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(jaunty piano music)

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♪

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(narrator) 
Since its inception in 1926,

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Route 66 has been an icon 
of the American West

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and a defining element 
of the American experience.

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♪

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From Chicago 
to Los Angeles,

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the Mother Road 
takes us on a journey

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from the East 
to the American West,

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with its wide open skies 
and a mix of different cultures.

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(woman) 
Route 66 has opened 
the gateway

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to a lot of opportunities.

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(woman) 
You can still drive it.

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I'm like, "Oh, my gosh, 
how cool is that?"

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-Where y'all from? 
-Germany.

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(narrator) 
International visitors come 
by the tens of thousands,

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hungry for 
an American experience.

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(lively music)

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(speaking in foreign language)

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♪

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(tour guide) 
But the most famous person 
of all...

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-Who? 
-Me.

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(laughing)

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They grew up watching 
American television.

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Route 66 with George Maharis, 
Martin Milner.

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And they're all here 
to see America of yesterday.

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(narrator) 
Beloved television shows,

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like the Route 66 TV show, 
and films like Easy Rider

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have celebrated the road 
from a male perspective

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in which women are seldom 
in the driver's seat.

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(mellow music)

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(Heidi) 
We forgot that women 
were on those journeys,

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we forgot that women 
were working all along the way

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in those businesses.

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(narrator) 
Despite its moniker, 
The Mother Road,

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little attention has been paid 
to diverse women's experiences

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across many different cultures 
and almost 100 years of history.

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♪

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(woman) 
When I first got to the motel

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and they were 
having a convention,

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and they said, "Well, no, 
a woman doesn't come.

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There's no women."

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And so they put this man 
beside me.

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I don't know who he is.

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But they just said, 
"Well, no, you just--

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just has to be a man 
with you."

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It's a mirror 
held up to the nation.

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A road that can be, really, 
a living classroom.

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(woman) 
She was entrepreneurial, 
she was very business oriented,

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and she allowed us to live 
a very comfortable life.

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(narrator) 
From archeologists 
to politicians,

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and countless entrepreneurs,

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women overcame segregation 
and gender discrimination

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to build fulfilling lives 
for themselves

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and generations to come 
on America's most beloved road.

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This is their story.

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(traffic humming)

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So the story 
of the American West

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has been told 
as a story of mobile man.

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(twangy banjo music)

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The man on horseback,

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the cowboy riding off 
onto the prairie,

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the Pony Express rider,

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the stage driver, 
the railroad engineer.

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You can name 
any kind of stereotype

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of man conquering the West, 
and it's a man in motion.

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♪

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(Heidi) 
Women who were traveling,

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and they were always 
at a very strong disadvantage

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because they were 
at the mercy of men.

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They might be propositioned, 
there would be rough language.

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These were not 
comfortable situations

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for a proper woman 
to be in.

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And so when the automobile 
came out,

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these women said, "Wow, 
I would rather go by car

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because that offers me 
privacy, safety,"

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from the hubbub around them.

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(narrator) 
Women were eager 
from the start

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to tackle the challenge 
of driving automobiles.

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Controlling one's mobility 
was a step towards liberation.

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(soft piano music)

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♪

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(Virginia) 
There were a lot of women 
driving around in the Southwest,

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and I think of somebody like 
the Home Extension agent

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Fabiola Cabeza de Baca.

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And Fabiola would have been 
traveling on Route 66.

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The United States Government 
wanted to help homemakers

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perform their work 
more efficiently,

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so they started a kind 
of Home Extension movement.

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And the idea was our educated 
professional specialists

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will help 
the average housewife

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have a happier, healthier, 
more productive life.

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So she joined the 
Home Extension service in 1929,

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but she did not know 
how to drive

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when she decided 
to do that.

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She was told, "You are 
gonna be out on the road

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driving throughout 
Northern New Mexico,"

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an enormous territory,

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until 1932 when her car 
was hit by a train.

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(train whistle)

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(train chugging)

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She was injured so badly

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that she had to have 
a leg amputated.

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And it was--seemed as if 
she would not recover from this

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and would not be able 
to resume her profession.

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But after two years 
of recovery,

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she just got another car

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that was fitted out 
specially for her

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and went back on the road 
with a wooden leg

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and had another career 
for another 25 years

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in the Home Extension Service 
all over New Mexico,

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doing her work 
in both English and Spanish,

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learning some Tewa and Towa,

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so that she could work 
with women in pueblos.

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(Tomas) 
And she wrote these 
two or three cookbooks.

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She, I think, was very 
influential in New Mexico

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to document 
Hispanic cooking styles

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and also to preserve 
the history

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of Hispana cooking 
in New Mexico.

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(Virginia) 
So the first real 
mass-market automobile

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was Henry Ford's Model T, 
of course.

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And Henry Ford 
did not think

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that women were gonna be 
the drivers of this car.

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He saw this 
as the family car for America,

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but it was Dad who was gonna be 
driving this thing.

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Mom would be a passenger,

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because Mom, 
if Mom was gonna drive,

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he'd have to put all kinds 
of frills on this car,

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things like 
an automatic starter

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instead of a crank on it.

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At one point, 
when General Motors

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began to manufacture cars 
in a variety of colors,

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and the Model T 
was still black,

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and he said, "Yeah, 
you can have any color you want,

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as long as it's black."

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And then they said, "Well, why 
are you only making a black car?

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Why don't you make cars 
in colors?"

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And he said, "Well, I'm not 
in the millinery business."

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(twangy banjo music)

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(narrator) 
The first cars marketed to women 
were electric cars.

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Battery, longevity, 
and miles between charges

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were issues, however.

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And so women had to prove 
they were up for the challenge

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of not only driving 
but also fixing

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the messier and less 
easy-to-handle gas automobile.

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(water splashes)

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♪

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(Virginia) 
Early road trips 
that women took,

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they liked to take pictures 
of themselves

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when they came into 
really difficult circumstances.

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Women wanted to prove

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that they could go 
on long distance drives,

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that they could drive 
gasoline cars

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that were tough and dirty 
and heavy to drive

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and had to be cranked.

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So there was a kind of 
"I can do this" mentality

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about driving 
at that time.

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(narrator) 
After women heroically drove 
ambulances during World War I,

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it was clear 
women could drive well,

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even under extreme conditions.

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Women participated 
in the Good Roads Movement,

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which culminated 
in the creation

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of a National Highway System 
in 1926.

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(soft piano music)

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Politicians, boosters, 
and businessmen

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all scrambled to get 
their piece of the pie,

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including Cyrus Avery, 
the father of Route 66.

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00:07:56,266 --> 00:07:59,366
(Sean) 
Cyrus Avery 
really produced a road

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that I think has been 
enduring and important

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in American history.

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This is a diagonal road.

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It's an even number road,

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which means it's east to west,

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but it's going north and south 
at the same time.

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He represented 
a modern economic examination

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of what a highway could do 
or transportation route could do

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to some of the poorest counties 
in the United States.

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(Glenda) 
Claim to fame for Springfield 
is the birthplace of Route 66

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because that is where 
the group met

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and sent the telegram in

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that they would accept 
the 66 designation.

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And it came from Springfield.

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(woman) 
And you want this sent as 
a regular telegram, of course.

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(man) 
Oh, sure, this is news.

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(Heidi) 
And the roads 
were horrible, unpaved,

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00:08:50,333 --> 00:08:52,000
and especially in 
mountainous regions

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00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:55,800
where there was lots 
of rain and snow,

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00:08:55,900 --> 00:08:58,533
like Northern Arizona, 
Northern New Mexico.

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Those roads were impossible 
to travel.

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00:09:01,233 --> 00:09:02,533
And in the winter months,

191
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they would be washed out 
completely.

192
00:09:04,266 --> 00:09:07,533
And places like Route 66 
would just close down

193
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in the winter months 
in the northern regions.

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00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:15,600
So, there were a lot of women 
who ran for office in the West.

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They often sat on committees

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00:09:17,300 --> 00:09:19,366
that you would normally 
expect women to be on.

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Oh, education committees 
and child welfare committees.

198
00:09:22,866 --> 00:09:26,333
But they also sat on 
good roads committees.

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00:09:26,433 --> 00:09:29,866
And when they went in, 
they wanted budgets for roads.

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To pave them, 
to improve signage,

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00:09:32,300 --> 00:09:34,333
so that traveling was safe.

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00:09:34,433 --> 00:09:38,000
(narrator) 
Despite being told she couldn't 
win because of her gender,

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00:09:38,100 --> 00:09:41,766
Isabella Greenway 
paved the way on Route 66

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00:09:41,866 --> 00:09:44,500
and brought women 
to the political forefront.

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00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:47,333
(Heidi) 
She was from elite society,

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00:09:47,433 --> 00:09:51,033
but she'd grown up 
in ranching conditions.

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00:09:51,133 --> 00:09:54,400
When she made her debut 
to society in New York City,

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00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:57,666
she became close friends, 
lifelong friends,

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00:09:57,766 --> 00:09:59,400
with Eleanor Roosevelt.

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00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:01,533
These two women had, 
very early on,

211
00:10:01,633 --> 00:10:03,200
strong political instincts,

212
00:10:03,300 --> 00:10:05,633
and Isabella ended up 
coming out West

213
00:10:05,733 --> 00:10:06,900
because her husband,

214
00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:08,900
like so many people 
who had came West,

215
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:10,533
had tuberculosis.

216
00:10:10,633 --> 00:10:13,833
And when he died, 
she married his close friend,

217
00:10:13,933 --> 00:10:16,933
John Greenway, 
and moved to Arizona.

218
00:10:17,033 --> 00:10:19,300
And got involved 
in veterans affairs,

219
00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:20,566
'cause he was a veteran,

220
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and also involved 
with politics

221
00:10:23,433 --> 00:10:26,000
'cause he was involved 
with the progressive party.

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00:10:26,100 --> 00:10:31,333
When he died, she bought 
a ranch outside of Williams,

223
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and she used it 
as a summer retreat,

224
00:10:34,066 --> 00:10:35,633
but she did entertain guests,

225
00:10:35,733 --> 00:10:39,266
like her close friends, 
dignitaries, state officials,

226
00:10:39,366 --> 00:10:41,433
and Eleanor 
and Franklin Roosevelt.

227
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She brought 'em here 
during the--

228
00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:46,166
through the state 
on a whistle-stop tour,

229
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and she entertained them 
at her beautiful spread

230
00:10:49,433 --> 00:10:53,633
on 110,000 acres 
outside of Williams.

231
00:10:53,733 --> 00:10:56,033
When she was done with that,

232
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her name was sort of 
a household name

233
00:10:58,466 --> 00:10:59,800
here in Arizona.

234
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She ran for public office,

235
00:11:01,833 --> 00:11:03,633
she ran for Congress,

236
00:11:03,733 --> 00:11:04,966
and she was the first female

237
00:11:05,066 --> 00:11:07,166
to represent Arizona 
in Congress,

238
00:11:07,266 --> 00:11:10,433
elected in 1933 
in a special election

239
00:11:10,533 --> 00:11:12,533
with over 70% of the vote.

240
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Tells you how popular she was.

241
00:11:14,533 --> 00:11:17,566
She had sort of a mandate 
when she went to Congress,

242
00:11:17,666 --> 00:11:20,266
and she had several issues 
that were important to her,

243
00:11:20,366 --> 00:11:23,300
veterans affairs 
but also good roads.

244
00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:25,100
She worked very hard 
in Congress

245
00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:27,166
to get a great budget passed

246
00:11:27,266 --> 00:11:30,233
that gave funding 
to finally pave Route 66

247
00:11:30,333 --> 00:11:31,733
in the late '30s,

248
00:11:31,833 --> 00:11:34,100
and it really improved 
transportation

249
00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:35,733
in this part of the country.

250
00:11:35,833 --> 00:11:37,733
(lively piano music)

251
00:11:37,833 --> 00:11:39,300
♪

252
00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:44,900
(Joline) 
My father was working on 
Route 66 on the road crew,

253
00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,600
I presume with machines.

254
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:52,600
And they went through Halltown, 
where my mother lived,

255
00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:55,666
and they met, 
I don't know how,

256
00:11:55,766 --> 00:11:59,500
and fell in love 
and got married.

257
00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:01,833
Daddy started accepting jobs

258
00:12:01,933 --> 00:12:04,800
that promoted him 
a little bit each time,

259
00:12:04,900 --> 00:12:07,266
and we moved 
to Miami, Oklahoma,

260
00:12:07,366 --> 00:12:08,966
when I was in fourth grade.

261
00:12:09,066 --> 00:12:13,866
Daddy had his own 
Texaco account.

262
00:12:13,966 --> 00:12:18,300
It was--became the second 
largest Texaco station

263
00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:20,166
in the United States.

264
00:12:20,266 --> 00:12:25,566
It must have been an incredible 
and emotional rollercoaster ride

265
00:12:25,666 --> 00:12:26,800
living on the road.

266
00:12:26,900 --> 00:12:29,766
For a family running businesses 
along Route 66,

267
00:12:29,866 --> 00:12:32,200
especially in the rural areas,

268
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:34,100
all family members 
played a role.

269
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,533
For example, wives 
or girlfriends or spouses

270
00:12:37,633 --> 00:12:40,933
played a role in pumping gas 
or taking money

271
00:12:41,033 --> 00:12:44,866
-or working in the kitchen. 
-They didn't always

272
00:12:44,966 --> 00:12:46,900
get counted 
in the census

273
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,000
because working women 
who were married

274
00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:52,200
often were not counted 
that way

275
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:54,033
because they were not 
the primary breadwinners.

276
00:12:54,133 --> 00:12:57,233
Only primary breadwinners, 
their husbands, were counted.

277
00:12:57,333 --> 00:12:58,500
We would come in 
and she'd have

278
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:02,900
black and white Oxfords on 
and her plaid shirt.

279
00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:04,233
(Joline) 
Mother was out there.

280
00:13:04,333 --> 00:13:07,733
She would fix breakfast 
for whoever's at home

281
00:13:07,833 --> 00:13:10,833
and then run out to the garage 
and open it up.

282
00:13:10,933 --> 00:13:14,300
She put gas in cars, 
washed the windshields,

283
00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:16,433
do all the things 
that they used to do.

284
00:13:16,533 --> 00:13:20,066
We bought 
the new 1936 Chevrolet.

285
00:13:20,166 --> 00:13:21,833
I was eight years old.

286
00:13:21,933 --> 00:13:24,366
And my brother was six.

287
00:13:24,466 --> 00:13:27,866
And she came to get us 
at school.

288
00:13:27,966 --> 00:13:29,900
We were going home.

289
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,833
And she turned the motor on 
and we hopped.

290
00:13:33,933 --> 00:13:37,100
She didn't put 
the clutch in right, I think.

291
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:39,533
And so we did that 
four or five times

292
00:13:39,633 --> 00:13:41,333
till we got to the corner,

293
00:13:41,433 --> 00:13:45,000
and then she pulled down 
on the gear shift.

294
00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:47,933
We went around the corner 
on two wheels.

295
00:13:48,033 --> 00:13:52,666
And she grabbed the knob 
off the gear shift

296
00:13:52,766 --> 00:13:57,933
and a team of horses in a wagon 
came out of the alley

297
00:13:58,033 --> 00:14:01,033
across the street 
from where we were.

298
00:14:01,133 --> 00:14:06,166
And she managed 
to avoid them somehow.

299
00:14:06,266 --> 00:14:10,400
And we roared, 
in first gear I'm sure,

300
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:13,166
all the way home, 
which was not very far.

301
00:14:13,266 --> 00:14:15,933
And she said, 
"I'm never driving again."

302
00:14:16,033 --> 00:14:17,533
-And she didn't. 
-And she never did.

303
00:14:17,633 --> 00:14:19,566
She never drove again.

304
00:14:19,666 --> 00:14:22,933
(narrator) 
Despite some women's ambivalence 
to the horseless carriage,

305
00:14:23,033 --> 00:14:25,000
with few opportunities 
at home,

306
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:28,766
women embraced the automobile 
when love or necessity

307
00:14:28,866 --> 00:14:32,066
forced them to 
on Route 66.

308
00:14:32,166 --> 00:14:39,000
(Keiko) 
My grandmother came here 
around 1917 from Japan.

309
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:42,200
I understand it was a dispute 
with her parents,

310
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:45,966
and she decided 
to become a picture bride,

311
00:14:46,066 --> 00:14:48,466
exchange pictures, 
and she found a match

312
00:14:48,566 --> 00:14:50,000
with my grandfather.

313
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:51,900
She was very independent.

314
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,133
She was really a character.

315
00:14:54,233 --> 00:14:59,100
(Susie) 
So here are the-- 
Yutaro and Naka.

316
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,133
-That's right. 
-Uyeda.

317
00:15:02,233 --> 00:15:06,133
-In the Western clothing, huh? 
-Right, yes.

318
00:15:06,233 --> 00:15:08,100
My grandfather 
came here first

319
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,800
at the turn of the century, 
early 1900s,

320
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:13,766
via Hawaii from Japan.

321
00:15:13,866 --> 00:15:18,966
He worked on the railroads there 
and some field work,

322
00:15:19,066 --> 00:15:21,966
and then he had 
the opportunity to come here

323
00:15:22,066 --> 00:15:23,900
to California 
and Los Angeles

324
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,866
to work on 
the railroad tracks.

325
00:15:26,966 --> 00:15:31,966
And so, when the railroad tracks 
stopped at Monrovia,

326
00:15:32,066 --> 00:15:35,000
that's where he settled 
and he loved it here.

327
00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:38,466
But Monrovia, as--

328
00:15:38,566 --> 00:15:41,866
for a Japanese man 
or Japanese family,

329
00:15:41,966 --> 00:15:43,766
there weren't any jobs 
available.

330
00:15:43,866 --> 00:15:45,800
And from what I understand,

331
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:48,500
there were jobs 
but not for Japanese.

332
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,633
They were not 
American citizens,

333
00:15:50,733 --> 00:15:53,033
and so they could not 
own property.

334
00:15:53,133 --> 00:15:55,433
So my grandfather 
bought property

335
00:15:55,533 --> 00:15:57,266
in the name of my uncle,

336
00:15:57,366 --> 00:16:00,466
because he was born here, 
he was an American citizen.

337
00:16:00,566 --> 00:16:01,866
(mellow music)

338
00:16:01,966 --> 00:16:03,533
Then he went into farming,

339
00:16:03,633 --> 00:16:07,166
and he became very prosperous 
here and well-known,

340
00:16:07,266 --> 00:16:10,766
farming the fields 
behind the property

341
00:16:10,866 --> 00:16:13,700
and also looking 
for empty properties

342
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:17,300
for him to garden 
and grow his crops.

343
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:20,133
My grandmother 
and my mother and aunt

344
00:16:20,233 --> 00:16:24,400
sold the fruits 
and primarily strawberries.

345
00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:27,666
My grandmother 
did not work the crops.

346
00:16:27,766 --> 00:16:31,366
From the beginning, 
she took care of the money.

347
00:16:31,466 --> 00:16:33,133
She was--didn't like it here

348
00:16:33,233 --> 00:16:34,833
and was planning 
to go back to Japan,

349
00:16:34,933 --> 00:16:37,900
so my grandfather 
didn't know

350
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:43,233
about her sending money back 
there for her future needs.

351
00:16:43,333 --> 00:16:45,500
I think it was about five cents 
or a few pennies

352
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,100
for a whole flat 
of strawberries.

353
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,900
So my grandfather, 
in marketing, what he'd do,

354
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,633
he'd put the flats 
of strawberries along Route 66.

355
00:16:54,733 --> 00:16:59,333
(Susie) 
And it says in the back, 
"First car."

356
00:16:59,433 --> 00:17:04,233
-The family now had a car. 
-Car, mm-hm. Yes.

357
00:17:04,333 --> 00:17:06,600
Look at that car.

358
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:14,200
(Susie) 
And this photograph of Isamu 
says 1928.

359
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:16,333
I think this was the one 
that was prepared

360
00:17:16,433 --> 00:17:18,700
for his service or funeral.

361
00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,733
(Keiko) 
Oh, 'cause my mother would 
have been five at that time,

362
00:17:21,833 --> 00:17:24,133
and so he was four years-- 
about four years older,

363
00:17:24,233 --> 00:17:25,566
so, yes.

364
00:17:25,666 --> 00:17:30,433
My uncle, Isamu, 
was nine when he was killed

365
00:17:30,533 --> 00:17:34,366
after he was kicked 
by one of the big horses.

366
00:17:34,466 --> 00:17:35,566
They were playing on it.

367
00:17:35,666 --> 00:17:38,466
He was at 
the Children's Hospital

368
00:17:38,566 --> 00:17:39,866
because he survived for--

369
00:17:39,966 --> 00:17:42,400
I guess for several months 
after.

370
00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:49,966
My grandmother visited him 
in the hospital almost daily.

371
00:17:50,066 --> 00:17:52,233
I never saw her drive 
ever in my life,

372
00:17:52,333 --> 00:17:54,433
but evidently, 
at that time,

373
00:17:54,533 --> 00:17:59,533
she did drive the car 
into Los Angeles

374
00:17:59,633 --> 00:18:03,333
down Route 66 
to visit him.

375
00:18:03,433 --> 00:18:06,366
I don't think she would 
have had a driver's license.

376
00:18:06,466 --> 00:18:08,333
It was just a tragic accident,

377
00:18:08,433 --> 00:18:12,400
and the firstborn son 
for both of 'em.

378
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,400
My mother was born on Route 66.

379
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:19,233
My mother is second one from--

380
00:18:19,333 --> 00:18:21,833
(Susie) 
Second girl from the left.

381
00:18:21,933 --> 00:18:25,166
It's an incredible picture 
that was captured

382
00:18:25,266 --> 00:18:28,000
of the Japanese-American 
community in Monrovia.

383
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:31,800
My mother lived 
on Huntington Drive.

384
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:36,466
Monroe School was only 
about three blocks away.

385
00:18:36,566 --> 00:18:39,200
This is where I went 
to elementary school,

386
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:40,466
right in Monrovia.

387
00:18:40,566 --> 00:18:42,433
And when she was growing up,

388
00:18:42,533 --> 00:18:44,100
from Huntington,

389
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:48,300
she was not able 
to attend Monroe.

390
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,566
They couldn't cross one street

391
00:18:51,666 --> 00:18:54,300
that was just three blocks 
from them.

392
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:56,366
That's how 
they were segregated.

393
00:18:56,466 --> 00:19:00,400
(Candacy) 
44 out of the 89 counties 
along Route 66

394
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:02,466
were sundown towns.

395
00:19:02,566 --> 00:19:05,433
And sundown towns 
were all-white communities.

396
00:19:05,533 --> 00:19:07,300
They were all-white on purpose.

397
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:09,066
There were still, 
at that time,

398
00:19:09,166 --> 00:19:11,966
many gas stations that wouldn't 
serve Black people.

399
00:19:12,066 --> 00:19:15,133
A lot of people traveled 
with chauffeurs hats,

400
00:19:15,233 --> 00:19:17,600
especially for 
the middle class Black drivers

401
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:19,300
who had nicer cars,

402
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:20,900
so if they got pulled over,

403
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,733
they--that was the story 
that they would tell

404
00:19:23,833 --> 00:19:25,300
the police officer is that, 
you know,

405
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,433
"This isn't my car, 
this is my employer's car."

406
00:19:28,533 --> 00:19:30,033
And he'd ask, 
"Well, where's your hat?"

407
00:19:30,133 --> 00:19:32,300
And they'd have 
the chauffer's hat there.

408
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,300
Those were the things 
that they had to do

409
00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:36,933
to travel safely 
across the country.

410
00:19:37,033 --> 00:19:40,833
(narrator) 
Segregation was the law 
during the era of Jim Crow.

411
00:19:40,933 --> 00:19:42,366
Life and travel opportunities

412
00:19:42,466 --> 00:19:45,566
were not the same 
for all Americans.

413
00:19:45,666 --> 00:19:48,333
But some women entrepreneurs 
found their niche

414
00:19:48,433 --> 00:19:53,000
serving those who would not 
otherwise be served on Route 66.

415
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:58,066
(Irv) 
Alberta Ellis, 
Northcutt Ellis, properly,

416
00:19:58,166 --> 00:19:59,433
was my grandmother,

417
00:19:59,533 --> 00:20:03,066
and she was a business woman 
in Springfield, Missouri,

418
00:20:03,166 --> 00:20:06,333
and she--originally, 
she worked as a--

419
00:20:06,433 --> 00:20:08,900
at the Bell Telephone Company 
there.

420
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,966
And she was very resourceful.

421
00:20:12,066 --> 00:20:13,866
I'm sorry, the line is busy.

422
00:20:13,966 --> 00:20:15,233
I'll keep trying and call you.

423
00:20:15,333 --> 00:20:18,833
(Irv) 
And she saw a need 
for travelers on the road,

424
00:20:18,933 --> 00:20:20,466
African-American travelers.

425
00:20:20,566 --> 00:20:22,933
The law at that time 
said that there was segregation,

426
00:20:23,033 --> 00:20:24,766
so that the African Americans

427
00:20:24,866 --> 00:20:26,433
couldn't stay 
in the white hotels,

428
00:20:26,533 --> 00:20:28,566
like the Kentwood Arms 
or the Colonial

429
00:20:28,666 --> 00:20:31,233
or places of that sort 
back in those days,

430
00:20:31,333 --> 00:20:34,766
but they were allowed 
to stay at Alberta's.

431
00:20:34,866 --> 00:20:38,033
Within the hotel, she had 
other businesses, of course.

432
00:20:38,133 --> 00:20:39,400
She hired local people

433
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:41,900
or she allowed them 
to rent space.

434
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,900
So you had a beauty shop, 
a barber shop.

435
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:46,533
She had a rumpus room.

436
00:20:46,633 --> 00:20:50,100
You know, so there was quite 
a complex for African Americans,

437
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:52,966
and it became well-known 
and travelers came there.

438
00:20:53,066 --> 00:20:55,066
Alberta's Hotel 
was in the Green Book.

439
00:20:55,166 --> 00:20:56,500
(Candacy) 
The Negro Motorist Green Book

440
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,366
was created 
by Victor H. Green.

441
00:20:59,466 --> 00:21:01,866
And he was a postal worker 
from Harlem.

442
00:21:01,966 --> 00:21:04,233
And he was a Black man.

443
00:21:04,333 --> 00:21:08,366
And he saw that even in, 
you know, in the 1930s,

444
00:21:08,466 --> 00:21:10,466
even though 
he was in New York,

445
00:21:10,566 --> 00:21:14,033
there was incredible 
racial discrimination.

446
00:21:14,133 --> 00:21:16,433
It was like a AAA 
for Black people.

447
00:21:16,533 --> 00:21:18,833
(Irv) 
When someone comes to town 
like Ray Charles,

448
00:21:18,933 --> 00:21:20,566
he's not permitted 
to stay in a place

449
00:21:20,666 --> 00:21:23,666
where he's going to entertain, 
you know, people.

450
00:21:23,766 --> 00:21:26,133
He has to come, you know, 
and stay at Alberta's.

451
00:21:26,233 --> 00:21:29,633
We have records of the people 
who stayed at the hotel.

452
00:21:29,733 --> 00:21:32,833
And some of them 
you would recognize,

453
00:21:32,933 --> 00:21:35,933
like Roy Hamilton 
and, you know,

454
00:21:36,033 --> 00:21:39,333
names like Ray Charles, 
the Globetrotters, you know,

455
00:21:39,433 --> 00:21:41,033
Frankie Lymon 
and the Teenagers.

456
00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:43,133
This is in the early days 
of rock and roll.

457
00:21:43,233 --> 00:21:46,133
She worked 
an eight-hour-a-day job

458
00:21:46,233 --> 00:21:49,666
and then did all of the rest 
of this after that.

459
00:21:49,766 --> 00:21:51,700
(Candacy) 
Green Book businesses 
were owned by Blacks,

460
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:53,500
but then there were some 
that weren't.

461
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:55,866
Here we are at Clifton's,

462
00:21:55,966 --> 00:21:59,166
the original west end 
of the Mother Road.

463
00:21:59,266 --> 00:22:01,133
Clifton's was 
a Green Book property.

464
00:22:01,233 --> 00:22:04,866
There are 220 Green Book 
properties in Los Angeles,

465
00:22:04,966 --> 00:22:07,233
23 of them downtown,

466
00:22:07,333 --> 00:22:08,833
and only, out of those 23,

467
00:22:08,933 --> 00:22:10,466
six are still standing.

468
00:22:10,566 --> 00:22:13,266
Clifton's was established 
in 1932,

469
00:22:13,366 --> 00:22:16,500
and that was right in the 
Depression era restaurant.

470
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:19,133
It was one 
of the classic places to come,

471
00:22:19,233 --> 00:22:20,900
not only because it was so--

472
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:22,433
it was right in the middle 
of downtown,

473
00:22:22,533 --> 00:22:25,633
it was right at the very end 
of Route 66.

474
00:22:25,733 --> 00:22:28,366
It was also a place 
where you could

475
00:22:28,466 --> 00:22:32,600
Dine Free Unless Delighted, 
that was the term.

476
00:22:32,700 --> 00:22:34,500
They had a five-cent meal,

477
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,566
or you could pay what you felt 
like the food was worth.

478
00:22:37,666 --> 00:22:39,900
So you had the option 
of not paying,

479
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:41,466
which was very unique,

480
00:22:41,566 --> 00:22:43,266
but in the spirit 
of the times

481
00:22:43,366 --> 00:22:45,133
and in the spirit 
of Clifford Clinton,

482
00:22:45,233 --> 00:22:47,200
who owned Clifton's.

483
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:52,033
Clifford Clinton was a white man 
who owned this property.

484
00:22:52,133 --> 00:22:53,700
He thought of this 
in the Depression

485
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,066
when there was still, you know, 
so much fear and scarcity,

486
00:22:57,166 --> 00:22:59,666
but he saw that there was 
still too much here

487
00:22:59,766 --> 00:23:01,966
for people to-- 
to not have a warm meal

488
00:23:02,066 --> 00:23:03,533
and not have the basics.

489
00:23:03,633 --> 00:23:06,933
And he created a business model 
that made it possible

490
00:23:07,033 --> 00:23:08,566
for him to give away 
free food.

491
00:23:08,666 --> 00:23:11,500
(narrator) 
Across the Southwest 
along Route 66,

492
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,933
elite women were involved 
in pursuits

493
00:23:14,033 --> 00:23:16,233
that combined 
historic preservation

494
00:23:16,333 --> 00:23:19,700
with packaging of the imagined 
past of the Southwest

495
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,133
-to appeal to tourists. 
-So we're here

496
00:23:22,233 --> 00:23:26,566
at the Casa de Adobe in 
Highland Park, Los Angeles.

497
00:23:26,666 --> 00:23:30,366
It was built by the Hispanic 
Society of California.

498
00:23:30,466 --> 00:23:35,700
(Marva) 
It's a replica of a 19th century 
Spanish rancho home.

499
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:37,966
And it was built 
with the purpose

500
00:23:38,066 --> 00:23:42,166
of introducing the public 
to the early Spanish settlers.

501
00:23:42,266 --> 00:23:44,400
(Maren) 
This site is unique 
in that it was always

502
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:46,833
an interpretative 
or educational site,

503
00:23:46,933 --> 00:23:50,433
never an active 
working ranch site.

504
00:23:50,533 --> 00:23:52,800
However, it was used 
for many different types

505
00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:54,800
of programs over the years,

506
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:57,000
and especially during 
the peak popularity

507
00:23:57,100 --> 00:23:58,566
of Route 66.

508
00:23:58,666 --> 00:23:59,600
(Marva) 
For the first few years,

509
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:01,766
it was a few blocks 
from Route 66,

510
00:24:01,866 --> 00:24:04,900
but that still benefited 
the visitation.

511
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:06,933
And then, in the early 1930s,

512
00:24:07,033 --> 00:24:08,366
the alignment was changed

513
00:24:08,466 --> 00:24:11,966
and the Casa 
sat right on Route 66.

514
00:24:12,066 --> 00:24:14,433
This booklet 
is a Casa de Adobe handbook.

515
00:24:14,533 --> 00:24:16,600
In the inside cover, 
actually,

516
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:18,200
we have a photograph

517
00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:22,700
of Señora Florencia 
Sepulveda de Schoneman.

518
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:24,733
She's saying, 
"Buenas tardes, amigas!"

519
00:24:24,833 --> 00:24:27,533
She was the Casa's 
first hostess.

520
00:24:27,633 --> 00:24:30,233
And she worked very hard 
to give visitors

521
00:24:30,333 --> 00:24:35,600
some kind of sense of early 
Spanish Californian life.

522
00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:36,800
(Maren) 
Right behind me

523
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,466
is the Southwest Museum 
of the American Indian,

524
00:24:39,566 --> 00:24:41,633
which is perched 
up on a hillside.

525
00:24:41,733 --> 00:24:43,200
The Southwest Museum

526
00:24:43,300 --> 00:24:46,033
was the first museum 
in Los Angeles.

527
00:24:46,133 --> 00:24:48,600
And the Casa de Adobe 
came under the auspices

528
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,266
of the Southwest Museum 
in 1925.

529
00:24:51,366 --> 00:24:54,000
(Maren) 
Casa de Adobe was hand-built

530
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:58,000
using traditional adobe brick, 
brick by brick,

531
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:00,900
tens of thousands of bricks 
are what make this structure.

532
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,566
(Marva) 
And one of the curators there, 
Mark Raymond Harrington,

533
00:25:04,666 --> 00:25:06,733
became very interested in it.

534
00:25:06,833 --> 00:25:08,800
He was interested in 
the architecture of adobes,

535
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:10,800
preserving California history,

536
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:13,066
and he became 
a great supporter.

537
00:25:13,166 --> 00:25:14,733
And he worked 
very closely

538
00:25:14,833 --> 00:25:19,066
with Señora Florencia 
Sepulveda de Schoneman.

539
00:25:19,166 --> 00:25:22,100
They established 
a Casa de Adobe Committee

540
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,300
to raise money 
to furnish the Casa,

541
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:28,500
to open it, 
and to care for it.

542
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:30,766
(narrator) 
At the Southwest Museum 
up the hill,

543
00:25:30,866 --> 00:25:34,566
women also worked in 
anthropology and archaeology.

544
00:25:34,666 --> 00:25:36,300
Bertha Parker Pallan Cody

545
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,700
was the first female 
Native American archaeologist.

546
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:41,933
She worked alongside 
her uncle and father

547
00:25:42,033 --> 00:25:44,466
at dig sites 
across the Southwest.

548
00:25:44,566 --> 00:25:48,066
However, 
her title was secretary.

549
00:25:48,166 --> 00:25:51,033
She exhibited her findings 
at the Southwest Museum

550
00:25:51,133 --> 00:25:53,633
and wrote for its publication 
Masterkey,

551
00:25:53,733 --> 00:25:55,633
all the while 
participating in events

552
00:25:55,733 --> 00:25:57,300
at the Casa de Adobe.

553
00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,400
(dreamy music)

554
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:03,466
Route 66 traverses 
over 29 tribal lands,

555
00:26:03,566 --> 00:26:05,733
and its immediate predecessor 
in the area

556
00:26:05,833 --> 00:26:08,500
was the Atchison, Topeka, 
Santa Fe Railroad.

557
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,400
(train whistle)

558
00:26:10,500 --> 00:26:13,166
Instead of selling 
land rights to the railroad,

559
00:26:13,266 --> 00:26:16,000
Laguna Pueblo traded 
land access for jobs

560
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:17,500
for pueblo members.

561
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:21,033
(soft singing, drumming)

562
00:26:21,133 --> 00:26:24,033
(Larrilynn) 
We are celebrating 
the Laguna Colony Days Festival

563
00:26:24,133 --> 00:26:25,300
in Winslow, Arizona.

564
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,200
These are two days of 
celebrating the Laguna culture,

565
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:30,233
as well as the Laguna colony

566
00:26:30,333 --> 00:26:32,766
that was affiliated 
with the Santa Fe Railroad.

567
00:26:32,866 --> 00:26:36,066
What happened was that 
the officials over at Santa Fe

568
00:26:36,166 --> 00:26:39,033
met with the governor of Laguna 
and said, "We need your land."

569
00:26:39,133 --> 00:26:40,366
A verbal agreement 
was struck

570
00:26:40,466 --> 00:26:42,966
and it's called 
The Flower of Friendship.

571
00:26:43,066 --> 00:26:44,333
This was during the 1920s.

572
00:26:44,433 --> 00:26:46,133
So, what happened was,

573
00:26:46,233 --> 00:26:50,366
in return for the land 
being used by the Santa Fe,

574
00:26:50,466 --> 00:26:53,200
jobs were distributed 
among the Laguna people.

575
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,066
So men and women 
from the Laguna reservation

576
00:26:56,166 --> 00:26:58,633
-were relocated. 
-Route 66 went right through

577
00:26:58,733 --> 00:27:00,366
the city of Winslow,

578
00:27:00,466 --> 00:27:04,300
and the Laguna colony 
was on the west side of town

579
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:06,233
right next 
to the railroad tracks.

580
00:27:06,333 --> 00:27:08,666
Our boxcars were set up 
right there,

581
00:27:08,766 --> 00:27:12,400
and very nice boxcars, 
apartments.

582
00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:15,633
My parents were members 
of the Santa Fe Indian Band.

583
00:27:15,733 --> 00:27:17,533
That was part of the colony.

584
00:27:17,633 --> 00:27:20,066
(Rosemary) 
Back in the early 1920s,

585
00:27:20,166 --> 00:27:23,366
the manager, 
Charlie Earickson,

586
00:27:23,466 --> 00:27:27,300
was with the group 
and wanted some kind of music

587
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:29,533
being played at the picnic.

588
00:27:29,633 --> 00:27:33,766
So there was a small group 
that began by just picking up,

589
00:27:33,866 --> 00:27:36,800
I believe it was a trumpet, 
a bass horn,

590
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:39,566
and a dented peck horn.

591
00:27:39,666 --> 00:27:43,500
And so the Santa Fe Railroad 
just decided

592
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,066
that they would be 
their sponsors

593
00:27:46,166 --> 00:27:49,166
for them to be 
a professional group,

594
00:27:49,266 --> 00:27:52,333
to travel coast to coast.

595
00:27:52,433 --> 00:27:54,333
(mellow music)

596
00:27:54,433 --> 00:27:58,366
My father, 
Tony "Lefty" Siow,

597
00:27:58,466 --> 00:28:00,533
plays the big drum here.

598
00:28:00,633 --> 00:28:02,266
♪

599
00:28:02,366 --> 00:28:05,766
My mother, 
Louise Riley Siow,

600
00:28:05,866 --> 00:28:10,800
was the band carrier 
for the Santa Fe Band.

601
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:14,266
And as a child, 
I was with them,

602
00:28:14,366 --> 00:28:18,466
so I am standing waiting 
for them on the side here.

603
00:28:18,566 --> 00:28:20,566
My folks bought me 
a clarinet,

604
00:28:20,666 --> 00:28:23,200
and I started 
the elementary band.

605
00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:26,566
And then when I transferred 
into the Santa Fe Band,

606
00:28:26,666 --> 00:28:30,833
the clarinet had to give 
that first note and tune 'em up.

607
00:28:30,933 --> 00:28:34,200
Ah, so that's-- 
I felt that I was important.

608
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:40,466
We traveled to the pow wows 
in Flagstaff and Gallup.

609
00:28:40,566 --> 00:28:45,233
In August, there was 
these pow wows that went on,

610
00:28:45,333 --> 00:28:47,133
'cause we paraded.

611
00:28:47,233 --> 00:28:49,566
And then, 
in November,

612
00:28:49,666 --> 00:28:54,000
we were the host band 
for the Arizona State Fair,

613
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:55,366
opening day.

614
00:28:55,466 --> 00:28:56,933
I really enjoyed it.

615
00:28:57,033 --> 00:29:02,933
This photo I have in hand 
was taken in Washington, D.C.,

616
00:29:03,033 --> 00:29:05,766
in 1952 
when we were there

617
00:29:05,866 --> 00:29:09,966
for the inauguration 
of Eisenhower.

618
00:29:10,066 --> 00:29:13,466
It's in front of 
the Department of the Interior.

619
00:29:13,566 --> 00:29:16,366
We were chosen 
for the state of Arizona

620
00:29:16,466 --> 00:29:18,833
to participate in this band,

621
00:29:18,933 --> 00:29:21,900
and I was then 
only about 13 years old.

622
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,266
And it was a long parade.

623
00:29:24,366 --> 00:29:26,900
It was kind of exciting 
'cause it was all Indians

624
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:31,700
and the menfolk 
started doing the war whoops.

625
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,466
(Denise) 
When the band went 
to the Gallup Ceremonial

626
00:29:34,566 --> 00:29:38,400
or the Flagstaff Pow Wow 
or any place to perform,

627
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:39,966
we were right there 
with them.

628
00:29:40,066 --> 00:29:42,733
And it was such a big influence 
in my life,

629
00:29:42,833 --> 00:29:45,266
that I remember thinking,

630
00:29:45,366 --> 00:29:47,000
"When I grow up, 
I'm gonna learn

631
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:49,766
how to play every one 
of those instruments."

632
00:29:49,866 --> 00:29:52,566
So I went to college 
and became a music teacher.

633
00:29:52,666 --> 00:29:54,733
(energetic music)

634
00:29:54,833 --> 00:29:57,133
(Ann-Mary) 
The reason why they put 
the railroad here

635
00:29:57,233 --> 00:30:02,333
was that the 35th parallel 
was a geographically natural way

636
00:30:02,433 --> 00:30:04,900
to get across the country, 
and so, you know,

637
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:06,466
that's why 
the Beale Wagon Road was here,

638
00:30:06,566 --> 00:30:08,833
then the railroad, 
then Route 66.

639
00:30:08,933 --> 00:30:12,000
I mean, it has more to do 
with geography.

640
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:14,433
Route 66 is primarily known,

641
00:30:14,533 --> 00:30:16,566
I think, 
in people's imaginations,

642
00:30:16,666 --> 00:30:19,966
as a tourism center.

643
00:30:20,066 --> 00:30:24,100
But in Winslow and many 
other towns along the Route,

644
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:26,800
it was also the business 
or the civic district

645
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:28,800
for the people 
that lived here.

646
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:33,066
(JoAn) 
The La Posada sat right close 
to the railroad tracks.

647
00:30:33,166 --> 00:30:35,033
So, but it had Highway 66

648
00:30:35,133 --> 00:30:37,066
running around 
on the other side of it.

649
00:30:37,166 --> 00:30:38,700
But if you came 
on the train,

650
00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:41,700
you definitely had to come in 
to the Harvey House.

651
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:44,000
And if you ever came in 
off the highway, again,

652
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,066
you had to park out front 
and come in that door.

653
00:30:47,166 --> 00:30:49,233
I worked behind the counter.

654
00:30:49,333 --> 00:30:53,933
There was two 
big horseshoe-type counters,

655
00:30:54,033 --> 00:30:56,666
and they all had 
these beautiful tile tops on,

656
00:30:56,766 --> 00:30:59,200
I mean squares of tile.

657
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:01,366
(narrator) 
The Fred Harvey Company 
had a partnership

658
00:31:01,466 --> 00:31:04,100
with the Atchison, Topeka, 
Santa Fe Railroad

659
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,200
to provide 
a fine dining experience

660
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:08,933
to travelers 
along the railroad.

661
00:31:09,033 --> 00:31:12,566
The Harvey Girls were employed 
to work as waitstaff.

662
00:31:12,666 --> 00:31:14,333
(Stephen) 
Of course, you know, 
the Harvey Girls started,

663
00:31:14,433 --> 00:31:16,600
you know, 30 years 
before women could vote.

664
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,966
So, it's a pretty feminist story 
at each generation.

665
00:31:22,066 --> 00:31:27,333
So, this has everything from 
law notices from Fred's family,

666
00:31:27,433 --> 00:31:29,700
and then every little story.

667
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:31,200
You can download these 
online now,

668
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:32,700
but back then 
you had to find them,

669
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:34,166
bring them in, 
the microfilm,

670
00:31:34,266 --> 00:31:35,500
to the University 
of Pennsylvania Library,

671
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:36,700
and take pictures of them.

672
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:38,100
I mean this is actually 
from our anniversary,

673
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:39,933
the year the book was done.

674
00:31:40,033 --> 00:31:42,833
I wanted 
an El Tovar seltzer bottle

675
00:31:42,933 --> 00:31:45,766
that says Fred Harvey El Tovar 
on it.

676
00:31:45,866 --> 00:31:48,666
(narrator) 
Whimsical ashtrays 
for numerous smoking clientele

677
00:31:48,766 --> 00:31:49,966
were among many things

678
00:31:50,066 --> 00:31:51,800
designed by 
the Fred Harvey Company's

679
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:54,666
lead interior designer 
and architect,

680
00:31:54,766 --> 00:31:57,500
Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter.

681
00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:01,000
Colter drew upon the Southwest 
and Native American traditions

682
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,566
and iconography 
for inspiration.

683
00:32:03,666 --> 00:32:05,200
(mellow jazz music)

684
00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:06,566
(William) 
I think what's really 
interesting about Mary Colter

685
00:32:06,666 --> 00:32:10,133
is her real focus 
on trying to bring this idea

686
00:32:10,233 --> 00:32:13,033
of what the Southwest 
should look like to the public.

687
00:32:13,133 --> 00:32:15,133
She's gone through 
in color palettes

688
00:32:15,233 --> 00:32:18,400
and the history 
and the types of furniture,

689
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:20,200
as well as being able 
to blend that into something

690
00:32:20,300 --> 00:32:23,533
that somebody from back east 
who's never been out west

691
00:32:23,633 --> 00:32:25,600
might be able 
to understand and see.

692
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,633
(Richard) 
She had a real sensitivity 
to the landscape.

693
00:32:28,733 --> 00:32:30,466
She renovated 
the Painted Desert Inn

694
00:32:30,566 --> 00:32:31,900
in some really wonderful ways,

695
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:36,166
namely, she had worked 
with Fred Kabotie before,

696
00:32:36,266 --> 00:32:38,300
and Fred Kabotie, 
a Hopi muralist,

697
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:39,433
on her invitation,

698
00:32:39,533 --> 00:32:42,800
came in and painted 
several amazing murals

699
00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,000
that are still on the walls 
of Painted Desert Inn today.

700
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:48,266
She was 
a pretty feisty character,

701
00:32:48,366 --> 00:32:49,933
and rightfully so.

702
00:32:50,033 --> 00:32:52,166
She had to probably 
assert herself.

703
00:32:52,266 --> 00:32:54,133
(mellow piano music)

704
00:32:54,233 --> 00:32:57,333
(Elizabeth) 
El Navajo 
was a Harvey House hotel

705
00:32:57,433 --> 00:32:59,000
in Gallup, New Mexico.

706
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:01,200
It had a couple of openings,

707
00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:06,733
but the second and main opening 
was in the mid 1920s,

708
00:33:06,833 --> 00:33:10,833
before Route 66 
was officially completed,

709
00:33:10,933 --> 00:33:13,133
but there was still enough 
of Route 66,

710
00:33:13,233 --> 00:33:15,233
from Albuquerque to Gallup,

711
00:33:15,333 --> 00:33:18,200
that people came on Route 66

712
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:22,833
to attend the opening ceremony 
of this hotel.

713
00:33:22,933 --> 00:33:25,733
The hotel was controversial.

714
00:33:25,833 --> 00:33:28,166
For the interiors 
of El Navajo,

715
00:33:28,266 --> 00:33:32,466
she wanted to give it 
some authenticity.

716
00:33:32,566 --> 00:33:35,533
She was very charmed 
by sand paintings,

717
00:33:35,633 --> 00:33:38,800
so she commissioned 
Navajo artists

718
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,666
to recreate sand paintings 
for the walls of the lobby

719
00:33:42,766 --> 00:33:44,466
of El Navajo.

720
00:33:44,566 --> 00:33:48,800
A lot of the elders 
in the Navajo Nation

721
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,466
were disapproving 
of that decision,

722
00:33:52,566 --> 00:33:55,666
and they did quite a bit 
of negotiation.

723
00:33:55,766 --> 00:33:59,000
Finally, they arrived 
at a compromise

724
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,866
where the Harvey Company 
would invite the Navajos

725
00:34:02,966 --> 00:34:07,766
to come and bless the building 
and do a sacred ritual

726
00:34:07,866 --> 00:34:11,633
to bless the paintings 
so that they could be used

727
00:34:11,733 --> 00:34:14,600
-and looked at. 
-By a lot of descriptions,

728
00:34:14,700 --> 00:34:16,700
she was a hard woman 
to get along with.

729
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,333
But here's a woman 
who had to work

730
00:34:18,433 --> 00:34:21,300
in a predominantly male area.

731
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:22,733
She wanted to get things done.

732
00:34:22,833 --> 00:34:25,333
And she chain-smoked cigarettes.

733
00:34:25,433 --> 00:34:30,333
(Virginia) 
So one thing that Route 66 
did for Native peoples

734
00:34:30,433 --> 00:34:34,133
was to give them a market 
for their arts and crafts goods.

735
00:34:34,233 --> 00:34:37,100
So, people 
like Erna Fergusson,

736
00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:39,533
who started a thing 
called the Indian Detours,

737
00:34:39,633 --> 00:34:42,300
automobile tours 
for tourists

738
00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:44,766
that would be led 
by women guides

739
00:34:44,866 --> 00:34:48,333
that would take them to 
far-flung places in New Mexico

740
00:34:48,433 --> 00:34:51,666
where they could purchase 
Navajo blankets

741
00:34:51,766 --> 00:34:53,600
or purchase pueblo pottery.

742
00:34:53,700 --> 00:34:57,800
That kind of thing really had 
a kind of invigorating effect

743
00:34:57,900 --> 00:34:59,866
on the Indian 
arts and crafts market.

744
00:34:59,966 --> 00:35:02,500
And you think about people 
like Maria Martinez,

745
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:04,866
who is understood 
as an innovator

746
00:35:04,966 --> 00:35:06,400
in pueblo pottery styles,

747
00:35:06,500 --> 00:35:09,066
had a market that she would 
never otherwise have had,

748
00:35:09,166 --> 00:35:10,866
had that road 
not been built

749
00:35:10,966 --> 00:35:13,600
and had those tourists 
not been coming through.

750
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:15,966
(narrator) 
The Fred Harvey Company 
expanded its reach

751
00:35:16,066 --> 00:35:18,033
to accommodate 
the motoring public

752
00:35:18,133 --> 00:35:22,466
by partnering with 
Erna Fergusson on the Detours.

753
00:35:22,566 --> 00:35:26,033
These excursions departed 
from Fred Harvey establishments,

754
00:35:26,133 --> 00:35:30,266
conveniently positioned near 
both the railroad and Route 66.

755
00:35:30,366 --> 00:35:31,900
(woman) 
How many people 
are we expecting?

756
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,900
(Kathy) 
Today it is four people.

757
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:35,566
They're from Arizona.

758
00:35:35,666 --> 00:35:38,600
The first Harvey Car 
left the Castaneda Hotel

759
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:40,600
in May of 1926.

760
00:35:40,700 --> 00:35:43,966
So a lot of people 
did come off the highway

761
00:35:44,066 --> 00:35:45,533
and visited Las Vegas,

762
00:35:45,633 --> 00:35:46,933
because, at that point,

763
00:35:47,033 --> 00:35:49,300
it was only six miles 
off the highway.

764
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,633
And then get into 
those fabulous Harvey Cars,

765
00:35:52,733 --> 00:35:54,966
which were Packards 
and Cadillacs.

766
00:35:55,066 --> 00:35:57,900
The Packards broke down 
a lot on the highway

767
00:35:58,000 --> 00:35:59,333
because it was pretty rough.

768
00:35:59,433 --> 00:36:01,433
Of course, 
everyone loves Santa Fe,

769
00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:03,866
and that actually became 
the headquarters

770
00:36:03,966 --> 00:36:08,000
for the Indian Detours 
about six months later.

771
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:10,000
(lively music)

772
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:16,566
♪

773
00:36:16,666 --> 00:36:19,133
(Jenny) 
So, this map that was painted 
by Gerald Cassidy

774
00:36:19,233 --> 00:36:21,833
was used 
by the Detour couriers,

775
00:36:21,933 --> 00:36:25,833
educated women trained in 
Southwest history and art.

776
00:36:25,933 --> 00:36:29,433
The couriers would sit down 
and go through the map

777
00:36:29,533 --> 00:36:31,066
and show them 
where they were gonna go,

778
00:36:31,166 --> 00:36:32,366
what they were gonna see,

779
00:36:32,466 --> 00:36:34,066
how long 
they were gonna be gone.

780
00:36:34,166 --> 00:36:39,133
And so this was basically 
today's Google or road map

781
00:36:39,233 --> 00:36:40,866
back in the '20s.

782
00:36:40,966 --> 00:36:42,466
(Barbara) 
Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter

783
00:36:42,566 --> 00:36:44,300
did a lot of work 
at the hotel.

784
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,466
And so what's fascinating 
about this room

785
00:36:46,566 --> 00:36:49,033
is we believe this is 
one of the most intact rooms

786
00:36:49,133 --> 00:36:51,100
left in the hotel.

787
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:56,000
And so there's old photographs 
that show the light fixtures.

788
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:57,500
He actually has sketches

789
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,733
showing what these light 
fixtures should look like.

790
00:37:00,833 --> 00:37:04,233
(Jenny) 
So, that really was 
a very watershed moment

791
00:37:04,333 --> 00:37:07,533
for tourism changing 
in the Southwest,

792
00:37:07,633 --> 00:37:11,966
and Route 66 was the vehicle, 
pardon the pun,

793
00:37:12,066 --> 00:37:18,500
to have that transition from 
rail travel into car travel.

794
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:22,633
(narrator) 
Not everyone's experience 
of Route 66 was so pleasant.

795
00:37:22,733 --> 00:37:24,133
For Native American children

796
00:37:24,233 --> 00:37:26,800
taken to off-reservation 
boarding schools,

797
00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:29,166
it was very traumatic.

798
00:37:29,266 --> 00:37:32,133
The goal of the schools 
was not education,

799
00:37:32,233 --> 00:37:37,066
but rather eradication 
of their culture and identity.

800
00:37:37,166 --> 00:37:40,066
(Katherine) 
I was born and raised 
on Laguna Pueblo

801
00:37:40,166 --> 00:37:43,666
in the house 
that my grandfather built.

802
00:37:43,766 --> 00:37:45,900
The road, Route 66,

803
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,700
ran right through 
the pueblo itself.

804
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:56,000
As the cars would turn 
a certain curve on that road,

805
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:58,666
the light would shine 
on my face,

806
00:37:58,766 --> 00:38:00,933
and I would be awake 
some nights

807
00:38:01,033 --> 00:38:07,100
just to watch those lights 
on the wall and on my face

808
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:11,366
and wonder 
where these cars were going.

809
00:38:11,466 --> 00:38:18,600
The day schools in the villages 
had grades up to sixth grade.

810
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:21,666
And by the time 
you were in the seventh grade,

811
00:38:21,766 --> 00:38:24,566
then you either 
had to go to Santa Fe

812
00:38:24,666 --> 00:38:27,066
or the Albuquerque 
Indian School.

813
00:38:27,166 --> 00:38:30,733
And the bus always 
came to the villages

814
00:38:30,833 --> 00:38:34,900
to collect children 
to go to these schools.

815
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:39,533
When I boarded the bus 
in my village of Paguate,

816
00:38:39,633 --> 00:38:44,033
my grandmother took me 
to the school to board the bus.

817
00:38:44,133 --> 00:38:47,400
She carried my little suitcase.

818
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,333
And she was crying when I left.

819
00:38:50,433 --> 00:38:54,833
And I think I cried 
all the way to Albuquerque.

820
00:38:54,933 --> 00:39:00,800
I did not know where-- 
exactly where I was going.

821
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:08,633
And I had no idea when I was 
going to get back to my home.

822
00:39:08,733 --> 00:39:12,966
Because none of this 
was ever discussed.

823
00:39:13,066 --> 00:39:15,400
When I got 
to the boarding school,

824
00:39:15,500 --> 00:39:17,933
it was so foreign,

825
00:39:18,033 --> 00:39:24,433
living in a dormitory 
with several hundred other girls

826
00:39:24,533 --> 00:39:28,533
and doing everything 
by the sound of bells.

827
00:39:28,633 --> 00:39:35,733
I had to learn to speak English 
in a hurry in order to get by.

828
00:39:35,833 --> 00:39:44,100
My language was Keresian, 
with bits of Spanish.

829
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:45,633
At the boarding school,

830
00:39:45,733 --> 00:39:49,266
they wanted to do away 
with our language

831
00:39:49,366 --> 00:39:54,033
and our culture 
and our traditions.

832
00:39:54,133 --> 00:39:57,500
And that's the way 
it was going to be.

833
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:04,500
And you were punished 
if you spoke your language.

834
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:06,100
They actually were trying

835
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,233
to make you feel ashamed 
you were Indian.

836
00:40:09,333 --> 00:40:13,700
I think they did not succeed 
very well with me

837
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:21,133
because I continued 
to stay with my traditions,

838
00:40:21,233 --> 00:40:24,300
my culture, 
and my language.

839
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:25,466
(narrator) 
As much as it was used

840
00:40:25,566 --> 00:40:28,600
for tourism 
and entrepreneurial activities,

841
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:30,966
Route 66, 
in its early years,

842
00:40:31,066 --> 00:40:33,300
was also 
frequently the road taken

843
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,666
by the uprooted and displaced.

844
00:40:36,766 --> 00:40:39,700
In 1929, 
the stock market crashed,

845
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,566
starting a worldwide 
economic crisis.

846
00:40:42,666 --> 00:40:44,833
In the Midwest, 
the Great Depression,

847
00:40:44,933 --> 00:40:47,233
combined with drought 
and dust storm,

848
00:40:47,333 --> 00:40:52,733
forced 350,000 people to leave 
their homes and land behind.

849
00:40:52,833 --> 00:40:56,333
(announcer) 
For Highway 66, 
their path of exodus,

850
00:40:56,433 --> 00:40:59,966
across mountains and desert 
to the green promised land,

851
00:41:00,133 --> 00:41:01,600
California.

852
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:03,566
(soft music)

853
00:41:03,666 --> 00:41:07,333
(Lyndia) 
Amarillo was the largest city

854
00:41:07,433 --> 00:41:10,866
in the area 
that became the Dust Bowl.

855
00:41:10,966 --> 00:41:14,233
The surrounding area 
was farmers.

856
00:41:14,333 --> 00:41:18,066
During the 1920s,

857
00:41:18,166 --> 00:41:23,200
this was the first time 
that mechanized farm equipment

858
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:25,633
began to be used 
in the Midwest.

859
00:41:25,733 --> 00:41:29,900
By 1930 and 1931,

860
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:33,433
everything was constantly 
covered in dust,

861
00:41:33,533 --> 00:41:37,666
including most of the goods 
in the fur store,

862
00:41:37,766 --> 00:41:41,366
so they had to be kept 
in cloth bags

863
00:41:41,466 --> 00:41:43,033
to keep the dust off.

864
00:41:43,133 --> 00:41:48,800
Mother was Sarah, with an H, 
Finegold Rubenstein.

865
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:54,033
It says 
"Amarillo, Texas, 1932.

866
00:41:54,133 --> 00:41:59,000
I'm five feet tall 
and weigh 100 pounds."

867
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:01,466
I love that.

868
00:42:01,566 --> 00:42:08,466
Natural gas was discovered 
in Amarillo in the 1920s.

869
00:42:08,566 --> 00:42:14,366
It was a wonderful place 
to open a luxury store.

870
00:42:14,466 --> 00:42:18,833
The mistresses 
of the oil workers

871
00:42:18,933 --> 00:42:24,433
would come in to buy jewelry 
and a fur coat.

872
00:42:24,533 --> 00:42:31,833
And my grandfather's store 
was on the main road,

873
00:42:31,933 --> 00:42:36,233
downtown Route 66, 
Polk Street,

874
00:42:36,333 --> 00:42:38,600
named for the President.

875
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:42,000
This was the road 
that people took

876
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:44,866
as they were going 
to California.

877
00:42:44,966 --> 00:42:47,066
It was such hard work.

878
00:42:47,166 --> 00:42:51,000
She was in the store 
seven days a week.

879
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:56,733
She was dealing with people 
who didn't have very much money,

880
00:42:56,833 --> 00:42:59,800
so that was layaway.

881
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:02,000
During the summer,

882
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,300
she would store fur coats,

883
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:09,533
so when the fall came 
and it was cold again,

884
00:43:09,633 --> 00:43:13,033
she would sell off the coats

885
00:43:13,133 --> 00:43:18,900
that had been left 
without any money.

886
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,000
(narrator) 
For self-supporting 
creative women

887
00:43:21,100 --> 00:43:23,633
like Sally Rand 
and Dorothea Lange,

888
00:43:23,733 --> 00:43:24,900
life was hard,

889
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:27,100
but they found new ways 
to support themselves

890
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:31,966
on Route 66 that shaped 
their lives and legacies.

891
00:43:32,066 --> 00:43:34,266
Rand had tasted success 
as an actor

892
00:43:34,366 --> 00:43:36,366
working for Cecil B. DeMille.

893
00:43:36,466 --> 00:43:38,466
But with the advent of talkies,

894
00:43:38,566 --> 00:43:42,100
her career plummeted 
alongside the stock market.

895
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:43,700
She found herself 
without work

896
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:45,633
and headed back home 
to the Midwest,

897
00:43:45,733 --> 00:43:47,166
where she launched 
her burlesque act

898
00:43:47,266 --> 00:43:50,400
at the Chicago World's Fair 
in 1933.

899
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:53,366
Despite frequent arrests 
for indecency,

900
00:43:53,466 --> 00:43:55,833
Rand performed 
her legendary fan dance

901
00:43:55,933 --> 00:43:59,300
an estimated 65,000 times.

902
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:00,833
Lange, on the other hand,

903
00:44:00,933 --> 00:44:02,933
took a job documenting 
the plight of migrants

904
00:44:03,033 --> 00:44:04,500
on Route 66

905
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:06,500
and turned her camera, 
in particular,

906
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:10,433
on the suffering and heroism 
of women and girls.

907
00:44:10,533 --> 00:44:12,400
John Steinbeck 
looked at Lange's photos

908
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:14,666
when he was doing research 
for his epic novel

909
00:44:14,766 --> 00:44:18,166
The Grapes of Wrath, 
published in 1939.

910
00:44:18,266 --> 00:44:20,833
He called Route 66 
"the mother road,

911
00:44:20,933 --> 00:44:22,400
the road of flight."

912
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:25,233
After looking at Lange's photo 
of Florence Thompson,

913
00:44:25,333 --> 00:44:28,166
who was originally from 
the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma,

914
00:44:28,266 --> 00:44:30,100
near Route 66,

915
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,033
Steinbeck wrote Lange a letter.

916
00:44:32,133 --> 00:44:34,200
"Thank you 
for sending that picture.

917
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:38,033
Nothing was ever taken 
that so illustrates the time."

918
00:44:38,133 --> 00:44:41,300
Women who were breadwinners 
found themselves taking jobs

919
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,566
and moving to places that, 
under ordinary circumstances,

920
00:44:44,666 --> 00:44:47,166
they would never 
have considered.

921
00:44:47,266 --> 00:44:50,900
(Joe) 
Towns along Route 66 
in the Mojave Desert,

922
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:52,100
the climate out there,

923
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:55,166
that's what 
most people think of

924
00:44:55,266 --> 00:44:57,100
when they think 
of living out there.

925
00:44:57,200 --> 00:44:58,566
It gets extremely hot,

926
00:44:58,666 --> 00:45:04,000
and I mean 120, 
115 in the summertime.

927
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:07,000
But the wintertimes 
can be brutally cold.

928
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:09,000
Life for the families out there,

929
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:12,733
particularly the women 
who lived in these communities,

930
00:45:12,833 --> 00:45:14,333
was austere.

931
00:45:14,433 --> 00:45:17,733
So their job 
was cooking, cleaning,

932
00:45:17,833 --> 00:45:19,700
and raising 
all these children.

933
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:21,100
(soft music)

934
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:24,666
But teachers out there have 
a special place in my heart.

935
00:45:24,766 --> 00:45:26,600
They were very caring

936
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:30,466
and certainly had to be 
resilient and resourceful.

937
00:45:30,566 --> 00:45:32,666
When Nellie first arrived 
in Chubbuck,

938
00:45:32,766 --> 00:45:34,666
a small desert mining community,

939
00:45:34,766 --> 00:45:37,100
I think she knew 
what she was getting into.

940
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:41,133
She was highly educated, 
but she couldn't find a job.

941
00:45:41,233 --> 00:45:44,500
And I think most of the jobs 
were being taken by men.

942
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:46,400
And they offered her this,

943
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:51,000
I think the salary was $100 
a month or something like that.

944
00:45:51,100 --> 00:45:54,066
She was recently widowed 
before she came out there.

945
00:45:54,166 --> 00:45:55,500
(soft music)

946
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:56,933
She lived in the school

947
00:45:57,033 --> 00:46:00,533
in one room that was 
adjacent to the school,

948
00:46:00,633 --> 00:46:02,900
divided from the classroom 
by a curtain,

949
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:05,800
with her two boys and a dog.

950
00:46:05,900 --> 00:46:07,366
(narrator) 
A high percentage 
of the families

951
00:46:07,466 --> 00:46:10,800
living in the desert communities 
along Route 66

952
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:13,133
were Latinos 
seeking refuge in the desert

953
00:46:13,233 --> 00:46:15,700
from the mass deportations 
of Mexican Americans

954
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:17,800
that occurred in the 1930s.

955
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:21,333
(Luz) 
During the Depression, 
it was very difficult.

956
00:46:21,433 --> 00:46:24,533
We had a man from Prescott 
come with a big truck

957
00:46:24,633 --> 00:46:28,533
with food for the poor people.

958
00:46:28,633 --> 00:46:30,700
Well, Augustine and I 
went and just--

959
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:32,700
we lived not too far 
from the store

960
00:46:32,800 --> 00:46:34,233
where the truck was.

961
00:46:34,333 --> 00:46:35,833
He rubbed his little hands 
together and said,

962
00:46:35,933 --> 00:46:37,900
"Come on, Luz, 
let's go get some food.

963
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,900
We're gonna surprise Mom 
and take her some ham."

964
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:42,233
Well, he got up to the truck,

965
00:46:42,333 --> 00:46:43,533
he's just a little boy,

966
00:46:43,633 --> 00:46:47,033
I think about ten, 
nine, ten years old.

967
00:46:47,133 --> 00:46:52,366
And he got up to the truck 
and he put his little hands up

968
00:46:52,466 --> 00:46:55,466
to get a piece-- 
to get a piece of ham.

969
00:46:55,566 --> 00:46:58,700
The man said, "You're Mexican, 
I can't give you any food."

970
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:01,000
(somber music)

971
00:47:01,100 --> 00:47:02,766
Augustine and I 
were so sorry

972
00:47:02,866 --> 00:47:05,300
that we couldn't take Mother 
a piece of ham.

973
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:06,400
(jazz music)

974
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:11,200
We went--we walked home, 
just very, very sad.

975
00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:13,500
But we had other things 
that topped that.

976
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,100
The Delgadillo Dance Band 
was well-known.

977
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,200
Smoke and we 
were very dedicated.

978
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:21,066
And we produced good music.

979
00:47:21,166 --> 00:47:22,433
Dance music.

980
00:47:22,533 --> 00:47:24,700
(laughing)

981
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:28,266
My brother, Juan, 
started a band in the '30s

982
00:47:28,366 --> 00:47:29,866
in (inaudible).

983
00:47:29,966 --> 00:47:32,700
I come from a family of 11.

984
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,466
And he took all the younger 
brothers and sisters

985
00:47:36,566 --> 00:47:37,833
and taught us music.

986
00:47:37,933 --> 00:47:39,733
He was with a band in Ash Fork,

987
00:47:39,833 --> 00:47:42,066
playing with Hank Bedcur.

988
00:47:42,166 --> 00:47:44,133
And he'd take me with him, 
and he said,

989
00:47:44,233 --> 00:47:46,300
"Luz, I just want you 
to watch the piano player

990
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:48,766
and don't move and watch him."

991
00:47:48,866 --> 00:47:50,766
And I said, "Watch what?" 
He said, "Watch his hands.

992
00:47:50,866 --> 00:47:52,600
See what he does 
with his hands."

993
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:54,666
So, for all the rehearsal hours,

994
00:47:54,766 --> 00:47:57,800
I watched Mr. Bedcur's hands.

995
00:47:57,900 --> 00:47:59,200
♪

996
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:04,000
The house I grew up on 
was on the original Route 66.

997
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:05,866
Practiced in the living room,

998
00:48:05,966 --> 00:48:07,533
and in that living room,

999
00:48:07,633 --> 00:48:11,100
you could hear the sound 
of a bunch of kids.

1000
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:13,000
Charles was the manager.

1001
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:14,600
He'd come in and say, 
"You know what?

1002
00:48:14,700 --> 00:48:17,200
There's a bunch of cars 
listening to your music."

1003
00:48:17,300 --> 00:48:22,333
We played for prom dances, 
graduation.

1004
00:48:22,433 --> 00:48:24,500
Any activity, anything 
that went on in Seligman,

1005
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:30,833
Ash Fort, Williams, Flagstaff, 
Prescott, Winslow.

1006
00:48:30,933 --> 00:48:35,466
And we traveled all Route 66 
in an old Dodge car.

1007
00:48:35,566 --> 00:48:37,166
And we were never late 
to a dancing gag,

1008
00:48:37,266 --> 00:48:38,066
we were never late.

1009
00:48:38,166 --> 00:48:38,933
Set up before nine,

1010
00:48:39,033 --> 00:48:40,866
be ready to play the first tune,

1011
00:48:40,966 --> 00:48:42,900
the first notes at nine,

1012
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:45,200
and we'll take 15-minute break 
about 11,

1013
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,133
and then get back 
on the dancefloor,

1014
00:48:48,233 --> 00:48:51,333
on the stage, 
and play till one.

1015
00:48:51,433 --> 00:48:54,300
Well, sometimes we didn't get 
home till 3:00 in the morning.

1016
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:57,333
Well, my dear mother 
never went to sleep.

1017
00:48:57,433 --> 00:49:01,766
She'd meet us to the back door 
of the kitchen and just say:

1018
00:49:01,866 --> 00:49:05,033
"Ah, gracias a Dios llegaron."

1019
00:49:05,133 --> 00:49:06,533
She'd say, 
"Thank God you're here."

1020
00:49:06,633 --> 00:49:09,633
Didn't know it then, 
we knew after what we had done,

1021
00:49:09,733 --> 00:49:13,133
we didn't know we were 
getting over those barriers,

1022
00:49:13,233 --> 00:49:14,833
we didn't realize that.

1023
00:49:14,933 --> 00:49:18,966
We were too busy entertaining.

1024
00:49:19,066 --> 00:49:22,866
(narrator) 
For many travelers on Route 66 
who were California bound,

1025
00:49:22,966 --> 00:49:25,633
out of necessity 
or for pleasure,

1026
00:49:25,733 --> 00:49:27,700
a rest stop 
after crossing the high desert

1027
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:29,733
was a much-needed relief.

1028
00:49:29,833 --> 00:49:31,266
The city of San Bernardino

1029
00:49:31,366 --> 00:49:34,933
was the entry-point 
into the Los Angeles Basin.

1030
00:49:35,033 --> 00:49:37,666
And Route 66 created 
a thriving environment

1031
00:49:37,766 --> 00:49:40,433
-for business. 
-My name is Irene Montaño,

1032
00:49:40,533 --> 00:49:43,800
and I'm the daughter-in-law 
of Lucia Rodriguez,

1033
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:46,700
who was the original owner 
of Mitla Cafe.

1034
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:48,366
Lucia didn't have 
a formal education.

1035
00:49:48,466 --> 00:49:51,200
She came from Mexico 
with her husband,

1036
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:53,666
she had her children, 
she didn't speak English,

1037
00:49:53,766 --> 00:49:58,000
but she could tally up 
totals of math in her head

1038
00:49:58,100 --> 00:49:59,800
like nobody's business.

1039
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:03,833
Her husband was working 
at Santa Fe at the railroad,

1040
00:50:03,933 --> 00:50:07,033
and she started the Mitla.

1041
00:50:07,133 --> 00:50:11,600
She was here at 4:00 
in the morning working.

1042
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:13,033
I think--and I think 
at that time

1043
00:50:13,133 --> 00:50:14,933
they were open 24 hours a day.

1044
00:50:15,033 --> 00:50:20,133
Route 66 really propelled 
this already growing

1045
00:50:20,233 --> 00:50:22,633
and developing 
Mexican community

1046
00:50:22,733 --> 00:50:25,700
and made it 
a much more diverse community

1047
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:28,866
in that it allowed 
Mexican Americans

1048
00:50:28,966 --> 00:50:31,333
to become merchants.

1049
00:50:31,433 --> 00:50:33,400
(Patti) 
My grandmother 
was a very strong lady,

1050
00:50:33,500 --> 00:50:35,700
and because she knew 
what it was

1051
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:40,000
to go without food 
for several days,

1052
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:42,700
that she didn't want her 
children going through that.

1053
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,300
And, therefore, 
she was gonna open a restaurant

1054
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:48,000
and make sure 
that the kids were fed

1055
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:49,633
whenever they wanted to eat.

1056
00:50:49,733 --> 00:50:51,633
(jazz music)

1057
00:50:51,733 --> 00:50:54,033
♪

1058
00:50:54,133 --> 00:50:57,100
She brought her daughters 
to work with her,

1059
00:50:57,200 --> 00:50:59,600
and to help her, 
so it was all women.

1060
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:04,133
And my mother, Vera,

1061
00:51:04,233 --> 00:51:06,866
only had 
an eighth grade education,

1062
00:51:06,966 --> 00:51:10,866
but she, I think, followed 
in my grandmother's footsteps,

1063
00:51:10,966 --> 00:51:13,433
where she was an entrepreneur,

1064
00:51:13,533 --> 00:51:14,766
she knew how to run 
the business,

1065
00:51:14,866 --> 00:51:16,366
she knew books, 
she knew money,

1066
00:51:16,466 --> 00:51:19,266
she--and she was 
very, very good at it.

1067
00:51:19,366 --> 00:51:21,700
(Mark) 
San Bernardino was typical

1068
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:24,466
of other Southwestern 
communities at the time.

1069
00:51:24,566 --> 00:51:29,733
There was segregation within 
schools for Mexican children,

1070
00:51:29,833 --> 00:51:33,133
segregation within 
public recreational spaces.

1071
00:51:33,233 --> 00:51:36,233
The Mitla Cafe promoted 
community identity,

1072
00:51:36,333 --> 00:51:38,933
especially one 
that was Mexican,

1073
00:51:39,033 --> 00:51:42,666
one that was ethnic, 
one that was instilling pride

1074
00:51:42,766 --> 00:51:45,533
into the residents 
of these neighborhoods.

1075
00:51:45,633 --> 00:51:48,733
Not only that, it was also 
an inter-ethnic space

1076
00:51:48,833 --> 00:51:52,300
in that white patrons 
were coming in

1077
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:55,633
and introducing themselves 
to Mexican culture,

1078
00:51:55,733 --> 00:51:59,000
Mexican food, 
and Mexican people as well.

1079
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:00,766
So, it was this space

1080
00:52:00,866 --> 00:52:04,300
that challenged 
segregationist practices.

1081
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:05,833
(Irene) 
In the 1950s,

1082
00:52:05,933 --> 00:52:10,733
Glen Bell had a local stand 
across the street from here,

1083
00:52:10,833 --> 00:52:12,566
and he used to come in 
and have tacos.

1084
00:52:12,666 --> 00:52:13,900
And he--he really liked 'em

1085
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:15,866
and he wanted to know 
how they were made.

1086
00:52:15,966 --> 00:52:18,600
So my father-in-law 
accommodated him

1087
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:20,900
-and took him in the back. 
-When I started working,

1088
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:23,166
I would see him 
come in for breakfast

1089
00:52:23,266 --> 00:52:28,400
before he went 
to his little hot dog stand.

1090
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:32,200
Lucia, 
she taught you how to do it

1091
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:36,000
and she expected you to do it 
the way she taught you.

1092
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:38,266
That's the right way to do it.

1093
00:52:38,366 --> 00:52:42,966
So, a little after that, 
he moved away from there.

1094
00:52:43,066 --> 00:52:45,266
He sold 
his little hot dog stand

1095
00:52:45,366 --> 00:52:48,966
and he went to start 
his Taco Bell empire,

1096
00:52:49,066 --> 00:52:50,566
I guess you'd call it.

1097
00:52:50,666 --> 00:52:54,100
The automobile 
opened up worlds for women.

1098
00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:56,100
It's been dubbed "automobility,"

1099
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:57,533
and it's allowed women

1100
00:52:57,633 --> 00:53:00,300
to break out 
of their traditional roles.

1101
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:05,366
(John) 
Darlene was a woman 
from my hometown.

1102
00:53:05,466 --> 00:53:07,533
And she wanted 
to go to college,

1103
00:53:07,633 --> 00:53:09,900
and her father just 
didn't think, in 1930,

1104
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:12,000
that a girl needed 
to go to college.

1105
00:53:12,100 --> 00:53:14,033
And so he made her 
a counteroffer

1106
00:53:14,133 --> 00:53:16,333
that if she would go 
to beauty school

1107
00:53:16,433 --> 00:53:18,800
and stay at home,

1108
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:21,900
he would pay for beauty school 
and he would buy her a car.

1109
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:23,566
Darlene began 
to invite friends

1110
00:53:23,666 --> 00:53:25,466
to go on summer vacations 
with her.

1111
00:53:25,566 --> 00:53:28,566
Over the period of nine years,

1112
00:53:28,666 --> 00:53:30,800
there were 
20 different young women,

1113
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:32,633
all single,

1114
00:53:32,733 --> 00:53:35,566
who ended up 
going on the vacation.

1115
00:53:35,666 --> 00:53:37,666
Gypsy Coed became a name

1116
00:53:37,766 --> 00:53:41,566
that they adopted 
in about 1940, '41,

1117
00:53:41,666 --> 00:53:44,366
and it stuck with them 
for the rest of the time.

1118
00:53:44,466 --> 00:53:47,066
The top on the car 
had been destroyed

1119
00:53:47,166 --> 00:53:50,000
and they went 
to an awning shop

1120
00:53:50,100 --> 00:53:51,666
and bought awning remnants,

1121
00:53:51,766 --> 00:53:55,133
and they stitched them together 
to make the top of the car.

1122
00:53:55,233 --> 00:53:57,766
So when they put 
the top of the car up,

1123
00:53:57,866 --> 00:53:59,666
they looked at it 
and they said,

1124
00:53:59,766 --> 00:54:01,933
"This kind of looks 
like a gypsy wagon."

1125
00:54:02,033 --> 00:54:04,333
(Kaisa) 
So how did they meet Henry Ford?

1126
00:54:04,433 --> 00:54:10,433
(John) 
Well, the girls were camping 
in Wisconsin and Devil's Lake.

1127
00:54:10,533 --> 00:54:13,200
Some of the boys that 
were camping next to them

1128
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:16,000
looked at the Silver Streak, 
and they said,

1129
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:17,233
"This coming weekend,

1130
00:54:17,333 --> 00:54:20,800
they're having 
a big 75th birthday party

1131
00:54:20,900 --> 00:54:24,866
for Henry 
in Dearborn, Michigan."

1132
00:54:24,966 --> 00:54:28,533
And Darlene called 
all the girls together

1133
00:54:28,633 --> 00:54:31,866
at the campfire 
that night and said,

1134
00:54:31,966 --> 00:54:34,066
"We're breaking camp 
in the morning.

1135
00:54:34,166 --> 00:54:36,433
We're gonna go to Detroit 
and we're gonna wish

1136
00:54:36,533 --> 00:54:38,466
Henry Ford a happy birthday."

1137
00:54:38,566 --> 00:54:41,700
And I think 
when the girls came--

1138
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,766
pulled up at his front door 
in this vehicle,

1139
00:54:45,866 --> 00:54:48,300
it just gave him 
a lot of satisfaction.

1140
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:50,733
"You know, 
that old Model T of mine,

1141
00:54:50,833 --> 00:54:52,733
it really keeps running."

1142
00:54:52,833 --> 00:54:57,600
(Kaisa) 
That 1940 trip was a trip 
from Illinois to California

1143
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:00,100
-on Route 66. 
-That's right. Yes, it was.

1144
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,833
They got on Route 66 
at Bloomington, Illinois,

1145
00:55:03,933 --> 00:55:05,300
and they actually got off 
at Amarillo

1146
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:08,666
to go down to Carlsbad Cavern.

1147
00:55:08,766 --> 00:55:11,766
They stayed in 
country schoolyards

1148
00:55:11,866 --> 00:55:14,500
and country churchyards,

1149
00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:15,633
because, typically,

1150
00:55:15,733 --> 00:55:18,233
they had an outdoor pump 
and they had outhouses.

1151
00:55:18,333 --> 00:55:20,900
(Kaisa) 
Now, traveling 
at 35 miles per hour,

1152
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:22,433
how long did it take them?

1153
00:55:22,533 --> 00:55:26,133
(John) 
The diary that was kept 
said six and a half weeks

1154
00:55:26,233 --> 00:55:27,533
or 13 flat tires,

1155
00:55:27,633 --> 00:55:30,533
whichever way 
you wanted to count.

1156
00:55:30,633 --> 00:55:33,300
On many of the trips, 
there were six girls.

1157
00:55:33,400 --> 00:55:36,166
Now look around here 
and tell me how six girls

1158
00:55:36,266 --> 00:55:40,400
got in this car with 
their suitcases on the side.

1159
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:45,466
It's a very basic car, 
rudimentary, I like to say.

1160
00:55:45,566 --> 00:55:46,533
(car door opens)

1161
00:55:46,633 --> 00:55:48,133
(Kaisa) 
All right. California bound?

1162
00:55:48,233 --> 00:55:49,166
(John laughs)

1163
00:55:49,266 --> 00:55:52,033
(engine starts)

1164
00:55:52,133 --> 00:55:53,366
(John) 
When they got into Oklahoma,

1165
00:55:53,466 --> 00:55:55,000
they had a major engine problem

1166
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:58,733
and they struggled with that 
all the way to the West Coast.

1167
00:55:58,833 --> 00:56:02,100
And finally the car 
quit altogether and--

1168
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:05,733
75 miles outside 
of San Francisco.

1169
00:56:05,833 --> 00:56:08,766
They had to get towed 
into the city.

1170
00:56:08,866 --> 00:56:10,500
Ford came and got the car,

1171
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:12,466
took it to their plant,

1172
00:56:12,566 --> 00:56:14,200
and overhauled it 
while the girls

1173
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:16,300
were at 
the Golden Gate Exhibition.

1174
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:18,700
-Is that right? 
-Yeah.

1175
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:20,666
-Let's go! 
-Let's go.

1176
00:56:20,766 --> 00:56:22,166
It has a couple of horns.

1177
00:56:22,266 --> 00:56:23,166
(beeps horn)

1178
00:56:23,266 --> 00:56:25,166
(jaunty piano music)

1179
00:56:25,266 --> 00:56:31,733
♪

1180
00:56:31,833 --> 00:56:33,433
(narrator) 
In the 1940s,

1181
00:56:33,533 --> 00:56:35,833
World War II and Route 66

1182
00:56:35,933 --> 00:56:39,366
opened up new opportunities 
for women in the workplace.

1183
00:56:39,466 --> 00:56:41,966
(announcer) 
They're holding down 
man-size jobs

1184
00:56:42,066 --> 00:56:44,833
and handling those jobs 
with comparable skills.

1185
00:56:44,933 --> 00:56:46,833
(piano music)

1186
00:56:46,933 --> 00:56:56,900
♪