WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:02.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Hi. I'm Rick Steves in Africa. 00:02.200 --> 00:04.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In the next hour, we'll travel through 00:04.966 --> 00:08.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% two developing countries -- Ethiopia and Guatemala -- 00:08.066 --> 00:10.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% using each country not as a tourist destination, 00:10.700 --> 00:12.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but as a classroom. 00:12.366 --> 00:14.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We'll learn about what's working 00:14.066 --> 00:17.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as people around the world are climbing out of poverty 00:17.066 --> 00:19.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and how ending hunger in our lifetime 00:19.400 --> 00:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is within our grasp. 00:20.966 --> 00:22.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 00:28.400 --> 00:31.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 00:37.300 --> 00:40.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 00:49.400 --> 00:50.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This is my home. 00:50.300 --> 00:53.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's an unusual place for me to start a show, 00:53.300 --> 00:55.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but this is an unusual show. 00:55.633 --> 00:58.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For decades, I've been preaching the benefits 00:58.300 --> 00:59.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of travel to Europe. 00:59.633 --> 01:01.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I love my home, and I love Europe. 01:01.966 --> 01:05.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But I especially love how travel connects me 01:05.533 --> 01:06.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with the rest of our world. 01:08.233 --> 01:10.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I'm privileged in so many ways. 01:10.533 --> 01:13.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I live in a rich and highly developed country. 01:13.533 --> 01:18.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If I'm hungry, I simply go to the supermarket. 01:18.300 --> 01:20.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If I need water, I turn on the faucet. 01:20.900 --> 01:24.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When I'm sick, I can just go to the doctor. 01:24.300 --> 01:27.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And my children enjoyed a fine education. 01:27.166 --> 01:30.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But I've long been aware that almost a billion people 01:30.800 --> 01:33.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are so poor they get none of that. 01:34.366 --> 01:37.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's like we live on two different planets, 01:37.066 --> 01:39.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it's so easy for privileged people -- 01:39.700 --> 01:42.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% people like me -- to ignore this reality. 01:44.966 --> 01:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Today, of the over 7 billion people on our planet, 01:47.966 --> 01:50.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% about half are struggling to live on under $5 a day, 01:50.733 --> 01:53.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and roughly 700 million live in what experts call 01:53.966 --> 01:55.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% extreme poverty -- 01:55.466 --> 01:57.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% trying to make it on under $2 a day. 01:57.733 --> 02:01.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Imagine: this cup of coffee cost me a day's wages 02:01.466 --> 02:03.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in the countries where the beans were grown. 02:03.400 --> 02:06.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But there are big changes going on in the developing world 02:06.133 --> 02:08.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% where, in my travels, I found hunger, 02:08.733 --> 02:11.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and I found hope. 02:11.033 --> 02:14.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Join me now on a journey to Ethiopia and Guatemala. 02:14.666 --> 02:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We'll learn about new and inspiring ways 02:16.966 --> 02:18.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% today's smart development work, 02:18.966 --> 02:21.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% often made possible by foreign aid, 02:21.133 --> 02:23.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a practical investment. 02:23.466 --> 02:26.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Mixing new thinking, new technology, 02:26.966 --> 02:29.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the hard work of locals, 02:29.966 --> 02:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it makes our world both less hungry and more stable. 02:33.966 --> 02:35.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Women speaking native language ] 02:35.633 --> 02:37.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In the last generation, 02:37.533 --> 02:40.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the world has made dramatic progress against hunger. 02:40.500 --> 02:43.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Since 1990, the number of people living in extreme poverty 02:43.533 --> 02:45.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% has dropped by more than half: 02:45.066 --> 02:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% from 2 billion to less than 1 billion. 02:47.966 --> 02:52.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We're on a trajectory to end extreme poverty in our lifetime. 02:52.300 --> 02:55.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 02:57.966 --> 03:01.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 03:03.133 --> 03:04.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We'll visit Guatemala, 03:04.900 --> 03:06.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an economic leader in Central America, 03:06.900 --> 03:08.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with dramatic volcanos, 03:08.300 --> 03:10.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% evocative pre-Columbian temples, 03:10.966 --> 03:14.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% bustling towns, 03:14.466 --> 03:17.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and colorful markets. 03:17.733 --> 03:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's the most indigenous country in the region, 03:20.966 --> 03:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with an enduring Mayan culture. 03:26.366 --> 03:30.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The capital, Guatemala City, is thriving and intense, 03:30.566 --> 03:32.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with a grand cathedral 03:32.733 --> 03:35.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and a vibrant commercial energy. 03:35.833 --> 03:38.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a fertile country with plenty of wealth 03:38.966 --> 03:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but a poor distribution of that wealth. 03:44.900 --> 03:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Africa, Ethiopia is proud to be a country 03:47.966 --> 03:50.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that was never a European colony. 03:50.666 --> 03:52.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Along with busy cities, 03:52.666 --> 03:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it also has a rich and ancient heritage. 03:55.966 --> 04:00.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a country of many ethnic groups 04:00.966 --> 04:05.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and vivid contrasts... 04:05.800 --> 04:08.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ...some of the oldest Christian churches anywhere, 04:08.500 --> 04:11.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a world-renowned coffee tradition, 04:11.900 --> 04:15.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and dramatic natural beauty. 04:15.500 --> 04:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While Ethiopia has long struggled 04:16.966 --> 04:18.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with poverty and famine, 04:18.700 --> 04:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it's making great strides. 04:20.966 --> 04:25.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And today, countries like Ethiopia are inspiring hope 04:25.700 --> 04:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in the developing world with steady gains. 04:30.066 --> 04:32.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia's capital, Addis Ababa, 04:32.633 --> 04:35.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a city of over 3 million people. 04:35.966 --> 04:39.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It has a lot of energy -- high rises... 04:39.066 --> 04:41.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Train whistle blows ] 04:41.133 --> 04:42.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ...efficient mass transit, 04:42.466 --> 04:45.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the headquarters of the African Union. 04:45.466 --> 04:49.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And Addis Ababa also has its chaotic market scenes 04:49.466 --> 04:52.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and teeming slums. 04:52.333 --> 04:55.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Big cities like Addis are a seductive draw 04:55.000 --> 04:57.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to young people from the countryside. 04:57.333 --> 05:01.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For a poor rural person, such a high-energy city -- 05:01.333 --> 05:04.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with an enticing consumer society and office towers 05:04.833 --> 05:07.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that seem to promise job opportunities -- 05:07.833 --> 05:09.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% has a strong appeal. 05:09.533 --> 05:12.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a global trend: The allure of the big city 05:12.533 --> 05:15.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% depopulates the countryside and fills the barrios. 05:17.133 --> 05:19.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Neighborhoods like this are crowded with people 05:19.366 --> 05:22.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who came to the big city dreaming of solid employment, 05:22.366 --> 05:26.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% only to find themselves mired in urban poverty. 05:28.033 --> 05:30.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ravines, considered uninhabitable 05:30.800 --> 05:31.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by the local government, 05:31.800 --> 05:35.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% become shanty towns crowded with these new arrivals. 05:39.800 --> 05:43.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Extreme poverty is difficult to witness. 05:43.166 --> 05:46.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Living on less than $2 a day 05:46.566 --> 05:49.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% looks about the same around the world: 05:49.166 --> 05:52.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% People live on a dirt floor -- 05:52.800 --> 05:54.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% no electricity, 05:54.166 --> 05:57.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% no running water. 05:58.166 --> 06:00.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If they're fortunate enough to own animals, 06:00.966 --> 06:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they live together. 06:02.966 --> 06:06.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% With an open fire on the floor and no chimney, 06:06.166 --> 06:09.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% their homes are dark and filled with smoke. 06:09.500 --> 06:12.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 06:15.800 --> 06:17.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Work is done by hand. 06:17.866 --> 06:19.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Rooster crows ] 06:19.966 --> 06:23.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They eat one or two plates of a starchy staple a day, 06:23.700 --> 06:27.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% not enough for their children to grow healthy. 06:28.966 --> 06:32.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% There's likely little education, job skills, 06:32.366 --> 06:35.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or understanding of good hygiene. 06:35.966 --> 06:38.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The people in this family will probably never 06:38.700 --> 06:40.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% be seen by a doctor. 06:40.800 --> 06:42.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% One unanticipated crisis -- 06:42.966 --> 06:45.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a storm, an accident, a sick parent -- 06:45.166 --> 06:48.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and these children go hungry. 06:48.500 --> 06:53.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Hundreds of millions of people like these struggle daily, 06:53.166 --> 06:55.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% out of sight and out of mind 06:55.500 --> 06:58.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of those of us who are more privileged. 07:01.966 --> 07:05.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The gap between rich and poor in our world is huge. 07:05.466 --> 07:08.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's huge between rich countries and poor countries. 07:08.133 --> 07:11.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's huge within rich countries, including the United States, 07:11.466 --> 07:14.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it's huge within poor countries. 07:14.466 --> 07:18.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Like any big city, Guatemala City has its poor districts 07:18.733 --> 07:20.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and its wealthy districts, 07:20.466 --> 07:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the gap between rich and poor in Guatemala 07:22.966 --> 07:25.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is particularly wide. 07:25.133 --> 07:28.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The planned community of Ciudad Cayalá 07:28.466 --> 07:29.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a protective haven 07:29.966 --> 07:33.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for people with wealth, with stylish boutiques, 07:33.466 --> 07:37.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% name brands, movie theaters, 07:37.133 --> 07:40.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the kind of relaxed ease that comes with a sense 07:40.133 --> 07:42.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of physical and financial security. 07:44.466 --> 07:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The Realtor here knows how to sell a condo. 07:47.966 --> 07:49.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You have everything you need? 07:49.133 --> 07:50.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Yeah, you have everything you need. 07:50.966 --> 07:53.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You have the movie theater. You have the supermarket. 07:53.366 --> 07:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You have a church. You have restaurants. 07:55.966 --> 07:57.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You have cafés. You have academies. 07:57.966 --> 07:59.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You have well, you name it. 07:59.333 --> 08:00.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So you never need to leave this place if you don't want to. 08:00.866 --> 08:02.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Actually, that's the concept. 08:02.033 --> 08:04.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That you have everything in walking distance. 08:08.033 --> 08:09.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While the wealthy in such a development 08:09.866 --> 08:12.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% have carefully scrubbed cans for garbage, 08:12.533 --> 08:14.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% at the other end of the economy, 08:14.233 --> 08:17.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% people earn their living digging through garbage. 08:17.866 --> 08:21.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In the same city, thousands eke out an existence 08:21.866 --> 08:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% scavenging from the city dump. 08:23.966 --> 08:26.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Like in many big cities in the developing world, 08:26.966 --> 08:30.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an entire class of people are professional recyclers. 08:30.866 --> 08:34.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Trucks, with scavengers hitching a ride, 08:34.700 --> 08:36.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% rumble in and out of the dump all day. 08:36.900 --> 08:40.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Guatemalans actually compete for the opportunity to work here. 08:40.966 --> 08:43.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Fito Sandoval, a former gang member in the city 08:43.900 --> 08:45.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who spent many years scavenging in this dump, 08:45.966 --> 08:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% describes the experience. 08:47.966 --> 08:49.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Speaking Spanish ] 08:49.633 --> 08:51.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Everyone is working on recycling 08:51.566 --> 08:53.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% different kinds of materials. 08:53.500 --> 08:55.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% People who are stronger and faster 08:55.800 --> 08:58.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% get a little bit of everything. 08:58.200 --> 09:01.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Some have to focus on just one thing. 09:01.966 --> 09:05.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Maybe they are not strong enough, 09:05.966 --> 09:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or they get there after the others, 09:08.966 --> 09:12.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so they just get what is left. 09:12.400 --> 09:14.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Man whooping ] 09:14.866 --> 09:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Every day you're in a struggle, 09:16.966 --> 09:20.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% risking your life for basically nothing. 09:23.966 --> 09:27.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's difficult because you arrive with hope 09:27.300 --> 09:29.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to be able to earn something. 09:32.900 --> 09:36.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And you're in a constant struggle to survive. 09:37.633 --> 09:39.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% There is no security. 09:40.633 --> 09:42.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% You might earn $6 today, 09:42.900 --> 09:45.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or you might cut your foot 09:45.300 --> 09:47.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and you have to go to the hospital. 09:48.966 --> 09:52.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% What is the stigma of a person who works in the dump? 09:52.033 --> 09:56.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Maybe it's a big stigma. 09:57.400 --> 10:00.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But it's actually scary to learn a new job, 10:00.666 --> 10:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to learn something else, 10:02.966 --> 10:06.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because they aren't used to other jobs 10:06.333 --> 10:10.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because you think you can't do it. 10:14.833 --> 10:17.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The adjacent community, one of the poorest in the city, 10:17.366 --> 10:20.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is built literally on the dump. 10:21.233 --> 10:24.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Buildings are made of salvaged tin. 10:24.466 --> 10:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Electricity is tapped illegally from passing wires. 10:30.133 --> 10:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In this community, while there's a frail, informal economy, 10:33.966 --> 10:36.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% many family incomes are based on bags of trash 10:36.966 --> 10:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% scavenged to be recycled. 10:40.866 --> 10:43.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Homes are built with a mish-mash of material 10:43.966 --> 10:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as parents work hard to provide the most basic of necessities. 10:47.966 --> 10:53.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Discouraging as this may look, there is reason for hope. 10:53.233 --> 10:54.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Children crying ] 10:54.966 --> 10:58.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This program is about how those in extreme poverty -- 10:58.866 --> 11:00.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the poorest of the poor -- 11:00.233 --> 11:04.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are improving their lives by addressing very basic needs. 11:04.533 --> 11:06.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Progress is incremental, 11:06.966 --> 11:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it happens with a combined and coordinated effort -- 11:09.966 --> 11:14.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% smart non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, 11:14.233 --> 11:16.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the support of local governments, 11:16.866 --> 11:20.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% development aid and fair-trade policies from wealthy countries, 11:20.866 --> 11:25.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and, most of all, hard-working local people. 11:25.366 --> 11:28.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Ethiopia, Abadi and his family are a good example. 11:28.666 --> 11:32.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While still poor, they have a more modern home 11:32.666 --> 11:34.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and are actually making progress. 11:34.966 --> 11:38.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Abadi explained how he's running a productive small farm, 11:38.366 --> 11:40.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% growing enough for his family needs 11:40.666 --> 11:42.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with a surplus to sell. 11:42.033 --> 11:46.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% He showed me how a tank he fills with manure produces fertilizer. 11:46.366 --> 11:50.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% At the same time, it generates methane (or "biogas"). 11:50.666 --> 11:54.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Abadi can now fire up his stove and boil water 11:54.666 --> 11:56.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% without using firewood. 11:56.733 --> 11:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% He has light even after the sun goes down. 11:59.966 --> 12:03.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% His home is spacious with windows for ventilation 12:03.633 --> 12:06.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and a sturdy tin roof. 12:06.966 --> 12:09.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The old kerosene lamp grows dusty, 12:09.666 --> 12:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as this light is now powered by a solar panel. 12:11.966 --> 12:15.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And the same panel provides enough juice 12:15.166 --> 12:17.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to charge their cellphones. 12:17.233 --> 12:19.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The family has worked hard and has enough food stored 12:19.966 --> 12:22.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to get them, hopefully, through the hunger season. 12:22.366 --> 12:26.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And a few sheep share the courtyard 12:26.166 --> 12:29.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% until they're sold at the market to boost the family income. 12:33.200 --> 12:35.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here in the highlands of Guatemala, 12:35.666 --> 12:38.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an indigenous Mayan couple, Diego and Catarina, 12:38.966 --> 12:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% while still poor, 12:39.966 --> 12:43.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are also gaining modest and dignified lives. 12:43.033 --> 12:46.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They told me how, unlike their parents, 12:46.033 --> 12:48.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they were able to buy their land 12:48.033 --> 12:50.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and have diversified their sources of income, 12:50.666 --> 12:53.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% growing more crops than just corn 12:53.033 --> 12:54.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and raising goats. 12:54.966 --> 12:59.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% An NGO from the United States helped them become landowners, 12:59.333 --> 13:02.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% providing a loan and a lawyer to get firm title. 13:02.666 --> 13:05.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When asked how this house was better than their last, 13:05.666 --> 13:08.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Diego showed us their concrete floor, 13:08.333 --> 13:09.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% electricity, 13:09.833 --> 13:12.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a bedroom for the children, 13:12.500 --> 13:15.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and running water. 13:18.700 --> 13:21.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And their kitchen has an elevated stove 13:21.400 --> 13:23.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% equipped with a chimney. 13:24.500 --> 13:27.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Around the world, great strides in fighting poverty 13:27.466 --> 13:30.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are being made with simple technical upgrades, 13:30.466 --> 13:32.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for example, smarter stoves. 13:33.966 --> 13:38.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Less-fortunate neighbors still have an open fire on the floor, 13:38.900 --> 13:42.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% wasting firewood and filling their family's lungs with smoke. 13:42.966 --> 13:45.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Elevated stoves with chimneys 13:45.966 --> 13:48.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% allow women to stand rather than squat, 13:48.900 --> 13:51.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are more fuel-efficient, saving lots of trees, 13:51.966 --> 13:54.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and make living quarters less smoky, 13:54.633 --> 13:56.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% avoiding lots of respiratory disease. 14:00.966 --> 14:04.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Families like those we visited have worked hard. 14:04.900 --> 14:07.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They've been provided not with charity 14:07.300 --> 14:09.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but with a path to development, 14:09.300 --> 14:11.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they seem to be flourishing. 14:11.300 --> 14:14.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Charity is important for emergencies, 14:14.633 --> 14:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but development aid is for the future. 14:16.966 --> 14:19.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Today's development aid is smart. 14:19.633 --> 14:23.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Rather than dependence, it creates independence. 14:23.033 --> 14:25.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It breaks the cycle of poverty, 14:25.300 --> 14:27.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% connects people to markets, 14:27.633 --> 14:32.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and opens the door to the benefits of capitalism. 14:34.300 --> 14:36.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Rising out of extreme poverty through development 14:36.966 --> 14:38.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% requires certain basics. 14:38.633 --> 14:42.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Water is fundamental to health, hygiene, and nutrition. 14:42.333 --> 14:44.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But for much of the world, 14:44.000 --> 14:46.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% access to water is a daily struggle. 14:47.000 --> 14:50.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Hundreds of millions of people live in villages 14:50.200 --> 14:52.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with no running water or well. 14:54.500 --> 14:56.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They have to walk for their water. 14:56.533 --> 14:59.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's typically a job for women and children. 14:59.866 --> 15:03.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 15:05.533 --> 15:08.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here in Guatemala, laundry day without running water 15:08.833 --> 15:11.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% means these women have to leave their family, 15:11.366 --> 15:12.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% interrupt their farm work, 15:12.733 --> 15:15.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and trek three hours to this dirty pond. 15:15.966 --> 15:19.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Water is so heavy that the women wait for their clothes 15:19.300 --> 15:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to partially dry before making the long slog home. 15:22.966 --> 15:26.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 15:29.666 --> 15:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Development is incremental. 15:31.966 --> 15:34.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% These villagers have the relative convenience 15:34.666 --> 15:36.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of public spigots in each neighborhood. 15:36.966 --> 15:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They gather on certain days at certain times 15:39.966 --> 15:41.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% when water is released. 15:41.900 --> 15:43.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For many, having a tap down the street 15:43.966 --> 15:46.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% running just a few hours a week is a blessing. 15:46.966 --> 15:53.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A vital step in development is building water infrastructure. 15:53.300 --> 15:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This Ethiopian village got a well last year 15:55.966 --> 15:57.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% thanks to an American NGO 15:57.833 --> 15:59.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% whose mission is to do exactly that. 15:59.833 --> 16:03.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Wells like these cost about $4,000. 16:03.533 --> 16:05.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Today, with a neighborhood well, 16:05.833 --> 16:08.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% these people no longer need to walk hours a day 16:08.633 --> 16:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to get their water. 16:09.966 --> 16:13.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Modern aid projects are not simply given to a community. 16:13.966 --> 16:16.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Experience has taught development workers 16:16.333 --> 16:18.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that locals who own these projects 16:18.333 --> 16:19.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% take better care of them. 16:19.966 --> 16:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They work with the NGOs to build the projects. 16:22.966 --> 16:25.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This pump is community-owned. 16:25.333 --> 16:28.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A locally elected committee manages it, 16:28.000 --> 16:31.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and each family pays about a dollar a month to maintain it. 16:31.633 --> 16:34.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% With ownership comes responsibility 16:34.333 --> 16:36.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and good stewardship. 16:37.900 --> 16:40.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Water infrastructure divides the poor 16:40.400 --> 16:42.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% from the extremely poor. 16:42.966 --> 16:44.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Having to depend on river water 16:44.966 --> 16:48.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% means farmers and families are dependent on rain. 16:48.166 --> 16:51.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% River water may carry water-borne diseases. 16:51.733 --> 16:56.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% With safe water reliably available right in the village, 16:56.166 --> 16:57.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% there's better hygiene, 16:57.966 --> 17:00.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% families are sick less often, 17:00.466 --> 17:03.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% children have more time and energy for school and work, 17:03.733 --> 17:05.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and moms have more time and energy 17:05.800 --> 17:07.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to nurture their children. 17:07.800 --> 17:09.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 17:12.466 --> 17:16.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ironically, most of the hungry people in the world are farmers. 17:16.066 --> 17:19.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Helping farmers grow more food more profitably 17:19.066 --> 17:22.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is essential in overcoming extreme poverty. 17:22.366 --> 17:26.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% More food means more money, which fuels development. 17:26.566 --> 17:29.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Exciting advances in agriculture have resulted 17:29.300 --> 17:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in a green revolution throughout the developing world. 17:31.966 --> 17:35.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia is becoming a model of development 17:35.900 --> 17:37.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% thanks to governmental leadership. 17:37.900 --> 17:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The country is divided into 18,000 districts, 17:41.966 --> 17:44.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% each with a farmers' training center. 17:44.300 --> 17:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The government employs 60,000 teachers and coaches 17:47.966 --> 17:50.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to make sure smart agricultural policies 17:50.133 --> 17:51.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are implemented throughout the country. 17:51.733 --> 17:56.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here we train farmers on different disciplines -- 17:56.966 --> 18:01.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% on livestock production, feed management, 18:01.133 --> 18:03.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% irrigation, and water management. 18:03.733 --> 18:07.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here at Abadi's training center, 18:07.400 --> 18:10.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% local farmers learn why it's important to plant seeds 18:10.133 --> 18:12.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in a line rather than scattering. 18:12.133 --> 18:16.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They learn to rotate crops with plants like alfalfa, 18:15.500 --> 18:18.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% which reinvigorates the depleted soil. 18:18.733 --> 18:22.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And the government has studied the soil across Ethiopia 18:22.400 --> 18:24.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and recommends just the right mix of fertilizer 18:24.966 --> 18:26.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for each district. 18:27.133 --> 18:29.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Smart farming includes selective breeding 18:29.733 --> 18:32.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so animals can survive local conditions 18:32.133 --> 18:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as well as increase their production. 18:33.966 --> 18:37.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This cow is a Holstein crossed with an African breed, 18:37.966 --> 18:41.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% hardy in the heat and giving more than double the milk. 18:41.400 --> 18:44.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% These hybrid chickens lay triple the eggs 18:44.733 --> 18:45.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% compared to the local ones. 18:45.966 --> 18:48.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The value of these new farming techniques 18:48.200 --> 18:49.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is evident back on Abadi's farm. 18:49.966 --> 18:53.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While his parents subsisted on corn only, 18:53.133 --> 18:55.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% he's diversified his crops. 18:55.733 --> 18:58.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Better seeds allow three harvests a year 18:58.733 --> 19:00.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% rather than two. 19:03.733 --> 19:05.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In the far reaches of Guatemala, 19:05.966 --> 19:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% this family is also working hard with coaching from an NGO. 19:09.966 --> 19:12.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And their yield is also better than ever. 19:12.966 --> 19:16.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A simple change, like just the right spacing of seeds 19:16.733 --> 19:20.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and smart use of fertilizer, can make a big difference. 19:22.833 --> 19:25.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Nearby, another nongovernmental organization, 19:25.866 --> 19:28.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% mindful that dairy is a great source of protein 19:28.833 --> 19:31.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and Mayan children are better able to digest 19:31.300 --> 19:32.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% goat's milk than cow's milk, 19:32.900 --> 19:35.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% has helped a community build a goat-breeding center. 19:36.966 --> 19:38.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This gives local families a chance 19:38.900 --> 19:41.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to produce a carefully selected breed of goat 19:41.300 --> 19:44.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and raise them at home to produce more milk. 19:46.900 --> 19:49.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Villagers bring their female goat to the love shack. 19:53.800 --> 19:55.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% After a few minutes in the adjacent pen, 19:55.400 --> 19:57.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% she goes home pregnant. 19:57.066 --> 19:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Soon the family will have plenty of extra milk, 19:59.966 --> 20:01.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% better-nourished children, 20:01.700 --> 20:05.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and surplus dairy products to sell in the market. 20:06.966 --> 20:08.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% An effective way to fight hunger 20:08.733 --> 20:10.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is to focus on health and nutrition. 20:10.966 --> 20:14.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% After all, if you're sick, you're more likely to be poor, 20:14.133 --> 20:16.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and if you're healthy, you're better able 20:16.133 --> 20:17.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to climb out of poverty. 20:17.966 --> 20:20.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In many developing countries, the government 20:20.733 --> 20:22.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% (often with the help of the United Nations' 20:22.733 --> 20:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% World Food Programme) 20:23.966 --> 20:28.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% maintains health posts like this one in Ethiopia. 20:28.733 --> 20:32.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Extremely poor people have no money for health care, 20:32.133 --> 20:34.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but this health post provides the basics 20:34.133 --> 20:35.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in the village for free. 20:35.966 --> 20:38.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Pauline Akabwai, a local U.N. worker, 20:38.966 --> 20:41.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% explained how they educate young mothers 20:41.133 --> 20:42.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who gather here twice a month 20:42.733 --> 20:44.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to help them raise healthier babies. 20:44.733 --> 20:48.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A health post is the smallest unit of health in Ethiopia, 20:48.133 --> 20:50.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and this is one of the health posts. 20:50.966 --> 20:52.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The reason why we have a health post 20:52.466 --> 20:55.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is because of the close proximity to the community. 20:55.733 --> 20:58.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And the mothers and the beneficiaries do not need 20:58.966 --> 21:00.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to pay any money to receive services. 21:00.966 --> 21:03.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The main objective is to prevent malnutrition. 21:03.466 --> 21:05.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We have a program called 21:05.733 --> 21:07.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% targeted supplemental feeding programme, 21:07.466 --> 21:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the program targets children under five years 21:11.966 --> 21:13.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with moderate acute malnutrition 21:13.466 --> 21:15.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and also pregnant and lactating women 21:15.733 --> 21:17.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with moderate acute malnutrition. 21:17.133 --> 21:21.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% One of the activities that we do is to screen for malnutrition, 21:21.133 --> 21:22.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% moderate acute malnutrition -- 21:22.466 --> 21:24.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they measure the arms of the children, 21:24.466 --> 21:27.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and if the pointer shows yellow, 21:27.966 --> 21:31.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it means the child is moderately acute malnourished. 21:31.133 --> 21:33.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We also weigh children. 21:33.133 --> 21:35.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When you're screening for malnutrition, 21:35.133 --> 21:35.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% you weigh children. 21:35.966 --> 21:39.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Along with being malnourished, children in the developing world 21:39.466 --> 21:43.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are more likely to contract a host of dangerous diseases. 21:43.466 --> 21:46.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Inoculations are an example of a global success 21:46.966 --> 21:49.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of a United Nations-led initiative. 21:49.133 --> 21:51.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Measles, typhoid, and pneumonia -- 21:51.966 --> 21:54.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% until recently commonplace in the poor world -- 21:54.466 --> 21:57.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are easily avoided with cheap and simple vaccinations. 21:57.466 --> 22:01.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Thanks to a U.N. program, nearly all the world's children 22:01.466 --> 22:04.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are now inoculated against these most deadly diseases, 22:04.733 --> 22:08.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and child mortality has dropped dramatically. 22:08.733 --> 22:11.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Laura Melo, who runs the U.N.'s World Food Programme 22:11.833 --> 22:13.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in Guatemala, dedicates her work 22:13.833 --> 22:16.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to nutrition education in vulnerable communities. 22:16.833 --> 22:19.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Guatemala has a very serious problem 22:19.833 --> 22:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% when it comes to poverty and chronic malnutrition, 22:23.966 --> 22:25.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% what we normally call "stunting." 22:25.833 --> 22:27.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Stunting is a global problem. 22:27.533 --> 22:30.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a problem that affects many countries. 22:30.966 --> 22:35.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Unfortunately, Guatemala is one of the top four countries 22:35.166 --> 22:37.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in terms of prevalence of stunting. 22:37.500 --> 22:41.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a very serious but invisible problem. 22:41.166 --> 22:44.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It basically consists of children 22:44.500 --> 22:48.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who do not have the quality of food that they should 22:48.800 --> 22:53.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% during the first thousand days of their existence. 22:53.500 --> 22:56.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And that compromises their development 22:56.500 --> 22:58.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% throughout their entire life, 22:58.800 --> 23:02.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% both physically as well as cognitively. 23:02.166 --> 23:06.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So it's not as if children don't get enough to eat -- 23:06.166 --> 23:10.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they do, but that's not good enough food -- 23:10.166 --> 23:11.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it's not smart calories. 23:13.166 --> 23:17.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A lot of people think that people in Guatemala are short 23:17.800 --> 23:19.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and that it's genetics. 23:19.500 --> 23:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's not true. 23:20.966 --> 23:23.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They are short because they are stunted. 23:23.800 --> 23:27.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They are short because they didn't have the quality, 23:27.166 --> 23:31.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the smart nutrients, that allow them to develop. 23:31.800 --> 23:34.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If we have a country like Guatemala 23:34.166 --> 23:37.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% where almost half of the children are stunted, 23:37.166 --> 23:40.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that means that about half of the children of this country 23:40.966 --> 23:42.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% cannot fulfill their potential. 23:42.466 --> 23:46.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So I think it's a more than necessary investment 23:46.366 --> 23:49.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to make sure that this problem disappears, 23:49.133 --> 23:52.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that these children fulfill their potential. 23:52.200 --> 23:56.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In both countries, thanks in part to U.S. funding, 23:56.500 --> 23:58.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I saw mothers learning important skills, 23:58.966 --> 24:02.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% such as to breast feed for at least six months, 24:02.833 --> 24:05.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% how to cook with nutritional supplements 24:05.033 --> 24:07.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to be sure children receive not just calories 24:07.033 --> 24:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but healthy calories, 24:08.966 --> 24:12.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and to teach children to wash their hands with soap 24:12.366 --> 24:14.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so they stay healthier. 24:14.366 --> 24:18.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If we don't wash our hands, if we don't have basic hygiene, 24:18.366 --> 24:21.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% then even if a child is eating good food, 24:21.966 --> 24:23.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% then they get very easily sick. 24:23.366 --> 24:26.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And by getting sick, then they have diarrhea, 24:26.666 --> 24:30.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% then they lose the good nutrients that they're getting. 24:31.966 --> 24:35.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A healthy child is more likely to become a productive adult. 24:35.066 --> 24:37.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Rather than a life sentence of poverty, 24:37.700 --> 24:40.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% well-nourished young people will be capable of learning, 24:40.700 --> 24:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and therefore helping to lift 24:41.966 --> 24:45.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% their families and community out of poverty. 24:46.966 --> 24:50.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Throughout the world, it's the women and girls 24:50.366 --> 24:54.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who have fewer opportunities and endure the brunt of poverty. 24:54.033 --> 24:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They eat last. 24:55.966 --> 24:58.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They have babies early. 24:58.366 --> 25:01.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And boys get priority for education. 25:01.366 --> 25:04.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ultimately, it's the women who take care of the children 25:04.666 --> 25:07.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and are most responsible with the family income. 25:07.366 --> 25:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When women have an education, legal rights, 25:09.966 --> 25:12.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and employment, they are empowered. 25:12.566 --> 25:15.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Experience has shown the importance 25:15.300 --> 25:18.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of relying on women to spearhead development projects. 25:18.566 --> 25:20.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% One of the reasons we know 25:20.900 --> 25:22.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that it's worth investing on women 25:22.900 --> 25:25.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is that women always put the care of their families 25:25.300 --> 25:27.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and their children ahead of themselves. 25:27.900 --> 25:31.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So, for us, it's very important to ensure that we educate women, 25:31.633 --> 25:33.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that we give women a voice, 25:33.633 --> 25:38.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and that that translates in empowerment of women, money, 25:38.900 --> 25:41.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and therefore development of their family and their children. 25:41.900 --> 25:46.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If we want to be successful in terms of addressing poverty, 25:46.900 --> 25:51.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% hunger, malnutrition, we know we have to work with women 25:51.300 --> 25:53.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because that will translate in development 25:53.900 --> 25:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of the full community. 25:55.966 --> 26:01.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Addis Ababa, a local NGO called Women in Self-Employment 26:01.633 --> 26:04.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is helping Ethiopian women develop small businesses. 26:04.633 --> 26:07.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% These women are taught basic work-force skills, 26:07.333 --> 26:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and are given vocational training. 26:09.966 --> 26:13.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In a place where any solid job is a good job, 26:13.333 --> 26:14.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% these women learn to sew, 26:14.966 --> 26:19.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they gain skills to join the hospitality industry, 26:19.633 --> 26:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they learn to be computer literate. 26:22.966 --> 26:26.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Organizations like this are in the business 26:26.633 --> 26:28.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of producing success stories. 26:28.633 --> 26:30.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And, judging by the smiles here 26:30.300 --> 26:32.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the quickness with which these students embrace 26:32.966 --> 26:34.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an impromptu opportunity to dance, 26:34.966 --> 26:37.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% this one's doing just that. 26:37.300 --> 26:40.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Singing in native language ] 26:40.966 --> 26:43.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 26:46.133 --> 26:49.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 26:52.633 --> 26:54.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Education is critical. 26:54.966 --> 26:57.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Governments, private enterprise, and parents 26:57.233 --> 27:00.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are realizing that an educated workforce 27:00.000 --> 27:02.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a prerequisite for development 27:02.000 --> 27:03.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in today's global economy. 27:03.966 --> 27:06.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In terms of pure economy, 27:06.633 --> 27:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% workers are considered human capital, 27:08.966 --> 27:12.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they produce more when healthy and educated. 27:12.300 --> 27:15.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Like many developing nations, 27:15.300 --> 27:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia aspires for all children 27:16.966 --> 27:19.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to have about eight years of schooling. 27:19.300 --> 27:22.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In both countries, we saw committed teachers 27:22.633 --> 27:24.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and eager students. 27:24.300 --> 27:26.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Development workers have learned 27:26.133 --> 27:28.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the value of education for girls. 27:28.133 --> 27:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Girls with an education gain more control of their lives. 27:31.966 --> 27:34.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Educated women have fewer children, 27:34.133 --> 27:36.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and when they do start a family, 27:36.133 --> 27:38.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% their children are generally healthier. 27:39.733 --> 27:41.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Even with meager resources, 27:41.733 --> 27:44.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it seems that as long as students are healthy 27:44.133 --> 27:47.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and adequately nourished, they're eager to learn. 27:47.466 --> 27:49.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They know that a better future 27:49.133 --> 27:51.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% depends on being able to read and write. 27:53.133 --> 27:56.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For these students, a few months of vocational training 27:56.733 --> 27:57.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% prepares them to get a job: 27:57.966 --> 28:00.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Computer labs, 28:00.366 --> 28:02.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% welding skills, 28:02.466 --> 28:05.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% plumbing, 28:05.000 --> 28:07.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and a field with lots of future employment, 28:07.466 --> 28:11.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% being a solar panel technician. 28:14.966 --> 28:18.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Technology has become a boon to developing countries, 28:18.400 --> 28:20.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% bringing new approaches -- like solar panels -- 28:20.700 --> 28:22.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to overcoming extreme poverty. 28:22.400 --> 28:25.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Low-cost, high-tech innovations are offering solutions 28:25.966 --> 28:27.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to age-old challenges. 28:27.700 --> 28:29.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Remote, off-the-grid communities 28:29.966 --> 28:31.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are employing wireless technology, 28:31.400 --> 28:33.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% leapfrogging past older energy 28:33.733 --> 28:35.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and communication infrastructure. 28:36.966 --> 28:40.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For example, solar panels are powering villages 28:40.066 --> 28:42.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that were literally in the dark without electricity. 28:42.733 --> 28:45.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This solar panel powers a water pump 28:45.400 --> 28:46.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that fills this reservoir 28:46.966 --> 28:49.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so the village can make it through dry periods. 28:49.066 --> 28:52.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And cheap cellphones are revolutionizing 28:52.066 --> 28:54.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the world of small-business people. 28:54.133 --> 28:58.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Farmers can find the best price for their produce. 28:58.700 --> 29:03.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Herders learn when and where to bring their stock to market. 29:03.400 --> 29:05.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This entrepreneur can make a direct sale 29:05.733 --> 29:07.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and avoid a needless middleman. 29:07.400 --> 29:10.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And entrepreneurs can make and receive mobile payments 29:10.966 --> 29:13.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and do their banking without making a trip into town. 29:13.966 --> 29:17.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The very poor want the opportunity to work 29:17.066 --> 29:18.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in order to break out of poverty. 29:18.700 --> 29:20.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But without access to banking, 29:20.133 --> 29:22.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they're excluded from the economy. 29:22.066 --> 29:24.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Capitalism requires capital. 29:24.400 --> 29:26.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And without capital, there's no development. 29:26.700 --> 29:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% New opportunities in banking 29:28.966 --> 29:30.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are bringing capital to people, 29:30.700 --> 29:32.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it's making a difference. 29:32.400 --> 29:35.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here in a crowded neighborhood of Addis Ababa, 29:35.400 --> 29:37.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Lisa has organized her neighbors 29:37.400 --> 29:39.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to create their own community bank -- 29:39.133 --> 29:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a cash box with two keys. 29:43.966 --> 29:48.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Each woman banks a deposit each week and earns interest. 29:48.066 --> 29:50.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They take turns borrowing from their common fund 29:50.700 --> 29:52.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for business purposes. 29:54.366 --> 29:56.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Thanks to this rudimentary banking service, 29:56.700 --> 29:59.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% this woman runs the neighborhood coffee shop. 30:01.966 --> 30:03.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% NGOs are employing a clever system 30:03.700 --> 30:05.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for microlending. 30:05.066 --> 30:08.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This phenomenon of making tiny loans 30:08.733 --> 30:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and then recycling the capital 30:09.966 --> 30:12.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is kick-starting small businesses 30:12.133 --> 30:15.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and speeding up development throughout the poor world. 30:16.966 --> 30:19.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Back in Guatemala, I meet Señora Ana, 30:19.466 --> 30:21.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who was able to start a beading business, 30:21.733 --> 30:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and now employs dozens of workers. 30:25.466 --> 30:28.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Marta, who works with an organization 30:28.466 --> 30:29.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that makes microloans to women, 30:29.733 --> 30:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% explains how microfinance is working here. 30:33.133 --> 30:36.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Microlending, it's a type of financing, 30:36.133 --> 30:38.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but also with a social focus. 30:38.466 --> 30:39.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's what we do. 30:39.733 --> 30:43.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We provide small loans to impoverished people 30:43.133 --> 30:45.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% 'cause people have no access to normal banks, 30:45.733 --> 30:47.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they need some funds 30:47.466 --> 30:49.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to sustain their small businesses -- 30:49.466 --> 30:51.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% small like somebody who sells fruit in the street, 30:51.733 --> 30:53.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or, say, shoes in the corner, 30:53.133 --> 30:55.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so that's the financing we give them. 30:55.733 --> 30:59.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For us, it's important to have not only financing part, 30:59.733 --> 31:01.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but also the education part -- 31:01.466 --> 31:03.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so train them about business skills, 31:03.466 --> 31:05.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% budget, marketing, life skills. 31:05.733 --> 31:07.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We grow with them. 31:07.733 --> 31:09.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We start from the beginning point. 31:09.466 --> 31:11.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We want them to be successful. 31:11.133 --> 31:15.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We have 98 percent payback -- so it's working. 31:15.466 --> 31:17.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% People are very responsible -- 31:17.466 --> 31:20.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a hand up to these people, 31:20.133 --> 31:22.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to make them empowered, and to be independent. 31:22.733 --> 31:23.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% First, we start with the women, 31:23.733 --> 31:25.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% provide the small seed to the women. 31:25.966 --> 31:28.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This family work together. 31:28.133 --> 31:29.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The mother started first. 31:29.733 --> 31:32.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% She learned this beaded technique, 31:32.466 --> 31:35.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and she taught her girls to do the same, 31:35.733 --> 31:37.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they after hired other people, 31:37.466 --> 31:38.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as you can see, around -- 31:38.733 --> 31:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they work together. 31:39.966 --> 31:41.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And the kids are around; 31:41.133 --> 31:42.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they can take care of the kids here, 31:42.466 --> 31:44.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and, also, they employ several people -- 31:44.966 --> 31:45.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% like this family -- 31:45.966 --> 31:48.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they employ 50 more people in the community, 31:48.966 --> 31:51.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so they provide jobs and food on the table 31:51.466 --> 31:52.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to other families here. 31:52.466 --> 31:54.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So you're empowering one person, 31:54.800 --> 31:58.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but this person makes a huge impact in her community 31:58.966 --> 31:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by providing jobs. 31:59.966 --> 32:00.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They can stay here -- 32:00.966 --> 32:02.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they can have jobs here, 32:02.133 --> 32:04.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% have dignity, and raise a family. 32:04.966 --> 32:09.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% With microlending, the same capital is used again and again. 32:09.133 --> 32:12.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This Ethiopian woman got a loan to start a little store. 32:12.466 --> 32:15.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When that cash was paid back, it was loaned again 32:15.733 --> 32:17.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to help this man start his metal-working shop. 32:17.966 --> 32:21.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This Guatemalan family got a loan for cows, 32:21.466 --> 32:23.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% which, when paid back, was loaned again 32:23.133 --> 32:25.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so this family could start their rabbit business. 32:25.466 --> 32:28.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Experience has shown that these microloans 32:28.733 --> 32:30.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are nearly always paid back, 32:30.966 --> 32:33.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and they've helped millions of poor people 32:33.033 --> 32:34.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% work their way out of poverty. 32:34.966 --> 32:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In case after case, I saw the potential of empowering people 32:39.966 --> 32:42.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% whose desire is to work and produce. 32:42.333 --> 32:44.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% These are the success stories 32:44.366 --> 32:47.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of smart and modern development aid. 32:49.966 --> 32:52.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While there's been tremendous progress globally 32:52.133 --> 32:53.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in the fight against hunger, 32:53.166 --> 32:54.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% unfortunately, over the last few years, 32:54.900 --> 32:58.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% hunger has ticked up rather than declined. 32:58.466 --> 33:01.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% To a great extent, it's because of a combination 33:01.733 --> 33:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of three things -- 33:02.966 --> 33:05.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% conflict, bad governance and corruption, 33:05.733 --> 33:07.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and climate change. 33:07.733 --> 33:09.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Conflict is a major hurdle. 33:09.966 --> 33:12.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Wars, drug trade, 33:12.700 --> 33:16.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% gangs, sectarian violence -- 33:16.466 --> 33:19.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with so much weaponry ending up in the poor world, 33:19.133 --> 33:22.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it all pushes people deeper into poverty. 33:22.133 --> 33:25.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Statistics show that when there's violent conflict, 33:25.333 --> 33:27.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it's the poorest who suffer the most. 33:27.966 --> 33:29.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% More civilians than combatants die, 33:29.966 --> 33:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% institutions that hold societies together fall apart, 33:33.966 --> 33:36.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and economies grind to a halt. 33:36.966 --> 33:39.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% A global surge in armed conflict, 33:39.500 --> 33:40.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% especially in Africa, 33:40.966 --> 33:43.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a major reason for the recent setback 33:43.133 --> 33:45.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in progress against world hunger. 33:45.133 --> 33:47.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Experts believe that, in the future, 33:47.733 --> 33:51.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% most hunger will be in countries wracked by conflict. 33:51.533 --> 33:54.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 33:57.566 --> 34:01.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Conflict and exploitation have a long history. 34:01.566 --> 34:04.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Guatemala, the ruins of magnificent temples 34:04.966 --> 34:07.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are reminders of a grand civilization 34:07.200 --> 34:10.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that thrived here centuries before Columbus. 34:10.500 --> 34:13.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But Spanish conquistadores subjugated 34:13.866 --> 34:15.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Guatemala's indigenous people. 34:15.233 --> 34:19.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Today, the descendants of the people who built those temples 34:19.533 --> 34:22.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are the poorest people in the country. 34:23.866 --> 34:26.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The city of Antigua was founded 34:26.233 --> 34:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by those European conquerors in 1543 34:28.966 --> 34:32.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as their capital of Central America. 34:32.866 --> 34:34.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It was the hub of a colonial system 34:34.400 --> 34:37.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% designed by Europeans for exploitation. 34:37.733 --> 34:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The main square reflects the structure of that repression -- 34:41.966 --> 34:45.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the palace and military headquarters, 34:45.566 --> 34:47.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Catholic church, 34:47.566 --> 34:49.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% local government, 34:49.866 --> 34:51.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the trade center. 34:51.966 --> 34:54.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It was all designed to control the people who lived there 34:54.966 --> 34:58.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and export their natural resources. 34:59.966 --> 35:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And, while pleasant today, this square was notorious 35:02.966 --> 35:05.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as a place where indigenous people 35:05.866 --> 35:08.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who caused trouble were executed. 35:12.233 --> 35:15.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Central America's eventual independence from Spain 35:15.233 --> 35:18.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% led to an unholy alliance of international corporations 35:18.866 --> 35:20.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and corrupt local governments -- 35:20.566 --> 35:24.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the era of the so-called "banana republics." 35:24.233 --> 35:28.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Entire nations became essentially company farms 35:28.133 --> 35:33.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% designed to export their basic crop, raw, to developed nations. 35:33.133 --> 35:36.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When landless peasants organized for land rights, 35:36.400 --> 35:39.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% there were inevitable civil wars. 35:39.400 --> 35:43.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The people buried in this remote Guatemalan cemetery 35:43.400 --> 35:45.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% all died in one such war, 35:45.366 --> 35:48.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% which raged for 36 years until 1996. 35:48.966 --> 35:51.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It was portrayed in the United States 35:51.633 --> 35:53.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as a war against communism. 35:53.966 --> 35:57.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But people here saw it as about economic justice 35:57.333 --> 35:59.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and land rights for the country's poor. 36:00.633 --> 36:03.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Though over-grown, the memories are still raw. 36:03.633 --> 36:06.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This man, at the tomb of his father, 36:06.333 --> 36:09.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% described how he was one of 200,000 36:09.000 --> 36:12.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who died in a war about rights to own land. 36:16.633 --> 36:20.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This economic dynamic played out in so many countries, 36:20.133 --> 36:21.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and its legacy continues. 36:21.966 --> 36:24.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Colonial systems evolved into systems 36:24.800 --> 36:27.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of economic dominance by local elites. 36:27.133 --> 36:30.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% To this day here in Guatemala, a handful of wealthy families 36:30.733 --> 36:33.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% own most of the good land and dominate the economy. 36:33.733 --> 36:37.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Along with a heritage of economic injustice, 36:37.133 --> 36:38.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Central America is now struggling 36:38.966 --> 36:41.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with a huge problem of gang violence. 36:41.400 --> 36:45.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% To learn more, we rejoin Fito. 36:45.133 --> 36:48.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Drawing on his experience as a former gang member, 36:48.733 --> 36:51.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% he now counsels boys to give them better lives. 36:52.400 --> 36:55.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Fito's own experience illustrates 36:55.066 --> 36:57.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% why boys are attracted to gangs. 36:57.400 --> 37:00.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Speaking Spanish ] 37:00.400 --> 37:02.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Because I come from a broken family 37:02.466 --> 37:04.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and my father was an alcoholic. 37:04.966 --> 37:08.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% My mother worked hard in the garbage dump. 37:10.166 --> 37:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I could bring money home, 37:11.966 --> 37:15.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% even though it was a result of violence 37:15.966 --> 37:19.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or the result of theft. 37:19.966 --> 37:22.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So I could help my mom. 37:22.900 --> 37:26.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And apart from that, I had my friends -- good friends. 37:26.966 --> 37:30.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's probably the strongest motive 37:30.900 --> 37:33.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that drew me to the gang -- a deep friendship. 37:33.900 --> 37:35.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Another family! Yeah. 37:35.900 --> 37:37.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% People looked at us with respect. 37:37.900 --> 37:42.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Sometimes with fear, but with respect. 37:42.300 --> 37:49.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I think that's really the only thing human beings have: 37:49.733 --> 37:51.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Dignity. 37:51.366 --> 37:53.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I work with young people, and it hurts to watch 37:53.966 --> 37:55.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% when they apply for jobs. 37:55.966 --> 37:57.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Continues speaking Spanish ] 38:00.700 --> 38:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When they are in an interview, 38:02.966 --> 38:04.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they don't even treat them with dignity. 38:09.733 --> 38:13.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's easier to obtain a weapon than a job. 38:13.133 --> 38:16.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% If you could these people three things to help them 38:16.400 --> 38:18.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% not to be in a gang, what would you give them? 38:18.966 --> 38:22.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% One is to offer job opportunities. 38:22.400 --> 38:26.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Continues speaking Spanish ] 38:27.966 --> 38:32.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Second, to see people with dignity. 38:32.833 --> 38:33.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I am an example 38:33.833 --> 38:39.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because I had opportunities... 38:39.500 --> 38:43.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ...because someone walked together with me for years... 38:43.500 --> 38:47.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ...giving me dignity. 38:47.500 --> 38:49.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Number three? Amor. 38:49.833 --> 38:50.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Love. Amor. 38:50.966 --> 38:55.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Because love is the only thing 38:55.833 --> 38:59.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that allows you to imagine a future. 39:00.966 --> 39:03.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Africa has had its own difficult history, 39:03.966 --> 39:07.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% from slavery to brutal colonialism... 39:09.466 --> 39:13.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ...to rampant corruption under modern-day tyrants. 39:14.966 --> 39:18.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Today Addis Ababa hosts the African Union, 39:18.166 --> 39:21.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an organization of all 54 African nations. 39:21.800 --> 39:25.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's dedicated to helping the continent heal and develop. 39:25.966 --> 39:29.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The stated mission here is to overcome the conflict, 39:29.166 --> 39:31.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% bad governance, and corruption 39:31.800 --> 39:34.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that's long wracked this continent. 39:35.800 --> 39:39.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Another major hurdle to ending hunger is a changing climate. 39:39.800 --> 39:42.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In wealthy countries, we turn up the air-con -- 39:42.200 --> 39:43.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% generating more CO2 -- 39:43.800 --> 39:46.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and debate the existence of climate change. 39:46.166 --> 39:48.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But climate change is here, 39:48.800 --> 39:50.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it's hitting the poorest people 39:50.166 --> 39:52.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in the poorest countries hardest. 39:52.466 --> 39:56.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In the last few years, the impact of climate change 39:56.166 --> 39:59.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% has dealt a major setback to the fight against extreme poverty. 40:02.466 --> 40:05.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Weather is more severe and less predictable. 40:06.800 --> 40:09.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While arid regions may get the same amount of rain, 40:09.666 --> 40:14.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it now comes in torrents, washing away the topsoil. 40:15.966 --> 40:19.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And as struggling people cut down trees for fuel, 40:19.366 --> 40:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% land becomes even more vulnerable to erosion. 40:23.966 --> 40:26.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Africa, with each decade, 40:26.033 --> 40:28.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% more arable land becomes desert. 40:28.033 --> 40:34.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The result: more hunger, more conflict, more refugees. 40:34.666 --> 40:37.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When climate change destabilizes the poor world, 40:37.466 --> 40:39.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it drives migration. 40:39.033 --> 40:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That threatens the security of the wealthy countries. 40:41.966 --> 40:45.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And what we're seeing today could be just the beginning. 40:45.366 --> 40:51.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Indistinct shouting ] 40:51.033 --> 40:53.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 40:53.466 --> 40:57.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Poverty has long been widespread in the highlands of Guatemala. 40:57.466 --> 40:58.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And when listening to a farmer 40:58.966 --> 41:02.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% whose family has worked the land here for generations, 41:02.133 --> 41:04.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it's clear that climate change 41:04.133 --> 41:07.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is making the fight against poverty even harder. 41:07.133 --> 41:09.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Is there any question that climate change 41:09.200 --> 41:10.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is real for the farmer? 41:10.966 --> 41:16.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Speaking Spanish ] 41:16.466 --> 41:22.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Speaking Spanish ] 41:22.733 --> 41:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Don Simeón was telling us 41:23.966 --> 41:26.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that there's always been a hunger season. 41:26.300 --> 41:27.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% What is happening now, with climate change, 41:27.966 --> 41:31.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is that it's longer, and the harvest starts later, 41:31.466 --> 41:34.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so, meaning that they have a longer season during the year 41:34.733 --> 41:37.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% when they don't have enough food to feed their family. 41:37.733 --> 41:39.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For example, before, the hunger season 41:39.733 --> 41:41.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% could start in April. 41:41.133 --> 41:42.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Now it's in February. 41:44.733 --> 41:48.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In Ethiopia, so notorious for droughts, 41:48.733 --> 41:51.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the government has organized local communities 41:51.133 --> 41:54.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to reforest and terrace eroded hillsides. 41:54.733 --> 41:57.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% People here understand that planting trees 41:57.733 --> 41:59.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% increases rainfall. 41:59.133 --> 42:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And terracing allows rainwater to soak into the earth. 42:04.966 --> 42:07.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Abadi is able to irrigate his crops 42:07.500 --> 42:09.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% thanks to a replenished water table. 42:12.500 --> 42:16.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And water-management infrastructure is also critical 42:16.800 --> 42:19.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in dealing with the impact of climate change. 42:19.166 --> 42:21.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Reservoirs enable farmers to dole out their precious water 42:21.966 --> 42:24.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as needed and more efficiently. 42:25.500 --> 42:28.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Thanks to this, reforestation projects 42:28.800 --> 42:31.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and improvements in agriculture -- 42:31.166 --> 42:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a new approach called climate-smart agriculture -- 42:33.966 --> 42:36.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopian farmers are becoming more resilient. 42:36.966 --> 42:38.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For instance, they believe that 42:38.966 --> 42:40.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% while there will always be droughts, 42:40.966 --> 42:42.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% famines are now preventable. 42:42.966 --> 42:45.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In fact, in recent years, 42:45.133 --> 42:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia has had several serious droughts 42:47.966 --> 42:49.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but no famines. 42:51.966 --> 42:53.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% When it comes to ending extreme poverty, 42:53.966 --> 42:57.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% globalization is both an opportunity and a challenge. 42:57.866 --> 43:00.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Globalization is a powerful force, 43:00.533 --> 43:01.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and it's here to stay. 43:01.533 --> 43:03.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Locals say it's like a big train -- 43:03.233 --> 43:05.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% get on it or get run over. 43:05.233 --> 43:06.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Everything I'm wearing right now -- 43:06.966 --> 43:09.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and probably everything you're wearing as well -- 43:09.233 --> 43:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is the result of a globalized economy. 43:11.966 --> 43:15.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Globalization is all about the free market, 43:15.533 --> 43:18.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the free market is about buying and selling. 43:18.233 --> 43:21.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For countries like Guatemala and Ethiopia 43:21.533 --> 43:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to benefit from the global economy, 43:22.966 --> 43:24.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they need to sell things. 43:24.866 --> 43:26.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And for less-developed countries, 43:26.966 --> 43:29.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because of rich world-trade policies, 43:29.233 --> 43:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that's usually their natural resources, 43:31.966 --> 43:33.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% raw and unprocessed. 43:33.966 --> 43:37.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Back home, I love my morning cup of coffee. 43:37.866 --> 43:40.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And I enjoy it thanks to an efficient chain of links 43:40.800 --> 43:43.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that connects me with the farmer who grew the beans. 43:43.333 --> 43:46.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For economic development, each of these links is important -- 43:46.533 --> 43:51.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% good soil, educated workforce, firm title to the land, 43:51.666 --> 43:55.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% fair trade policies, roads, ports, container ships. 43:55.233 --> 43:57.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This is called the "value chain." 43:57.533 --> 44:00.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Guatemala's huge sugar industry 44:00.233 --> 44:03.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is a good example of being connected to the global economy 44:03.533 --> 44:04.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% through this value chain. 44:04.866 --> 44:07.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Sugar is its leading export product, 44:07.966 --> 44:11.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the top producers have created an association 44:11.233 --> 44:13.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for a stronger voice in the global market. 44:13.866 --> 44:17.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While cutting cane is low-paid and grueling, 44:17.566 --> 44:19.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% workers from across Guatemala 44:19.533 --> 44:21.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% still migrate to the sugar plantations 44:21.233 --> 44:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to find jobs at harvest time. 44:24.866 --> 44:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The raw cane is trucked in, ground up, 44:28.966 --> 44:33.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and then moves through a complicated process. 44:35.866 --> 44:37.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Along with its high-tech efficiencies, 44:37.966 --> 44:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% this plant is embracing the worker 44:39.966 --> 44:41.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and environmental standards 44:41.866 --> 44:45.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% now expected to successfully compete in a global market. 44:45.866 --> 44:49.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Huge truckloads of unprocessed brown sugar 44:49.233 --> 44:51.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are unloaded three at time. 44:51.233 --> 44:53.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Then, with a steady cascade, 44:53.533 --> 44:56.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% mountains of sugar fill vast warehouses. 44:56.533 --> 44:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% To add value to their raw product, 44:59.966 --> 45:02.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% as much sugar as possible is refined. 45:02.533 --> 45:07.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Quality control is strict as the processed sugar is bagged. 45:09.966 --> 45:12.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Much care is put into building the brand of Guatemalan sugar. 45:15.233 --> 45:17.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Here in this warehouse, 45:17.233 --> 45:19.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with a mix of mechanization and hard labor, 45:19.866 --> 45:22.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% sweet sacks are stacked like mountains, 45:22.966 --> 45:25.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% awaiting shipment to other countries. 45:27.233 --> 45:30.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The best road in Guatemala connects the cane plantations 45:30.466 --> 45:32.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with the country's one big port. 45:32.733 --> 45:36.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And thanks to this complete and efficient value chain, 45:36.733 --> 45:40.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Guatemala exports its sugar profitably all over the world. 45:40.733 --> 45:43.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 45:47.133 --> 45:50.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The coffee industry is another example of the value chain 45:50.466 --> 45:52.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% at work in Guatemala to stoke development. 45:52.833 --> 45:55.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Melanie Herrera of Bella Vista Coffee 45:55.533 --> 45:58.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% explains how the value chain works for coffee. 45:58.533 --> 45:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So let's picture this. 45:59.966 --> 46:01.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We have this consumer in the States 46:01.966 --> 46:03.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that wants to drink coffee, 46:03.833 --> 46:06.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but wants to know who the producer is. 46:06.800 --> 46:10.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And let's say we have this producer here on this volcano, 46:10.166 --> 46:12.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% up in the slopes in the middle of nowhere. 46:12.800 --> 46:14.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% How do you connect these two? 46:14.866 --> 46:16.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So you need the producer, 46:16.966 --> 46:19.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% you need the facility to process the product, 46:19.466 --> 46:21.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% you need the knowledge and all the technical skills, 46:21.966 --> 46:24.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% you need to have an exporter, 46:24.833 --> 46:25.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% you need to have an importer, 46:25.966 --> 46:29.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and all of this we know as "value chain," 46:29.066 --> 46:30.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% which is "cadena de valor" en español. 46:30.966 --> 46:34.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% What we do is, we add value in every step. 46:34.200 --> 46:38.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The value chain for coffee is maybe best exemplified 46:38.200 --> 46:41.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by the coffee tastings Bella Vista has on site. 46:41.500 --> 46:44.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Representatives from around the developed world come here 46:44.500 --> 46:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to taste the beans from not only the company's own plantation 46:47.966 --> 46:50.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but from dozens of small farmers who work with them. 46:50.833 --> 46:53.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And it's because of this value chain 46:53.200 --> 46:55.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% linking producers to consumers 46:55.500 --> 46:59.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that globalization works for the Guatemalan coffee industry. 46:59.200 --> 47:00.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Globalization is here. 47:00.966 --> 47:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% In reality, these are good opportunities 47:02.966 --> 47:04.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for countries like ours. 47:04.200 --> 47:09.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It opens markets, and we're able to produce many tropical things 47:09.200 --> 47:10.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% that you guys can't there, 47:10.700 --> 47:12.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% like sugar, coffee, ornamental plants. 47:12.700 --> 47:14.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And we can be competitive in that. 47:14.366 --> 47:16.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This is a family business. 47:16.066 --> 47:18.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They have grown coffee for over a hundred years. 47:18.400 --> 47:22.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They offer jobs and farms for over a hundred people; 47:22.066 --> 47:24.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% At the mill, we have another 30 people. 47:24.966 --> 47:27.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They have a job here. They have their things here. 47:27.066 --> 47:30.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They have a history, a family, everything they need here. 47:30.066 --> 47:30.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They stay here. 47:30.966 --> 47:32.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So if we can create opportunities here, 47:32.966 --> 47:35.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% if we can make people have jobs here, 47:35.400 --> 47:37.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% they will want to stay here. 47:39.700 --> 47:43.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While big agriculture, like sugar and coffee, 47:43.066 --> 47:45.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is well connected with the global economy, 47:45.366 --> 47:47.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a formidable challenge in the fight against poverty 47:47.966 --> 47:51.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is for landless family farmers to also get into the game. 47:54.700 --> 47:57.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% High in the hills of Guatemala, 47:57.066 --> 47:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% an NGO has helped Pedro and Ana buy land 47:59.966 --> 48:03.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and councils them to maximize their yield and profit. 48:03.966 --> 48:06.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Pedro used to leave his family 48:06.200 --> 48:08.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for work in the coffee plantations. 48:08.200 --> 48:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% He still works hard, but now he's independent. 48:11.966 --> 48:16.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The loan's paid off, and he owns the land. 48:17.500 --> 48:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Through the NGO worker, Pedro shares his story. 48:36.366 --> 48:39.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The NGO helps them to find the land 48:39.966 --> 48:44.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and to have the lawyers for all the local papers 48:44.566 --> 48:46.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so they own the piece of land. 48:46.566 --> 48:49.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So no sugar plantation can come here -- 48:49.233 --> 48:51.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% he's got this land for his family? 48:51.233 --> 48:53.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% He's...he has his land for his family, yes. 48:53.966 --> 48:57.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And his son will have the land when he is finished. 48:57.233 --> 49:01.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% They will stay here instead of going to other places, 49:01.233 --> 49:05.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% so they will be with the family all year-round. 49:05.333 --> 49:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So the landless farmer is a migrant farmer. 49:08.966 --> 49:11.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% He leaves his family to cut sugar cane, 49:11.500 --> 49:13.200 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or work in the coffee plantations. 49:13.200 --> 49:15.500 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Yeah. Ana and Pedro's main crop? 49:15.500 --> 49:17.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% At least right now, it's not corn or beans 49:17.966 --> 49:20.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% like you might guess, but snow peas. 49:20.666 --> 49:24.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% [ Speaking Spanish ] Pedro, ¿ustedes comen este, estás arvejas aquí, 49:24.366 --> 49:28.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% en el área? ¿En la casa?; ¿No? Entonces, ¿por qué la siembra? 49:28.533 --> 49:29.833 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Solo para venderlo. 49:29.833 --> 49:31.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Okay. No, they don't eat it here, 49:31.966 --> 49:34.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but they grow it for selling. 49:34.533 --> 49:36.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's the main business. 49:36.533 --> 49:37.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's not what the locals eat, 49:37.966 --> 49:41.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% but what international demand and prices make most profitable. 49:41.533 --> 49:45.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And right now, that's peas. 49:46.000 --> 49:49.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Throughout the valley, farmers like Pedro 49:49.966 --> 49:51.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% are bringing their bags of peas 49:51.533 --> 49:54.533 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to the weigh station to sell to a middleman or exporter. 49:54.533 --> 49:57.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 49:58.666 --> 50:01.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% These peas are export-quality, carefully picked, 50:01.666 --> 50:04.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and put into crates with all the children helping. 50:05.666 --> 50:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And within a short time, they're off to the market. 50:08.966 --> 50:12.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Much of this shipment will end up sold in England. 50:12.333 --> 50:15.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a long way from Pedro's pea patch 50:15.466 --> 50:17.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to the supermarket in London. 50:20.800 --> 50:23.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While Ethiopia may not export a lot of natural resources, 50:23.966 --> 50:27.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% with a 100 million people, it has lots of potential labor, 50:27.800 --> 50:29.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and that in itself can be a valuable resource. 50:29.966 --> 50:33.466 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% With lots of young people looking for jobs, 50:33.466 --> 50:37.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia has made training a skilled workforce a priority. 50:37.166 --> 50:41.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Learning industrial sewing is good prep for a solid job. 50:41.966 --> 50:45.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And these grads got that job just down the street 50:45.333 --> 50:48.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% at the Hawassa Industrial Park. 50:48.333 --> 50:51.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This is one of many sprawling complexes of industrial sheds 50:51.700 --> 50:55.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% designed to generate export income for Ethiopia. 50:57.000 --> 50:58.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Each shed is run 50:58.300 --> 50:59.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by an international manufacturing company. 51:01.566 --> 51:02.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% This is made possible, in part, 51:02.900 --> 51:05.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% because of supportive U.S. trade policy, 51:05.300 --> 51:07.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the low cost of Ethiopian labor, 51:07.900 --> 51:11.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the government's aggressive initiative to attract business. 51:11.300 --> 51:13.900 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Thank you for having us here. What is this park? 51:57.400 --> 52:00.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopian workers are about where China's workers were 52:00.400 --> 52:01.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% a generation ago. 52:01.733 --> 52:02.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% As China has developed, 52:02.966 --> 52:06.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it's no longer the world's primary source of cheap labor. 52:06.133 --> 52:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Ethiopia aspires to spur its development 52:08.966 --> 52:12.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% by helping to fill that role in the global economy. 52:13.733 --> 52:16.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The impact of big issues like these -- 52:16.400 --> 52:20.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% globalization, conflict, climate change -- 52:20.966 --> 52:24.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% it seems beyond any one individual's control. 52:24.733 --> 52:28.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But when we act collectively, we do make a difference. 52:28.133 --> 52:30.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Walking with people like Ana, 52:30.966 --> 52:33.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Abadi, Lisa, 52:33.400 --> 52:35.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Diego, Marta -- 52:35.966 --> 52:37.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% the hard-working people 52:37.733 --> 52:39.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% who make the developing world develop -- 52:39.733 --> 52:42.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% shows the human value of tackling hunger. 52:44.133 --> 52:47.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And the uptick in extreme poverty in recent years 52:47.133 --> 52:49.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% has made fighting it more urgent than ever. 52:50.966 --> 52:53.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Traveling through Ethiopia and Guatemala, 52:53.400 --> 52:56.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% witnessing both the lives of people in extreme poverty 52:56.400 --> 52:58.400 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and the economic realities of our world, 52:58.400 --> 53:01.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% makes me consider my relationship to it all. 53:02.400 --> 53:03.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Why should I care? 53:03.733 --> 53:05.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% What should I do? 53:05.033 --> 53:09.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% How can I, as an individual, make a difference? 53:09.133 --> 53:11.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Like many people, I want to do something 53:11.966 --> 53:14.733 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% to reduce the obscene gap between rich and poor. 53:15.966 --> 53:19.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But we can also go beyond our own modest individual efforts 53:19.633 --> 53:22.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and support a much broader solution. 53:22.966 --> 53:26.300 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's exciting -- and it's an opportunity. 53:27.966 --> 53:31.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% American spends $700 billion a year 53:31.000 --> 53:32.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% on our military to make us safer. 53:32.633 --> 53:35.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% That's hard power, and hard power is necessary. 53:35.966 --> 53:38.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But it needs to be complemented by soft power. 53:38.633 --> 53:41.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Soft power is investing in development, 53:41.966 --> 53:43.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% diplomacy, stability. 53:43.333 --> 53:45.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And that also makes us safer. 53:45.333 --> 53:48.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Soft power is real power. 53:48.333 --> 53:50.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's good for our national security. 53:50.633 --> 53:52.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For example, for the annual cost 53:52.966 --> 53:54.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% of one extra soldier deployed overseas, 53:54.966 --> 53:59.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% we could dig a hundred wells in thirsty villages. 53:59.000 --> 54:01.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% It's a societal choice we make. 54:02.966 --> 54:05.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% The accepted goal among wealthy nations 54:05.333 --> 54:07.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is to invest around 1% of their GDP 54:07.633 --> 54:09.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% for development aid, and lots do. 54:09.633 --> 54:12.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% While many Americans think we're giving far more than that, 54:12.633 --> 54:14.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% in reality, the United States 54:14.000 --> 54:16.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% gives less than a quarter that amount. 54:16.000 --> 54:18.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% For every $100 of our GDP, 54:18.333 --> 54:21.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% we give less than 25 cents in development aid. 54:21.966 --> 54:24.000 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% So what are the options? 54:24.000 --> 54:27.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% As we've seen, generous giving to hard-working NGOs 54:27.633 --> 54:28.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is important. 54:28.966 --> 54:31.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% But when it comes to fighting poverty 54:31.033 --> 54:32.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and fostering development, 54:32.633 --> 54:34.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% smart U.S. government aid programs 54:34.633 --> 54:37.633 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and fair-trade policies have a far greater impact 54:37.633 --> 54:40.666 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% than all philanthropic efforts combined. 54:40.666 --> 54:43.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% How our government responds to these challenges 54:43.333 --> 54:44.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% does make a difference. 54:44.966 --> 54:48.033 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% And when we act together as a nation, 54:48.033 --> 54:51.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% there's certainly reason to hope. 54:54.033 --> 54:56.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Considering all the wealth in our world, 54:56.700 --> 54:59.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% 700 million people living in extreme poverty 54:59.066 --> 55:00.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% is just not right. 55:00.366 --> 55:02.166 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We can end hunger in our lifetime. 55:02.166 --> 55:04.233 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% We can do it because we care, 55:04.233 --> 55:07.700 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% or we can do it because it'll make our world more stable 55:07.700 --> 55:08.966 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% and our country safer. 55:08.966 --> 55:11.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Or we can do it for both reasons. 55:11.366 --> 55:13.066 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% Thanks for joining us. 55:13.066 --> 55:16.366 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% I'm Rick Steves wishing you thoughtful travels. 55:17.966 --> 55:19.333 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 55:26.866 --> 55:29.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 55:35.333 --> 55:38.566 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 55:43.966 --> 55:47.133 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 55:52.866 --> 55:55.866 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪ 56:01.466 --> 56:04.800 align:start position:80% line:80% size:10% ♪♪