WEBVTT 00:00.733 --> 00:03.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% -Hey, I'm Rick Steves, here with a fascinating 00:03.133 --> 00:06.666 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% in the rich and inspirational story of Europe's art. 00:06.733 --> 00:10.500 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% In this hour, we venture from dramatic romanticism 00:10.566 --> 00:12.133 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% and breezy impressionism 00:12.200 --> 00:13.800 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% to bold new architecture 00:13.866 --> 00:17.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and the wild and rule-breaking art of the 20th century. 00:17.500 --> 00:21.166 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% This is the Europe Art of the Modern Age. 00:21.233 --> 00:22.833 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Thanks for joining us. 00:22.900 --> 00:30.266 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 00:30.333 --> 00:38.400 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 00:38.466 --> 00:46.533 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 00:46.600 --> 00:51.866 align:start position:47.5% line:84.66% size:5% ♪♪ 00:55.200 --> 00:57.266 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% The last roughly two centuries, 00:57.333 --> 01:00.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% from the mid-1800s on, have seen unprecedented change -- 01:00.866 --> 01:03.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% advances in technology, the march of democracy, 01:03.833 --> 01:06.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% as well as two horrific world wars. 01:06.400 --> 01:09.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% And the art reflecting this age has been as turbulent, 01:09.800 --> 01:12.933 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% exciting, and dynamic as the times. 01:13.000 --> 01:15.733 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% We'll start with art that gave voice to 01:15.800 --> 01:18.100 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% the struggles for freedom, 01:18.166 --> 01:21.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and art that celebrated the Industrial Revolution. 01:21.766 --> 01:24.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Then trace how dreamy Romantics countered that 01:24.600 --> 01:26.266 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% by reveling in nature 01:26.333 --> 01:28.033 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% and legends. 01:28.100 --> 01:30.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% We'll follow the rapid evolution of styles, 01:30.633 --> 01:36.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% from sun-splashed Impressionism to sinuous Art Nouveau. 01:36.100 --> 01:39.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% We'll see art capturing the horror of war, 01:39.766 --> 01:43.300 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% how art mirrored wild times, 01:43.366 --> 01:46.666 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% celebrated Europe's modern dynamism, 01:46.733 --> 01:49.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and reflects our ever-changing world. 01:49.933 --> 01:53.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 01:53.833 --> 01:57.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% In the early 1800s, in the wake of the French Revolution, 01:57.133 --> 01:59.400 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Europe's masses were hungry for freedom, 01:59.466 --> 02:01.666 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% both political and personal. 02:01.733 --> 02:05.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% That urge expressed itself in art that was not cerebral, 02:05.200 --> 02:07.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% but about letting hearts run wild. 02:07.200 --> 02:10.633 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% It was called Romanticism. 02:10.700 --> 02:14.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Sure, Romantic art embraced traditional romance. 02:14.133 --> 02:15.733 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% But it was much more. 02:15.800 --> 02:18.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% It expressed the full range of human emotions, 02:18.900 --> 02:20.633 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% from the highest of highs 02:20.700 --> 02:23.066 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% to the lowest of lows, 02:23.133 --> 02:26.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% the awe-inspiring grandeur of nature, 02:26.366 --> 02:29.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% a dreamy nostalgia for times past, 02:29.766 --> 02:34.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and a fascination with the exotic. 02:34.333 --> 02:37.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The Romantic style is melodramatic, 02:37.300 --> 02:39.900 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% with epic scale canvases 02:39.966 --> 02:43.000 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% and images that stir the emotions. 02:43.066 --> 02:48.000 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 02:48.066 --> 02:50.833 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Some of the strongest passions of the 19th century 02:50.900 --> 02:53.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% were stoked by the struggles of ethnic groups 02:53.833 --> 02:56.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% rising up to form their own nations. 02:56.366 --> 02:58.666 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Romantic artists had a natural affinity 02:58.733 --> 03:01.066 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% for these patriotic underdogs, 03:01.133 --> 03:05.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and galleries were filled with art that cheered on freedom. 03:05.600 --> 03:07.900 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% In Germany, still little more than a patchwork 03:07.966 --> 03:10.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% of medieval dukedoms, patriots began 03:10.366 --> 03:13.133 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% imagining a united country. 03:13.200 --> 03:15.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% By embracing their common German roots -- 03:15.833 --> 03:18.366 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% the dreamy medieval legends, 03:18.433 --> 03:21.666 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% heroes fighting for the fatherland -- 03:21.733 --> 03:23.766 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% artists stoked idealistic 03:23.833 --> 03:27.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% dreams of a glorious German-speaking future. 03:31.733 --> 03:34.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% In Scotland, as patriots chafed at English rule, 03:35.033 --> 03:37.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% artists celebrated its independent spirit 03:37.366 --> 03:41.100 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% with a romanticized blend of myth and history. 03:41.166 --> 03:43.366 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Proud warriors sport clan regalia, 03:43.433 --> 03:48.233 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% as if emboldened by kilts and plaid. 03:48.300 --> 03:50.733 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% In spite of tragic losses, 03:50.800 --> 03:57.266 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% a downtrodden yet resilient nation survived, spirit intact. 03:59.300 --> 04:01.600 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% In Norway, salt-of-the-earth locals 04:01.666 --> 04:03.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% reveled in their Norwegian-ness, 04:03.933 --> 04:07.766 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% celebrating traditional dress, heading for a country wedding, 04:07.833 --> 04:11.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% while engulfed in the majesty of the fjords. 04:13.633 --> 04:17.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% And in Italy, patriots united passionately behind dynamic 04:17.266 --> 04:20.733 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% leaders against their foreign oppressors. 04:20.800 --> 04:23.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% All across Europe, art illustrated 04:23.466 --> 04:27.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% how the modern forces of social progress battled old values, 04:27.900 --> 04:30.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% as Europeans demanded freedom. 04:30.800 --> 04:35.066 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 04:36.166 --> 04:37.766 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% To appreciate Romantic art, 04:37.833 --> 04:39.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% it helps to understand what preceded it. 04:40.000 --> 04:42.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Back in the 1700s, in the Age of Enlightenment, 04:43.000 --> 04:45.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% so much, including art, was subjected 04:45.766 --> 04:47.733 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% to "the test of reason." 04:47.800 --> 04:50.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Art and architecture was Neoclassical -- 04:50.966 --> 04:53.266 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% clean, simple, and logical -- 04:53.333 --> 04:54.600 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% like this. 04:54.666 --> 04:58.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% In Neoclassical paintings, heroes were posed, 04:58.433 --> 05:00.200 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% death scenes were stoic, 05:00.266 --> 05:05.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and idealized nudes sat calmly while deep in thought. 05:05.100 --> 05:07.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% But the Romantic-style art which followed, 05:07.233 --> 05:10.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% like this super-charged orgy of drama and violence, 05:10.500 --> 05:14.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% was an unruly explosion of emotions. 05:14.933 --> 05:16.900 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% This fearless Romantic heroine 05:16.966 --> 05:19.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% storms the barricades in the cause of liberty 05:19.566 --> 05:24.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% as guns blaze, smoke billows, and bodies fall... 05:24.233 --> 05:27.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% leading the common people to victory. 05:30.600 --> 05:32.166 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% And what could be more stirring 05:32.233 --> 05:34.900 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% than shipwrecked souls lost at sea? 05:34.966 --> 05:39.733 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% It's a human pyramid of emotion, from the depths of despair... 05:39.800 --> 05:42.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% to a hope-filled pinnacle of ecstasy 05:42.333 --> 05:45.266 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% as they spot the rescue ship. 05:45.333 --> 05:48.033 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% If Romantic art controls your heartbeat, 05:48.100 --> 05:50.733 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% this is a masterpiece. 05:53.300 --> 05:56.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% The Neoclassical and Romantic styles seem like opposites, 05:56.300 --> 05:58.833 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% yet both styles coexisted for decades, 05:58.900 --> 06:02.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% mirroring the conflicting social trends of the times. 06:02.833 --> 06:05.766 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% The Romantic Spanish painter Francisco Goya 06:05.833 --> 06:07.733 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:32.5% was an artist with a social conscience 06:07.800 --> 06:10.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:57.5% and a political agenda. 06:10.233 --> 06:12.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% As a successful painter of royal portraits, 06:12.833 --> 06:15.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% he dutifully recorded their extravagant finery, 06:15.866 --> 06:20.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% but also their famously clueless faces. 06:20.233 --> 06:22.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% He painted the idle rich at play 06:22.233 --> 06:26.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% while also branching out into more serious subjects. 06:26.200 --> 06:29.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% He explored the most extreme of emotions, 06:29.600 --> 06:32.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% grotesque scenes of madness and pain, 06:32.400 --> 06:36.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% revealing the dark side of the human condition. 06:37.033 --> 06:39.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% And he boldly depicted the painful reality 06:39.800 --> 06:42.333 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% of foreign oppression. 06:42.400 --> 06:45.533 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% First, the brave Spanish resistance, 06:45.600 --> 06:48.333 align:start position:40% line:10% size:20% and then the brutal aftermath, 06:48.400 --> 06:50.500 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% when the soldiers of the French emperor, 06:50.566 --> 06:52.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% a faceless firing squad, 06:52.300 --> 06:54.000 align:start position:40% line:10% size:20% mow down the revolutionaries, 06:54.066 --> 06:57.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% idealistic freedom fighters, one by one. 06:57.866 --> 06:59.100 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% Bodies fall, 06:59.166 --> 07:01.300 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% blood stains the ground. 07:01.366 --> 07:03.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Men cover their eyes in horror. 07:03.966 --> 07:06.833 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% In the darkness, Goya throws a dramatic light 07:06.900 --> 07:08.233 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% on the next victim, 07:08.300 --> 07:13.000 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% a nameless peasant, the common man who becomes a hero. 07:13.066 --> 07:16.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% He spreads his arms and asks, "Why?" 07:16.600 --> 07:20.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% This masterpiece of the Romantic style -- vivid brushwork, 07:20.366 --> 07:22.800 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% stark shadows, distorted features, 07:22.866 --> 07:24.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% so full of human drama -- 07:24.900 --> 07:28.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% expressed the anguish of Europe's masses 07:28.366 --> 07:32.033 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% longing to be free. 07:32.100 --> 07:34.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Even amid Europe's surging national movements, 07:34.533 --> 07:36.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% another revolution was transforming 07:36.333 --> 07:39.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% the landscape -- the Industrial Revolution. 07:39.266 --> 07:41.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Europe built more in the 19th century 07:41.433 --> 07:44.266 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% than in all previous centuries combined. 07:44.333 --> 07:46.266 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% But all this had a downside -- 07:46.333 --> 07:49.166 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% an increasingly machine-like pace of life. 07:49.233 --> 07:51.000 align:start position:40% line:79.33% size:20% Artists, with their free spirits, 07:51.066 --> 07:52.166 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% pushed back. 07:52.233 --> 07:55.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Nature was appreciated as never before. 07:55.133 --> 07:57.166 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Painters were climbing mountains, 07:57.233 --> 08:01.333 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% poets were hugging trees. 08:01.400 --> 08:03.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Here in the English countryside, 08:03.133 --> 08:08.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% artists retreated to take long walks and commune with nature. 08:08.266 --> 08:12.533 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Romantic painters captured the majesty of soaring clouds, 08:12.600 --> 08:17.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% an almost supernatural power charged from within, 08:17.633 --> 08:21.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% and soul-stirring mountains and rainbows that say, 08:21.700 --> 08:26.133 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% "Nature is big, we are small." 08:26.200 --> 08:28.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% The English artist William Turner 08:28.366 --> 08:32.400 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% infused his canvases with the Romantic forces of Nature -- 08:32.466 --> 08:35.900 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% burning sun, swirling clouds, 08:35.966 --> 08:38.800 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% churning waves, 08:38.866 --> 08:41.233 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% storm-tossed souls. 08:42.966 --> 08:46.100 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% His old sailing ship being towed into the sunset 08:46.166 --> 08:48.333 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% by a steamship was a metaphor 08:48.400 --> 08:51.300 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% for the coming of the modern world. 08:51.366 --> 08:55.266 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% As he aged, Turner's brushwork became frenetic 08:55.333 --> 08:56.733 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% and more intense, 08:56.800 --> 09:00.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% capturing the stormy and tumultuous inner passions 09:00.533 --> 09:03.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% that defined the Romantic Age. 09:04.000 --> 09:07.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% In England, around 1850, the energy of Romanticism 09:07.666 --> 09:11.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% was channeled by a spirited brotherhood of artists. 09:11.066 --> 09:13.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Turning away from the frenzy of the Industrial Age 09:13.866 --> 09:16.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and inspired by the dreamy medieval world 09:16.433 --> 09:18.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% before the great Renaissance painter Raphael, 09:18.933 --> 09:22.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% they called themselves the Pre-Raphaelites. 09:22.966 --> 09:28.133 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The Pre-Raphaelites reveled in medieval damsels, 09:28.200 --> 09:32.000 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% mythical goddesses, 09:32.066 --> 09:34.166 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% and legendary lovers, 09:34.233 --> 09:37.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% all immersed in the fertile serenity of nature, 09:37.666 --> 09:41.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% captured in radiant colors and luminous clarity. 09:41.666 --> 09:46.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% They created melancholy visions of pure beauty. 09:46.733 --> 09:50.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% In this quintessential Pre-Raphaelite masterpiece, 09:50.333 --> 09:51.666 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% tragic Ophelia, 09:51.733 --> 09:54.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% who's fallen while picking a garland of wildflowers, 09:54.566 --> 09:57.766 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% is singing before she drowns. 09:57.833 --> 09:59.966 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Her body, open and skyward, 10:00.033 --> 10:03.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% is somewhere between saintly and sensual... 10:03.600 --> 10:06.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and the nature engulfing her is so fertile 10:06.500 --> 10:09.066 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% while decaying at the same time. 10:09.133 --> 10:12.300 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% So pale in contrast to the richness of nature, 10:12.366 --> 10:16.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% she had finally found happiness on the verge of death. 10:17.500 --> 10:19.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Dreamlike beauty, medieval themes, 10:19.533 --> 10:20.766 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% the wonder of nature -- 10:20.833 --> 10:22.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% these elements of the Romantic style 10:22.800 --> 10:27.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% also came together all across Europe in fairy-tale castles. 10:27.233 --> 10:29.233 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Built during the same generation, 10:29.300 --> 10:30.800 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% fanciful architectural dreams 10:30.866 --> 10:34.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% like these capped hills from Portugal 10:34.533 --> 10:36.333 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% to Romania 10:36.400 --> 10:40.100 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% to the foothills of Bavaria's Alps. 10:40.166 --> 10:42.566 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Neuschwanstein, which looks medieval, 10:42.633 --> 10:46.133 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% was built only in the late 1800s. 10:46.200 --> 10:48.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% When Bavaria's King Ludwig wanted an escape 10:48.733 --> 10:53.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% from the grinding reality of governing, he found it here. 10:53.500 --> 10:58.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Ludwig, a romantic's romantic, had grown up in this castle. 10:58.133 --> 11:00.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% From his bedroom chair, reading medieval legends 11:01.000 --> 11:03.666 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% while surrounded by the grandeur of nature, 11:03.733 --> 11:06.400 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% he dreamed up the ultimate castle. 11:06.466 --> 11:09.633 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% And just up the hill, he built it. 11:09.700 --> 11:12.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% His medieval fantasy was completely modern 11:12.566 --> 11:16.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% with all the comforts of the 1870s. 11:18.300 --> 11:21.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% It sits on a hilltop, not for defensive reasons, 11:21.566 --> 11:23.766 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% but because the king liked the view. 11:23.833 --> 11:28.900 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 11:28.966 --> 11:33.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Ludwig slathered the interior with misty medieval themes 11:33.933 --> 11:36.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% taken from operas written by his friend, 11:36.433 --> 11:41.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% the Romantic composer Richard Wagner. 11:41.366 --> 11:45.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The golden throne room, saintly kings, 11:46.033 --> 11:49.100 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and crown-shaped chandelier placed Ludwig 11:49.166 --> 11:51.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% among the great kings of old. 11:51.800 --> 11:54.566 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% With its natural setting, exotic décor, 11:54.633 --> 11:56.600 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% and joyous spirit of freedom, 11:56.666 --> 12:01.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Ludwig's castle is a virtual theme park of Romanticism. 12:05.533 --> 12:08.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Ludwig's historic-looking castle was an example 12:08.266 --> 12:11.100 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% of an architectural style called Historicism. 12:11.166 --> 12:13.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The style spread widely in the late 1800s 12:13.533 --> 12:15.966 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% when Europe was prosperous and confident. 12:16.033 --> 12:18.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% In England it was the Victorian Age, in France, 12:18.800 --> 12:20.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% the "Belle Epoque" or beautiful age. 12:21.033 --> 12:23.400 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% And here in Vienna, they built this. 12:23.466 --> 12:25.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% With the changes of the modern world, 12:25.366 --> 12:26.933 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% many were like King Ludwig, 12:27.000 --> 12:29.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% nostalgic for an idealized past. 12:29.800 --> 12:32.633 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Historicism showed itself in a Romantic mix 12:32.700 --> 12:35.433 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% of both old and new. 12:35.500 --> 12:37.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% 19th century architects looked back 12:37.533 --> 12:39.533 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% into history for inspiration. 12:39.600 --> 12:40.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% Taking a little from here 12:40.900 --> 12:43.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and a little from there, and employing new advances 12:43.500 --> 12:45.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% in iron, enabling bigger and more decorative 12:45.633 --> 12:49.100 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% architecture, they cobbled it into something that looked old 12:49.166 --> 12:52.533 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% but was "new," or "Neo." 12:52.600 --> 12:56.600 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Neo-classical, like here in Vienna, 12:56.666 --> 13:00.666 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% Neo-Byzantine here in Paris, 13:00.733 --> 13:04.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and when London's medieval parliament building burned down, 13:04.233 --> 13:06.766 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% they rebuilt it in Neo-Gothic style, 13:06.833 --> 13:09.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% complete with a bell tower to match. 13:12.900 --> 13:15.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The most elaborate medieval-looking architecture, 13:15.433 --> 13:17.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% like the the spires of this church in Prague, 13:17.966 --> 13:21.633 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% or this castle in Segovia, is not 800 years old 13:21.700 --> 13:22.800 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% like you might think. 13:22.866 --> 13:25.066 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% It's actually neo-medieval, 13:25.133 --> 13:27.133 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% about 150 years old. 13:27.200 --> 13:28.466 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% All of this was built 13:28.533 --> 13:30.800 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% or rebuilt in the same generation 13:30.866 --> 13:32.266 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% as the Eiffel Tower. 13:32.333 --> 13:36.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Whether neo-this or neo-that, this style was a romantic way 13:36.266 --> 13:39.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% to hang onto a nation's historical roots 13:39.300 --> 13:42.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% while embracing the fast-changing times. 13:44.300 --> 13:47.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% By the way, I love how art, as it journeys through the ages, 13:47.700 --> 13:52.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% swings like a pendulum from emotional to cerebral -- 13:52.166 --> 13:55.133 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, 13:55.200 --> 13:58.133 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% neo-Classical, Romanticism. 13:58.200 --> 14:01.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Back and forth between your heart and your head. 14:01.200 --> 14:04.266 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% That pendulum of art just kept on swinging. 14:06.033 --> 14:07.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% Think about it -- 14:07.200 --> 14:11.066 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Gothic speaks to your heart, to your soul, 14:11.133 --> 14:14.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% while Renaissance was calculated and logical. 14:14.200 --> 14:21.333 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 14:21.400 --> 14:26.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Then Baroque was emotional again, with such exuberance. 14:28.600 --> 14:30.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The reaction to all that drama? 14:30.700 --> 14:32.600 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% The cool and intellectual art 14:32.666 --> 14:35.333 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% of the neo-Classical age, 14:35.400 --> 14:38.066 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% which then inspired artists to unleash 14:38.133 --> 14:42.866 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% their hearts yet again and embrace Romanticism. 14:42.933 --> 14:46.600 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 14:48.433 --> 14:51.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% In the late-19th century, the art world was dominated 14:51.300 --> 14:54.766 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% by the prestigious French art school called the Academy. 14:54.833 --> 14:56.200 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% But some independent artists 14:56.266 --> 14:58.866 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% struggled to be free from its stuffy dictates. 14:58.933 --> 15:01.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The result -- a period with both conservative 15:01.833 --> 15:05.000 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and revolutionary art at the same time. 15:05.066 --> 15:07.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% To earn a living, conforming artists 15:07.566 --> 15:13.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% painted gauzy, market-pleasing scenes like this Venus. 15:13.233 --> 15:15.666 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Idealized beauty sold well. 15:15.733 --> 15:18.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% It was made-to-order for well-off customers 15:18.666 --> 15:21.400 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% who were afraid of change. 15:21.466 --> 15:24.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% But outside the Academy, a new breed of artists 15:24.400 --> 15:28.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% was painting the real life of real people. 15:28.200 --> 15:29.900 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% Called the Realists, 15:29.966 --> 15:34.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% they captured honest snapshots of everyday life, 15:34.133 --> 15:38.333 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% from no-nonsense portraits, 15:38.400 --> 15:42.300 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% to peasant spinners of yarn, 15:42.366 --> 15:44.833 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% to gleaners bending low to scavenge 15:44.900 --> 15:48.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% what they can from an already harvested field. 15:48.933 --> 15:52.366 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% This unvarnished Realism proved shocking. 15:52.433 --> 15:55.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Instead of painting more dreamy goddesses, 15:55.133 --> 15:57.900 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Gustave Courbet gave a gritty behind-the-scenes 15:57.966 --> 16:00.966 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% look at his studio. 16:01.033 --> 16:03.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% His model, not a goddess but a real woman, 16:03.966 --> 16:06.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% takes a break to watch Courbet at work. 16:06.966 --> 16:09.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% And the little boy admires the brave artist 16:10.000 --> 16:12.166 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% for bucking conformity. 16:14.400 --> 16:17.600 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% Edouard Manet took Realism to another level. 16:17.666 --> 16:21.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% He posed this prostitute like a classic goddess, 16:21.600 --> 16:25.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% but instead of golden skin and a radiant face, 16:25.466 --> 16:29.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% he made her shockingly ordinary. 16:29.533 --> 16:31.666 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% Her hand is a clamp, 16:31.733 --> 16:34.766 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% her stare, calculating. 16:34.833 --> 16:38.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Ignoring the flowers her servant brings from her last customer, 16:38.566 --> 16:43.366 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% she looks out as if to say, "Next." 16:43.433 --> 16:44.733 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% Manet innovated. 16:44.800 --> 16:47.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% He placed this woman alongside men 16:47.200 --> 16:51.266 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% in business suits, brazenly accentuating her nudity. 16:51.333 --> 16:54.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Rather than the polished brushwork of the Academy, 16:54.066 --> 16:57.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% he experimented with thick paint, sharp outlines, 16:57.966 --> 17:02.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% and odd perspective, further perplexing the critics. 17:02.433 --> 17:05.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% When Manet had his work rejected in 1867, 17:06.000 --> 17:11.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% he put on his own show, thumbing his nose at the establishment. 17:11.333 --> 17:15.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Manet's boldness attracted a younger generation of artists. 17:15.466 --> 17:18.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% They admired him for his everyday subjects, 17:18.566 --> 17:23.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% experimental techniques, and his artistic integrity. 17:23.133 --> 17:25.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Soon, they'd strike out on their own. 17:25.966 --> 17:30.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Let the Impressionist revolution begin. 17:30.633 --> 17:33.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% These artists were known as the Impressionists. 17:33.800 --> 17:36.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Freed from the stifling constraints of the Academy 17:36.833 --> 17:41.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% and inspired by the Realists, they took their easels outdoors. 17:41.100 --> 17:44.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Their philosophy, like a declaration of independence, 17:44.233 --> 17:48.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% it was "Out of the studio and into nature." 17:48.466 --> 17:51.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% The Impressionists painted the French countryside, 17:51.500 --> 17:54.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% but the true subject wasn't so much the farms, 17:54.666 --> 17:56.300 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% rivers, and forests. 17:56.366 --> 17:59.033 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% It was all about the light. 18:01.733 --> 18:04.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% They even studied which pigments would reproduce 18:04.100 --> 18:06.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% reflected light most accurately. 18:06.900 --> 18:10.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% And when the light was just right, they painted furiously 18:10.500 --> 18:13.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% to catch the scene before it was gone, 18:13.633 --> 18:16.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% the way the light reflected off the passing clouds, 18:16.666 --> 18:18.266 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% the waving grass, 18:18.333 --> 18:20.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% a billowing dress. 18:22.133 --> 18:25.500 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% The father of Impressionism was Claude Monet. 18:25.566 --> 18:28.500 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% The son of a grocer with little formal education, 18:28.566 --> 18:31.333 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% he dedicated his life to discovering new ways 18:31.400 --> 18:33.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% of seeing things. 18:33.466 --> 18:37.033 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% With this quick impression of a harbor at sunrise, 18:37.100 --> 18:40.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% Monet helped give the movement its name. 18:40.433 --> 18:43.300 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% The real subject -- the impression of the light 18:43.366 --> 18:46.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% reflected on the water, rendered in a few squiggly lines 18:47.000 --> 18:49.466 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% or broad strokes of paint. 18:49.533 --> 18:52.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Impressionists used an innovative technique. 18:53.000 --> 18:54.800 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% They applied bright colors 18:54.866 --> 18:58.100 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% in thick dabs side-by-side on the canvas, 18:58.166 --> 19:01.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and let them mix as they traveled to your eye. 19:01.566 --> 19:03.866 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Up close, it's a mess. 19:03.933 --> 19:08.166 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% But move back, and voilà! 19:08.233 --> 19:10.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Since the colors never completely resolve, 19:10.833 --> 19:13.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% they continue to vibrate in the mind, 19:13.300 --> 19:17.300 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% giving Impressionist paintings their shimmering vitality. 19:20.500 --> 19:23.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% With Impressionism, the physical object in the painting 19:23.133 --> 19:26.100 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% was now just the rack upon which the light, shadow, 19:26.166 --> 19:27.833 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% and color would hang. 19:27.900 --> 19:31.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% And that's what the artist worked to capture. 19:31.466 --> 19:33.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Monet would paint the same subject 19:33.200 --> 19:36.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% at different times of day, and in different weather 19:36.133 --> 19:38.400 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% to capture the different light -- 19:38.466 --> 19:43.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% a cathedral, for example, in morning sun... 19:43.566 --> 19:46.866 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:27.5% full sun... 19:46.933 --> 19:49.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% and gray weather. 19:49.466 --> 19:52.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% The same building becomes a montage of subjects 19:52.333 --> 19:56.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% as it dissolves into pure light and color. 19:58.766 --> 20:00.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:57.5% Monet's friend, Renoir, 20:00.500 --> 20:04.100 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:35% also pioneered the Impressionist style. 20:04.166 --> 20:06.333 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% With his working-class background, 20:06.400 --> 20:09.133 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% Renoir loved to paint everyday Parisians 20:09.200 --> 20:10.966 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% dressed in their Sunday best, 20:11.033 --> 20:15.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% gathering at outdoor cafes to eat, drink, and dance. 20:16.000 --> 20:20.000 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Renoir's bright colors caught the glowing afternoon sunlight, 20:20.066 --> 20:21.866 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% filtering through the leaves, 20:21.933 --> 20:24.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% dappling the dancers with darts of light 20:24.566 --> 20:27.266 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% like a 19th-century disco ball. 20:27.333 --> 20:30.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% As if snapping a photo with a slow shutter speed, 20:30.433 --> 20:34.933 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% he created a waltzing blur of joy. 20:35.033 --> 20:37.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% With soft focus and broad brushstrokes, 20:37.766 --> 20:42.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Renoir painted easy-going scenes of everyday people, 20:42.333 --> 20:45.233 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% especially women. 20:45.300 --> 20:49.033 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% His nudes were voluptuous, 20:49.100 --> 20:54.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and he caught the innocent joy of middle-class life. 20:54.633 --> 20:58.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% As Renoir himself said of his always-happy paintings, 20:59.033 --> 21:02.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% "There are enough ugly things in life." 21:04.733 --> 21:06.000 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% Each of the Impressionists 21:06.066 --> 21:08.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% developed their own distinctive style -- 21:08.533 --> 21:11.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Pissarro with his grainy earthiness, 21:11.566 --> 21:15.166 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Sisley with his cloudy landscapes, 21:15.233 --> 21:20.200 align:start position:30% line:10% size:37.5% and Edgar Degas with his ballerinas. 21:20.266 --> 21:23.933 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% With his knack for catching subjects at an unguarded moment, 21:24.000 --> 21:26.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Degas showed dancers rehearsing -- 21:26.433 --> 21:29.966 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% hot, tired, and bored. 21:30.033 --> 21:31.700 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% But when the lights came on, 21:31.766 --> 21:34.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Degas captured all the onstage glitter, 21:34.833 --> 21:36.900 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% the joie de vivre of France's 21:36.966 --> 21:39.800 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% "Beautiful Age" -- the Belle Epoque. 21:42.400 --> 21:45.266 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% From his mansion in Paris, Auguste Rodin 21:45.333 --> 21:48.100 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% brought Impressionism to sculpting. 21:48.166 --> 21:49.733 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% His rough surfaces, 21:49.800 --> 21:51.966 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% rippling with frosting-like texture, 21:52.033 --> 21:54.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% were like thick brushstrokes on a canvas, 21:54.700 --> 21:57.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% capturing the effect of reflected light 21:57.200 --> 22:00.433 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% on stone or bronze. 22:00.500 --> 22:03.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Rodin made ordinary people seem noble, 22:03.666 --> 22:07.566 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and their nudity makes them universal. 22:07.633 --> 22:11.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Their restless poses express their deepest emotions. 22:12.966 --> 22:16.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% As this passionate woman twines around her solid man, 22:16.800 --> 22:19.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% lost in an embrace with a forever kiss, 22:19.800 --> 22:21.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% we can almost read the emotions 22:21.866 --> 22:25.033 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% that led up to this meeting of the lips. 22:27.333 --> 22:30.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Rodin's famous "Thinker," leaning forward, 22:30.233 --> 22:31.633 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% tense and compact, 22:31.700 --> 22:33.700 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% every muscle working toward producing 22:33.766 --> 22:36.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that one great thought, captured the intensity 22:36.933 --> 22:39.833 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of Rodin's own creative process. 22:39.900 --> 22:44.033 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Said Rodin -- "It is a statue of myself." 22:46.233 --> 22:49.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Impressionism reached its culmination with the same man 22:49.400 --> 22:51.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% who started it -- Claude Monet. 22:51.833 --> 22:55.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Late in life, Monet moved to this garden estate. 22:55.266 --> 22:58.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% The colorful gardens were like his brushstrokes -- 22:58.133 --> 23:02.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% a bit slapdash, but part of a carefully composed mosaic. 23:02.700 --> 23:08.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Monet made a pond and filled it with water lilies. 23:08.766 --> 23:12.833 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% He painted the water lilies in this ensemble of canvases, 23:12.900 --> 23:16.000 align:start position:30% line:10% size:37.5% all focusing on the ever-changing light, 23:16.066 --> 23:18.000 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% from the pre-dawn darkness, 23:18.066 --> 23:19.866 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% to clear morning light, 23:19.933 --> 23:22.200 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% to afternoon lavender, 23:22.266 --> 23:26.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% to golden sunset. 23:26.200 --> 23:28.233 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% He'd start by laying down thick, 23:28.300 --> 23:32.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% big brushstrokes of a single color, horizontal and vertical 23:32.833 --> 23:36.233 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% to create a dense mesh of foliage, 23:36.300 --> 23:39.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% then add more color for the dramatic highlights, 23:39.666 --> 23:43.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% until he got a dense paste of piled-up paint. 23:44.000 --> 23:46.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Up close, it's messy, but back up, 23:46.833 --> 23:50.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and the colors resolve into a luminous scene, 23:50.166 --> 23:54.266 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% just pure reflected color. 23:54.333 --> 23:57.466 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% The true subject is not really the lilies, 23:57.533 --> 24:00.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% but the changing reflections on the pond, 24:00.666 --> 24:04.733 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% where lilies mingle with the clouds and trees. 24:04.800 --> 24:07.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Monet cropped his scenes ever closer, 24:07.533 --> 24:10.900 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% until there was no shoreline, no horizon, 24:10.966 --> 24:13.666 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% no sense of what's up or down, 24:13.733 --> 24:17.833 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% until you're completely immersed. 24:17.900 --> 24:20.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% In his final paintings, the great Impressionist 24:20.533 --> 24:23.133 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% dissolved the physical subject more and more 24:23.200 --> 24:26.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% into purely abstract patterns of colorful paint, 24:26.633 --> 24:30.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% anticipating the future of art. 24:30.100 --> 24:32.966 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:34.333 --> 24:36.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The Impressionists were like a tribe. 24:36.400 --> 24:38.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% They spoke the same artistic language. 24:38.666 --> 24:40.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% But after that, more than ever, 24:40.500 --> 24:42.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% artists went in different directions, 24:42.933 --> 24:45.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% creating art that was uniquely their own. 24:45.366 --> 24:49.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% And those artists were the Post-Impressionists. 24:49.166 --> 24:51.366 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% Georges Seurat took the Impressionist technique 24:51.433 --> 24:53.366 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% to its logical conclusion, 24:53.433 --> 24:57.033 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% reducing the brush stroke to a brush dot. 24:57.100 --> 24:59.366 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% This was Pointillism. 24:59.433 --> 25:01.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% All the dots would blend in the eye 25:01.333 --> 25:04.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% like a shimmering mosaic of reflected light. 25:04.566 --> 25:09.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 25:09.833 --> 25:12.766 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% Paul Cézanne built his scenes not with dots 25:12.833 --> 25:16.033 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% but with thick slabs. 25:16.100 --> 25:18.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% His subjects were simple and familiar, 25:19.000 --> 25:22.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% objects reduced to their basic geometrical forms -- 25:23.033 --> 25:25.200 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% circular apples, 25:25.266 --> 25:27.333 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% rectangular houses, 25:27.400 --> 25:31.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and people posed in triangles. 25:31.666 --> 25:35.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% By simplifying reality into fundamental shapes, 25:35.133 --> 25:37.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Cézanne inspired future artists 25:37.366 --> 25:40.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% to see ordinary things in a new way. 25:40.800 --> 25:50.400 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 25:50.466 --> 25:53.066 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% Paul Gauguin sailed to exotic Tahiti, 25:53.133 --> 25:55.200 align:start position:30% line:10% size:40% where he painted the native people. 25:58.966 --> 26:01.033 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% What may seem primitive and simple 26:01.100 --> 26:04.666 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% is actually intentional -- 26:04.733 --> 26:07.700 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% flat scenes with no shading, 26:07.766 --> 26:10.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% black outlines filled in with bright colors. 26:10.933 --> 26:13.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% The space stacks up rather than recedes 26:13.633 --> 26:16.100 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% when he uses the same colors in the foreground 26:16.166 --> 26:19.533 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and the background. 26:19.600 --> 26:22.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% His women, so different from the establishment Venuses 26:23.033 --> 26:26.833 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% of the Academy back in Paris, lounge innocently, 26:26.900 --> 26:29.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% giving uptight Europeans a glimpse 26:29.333 --> 26:31.566 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% of a Pacific Garden of Eden. 26:33.933 --> 26:36.866 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% And among the boldest of these post-Impressionists 26:36.933 --> 26:39.300 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% was Vincent van Gogh. 26:39.366 --> 26:44.433 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% For van Gogh, his life and art were intertwined. 26:44.500 --> 26:47.433 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% A humble pastor's son from a small Dutch town, 26:47.500 --> 26:49.966 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% he spent time helping poor coal miners 26:50.033 --> 26:52.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% in search of his calling. 26:52.600 --> 26:54.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% He gave farm laborers the same dignity 26:55.000 --> 26:57.366 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% usually afforded aristocrats. 26:57.433 --> 27:00.633 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Through his art, he portrayed a vibrant world 27:00.700 --> 27:04.300 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% he felt so intensely. 27:04.366 --> 27:06.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% He moved to Paris, and the City of Light 27:06.200 --> 27:08.500 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% opened up a whole new world of color. 27:08.566 --> 27:11.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Vincent hobnobbed with the Impressionists. 27:11.133 --> 27:13.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% He studied their bright colors, rough brushwork, 27:13.800 --> 27:16.900 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% and everyday scenes. 27:16.966 --> 27:20.700 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% He painted shimmering reflections like Monet, 27:20.766 --> 27:24.300 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% café snapshots like Degas, 27:24.366 --> 27:27.500 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% still-lifes like Cézanne, 27:27.566 --> 27:30.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and self-portraits like nobody else. 27:33.366 --> 27:35.700 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% He set out for the south of France. 27:35.766 --> 27:37.966 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% Energized by the sun-drenched colors 27:38.033 --> 27:41.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and the breathtaking vistas, in just two years Vincent 27:41.900 --> 27:45.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% produced an explosion of canvases. 27:45.800 --> 27:47.166 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% Sunshine.. 27:47.233 --> 27:48.700 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% rolling hills... 27:48.766 --> 27:50.966 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% the patchwork farms. 27:51.033 --> 27:52.433 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Working in the open-air, 27:52.500 --> 27:55.766 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% he feverishly painted the landscape, 27:55.833 --> 28:00.666 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% the simple workers, and the starry, starry nights. 28:03.100 --> 28:06.433 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% His unique style -- thicker paint, brighter colors, 28:06.500 --> 28:08.266 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% and swirling brushwork -- 28:08.333 --> 28:11.966 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% made everything he painted pulse with life. 28:14.700 --> 28:17.933 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Vincent's ecstasy alternated with dark times. 28:18.000 --> 28:20.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% He painted the loneliness of his own room. 28:20.766 --> 28:25.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% He drank too much and suffered bouts of depression. 28:25.466 --> 28:27.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% He was admitted to a local hospital 28:27.600 --> 28:31.633 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% where he found peace painting calm scenes of nature. 28:31.700 --> 28:34.766 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% But it seems he also wrestled with his inner demons, 28:34.833 --> 28:38.100 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% capturing spiritual scenes with surreal colors, 28:38.166 --> 28:42.533 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% twisted forms, and dark outlines. 28:42.600 --> 28:44.166 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% In one of his last works, 28:44.233 --> 28:46.866 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% the canvas is a wall of thick paint, 28:46.933 --> 28:51.933 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% with roads leading nowhere, and ominous crows taking flight. 28:52.000 --> 28:53.600 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Overwhelmed with life, 28:53.666 --> 28:56.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Vincent walked into a field like this one... 28:56.533 --> 28:59.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% and shot himself. 28:59.966 --> 29:02.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% With his paintings, van Gogh, though unappreciated 29:03.033 --> 29:06.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% in his own time, inspired his fellow artists 29:06.133 --> 29:08.766 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% to seek a new kind of beauty. 29:12.466 --> 29:15.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% The year before Van Gogh died, in 1889, 29:15.266 --> 29:17.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% Paris erected its Eiffel Tower. 29:17.866 --> 29:19.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% The centerpiece of a world's fair, 29:19.766 --> 29:21.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% it was a symbol of Europe's progress, 29:21.966 --> 29:24.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% celebrating how technology could merge with art 29:25.000 --> 29:28.000 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% to be both functional and beautiful. 29:28.066 --> 29:29.466 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% The mighty tower proclaimed 29:29.533 --> 29:32.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% the can-do spirit of the Industrial Age. 29:32.466 --> 29:34.033 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% Its no-nonsense iron beams 29:34.100 --> 29:36.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% were not plastered over with older styles, 29:36.500 --> 29:39.033 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% like Neo-Gothic or Neo-Classical, 29:39.100 --> 29:42.100 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% but proudly displayed. 29:42.166 --> 29:46.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% With its graceful curves and unabashed embrace of technology, 29:46.400 --> 29:49.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% the Tower helped inspire a new style of art -- 29:49.233 --> 29:52.000 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% Art Nouveau. 29:52.066 --> 29:55.200 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:35% This "New Art" turned modern technology -- 29:55.266 --> 30:00.066 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% iron, glass, ceramic tiles -- into beauty. 30:00.133 --> 30:02.200 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Inspired by the curves of plants, 30:02.266 --> 30:07.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% artists made columns and ribs feel like a forest. 30:07.133 --> 30:09.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% They decorated humdrum Metro entrances 30:09.433 --> 30:11.566 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% with artistic ironwork, 30:11.633 --> 30:14.200 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% employed a playful blend of organic swoops 30:14.266 --> 30:16.600 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and vertical lines, 30:16.666 --> 30:19.833 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% facades are colorful, 30:19.900 --> 30:23.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and interiors glow with stained glass. 30:23.400 --> 30:29.933 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 30:30.833 --> 30:32.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Art Nouveau was an ethic of beauty. 30:32.933 --> 30:35.833 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% It celebrated creativity and the notion that art, 30:35.900 --> 30:40.933 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% design, fine living, it all flowed together. 30:41.000 --> 30:46.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% In their homes, the wealthy decorated with leafy designs. 30:46.366 --> 30:49.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% They added curves and beautiful inlays to furniture 30:49.966 --> 30:53.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and even added a graceful touch to the latest home technology 30:53.800 --> 30:56.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% turning even the most practical everyday objects 30:56.933 --> 30:59.500 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% into works of art. 30:59.566 --> 31:01.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The sumptuous beauty of Art Nouveau 31:01.833 --> 31:05.433 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% was wearable, as well. 31:05.500 --> 31:09.633 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% In Paris, a struggling Czech immigrant named Alphonse Mucha 31:09.700 --> 31:14.066 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% created a theatrical poster with a uniquely sinuous touch. 31:14.133 --> 31:16.366 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% It was an overnight sensation, 31:16.433 --> 31:20.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and Mucha had set a template for Art Nouveau -- 31:20.866 --> 31:23.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% willowy maidens with elegant gowns 31:23.366 --> 31:26.466 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% and flowing hair 31:26.533 --> 31:31.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% immersed in a background of flowery pastel designs, 31:31.366 --> 31:35.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% visions of the good life and pure beauty. 31:37.333 --> 31:41.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The flowery style blossomed all over Europe. 31:41.800 --> 31:44.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% While in France, it was called Art Nouveau, 31:44.933 --> 31:47.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% in Germany and Austria, it was Jugendstil -- 31:47.933 --> 31:49.666 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% "young style." 31:49.733 --> 31:53.633 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 31:55.033 --> 32:00.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% And in Barcelona, it was Modernisme. 32:00.233 --> 32:03.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Upscale neighborhoods shimmered with colorful, leafy, 32:03.966 --> 32:07.033 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and organic shapes. 32:07.100 --> 32:08.500 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% On this street, 32:08.566 --> 32:12.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% several mansions jostled to outdo each other in creativity. 32:14.400 --> 32:16.100 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% Galloping gables... 32:18.100 --> 32:20.666 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% ...molded concrete... 32:20.733 --> 32:24.833 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% colorful ceramic tiles, and shards of glass. 32:24.900 --> 32:27.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Perhaps the most innovative mansion of all, 32:27.366 --> 32:31.366 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% with its roller-coaster curves and melting ice cream eves, 32:31.433 --> 32:34.833 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% was by hometown boy Antoni Gaudí. 32:34.900 --> 32:44.233 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 32:44.300 --> 32:46.400 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% Gaudí's grandest work is his 32:46.466 --> 32:50.433 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:75% Church of the Sagrada Família, or Holy Family. 32:50.500 --> 32:54.000 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% He worked on this mega-structure for over 40 years 32:54.066 --> 32:57.200 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% and left it to later architects to finish. 32:57.266 --> 32:59.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% With its soaring honeycomb towers, 32:59.766 --> 33:04.366 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% it radiates like a spiritual lighthouse. 33:04.433 --> 33:07.633 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% The stone ripples and the surface crawls with life -- 33:07.700 --> 33:11.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% animals, birds, trees, and people. 33:11.333 --> 33:15.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Gaudí combined Christian symbolism, images from nature, 33:15.333 --> 33:19.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and the playful flair of Modernisme. 33:19.966 --> 33:21.333 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% Like a concrete forest, 33:21.400 --> 33:24.400 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% the church seems to grow organically, 33:24.466 --> 33:26.666 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% reaching to heaven. 33:26.733 --> 33:30.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% The soaring nave features columns that blossom with life. 33:30.500 --> 33:33.200 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% Gaudí said, "Nothing is invented, 33:33.266 --> 33:36.166 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% for it's first written in nature." 33:36.233 --> 33:39.733 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Light filters in, as if through the canopy of a rainforest, 33:39.800 --> 33:45.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% creating space for an intimate connection with God. 33:45.100 --> 33:48.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Gaudí's futuristic vision captured the spirit 33:48.233 --> 33:51.566 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% of Art Nouveau on an epic scale. 33:53.666 --> 33:57.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% As the 20th century dawned, from telephones and cars to physics 33:57.266 --> 34:00.000 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% and Freud, the world was moving fast. 34:00.066 --> 34:03.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Artists kept up, capturing the accelerated pace of life, 34:03.833 --> 34:06.800 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% as Europe stepped boldly into the modern age. 34:06.866 --> 34:08.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% As the world changed, so did art, 34:09.000 --> 34:12.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% fragmenting into a kaleidoscope of new styles. 34:14.100 --> 34:15.900 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% Atop Paris' Montmartre hill, 34:15.966 --> 34:18.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% crowned by the dramatic Sacré-Coeur church, 34:18.700 --> 34:21.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% bohemians and free spirits could literally 34:21.533 --> 34:22.933 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% look down on the stuffy, 34:23.000 --> 34:25.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% bourgeois values of Paris. 34:25.900 --> 34:27.400 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% Since the days of Renoir, 34:27.466 --> 34:31.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% artists gathered here for the low rent, rustic ambience, 34:31.400 --> 34:33.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and to stoke each other's non-conformity, 34:34.033 --> 34:37.700 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% to live carefree lives with a hint of decadence 34:37.766 --> 34:41.200 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and watch can-can girls kick up their heels. 34:42.633 --> 34:44.566 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 34:44.633 --> 34:47.300 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% captured the turn-of-the-century scene. 34:47.366 --> 34:49.166 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% Crippled from youth, Toulouse-Lautrec 34:49.233 --> 34:52.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% felt most at home among fellow outcasts -- 34:52.700 --> 34:55.833 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% the women of the brothels he frequented, 34:55.900 --> 34:57.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and the performers of the decadent 34:57.766 --> 35:00.266 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% Moulin Rouge nightclub. 35:00.333 --> 35:04.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% He gave them a dignity denied them by society, 35:04.233 --> 35:07.133 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% like this aristocratic-looking dancer, 35:07.200 --> 35:11.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% weary of the nightlife yet unable to escape it. 35:11.200 --> 35:13.800 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Predictably, Toulouse-Lautrec died young, 35:13.866 --> 35:17.966 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% but with his unabashed realism, candid subjects, 35:18.033 --> 35:20.033 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% spontaneous snapshots 35:20.100 --> 35:23.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% like dashed-off sketches in paint, he had documented 35:23.733 --> 35:27.100 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% this golden age of artistic rebellion. 35:27.166 --> 35:34.733 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 35:36.300 --> 35:39.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% In opulent Vienna, this simmering hedonism came out 35:39.700 --> 35:43.233 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% in the sumptuous paintings of Gustav Klimt. 35:45.900 --> 35:47.766 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% Klimt favored sensual women, 35:47.833 --> 35:51.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% who he depicted as alternately noble... 35:53.566 --> 35:55.200 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% ...bewitching... 35:57.466 --> 35:59.100 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% ...mysterious... 36:01.733 --> 36:05.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% ...and dangerous, 36:05.200 --> 36:06.900 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% like this biblical heroine 36:06.966 --> 36:10.933 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% with the head of her victim, a modern femme fatale. 36:13.300 --> 36:16.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Here, Klimt's woman is no longer dominant. 36:16.600 --> 36:20.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Kneeling on a grassy precipice in a vast universe, 36:20.233 --> 36:23.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% the passionate couple is engulfed in colorful patterns 36:23.966 --> 36:26.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% and the golden glow of their desire. 36:28.533 --> 36:31.200 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% As the two patterned shapes flow together, 36:31.266 --> 36:34.500 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% the figures merge. 36:34.566 --> 36:38.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% The only thing that stands out clearly is the woman's face -- 36:38.933 --> 36:43.966 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% eyes closed, cheeks flushed, as she succumbs to the pleasure 36:44.033 --> 36:45.666 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% of "The Kiss." 36:49.033 --> 36:51.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% The early 20th century was a time of new "isms," 36:51.866 --> 36:53.500 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% including Fauvism. 36:53.566 --> 36:55.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% With their bold, primitive style, 36:55.400 --> 36:57.233 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% the Fauves, or "wild beasts," 36:57.300 --> 37:00.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% brought an untamed spirit to the art world. 37:00.966 --> 37:03.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:27.5% The Fauves, led by Henri Matisse, 37:03.633 --> 37:06.633 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% painted with intense and clashing colors, 37:06.700 --> 37:08.966 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% colors that ignored reality. 37:09.033 --> 37:12.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Artists, using thick paint with rough brushwork, 37:12.300 --> 37:16.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% portrayed more what they felt than what they saw. 37:16.233 --> 37:17.600 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% Fauves painted simple 37:17.666 --> 37:21.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% but powerful figures with mask-like faces. 37:21.666 --> 37:23.633 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% This simplification to abstraction 37:23.700 --> 37:25.800 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% is quintessentially modern -- 37:25.866 --> 37:28.033 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% modern yet primeval, 37:28.100 --> 37:31.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% a celebration of the sheer joy of life. 37:31.566 --> 37:34.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% While the movement lasted only a few years, 37:34.266 --> 37:36.066 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Fauvism helped pave the way 37:36.133 --> 37:39.100 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% for the abstract artists who followed. 37:39.166 --> 37:46.166 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 37:46.233 --> 37:49.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% A young artistic genius from Spain, Pablo Picasso, 37:49.466 --> 37:51.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% was a brilliant example of the creativity 37:51.833 --> 37:53.533 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% that came with the new century. 37:53.600 --> 37:56.166 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% His work showed both where Art had come from 37:56.233 --> 38:00.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and where it was headed. 38:00.066 --> 38:03.500 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% Even as a teenager, Picasso had exceptional talent, 38:03.566 --> 38:06.366 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% capturing the human anatomy brilliantly, 38:06.433 --> 38:10.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% learning the rules he would later break. 38:10.600 --> 38:14.533 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% His early self-portraits show great self-awareness, 38:14.600 --> 38:19.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and he could paint realistically while conveying great feeling. 38:19.966 --> 38:23.333 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Young Picasso moved to turn-of-the-century Paris, 38:23.400 --> 38:26.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% where he went bohemian, making friends with poets, 38:26.633 --> 38:29.833 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% prostitutes, and fellow artists. 38:29.900 --> 38:32.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% He experimented with many different styles, 38:32.433 --> 38:35.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% painting Impressionist landscapes like Monet, 38:35.633 --> 38:40.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% posters like Toulouse-Lautrec, still-lifes like Cézanne, 38:40.633 --> 38:43.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and the bright colors of Van Gogh. 38:45.766 --> 38:47.933 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Times of grief and depression led to his 38:48.000 --> 38:51.533 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Blue Period, paintings of society's outcasts, 38:51.600 --> 38:53.400 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% that matched his mood. 38:55.800 --> 38:57.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% When he emerged from his blues, 38:57.533 --> 38:59.700 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% Picasso took on his next challenge. 38:59.766 --> 39:01.533 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Here in Paris, he and his friends 39:01.600 --> 39:03.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% created art freed from convention, 39:03.833 --> 39:06.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% pioneering a whole new way to look at the world -- 39:06.566 --> 39:07.966 align:start position:40% line:84.66% size:17.5% Cubism. 39:08.033 --> 39:10.500 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% With Cubism, increasingly the subject, 39:10.566 --> 39:15.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% like, say, a person, dissolves into its visual building blocks. 39:16.033 --> 39:19.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% It's like Cubists shattered a three-dimensional reality 39:19.366 --> 39:24.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and then reassembled the shards onto a two-dimensional canvas. 39:24.700 --> 39:27.366 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% Cubism shows "multiple perspectives" 39:27.433 --> 39:30.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% at the same time on a flat surface. 39:30.933 --> 39:34.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% We might see the front and side view on a single face. 39:35.000 --> 39:36.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% The foreground and background blend 39:36.933 --> 39:39.300 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% together into a flat pattern. 39:39.366 --> 39:43.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Increasingly, what mattered was not the subject itself 39:43.100 --> 39:45.466 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% but how we see it. 39:45.533 --> 39:49.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Picasso and his fellow artists innovated bold new styles 39:49.600 --> 39:54.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% that freed us to see the world in new ways. 39:54.633 --> 39:57.400 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% The notion of representational art -- 39:57.466 --> 39:59.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% painting things the way they look -- 39:59.133 --> 40:02.866 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% that had guided Europe for centuries was breaking up. 40:06.000 --> 40:09.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The peace and confidence of that age was also breaking up. 40:09.633 --> 40:12.933 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% While technology had brought progress and prosperity, 40:13.000 --> 40:15.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% it also brought the weaponry to kill millions 40:15.533 --> 40:18.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and derail the good old days of the "fin de siècle" 40:18.500 --> 40:20.100 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% or end of the century. 40:20.166 --> 40:23.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% There was an underlying sense of anxiety. 40:25.100 --> 40:27.866 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% Society's darker side was captured by a troubled 40:27.933 --> 40:31.900 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% Norwegian painter, Edvard Munch. 40:31.966 --> 40:33.400 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% On a lonely bridge, 40:33.466 --> 40:37.133 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% an emaciated man claps his hands to his face... 40:37.200 --> 40:39.233 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% and screams. 40:39.300 --> 40:43.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% The sound swirls up in twisting lines and lurid colors, 40:43.633 --> 40:45.666 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% blending into the blood-red sky. 40:45.733 --> 40:48.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% We literally "see" the man's torment. 40:48.933 --> 40:50.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% By fusing the emotional intensity 40:51.000 --> 40:52.833 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% of the Post-Impressionists, 40:52.900 --> 40:56.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Munch had captured the simmering anxiety in Europe 40:56.400 --> 40:59.666 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% over what lay ahead. 40:59.733 --> 41:02.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Expressionism is the general term for art 41:02.566 --> 41:05.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that captured the angst of the early 20th century. 41:06.000 --> 41:07.966 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% Often exploring isolation 41:08.033 --> 41:09.466 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% and loneliness, 41:09.533 --> 41:12.533 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% its focus was on the emotional experience 41:12.600 --> 41:15.366 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% rather than the physical reality. 41:15.433 --> 41:17.533 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% When it finally ended in 1918, 41:17.600 --> 41:21.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% World War I left Europe demoralized and disillusioned. 41:21.366 --> 41:23.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Artists, many of whom fought in the trenches, 41:23.700 --> 41:25.900 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% captured the horror. 41:25.966 --> 41:31.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Expressionists expressed their trauma and cynicism 41:31.433 --> 41:37.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% with distorted scenes, haunted eyes, thick paint, 41:37.966 --> 41:41.366 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% simple figures with garish colors. 41:41.433 --> 41:44.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% They depicted the anguish of a world 41:44.266 --> 41:46.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% that had lost its bearings. 41:49.366 --> 41:50.666 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% In the 1920s, 41:50.733 --> 41:53.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Paris was still the epicenter of modern culture, 41:53.500 --> 41:56.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% with art that captured the excitement of the times. 41:56.166 --> 41:58.466 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Painters like Picasso, writers like Hemingway, 41:58.533 --> 42:01.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and musicians like Cole Porter gathered and jammed. 42:01.700 --> 42:03.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% And art was becoming ever more bizarre, 42:03.966 --> 42:06.466 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% even surreal. 42:06.533 --> 42:11.066 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Artists known as Surrealists explored the subconscious, 42:11.133 --> 42:17.200 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% deep urges, dark fantasies, weird dreams. 42:20.600 --> 42:22.500 align:start position:40% line:79.33% size:20% Painting landscapes of the mind 42:22.566 --> 42:27.133 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% with collages of everyday images in jarring juxtapositions, 42:27.200 --> 42:30.333 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% they freed the viewer to connect the dots. 42:32.400 --> 42:35.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% René Magritte used his training in advertising 42:35.066 --> 42:38.900 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% to push people's buttons. 42:38.966 --> 42:41.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% He painted real objects with camera-eye clarity 42:41.666 --> 42:46.333 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% but jumbled together in provocative ways. 42:46.400 --> 42:49.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% People morph into bizarre objects, 42:49.100 --> 42:51.433 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% and stairs lead nowhere. 42:54.166 --> 42:57.400 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% The strange pairing only short-circuits your brain 42:57.466 --> 42:59.333 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% when you try to make sense of it. 43:02.766 --> 43:06.366 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% Salvador Dalí of Spain combined surreal dreamscapes 43:06.433 --> 43:08.933 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% with astonishing realism. 43:09.000 --> 43:11.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% He purposely chose images from religious 43:12.033 --> 43:16.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% to sexual that packed the biggest emotional punch. 43:16.800 --> 43:19.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Ever the entertainer, promoter, and trickster, 43:19.733 --> 43:21.633 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% Dalí used his own mausoleum -- 43:21.700 --> 43:23.100 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% he was buried right here -- 43:23.166 --> 43:25.300 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% to showcase his life's work, 43:25.366 --> 43:28.233 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% both intriguing... 43:28.300 --> 43:32.033 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% and disturbing. 43:32.100 --> 43:34.533 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Leave it to Dalí to show a Crucifix 43:34.600 --> 43:37.033 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% from an angle you never considered. 43:40.100 --> 43:42.433 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% To paint squares that, when you squint, 43:42.500 --> 43:46.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% look like Abe Lincoln, a head filled with a candle, 43:46.833 --> 43:51.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and furniture that morphs into the screen siren Mae West. 43:51.233 --> 43:52.800 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% His portrait on the ceiling, 43:52.866 --> 43:55.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% with his drawers wide open and empty, 43:55.733 --> 43:59.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% declares he gave it all to his art. 44:01.400 --> 44:04.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% 20th century artists like Salvador Dalí 44:04.433 --> 44:07.333 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% were pushing the world of art into uncharted territory, 44:07.400 --> 44:09.500 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% where truly anything goes. 44:09.566 --> 44:12.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Art that represented things realistically had long 44:12.633 --> 44:14.033 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% since been mastered. 44:14.100 --> 44:17.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Now artists freed themselves from the limits of realism 44:17.700 --> 44:20.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% to create art that was Abstract. 44:20.500 --> 44:23.900 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 44:23.966 --> 44:27.533 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Abstract artists simplify reality. 44:27.600 --> 44:33.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% A person becomes a face on a stick, 44:33.433 --> 44:36.033 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% a mountain a triangle. 44:36.100 --> 44:39.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% They are masters of leaving things out, 44:39.200 --> 44:40.733 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% letting us fill in the rest 44:40.800 --> 44:42.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% until the three-dimensional world 44:42.666 --> 44:45.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% becomes a two-dimensional pattern of colors, 44:45.400 --> 44:48.133 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% lines, and shapes -- 44:48.200 --> 44:50.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% patterns that evoke the inner world 44:50.433 --> 44:54.400 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% we all feel, the world of emotions, ideas, 44:54.466 --> 44:56.266 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% and pure beauty. 44:58.433 --> 45:00.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% The Russian-born painter Marc Chagall 45:00.966 --> 45:03.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% used the abstract to create windows 45:03.700 --> 45:06.266 align:start position:30% line:10% size:37.5% into the unseen spiritual world. 45:06.333 --> 45:10.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% With deceptively childlike simplicity -- heavy outlines 45:10.366 --> 45:12.600 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% spilling over with brilliant colors -- 45:12.666 --> 45:16.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Chagall celebrated nature and its creator. 45:17.000 --> 45:19.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% His scenes, while often Biblical, 45:19.200 --> 45:23.666 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% were lighter-than-air collages of his own life, as well -- 45:23.733 --> 45:27.400 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% his childhood in a humble village, 45:27.466 --> 45:31.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% his Jewish upbringing, the idea that God is everywhere 45:31.966 --> 45:33.933 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% in everyday things. 45:34.000 --> 45:38.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Chagall's mystical world featured flying animals, angels, 45:38.733 --> 45:42.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% and lovers twirling blissfully in mid-air. 45:42.566 --> 45:45.566 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% To Chagall, people loving each other mirrored 45:45.633 --> 45:47.133 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% God's love of creation. 45:47.200 --> 45:52.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% He wrote, "In art as well as in life, anything is possible, 45:52.066 --> 45:54.333 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% provided there is love." 45:56.833 --> 46:00.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% With Fauvist colors, Cubist shards, 46:00.866 --> 46:03.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and a Surrealistic lack of gravity, 46:03.233 --> 46:06.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Marc Chagall created an enchanting world. 46:06.866 --> 46:11.333 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 46:11.900 --> 46:15.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% In the 20th century, Europe saw the rise of fascist dictators 46:15.266 --> 46:16.566 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% like Adolf Hitler. 46:16.633 --> 46:18.066 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% As war clouds gathered, 46:18.133 --> 46:20.366 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Europeans got a foretaste of World War II 46:20.433 --> 46:22.333 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% with the Spanish Civil War. 46:22.400 --> 46:24.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% That tragedy inspired the creation 46:24.433 --> 46:28.266 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% of one of the most powerful pieces of 20th-century art. 46:30.300 --> 46:31.800 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% It was a typical market day 46:31.866 --> 46:34.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% in the peaceful Spanish town of Guernica, 46:34.666 --> 46:38.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% when suddenly, warplanes, courtesy of Hitler's air force, 46:38.466 --> 46:42.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% appeared overhead and reduced the town to rubble. 46:42.800 --> 46:46.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% In the wake of history's first saturation bombing, 46:46.400 --> 46:48.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Picasso wove the shattered shards 46:48.633 --> 46:51.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% into a large Cubist-inspired painting 46:51.300 --> 46:54.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that told the sad story. 46:54.633 --> 46:57.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% A woman looks to the sky, 46:57.300 --> 46:59.033 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% horses scream, 46:59.100 --> 47:00.766 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% a soldier falls, 47:00.833 --> 47:03.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% body shattered, sword broken. 47:03.800 --> 47:07.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% A wounded woman flees a burning house. 47:07.633 --> 47:10.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% A bull, symbol of Spain, ponders it all, 47:10.533 --> 47:15.300 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% watching over a mother and her dead baby, a modern "Pietà." 47:15.366 --> 47:19.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Picasso put a human face on collateral damage. 47:19.800 --> 47:23.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% His painting caused a sensation, throwing a stark light 47:23.433 --> 47:26.033 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% on the brutality of rising fascism 47:26.100 --> 47:29.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and the specter of World War II. 47:32.600 --> 47:35.500 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% World War II was devastating, with millions dead 47:35.566 --> 47:37.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and entire cities reduced to rubble. 47:37.933 --> 47:40.100 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% But with the help of generous American aid, 47:40.166 --> 47:43.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Europe bounced back stronger than ever. 47:43.566 --> 47:45.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% As Europe emerged from the rubble of war, 47:46.033 --> 47:47.933 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% so did its art. 47:48.000 --> 47:52.233 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Pablo Picasso settled on the French Riviera. 47:52.300 --> 47:56.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Like Europe itself, he had a renewed joie de vivre, 47:56.200 --> 47:59.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% with a new girlfriend dancing across the beach, 47:59.100 --> 48:00.466 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% and flute-playing creatures 48:00.533 --> 48:02.933 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% celebrating the newfound freedom. 48:03.000 --> 48:04.700 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% With his distinct style, 48:04.766 --> 48:07.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Picasso painted a carefree paradise, 48:07.500 --> 48:10.200 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% where civilized people could let their hair down 48:10.266 --> 48:14.533 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and indulge in simple, animal pleasures. 48:14.600 --> 48:16.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% All his life, Picasso said, 48:16.566 --> 48:19.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% "Paintings are like windows open to the world." 48:19.933 --> 48:23.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% These canvases, painted when he was in his 80s, 48:23.300 --> 48:26.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% show the joys of the sun-splashed French Riviera. 48:26.866 --> 48:30.800 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% To the end, Picasso continued exploring and loving life 48:30.866 --> 48:32.300 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% through his art. 48:32.366 --> 48:34.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% As a child, he told his friends, he was taught to paint 48:34.933 --> 48:36.233 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% like an adult. 48:36.300 --> 48:41.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% And as an old man, he had learned to paint like a child." 48:44.166 --> 48:46.233 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% While Western Europe rebounded from the War, 48:46.300 --> 48:49.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% the Eastern half languished under Communist rule. 48:49.500 --> 48:52.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Taking full advantage of the power of art as propaganda, 48:52.933 --> 48:54.700 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% Communism allowed public art 48:54.766 --> 48:58.833 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% only if it promoted its ideology. 48:58.900 --> 49:01.833 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Ruled by the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years, 49:01.900 --> 49:03.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Eastern Europe developed its own culture, 49:04.033 --> 49:08.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and state-sponsored art, called Social Realism. 49:08.466 --> 49:10.866 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% It was doggedly optimistic, 49:10.933 --> 49:14.200 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% realistic yet idealized, 49:14.266 --> 49:16.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% sticking with traditional techniques, 49:16.433 --> 49:20.366 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and never tired of depicting the Communist All-Stars -- 49:20.433 --> 49:24.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Marx, local wannabe Stalins, and Lenin -- 49:24.366 --> 49:25.966 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% shown here in his ever-popular 49:26.033 --> 49:29.300 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% "hailing a cab" pose. 49:29.366 --> 49:31.400 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% Censorship was extreme. 49:31.466 --> 49:35.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Art was only acceptable if it promoted socialism 49:35.233 --> 49:38.033 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% and the symbols of its values -- 49:38.100 --> 49:40.666 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% the heroic soldier... 49:40.733 --> 49:42.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% the obedient worker... 49:42.633 --> 49:44.600 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% the tireless mother... 49:44.666 --> 49:49.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% anonymous cogs in the machine, diligently serving the state. 49:50.466 --> 49:54.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% Art as propaganda. 49:54.200 --> 49:58.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% For nearly a half century, this ideology had its day, 49:58.366 --> 50:03.800 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% but, when Communism collapsed, its monuments fell with it, 50:03.866 --> 50:06.100 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% becoming museum pieces. 50:06.166 --> 50:11.800 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 50:12.833 --> 50:15.000 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, 50:15.066 --> 50:17.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% the Cold War was over and Europe was reunited. 50:17.800 --> 50:19.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% There was an explosion of even more new styles 50:20.033 --> 50:21.633 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% and forms of expression. 50:21.700 --> 50:24.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Increasingly, in the art world, there were no rules, 50:24.666 --> 50:25.733 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and more than ever, 50:25.800 --> 50:29.033 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% interpretation was up to the viewer. 50:29.100 --> 50:31.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Artists, with increasing American influence, 50:31.666 --> 50:34.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% were blazing new frontiers in expression. 50:34.433 --> 50:36.700 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% No longer limited to conventional canvases 50:36.766 --> 50:37.833 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% and statues, 50:37.900 --> 50:40.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% they worked with non-traditional materials. 50:40.966 --> 50:44.800 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% They traded paint brushes for blow torches. 50:44.866 --> 50:47.666 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Art played with the eye. 50:47.733 --> 50:49.433 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% It was interactive. 50:51.433 --> 50:54.100 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% It engaged all the senses. 50:56.733 --> 50:58.366 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% Light became art... 51:00.400 --> 51:02.500 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% ...and so did cartoons. 51:02.566 --> 51:05.700 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Pop art became high art. 51:05.766 --> 51:07.900 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% Flowers became puppies. 51:11.600 --> 51:14.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% Little boys became big boys. 51:14.566 --> 51:18.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% It was experimental, it was experiential, 51:18.533 --> 51:20.733 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% and it was fun. 51:20.800 --> 51:27.133 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 51:27.566 --> 51:29.100 align:start position:37.5% line:10% size:25% [ Laughs ] 51:29.166 --> 51:31.600 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 51:31.666 --> 51:35.666 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Architects enjoyed breaking with worn-out traditions. 51:35.733 --> 51:39.400 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% This museum in Paris took the mantra "Form follows Function" 51:39.466 --> 51:41.900 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% to the extreme with the functional guts 51:41.966 --> 51:44.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% of the building -- pipes, heating ducts, 51:44.533 --> 51:47.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and escalators -- draped on the outside 51:47.566 --> 51:50.533 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% to free up the gallery space inside. 51:52.566 --> 51:56.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Europe's cityscapes were energized by bold new designs. 51:57.000 --> 52:01.333 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% Here in Bilbao, the latest technology, unusual materials, 52:01.400 --> 52:04.700 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% and daring forms that integrate with the urban environment 52:04.766 --> 52:08.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% made the city both more beautiful and livable. 52:08.233 --> 52:15.133 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 52:15.200 --> 52:16.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% Across the continent, 52:16.633 --> 52:19.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% infrastructure was state-of-the-art. 52:19.500 --> 52:22.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And venerable old buildings were renovated new, 52:22.400 --> 52:24.733 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% from Berlin... 52:24.800 --> 52:27.366 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:22.5% to Paris. 52:27.433 --> 52:30.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Cities outdid each other with architectural daring, 52:30.800 --> 52:32.566 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:27.5% from London 52:32.633 --> 52:34.633 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% to Rotterdam 52:34.700 --> 52:36.333 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:22.5% and Oslo. 52:39.300 --> 52:42.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Another dimension of Europe's increasingly vibrant urban scene 52:42.666 --> 52:44.933 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% is Street Art -- art that's public, 52:45.000 --> 52:47.700 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% out of the galleries, spilling into the streets. 52:47.766 --> 52:49.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% With this, Europe's art world was reaching 52:49.933 --> 52:52.333 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% beyond the privileged and wealthy. 52:52.400 --> 52:55.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Street Art included everyone in the broader community 52:55.633 --> 52:58.033 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% and gave voice to the voiceless. 52:58.100 --> 53:01.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% It generally comes with a social message as it offends, 53:01.633 --> 53:06.900 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% angers, inspires, and amuses, often at the same time. 53:06.966 --> 53:11.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Random public spaces have become the canvas. 53:11.200 --> 53:13.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% What began as tagging and street graffiti 53:13.800 --> 53:16.466 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% has evolved into a new art-form, 53:16.533 --> 53:20.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% a way for those on the fringe to make a statement. 53:20.600 --> 53:23.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% For example, the remains of the Berlin Wall 53:23.700 --> 53:28.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% have become the world's longest art gallery. 53:28.500 --> 53:31.700 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Cities from Glasgow to Athens are turning streets 53:31.766 --> 53:33.466 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% into virtual galleries, 53:33.533 --> 53:36.766 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% preserving and even commissioning the art, 53:36.833 --> 53:39.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% art that's bringing life and color 53:39.066 --> 53:41.300 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% to otherwise dreary neighborhoods 53:41.366 --> 53:45.100 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and providing a creative outlet for the community. 53:48.400 --> 53:50.100 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% This public park in Oslo, 53:50.166 --> 53:53.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% a lovely place to end our journey through Europe's art, 53:53.233 --> 53:57.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% lets us feel the pulse of Europe today. 53:57.466 --> 53:59.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% People go about their everyday lives 53:59.666 --> 54:02.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% amid the wonders of nature, while enjoying art 54:02.833 --> 54:06.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% that celebrates the stages of human life... 54:06.200 --> 54:08.766 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% from birth... 54:08.833 --> 54:12.066 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% to love... 54:12.133 --> 54:14.400 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:22.5% to death. 54:14.466 --> 54:19.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Its centerpiece is a tangle of figures that rockets skyward. 54:19.666 --> 54:24.366 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Art connects us with our past and points the way forward. 54:24.433 --> 54:28.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Like these timeless figures, we're all in this together, 54:28.700 --> 54:31.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% spiraling upward and onward toward... 54:31.766 --> 54:33.866 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% who knows? 54:33.933 --> 54:36.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It's the forever unfolding story 54:36.233 --> 54:37.400 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% of our lives, 54:37.466 --> 54:41.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the mystery that finds expression in art. 54:41.666 --> 54:47.600 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 54:47.666 --> 54:50.500 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Art is oxygen for the creative spirit, 54:50.566 --> 54:53.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% a form of human expression as vital in the modern age 54:53.500 --> 54:54.600 align:start position:40% line:84.66% size:20% as ever. 54:54.666 --> 54:55.800 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Thanks for joining us. 54:55.866 --> 54:57.133 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% I'm Rick Steves, 54:57.200 --> 54:59.600 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% celebrating he Art of Europe. 55:10.166 --> 55:18.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 55:18.833 --> 55:27.533 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪