14:01.233 --> 14:05.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON TODAY AND ALLOWS US TO UNDERSTAND BY USING 14:05.300 --> 14:10.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE PAST TO UNDERSTAND WHAT OUR CURRENT SITUATION IS ON THE 14:10.133 --> 14:14.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANET AND PERHAPS GIVE US A WAY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT OUR FUTURE 14:14.600 --> 14:17.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% MIGHT BE ON OUR PLANET. 14:17.400 --> 14:23.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) CARTAN-HANSEN: 14:23.834 --> 14:26.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS ARE ONE WAY WE DEFINE OUR WORLD. 14:26.734 --> 14:29.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANT COMMUNITIES FIT WITHIN HABITATS THAT FITS WITHIN 14:29.133 --> 14:33.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS THAT EXISTS WITHIN A LARGER AREA CALLED A "BIOME." 14:33.567 --> 14:36.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS CAN BE AS LARGE AS HUNDREDS OF SQUARE MILES OR AS 14:36.133 --> 14:39.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMALL AS A POND. 14:39.033 --> 14:44.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) CLAY: HI, MY NAME IS 14:44.767 --> 14:47.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLAY, AND I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 14:47.500 --> 14:51.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION IS: WHAT IS AN INVASIVE PLANT? 14:51.033 --> 14:53.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: AN INVASIVE PLANT IS A PLANT THAT'S NOT NATIVE TO ITS 14:53.567 --> 14:57.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% REGION, THAT HAS A TENDENCY TO SPREAD RAPIDLY, SO IT HAS LOTS 14:57.233 --> 15:00.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF SEEDS, AND IS ABLE TO LIVE ESPECIALLY IN DISTURBED 15:00.934 --> 15:02.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% HABITATS. 15:02.467 --> 15:05.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND USUALLY IT HAS TO BE ABLE TO CAUSE SOME KIND OF ECONOMIC OR 15:05.400 --> 15:08.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% DETRIMENTAL DAMAGE TO HUMANS OR THEIR LIVELIHOODS, LIKE 15:08.667 --> 15:10.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% AGRICULTURE. 15:10.767 --> 15:13.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SAWYER: HELLO, MY NAME IS SAWYER, AND I GO TO WHITE PINE 15:13.033 --> 15:14.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 15:14.367 --> 15:17.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% I HAVE A QUESTION FOR YOU ABOUT ECOSYSTEMS: HOW DO NONNATIVE 15:17.200 --> 15:20.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS GET HERE? 15:20.667 --> 15:24.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: SO NONNATIVE PLANTS GET HERE BY LOTS OF DIFFERENT WAYS. 15:24.033 --> 15:26.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% PROBABLY THE MOST COMMON IS ACTUALLY THROUGH OUR 15:26.500 --> 15:28.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% AGRICULTURAL SEED. 15:28.567 --> 15:31.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO WHEN FARMERS PLANT SEEDS, SOME OF THOSE SEEDS, THOSE BAGS 15:31.367 --> 15:33.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF SEEDS THAT THEY ARE PUTTING OUT TO PLANT, ARE CONTAMINATED 15:33.767 --> 15:35.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITH WEED SEEDS. 15:35.767 --> 15:39.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO BECAUSE THOSE WEED SEEDS PRETEND THAT THEY ARE THEY LOOK 15:39.300 --> 15:43.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% LIKE MAYBE A WHEAT SEED OR A MILLET SEED OR A LENTIL SEED, 15:43.467 --> 15:46.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO THEN THEY GROW AS PART OF THE FARMER'S CROPS. 15:46.500 --> 15:49.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO MANY OF OUR WEEDS ARE INTRODUCED THROUGH FARMING 15:49.500 --> 15:50.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% PRACTICES. 15:50.567 --> 15:53.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY CAN ALSO COME IN ON VEHICLES. 15:53.500 --> 15:57.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY CAN BE STUCK ONTO VEHICLES OR DIFFERENT FORMS OF FARMING 15:57.033 --> 15:57.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% EQUIPMENT. 15:57.834 --> 15:59.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEY CAN ALSO JUST BLOW IN. 15:59.033 --> 16:01.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% MANY WEED SEEDS HAVE THE ABILITY TO TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES BY 16:01.667 --> 16:04.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% WIND. 16:04.400 --> 16:06.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% JUSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS JUSTIN, AND I'M FROM WHITE PINE 16:06.767 --> 16:08.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELEMENTARY. 16:08.233 --> 16:12.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND I HAVE A QUESTION: WHERE ARE MOST INVASIVE PLANTS SPECIES 16:12.767 --> 16:17.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% LOCATED, AND HOW CAN WE STOP THEM FROM SPREADING? 16:17.567 --> 16:20.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: WELL, SOME OF THE MOST INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES YOU'VE 16:20.200 --> 16:22.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% PROBABLY SEEN BEFORE. 16:22.100 --> 16:26.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE HAVE THISTLES, WE HAVE CHEATGRASS, WE HAVE KNAPWEED. 16:26.000 --> 16:28.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE ARE SOME OF THE PLANTS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED ESPECIALLY 16:28.934 --> 16:33.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITH AGRICULTURAL LANDS, THE PLACES WHERE WE GROW OUR FOOD. 16:33.300 --> 16:36.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO A COUPLE OF WAYS THAT WE CAN CONTROL THEM IS MAKING SURE THEY 16:36.233 --> 16:39.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% DON'T GET PLANTED IN THE FIRST PLACE. 16:39.667 --> 16:42.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT IF THEY DO, THEN WE CAN SIMPLY REMOVE THEM JUST BY 16:42.600 --> 16:48.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% PULLING THEM OUT OR WE CAN USE CHEMICALS TO KILL THEM OFF. 16:48.834 --> 16:50.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% MAX: HI, MY NAME IS MAX. 16:50.500 --> 16:52.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% I GO TO GALILEO STEM ACADEMY. 16:52.400 --> 16:56.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND I AM WONDERING WHERE IS THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOD CHAIN? 16:56.667 --> 16:59.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: SO THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOD CHAIN IS PROBABLY THE MOST 16:59.033 --> 17:01.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% IMPORTANT PIECE OF THE FOOD CHAIN. 17:01.500 --> 17:05.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ORGANISMS THERE, MOSTLY PLANTS, ARE GOING TO TAKE CARBON, THAT'S 17:05.033 --> 17:07.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THE AIR IN THE FORM OF CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WITH THE USE OF 17:07.667 --> 17:11.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUNLIGHT LINK TOGETHER DIFFERENT CARBON MOLECULES. 17:11.567 --> 17:14.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THAT FORMS THE BASIS OF THE FOOD CHAIN BECAUSE THOSE 17:14.100 --> 17:17.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% MOLECULES ARE THE MOLECULES THAT ALL OTHER ORGANISMS NEED TO 17:17.200 --> 17:18.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% SURVIVE. 17:18.767 --> 17:20.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO THAT'S OUR FOOD. 17:20.367 --> 17:23.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, FOR EXAMPLE, IT'S FOOD FOR PLANTS, AS WELL AS ALL THE OTHER 17:23.033 --> 17:24.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS. 17:24.500 --> 17:28.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO PLANTS WOULD BE THE BASE OF THE FOOD CHAIN. 17:28.200 --> 17:31.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% JOHN: HELLO, MY NAME IS JOHN, AND I GO TO GALILEO STEM 17:31.934 --> 17:33.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% ACADEMY. 17:33.467 --> 17:37.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION TODAY IS: IS THE BUMBLEBEE AN IMPORTANT PART OF 17:37.133 --> 17:39.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHO? 17:39.867 --> 17:40.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: YES. 17:40.834 --> 17:43.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE ARE MANY SPECIES OF BUMBLEBEES IN IDAHO, AND THEY 17:43.200 --> 17:44.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% ARE ALL VERY IMPORTANT. 17:44.367 --> 17:46.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUMBLEBEES ARE IMPORTANT POLLINATORS OF OUR FLOWERING 17:46.867 --> 17:48.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS. 17:48.500 --> 17:51.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND YOU MIGHT NOT THINK THAT THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT, BUT 17:51.033 --> 17:54.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% FLOWERING PARTS PLANTS ARE PART OF THAT BASE OF THE ECOSYSTEM, 17:54.133 --> 17:56.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN TERMS OF PRODUCING THE SEEDS AND THE PLANTS THAT ARE 17:56.834 --> 17:59.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% NECESSARY FOR ALL THE OTHER ORGANISMS IN IDAHO AND OTHER 17:59.400 --> 18:02.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS, AS WELL. 18:02.033 --> 18:04.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% MINJIN: HI, MY NAME IS MINJIN, AND I'M FROM WHITE PINE 18:04.400 --> 18:07.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, AND I HAVE A QUESTION. 18:07.233 --> 18:10.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% HOW DO THE PEOPLE IN IDAHO NEGATIVELY IMPACT THE ANIMALS 18:10.667 --> 18:13.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AROUND THEM? 18:13.000 --> 18:16.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: WELL, WE HAVE TO THINK OF OURSELVES AS BEING PART OF 18:16.567 --> 18:18.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUR ECOSYSTEM, RIGHT? 18:18.300 --> 18:21.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE SHARE THIS ECOSYSTEM WITH ALL SORTS OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 18:21.767 --> 18:23.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE ALL TAKE UP OUR SPACE. 18:23.567 --> 18:27.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE ALL TAKE UP THE ENERGY IN THE SYSTEM THAT'S AROUND. 18:27.367 --> 18:29.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE'S ONLY SO MUCH ENERGY AND SO MUCH SPACE IN OUR 18:29.767 --> 18:33.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% SURROUNDINGS, AND IF WE THINK ABOUT HOW WE SHARE THOSE 18:33.400 --> 18:38.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIFFERENT THINGS AND PLACES WITH OTHERS, THEN WE WILL HELP REDUCE 18:38.867 --> 18:44.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUR NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THOSE ANIMALS AND PLANTS AROUND US. 18:44.834 --> 18:48.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 18:48.767 --> 18:50.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: SOIL IS THE TOP LAYER OF THE EARTH. 18:50.867 --> 18:53.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITHOUT SOIL OUR PLANET WOULD BE REALLY DIFFERENT. 18:53.500 --> 18:56.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT SOIL. 18:58.400 --> 19:01.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL IS THE TOP LAYER OF THE EARTH. 19:01.100 --> 19:04.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S MADE OF AIR AND GAS, BITS OF ROCK, MINERALS, WATER, 19:04.133 --> 19:08.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% DECAYING PLANTS, AND TINY MICROBES. 19:08.200 --> 19:11.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL FORMS IN DIFFERENT LAYERS ON THE EARTH. 19:11.200 --> 19:13.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHEN SOIL SCIENTISTS STUDY LAYERS OF SOIL, THEY CALL IT 19:13.500 --> 19:15.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDYING THE SOIL PROFILE. 19:15.834 --> 19:19.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% TOPSOIL IS THE LAYER YOU SEE, THE LAYER YOU TYPICALLY WALK ON. 19:19.467 --> 19:23.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT CONTAINS DARK ORGANIC MATERIAL, WHICH IS MADE UP OF 19:23.133 --> 19:25.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% DECAYED PLANT AND ANIMAL MATTER. 19:25.767 --> 19:29.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% TOPSOIL CAN BE ABOUT 6 INCHES THICK. 19:29.767 --> 19:31.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% UNDER TOPSOIL IS SUBSOIL. 19:31.867 --> 19:34.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S FROM SEVERAL INCHES TO SEVERAL FEET THICK. 19:34.767 --> 19:37.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT LOOKS LIGHTER BECAUSE IT CONTAINS LESS HUMUS, IS MORE 19:37.767 --> 19:41.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% TIGHTLY PACKED AND HAS SLIGHTLY BIGGER PIECES OF ROCK. 19:41.300 --> 19:44.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% NEXT IS THE FRAGMENTED ROCK LAYER OR PARENT MATERIAL. 19:44.834 --> 19:47.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% NOTHING GROWS AT THIS LAYER. 19:47.000 --> 19:49.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S MADE OF ROCK PARTICLES, SAND, CLAY, SALTS, AND MINERALS. 19:49.767 --> 19:54.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% AT THE DEEPEST LEVEL IS SOLID BEDROCK. 19:54.200 --> 19:57.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% THIS IS THE LAYER OF ROCK FROM WHICH SOIL BEGINS TO FORM. 19:57.367 --> 20:02.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL IS CREATED OVER LOTS OF TIME. 20:02.133 --> 20:06.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% ROCKS FORM WHEN VOLCANOES ERUPT OR WHEN SANDS GET COMPRESSED. 20:06.567 --> 20:09.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% WEATHERING FROM WIND, ICE, AND RAIN, BREAKS ROCKS INTO SMALLER 20:09.400 --> 20:11.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% PARTS. 20:11.467 --> 20:14.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANTS GROW IN THE CRACKS CAUSED BY EROSION, CREATING MORE HOLES 20:14.467 --> 20:16.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR AIR AND WATER. 20:16.867 --> 20:19.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY ALSO DROP LEAVES, WHICH DECAY. 20:19.734 --> 20:22.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS LEAVE WASTE PRODUCTS BEHIND. 20:22.300 --> 20:25.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% BACTERIA AND FUNGI HELP BREAK DOWN DEAD PLANT AND ANIMAL 20:25.467 --> 20:28.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% MATERIALS INTO SMALLER PIECES. 20:28.200 --> 20:31.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE COMBINE WITH ROCK PARTICLES TO MAKE SOIL. 20:31.734 --> 20:34.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% NOW, THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL. 20:34.500 --> 20:37.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE TYPE DEPENDS UPON THE ORIGINAL PARENT MATERIAL, HOW 20:37.133 --> 20:40.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% BIG THE ROCK PARTICLES ARE, THE CLIMATE, AND WHAT ELSE IS IN THE 20:40.300 --> 20:42.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% MIXTURE. 20:42.934 --> 20:46.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDENT 1: CLAY IS THE SMALLEST SOIL PARTICLE. 20:46.734 --> 20:51.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLAY CLUMPS BECAUSE IT CAN HOLD WATER BETTER THAN SOME OTHER 20:51.400 --> 20:53.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% TYPES OF SOIL. 20:53.834 --> 20:56.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDENT 2: SILT IS POWDERY AND SOFT TO THE TOUCH AND RETAINS 20:56.500 --> 20:58.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% WATER WELL. 20:58.734 --> 21:01.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDENT 3: SAND IS THE LARGEST SOIL PARTICLE. 21:01.133 --> 21:03.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT IS THE LEAST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING. 21:03.934 --> 21:06.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDENT 4: LOAM HAS THE BEST SOIL FOR GROWING PLANTS. 21:06.500 --> 21:10.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT IS AN EVEN COMBINATION OF SAND, SILT, AND CLAY PARTICLES 21:10.600 --> 21:14.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS. 21:14.467 --> 21:17.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: THERE ARE OVER 25,000 DIFFERENT NAMED SOILS IN 21:17.734 --> 21:20.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE UNITED STATES. 21:20.133 --> 21:22.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL SCIENTISTS ARE TRAINED TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT 21:22.567 --> 21:26.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% TYPES OF SOIL AND WHAT THEY MEAN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. 21:26.300 --> 21:28.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL IS VERY MUCH ALIVE. 21:28.100 --> 21:32.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% ONE TABLESPOON OF SOIL CONTAINS MORE MICROBES THAN THERE ARE 21:32.000 --> 21:34.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% HUMANS ON EARTH. 21:34.233 --> 21:37.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% INSECTS, BACTERIA, EARTHWORMS, AND OTHER CREATURES LIVE IN 21:37.200 --> 21:38.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL. 21:38.767 --> 21:42.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% LARGER ANIMALS DO, TOO, LIKE BADGERS AND SNAKES. 21:42.400 --> 21:45.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL FILTERS OUR WATER, HOLDING BACK CONTAMINANTS AND TAKING OUT 21:45.400 --> 21:47.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% IMPURITIES. 21:47.133 --> 21:50.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION UPON 21:50.133 --> 21:53.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WHICH OUR HOMES AND BUSINESSES ARE BUILT. 21:53.500 --> 21:56.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND, IMPORTANTLY, PLANTS NEED SOIL TO PROVIDE THEM WITH 21:56.200 --> 21:58.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% MINERALS AND NUTRIENTS. 21:58.467 --> 22:01.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL SCIENTISTS HELP FARMERS UNDERSTAND WHAT PLANTS TO GROW 22:01.367 --> 22:06.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND HOW TO IMPROVE THE SOIL TO INCREASE THEIR CROP YIELDS. 22:06.200 --> 22:08.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% STUDENT: SOIL IS AN ESSENTIAL NATURAL RESOURCE. 22:08.667 --> 22:12.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% IT'S FOOD FOR SOME ANIMALS, HOME FOR OTHERS. 22:12.000 --> 22:15.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOIL CLEANS OUR WATER, PROVIDES NUTRIENTS FOR PLANTS AND GIVES 22:15.734 --> 22:18.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% US A PLACE TO LIVE. 22:18.000 --> 22:20.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO LEARN ABOUT SOIL! 22:20.367 --> 22:22.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% DIG IN! 22:22.867 --> 22:26.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% (MUSIC) 22:27.400 --> 22:29.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% NATHAN: HI, MY NAME IS NATHAN FROM WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 22:29.567 --> 22:31.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCHOOL, AND I HAVE A QUESTION. 22:31.400 --> 22:35.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% HOW DOES EROSION AFFECT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS, AND HOW CAN WE 22:35.367 --> 22:40.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% RESTORE WHAT EROSION HAS TAKEN WAY? 22:40.133 --> 22:43.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: WELL, EROSION IS A NATURAL PROCESS ON THE SURFACE 22:43.667 --> 22:47.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF THE LAND, BUT IT CAN CARVE AWAY VERY IMPORTANT THINGS THAT 22:47.667 --> 22:49.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% STABILIZE ECOSYSTEMS. 22:49.767 --> 22:52.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE CAN THINK OF SOILS THAT SUPPORT THE GROWTH OF ALL SORTS 22:52.767 --> 22:56.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF PLANT LIFE AND ANIMALS AS GETTING ERODED AWAY BY 22:56.867 --> 22:59.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% RAINSTORMS AND RUNOFF. 22:59.300 --> 23:02.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO ONE OF THE WAYS THAT WE CAN PREVENT THAT IS BY MAKING SURE 23:02.767 --> 23:06.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT VEGETATION AND PLANTS ARE GROWING IN AREAS AND THAT IF A 23:06.400 --> 23:10.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% FIRE OCCURS AND WIPES OUT THESE PLANTS, WE COULD REPLACE THEM SO 23:10.834 --> 23:14.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT THE SOILS DON'T GET ERODED AWAY. 23:14.767 --> 23:17.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE OTHER THING THAT WE CAN THINK ABOUT IS WHERE THAT SOIL 23:17.767 --> 23:18.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ENDS UP. 23:18.033 --> 23:21.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF THEY END UP IN RIVERS AND LAKES, IT CLOUDS THE WATER, AND 23:21.367 --> 23:24.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT CAN AFFECT ORGANISMS, ALSO. 23:24.667 --> 23:27.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ADAM: HI, MY NAME IS ADAM, AND I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 23:27.667 --> 23:30.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND MY QUESTION IS: WHAT IS IDAHO'S MOST USEFUL BIOME FOR 23:30.934 --> 23:33.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANIMALS? 23:33.667 --> 23:36.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: SO THAT'S ANOTHER REALLY HARD QUESTION, BECAUSE 23:36.033 --> 23:38.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% USEFULNESS TO HUMANS MIGHT BE REALLY DIFFERENT FROM ANSWERING 23:38.300 --> 23:42.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE QUESTION FROM A PLANT OR AN ANIMAL'S POINT OF VIEW. 23:42.400 --> 23:44.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO IF YOU WERE A PLANT, A MOST USEFUL BIOME WOULD BE ONE THAT 23:44.867 --> 23:47.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% HAD JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT, JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT 23:47.400 --> 23:50.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF WATER, AND JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL. 23:50.667 --> 23:53.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THAT MIGHT VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE AND FROM PLANT TO 23:53.200 --> 23:54.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANT. 23:54.133 --> 23:56.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% SAME FROM AN ANIMAL'S POINT OF VIEW. 23:56.133 --> 23:59.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% IMAGINE THAT YOU WERE A MOUSE, THERE MIGHT BE CERTAIN BIOMES 23:59.300 --> 24:02.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT WOULD BE BEST FOR A MOUSE, BUT MAYBE THEY WOULDN'T BE AS 24:02.000 --> 24:03.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% GOOD FOR A SNAKE OR A LIZARD. 24:03.467 --> 24:06.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO DIFFERENT BIOMES HAVE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF BIOTIC 24:06.200 --> 24:08.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND ABIOTIC FACTORS. 24:08.400 --> 24:10.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO THIS QUESTION REALLY CAN'T BE ANSWERED. 24:10.934 --> 24:13.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% IF YOU'RE ANSWERING IT FROM A HUMAN'S PERSPECTIVE, THERE MIGHT 24:13.200 --> 24:16.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% BE BIOMES THAT ARE BEST, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR OUR AGRICULTURE, 24:16.100 --> 24:17.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% SUCH AS GRASSLANDS. 24:17.934 --> 24:20.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND CERTAINLY, WE WOULD DO MUCH BETTER IN FARMING IN A GRASSLAND 24:20.667 --> 24:23.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEM THAN WE WOULD IN A FOREST ECOSYSTEM, BUT WE 24:23.033 --> 24:26.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO GET ANY WOOD TO BUILD OUR HOUSES. 24:26.000 --> 24:29.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND SO IF WE WANT LUMBER, THEN A FORESTRY ECOSYSTEM WOULD BE THE 24:29.600 --> 24:31.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% MOST VALUABLE FOR US. 24:31.734 --> 24:34.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO IT DEPENDS ON WHAT ANIMAL YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT, WHAT 24:34.767 --> 24:37.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% PLANT YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT, OR MAYBE THE ANIMAL THAT YOU'RE 24:37.133 --> 24:38.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% THINKING ABOUT IS A HUMAN. 24:38.834 --> 24:41.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEN THAT BIOME REALLY WOULD DEPEND ON WHAT YOU'RE PLANNING 24:41.400 --> 24:43.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% TO GET OUT OF THAT BIOME. 24:43.934 --> 24:47.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% AVA: HI, MY NAME IS AVA, AND I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 24:47.300 --> 24:51.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% MY QUESTION IS: WHAT TYPE OF PLANTS GROW IN A DESERT? 24:51.467 --> 24:53.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: SAGE. 24:53.133 --> 24:54.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% SAGE LOVES DESERTS. 24:54.667 --> 24:59.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WE ALSO GET CACTUS AND MY FAVORITE TREE, THE JUNIPER. 24:59.200 --> 25:02.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THESE ARE ALL PLANTS THAT ARE TOLERANT OF VERY, VERY DRY 25:02.300 --> 25:04.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% CONDITIONS. 25:04.000 --> 25:07.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY CAN DEAL WITH VERY WARM TEMPERATURES. 25:07.300 --> 25:11.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT THEY ALSO KNOW HOW TO KEEP THEY'RE MOISTURE DURING THE DAY. 25:12.500 --> 25:14.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: VALERIE WOULD LIKE TO KNOW: "HOW CAN I CREATE 25:14.934 --> 25:18.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% AN ECOSYSTEM?" 25:18.133 --> 25:20.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: SO, ACTUALLY, YOU MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AN ECOSYSTEM. 25:20.834 --> 25:23.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOUR BODY, ACTUALLY, IT COULD BE CONSIDERED A COMPLETE ECOSYSTEM 25:23.367 --> 25:25.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALL TO ITSELF. 25:25.033 --> 25:27.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU HAVE MILLIONS AND MILLIONS, IF NOT BILLIONS, OF BACTERIA 25:27.300 --> 25:31.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% THAT ARE LIVING ON YOUR SURFACE AND IN YOUR GUTS, AND THOSE 25:31.400 --> 25:34.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% WOULD BE CONSIDERED PART OF YOUR OWN LITTLE BIOME. 25:34.500 --> 25:37.600 position:10% line:85% size:80% SOMETIMES IT'S CALLED A "MICROBIOME." 25:37.600 --> 25:39.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND WITHIN THAT YOU VE LIVING AND NONLIVING COMPONENTS THAT 25:39.867 --> 25:41.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% CYCLE ALL THE TIME. 25:41.133 --> 25:43.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% THERE'S WATER AND NUTRIENTS MOVING AROUND. 25:43.200 --> 25:45.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO, ACTUALLY, YOU ALREADY HAVE CREATED AN ECOSYSTEM BY BEING 25:45.467 --> 25:46.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALIVE. 25:46.834 --> 25:49.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% ANOTHER WAY, THOUGH, IF YOU WANT TO CREATE AN ECOSYSTEM IN YOUR 25:49.133 --> 25:51.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% CLASSROOM, MAYBE START WITH A TERRARIUM OR AN AQUARIUM. 25:51.667 --> 25:54.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN THERE YOU COULD PUT FOOD AND WATER AND SOILS AND GASES, ALL 25:54.934 --> 25:59.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF WHICH WOULD BE NECESSARY FOR RECYCLING OF NUTRIENTS BETWEEN 25:59.233 --> 26:03.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% THE DIFFERENT TROPHIC LEVELS OR FOOD LEVELS. 26:03.233 --> 26:07.200 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO BETWEEN THE PLANTS AND THE ANIMALS AND THE SOILS. 26:07.200 --> 26:09.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: ROSEMARY, IF SOMEONE IS INTERESTED IN IDAHO 26:09.500 --> 26:12.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% ECOSYSTEMS AND WANTS TO GET A JOB, WHAT SHOULD HE OR SHE STUDY 26:12.100 --> 26:14.867 position:10% line:85% size:80% IN SCHOOL? 26:14.867 --> 26:18.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: THEY SHOULD STUDY ENGLISH AND WRITING AND COMMUNICATION. 26:18.033 --> 26:21.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% THEY SHOULD STUDY MATHEMATICS, AS MUCH AS YOU CAN. 26:21.133 --> 26:24.467 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND THEY SHOULD STUDY ALL OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES, GEOLOGY, LIFE 26:24.467 --> 26:28.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCES, AND ANY KIND OF OTHER SCIENCE COURSES THAT THEY CAN 26:28.834 --> 26:32.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAKE, THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES, AS WELL. 26:32.367 --> 26:35.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% BUT, REALLY, WHAT YOU WANT TO HAVE IS GOOD THINKING SKILLS. 26:35.300 --> 26:38.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% SO THOSE YOU MIGHT LEARN BY, FOR EXAMPLE, READING A COMPLICATED 26:38.133 --> 26:40.734 position:10% line:85% size:80% BOOK AND THEN LEARNING TO WRITE ABOUT IT. 26:40.734 --> 26:43.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% OR, PERHAPS, WRITING YOUR OWN STORY. 26:43.934 --> 26:46.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% ALL OF THESE KINDS OF WAYS OF THINKING CAN BE REALLY IMPORTANT 26:46.934 --> 26:49.567 position:10% line:85% size:80% FOR DEVELOPING YOUR ABILITY TO BE A SCIENTIST AND TO STUDY 26:49.567 --> 26:54.033 position:10% line:85% size:80% IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS. 26:54.033 --> 26:56.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY, WE'VE RUN OUT OF TIME. 26:56.100 --> 26:58.300 position:10% line:85% size:80% I'D LIKE TO THANK ROSEMARY AND LEIF FOR ANSWERING STUDENTS 26:58.300 --> 26:59.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% QUESTIONS. 26:59.400 --> 27:00.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% SMITH: YOU'RE WELCOME. 27:00.367 --> 27:02.767 position:10% line:85% size:80% TAPANILA: THANKS FOR THE QUESTIONS. 27:02.767 --> 27:04.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% CARTAN-HANSEN: OUR THANKS, ALSO, TO THE FOLKS HERE AT THE IDAHO 27:04.934 --> 27:07.133 position:10% line:85% size:80% MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AT IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY FOR 27:07.133 --> 27:08.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% HOSTING US. 27:08.834 --> 27:11.000 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS AND LOTS 27:11.000 --> 27:13.367 position:10% line:85% size:80% OF OTHER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS, YOU CAN GO TO THE SCIENCE TREK 27:13.367 --> 27:14.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% WEBSITE. 27:14.667 --> 27:16.667 position:10% line:85% size:80% WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS ABOUT IDAHO ECOSYSTEMS ON 27:16.667 --> 27:18.500 position:10% line:85% size:80% SCIENCE TREK: THE WEB SHOW . 27:18.500 --> 27:20.934 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND IF YOU WANT TO SUBMIT A QUESTION FOR SCIENCE TREK , IT'S 27:20.934 --> 27:22.400 position:10% line:85% size:80% EASY. 27:22.400 --> 27:24.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND YOU AND YOUR CLASS CAN WIN PRIZES. 27:24.834 --> 27:27.100 position:10% line:85% size:80% YOU CAN SEND IT AS AN EMAIL OR AS A VIDEO QUESTION, RECORD IT 27:27.100 --> 27:28.233 position:10% line:85% size:80% ON YOUR WEBCAM OR CELL PHONE. 27:28.233 --> 27:31.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% AND IF YOU'RE AN EDUCATOR, WE'LL EVEN LEND YOU A CAMERA. 27:31.834 --> 27:34.834 position:10% line:85% size:80% OUR LAST PRIZE WINNER WAS MARQUE IN MS. 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