1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,200
Hi.  
I'm Rick Steves in Africa.

2
00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,966
In the next hour, we'll travel 
through

3
00:00:04,966 --> 00:00:08,066
two developing countries -- 
Ethiopia and Guatemala --

4
00:00:08,066 --> 00:00:10,700
using each country 
not as a tourist destination,

5
00:00:10,700 --> 00:00:12,366
but as a classroom.

6
00:00:12,366 --> 00:00:14,066
We'll learn about what's working

7
00:00:14,066 --> 00:00:17,066
as people around the world 
are climbing out of poverty

8
00:00:17,066 --> 00:00:19,400
and how ending hunger in 
our lifetime

9
00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:20,966
is within our grasp.

10
00:00:20,966 --> 00:00:22,666
♪♪

11
00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:31,666
♪♪

12
00:00:37,300 --> 00:00:40,533
♪♪

13
00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:50,300
This is my home.

14
00:00:50,300 --> 00:00:53,300
It's an unusual place for me 
to start a show,

15
00:00:53,300 --> 00:00:55,633
but this is an unusual show.

16
00:00:55,633 --> 00:00:58,300
For decades, I've been 
preaching the benefits

17
00:00:58,300 --> 00:00:59,633
of travel to Europe.

18
00:00:59,633 --> 00:01:01,966
I love my home, 
and I love Europe.

19
00:01:01,966 --> 00:01:05,533
But I especially love 
how travel connects me

20
00:01:05,533 --> 00:01:06,966
with the rest of our world.

21
00:01:08,233 --> 00:01:10,533
I'm privileged in so many ways.

22
00:01:10,533 --> 00:01:13,533
I live in a rich 
and highly developed country.

23
00:01:13,533 --> 00:01:18,300
If I'm hungry, I simply go 
to the supermarket.

24
00:01:18,300 --> 00:01:20,900
If I need water, 
I turn on the faucet.

25
00:01:20,900 --> 00:01:24,300
When I'm sick, I can just 
go to the doctor.

26
00:01:24,300 --> 00:01:27,166
And my children enjoyed 
a fine education.

27
00:01:27,166 --> 00:01:30,800
But I've long been aware 
that almost a billion people

28
00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:33,066
are so poor 
they get none of that.

29
00:01:34,366 --> 00:01:37,066
It's like we live 
on two different planets,

30
00:01:37,066 --> 00:01:39,700
and it's so easy 
for privileged people --

31
00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:42,400
people like me -- 
to ignore this reality.

32
00:01:44,966 --> 00:01:47,966
Today, of the over 7 billion 
people on our planet,

33
00:01:47,966 --> 00:01:50,733
about half are struggling 
to live on under $5 a day,

34
00:01:50,733 --> 00:01:53,966
and roughly 700 million 
live in what experts call

35
00:01:53,966 --> 00:01:55,466
extreme poverty --

36
00:01:55,466 --> 00:01:57,733
trying to make it 
on under $2 a day.

37
00:01:57,733 --> 00:02:01,466
Imagine: this cup of coffee 
cost me a day's wages

38
00:02:01,466 --> 00:02:03,400
in the countries 
where the beans were grown.

39
00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,133
But there are big changes 
going on in the developing world

40
00:02:06,133 --> 00:02:08,733
where, in my travels, 
I found hunger,

41
00:02:08,733 --> 00:02:11,033
and I found hope.

42
00:02:11,033 --> 00:02:14,666
Join me now on a journey 
to Ethiopia and Guatemala.

43
00:02:14,666 --> 00:02:16,966
We'll learn about 
new and inspiring ways

44
00:02:16,966 --> 00:02:18,966
today's smart development work,

45
00:02:18,966 --> 00:02:21,133
often made possible 
by foreign aid,

46
00:02:21,133 --> 00:02:23,466
is a practical investment.

47
00:02:23,466 --> 00:02:26,966
Mixing new thinking, 
new technology,

48
00:02:26,966 --> 00:02:29,966
and the hard work of locals,

49
00:02:29,966 --> 00:02:33,966
it makes our world both 
less hungry and more stable.

50
00:02:33,966 --> 00:02:35,633
[ Women speaking 
native language ]

51
00:02:35,633 --> 00:02:37,533
In the last generation,

52
00:02:37,533 --> 00:02:40,500
the world has made dramatic 
progress against hunger.

53
00:02:40,500 --> 00:02:43,533
Since 1990, the number of people 
living in extreme poverty

54
00:02:43,533 --> 00:02:45,066
has dropped by more than half:

55
00:02:45,066 --> 00:02:47,966
from 2 billion 
to less than 1 billion.

56
00:02:47,966 --> 00:02:52,300
We're on a trajectory to end 
extreme poverty in our lifetime.

57
00:02:52,300 --> 00:02:55,533
♪♪

58
00:02:57,966 --> 00:03:01,133
♪♪

59
00:03:03,133 --> 00:03:04,900
We'll visit Guatemala,

60
00:03:04,900 --> 00:03:06,900
an economic leader 
in Central America,

61
00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:08,300
with dramatic volcanos,

62
00:03:08,300 --> 00:03:10,966
evocative 
pre-Columbian temples,

63
00:03:10,966 --> 00:03:14,466
bustling towns,

64
00:03:14,466 --> 00:03:17,733
and colorful markets.

65
00:03:17,733 --> 00:03:20,966
It's the most indigenous country 
in the region,

66
00:03:20,966 --> 00:03:23,966
with an enduring Mayan culture.

67
00:03:26,366 --> 00:03:30,566
The capital, Guatemala City, 
is thriving and intense,

68
00:03:30,566 --> 00:03:32,733
with a grand cathedral

69
00:03:32,733 --> 00:03:35,833
and a vibrant commercial energy.

70
00:03:35,833 --> 00:03:38,966
It's a fertile country 
with plenty of wealth

71
00:03:38,966 --> 00:03:41,966
but a poor distribution 
of that wealth.

72
00:03:44,900 --> 00:03:47,966
In Africa, Ethiopia is proud 
to be a country

73
00:03:47,966 --> 00:03:50,666
that was never 
a European colony.

74
00:03:50,666 --> 00:03:52,666
Along with busy cities,

75
00:03:52,666 --> 00:03:55,966
it also has a rich 
and ancient heritage.

76
00:03:55,966 --> 00:04:00,966
It's a country 
of many ethnic groups

77
00:04:00,966 --> 00:04:05,800
and vivid contrasts...

78
00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:08,500
...some of the oldest 
Christian churches anywhere,

79
00:04:08,500 --> 00:04:11,900
a world-renowned 
coffee tradition,

80
00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:15,500
and dramatic natural beauty.

81
00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:16,966
While Ethiopia has long 
struggled

82
00:04:16,966 --> 00:04:18,700
with poverty and famine,

83
00:04:18,700 --> 00:04:20,966
it's making great strides.

84
00:04:20,966 --> 00:04:25,700
And today, countries like 
Ethiopia are inspiring hope

85
00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:28,966
in the developing world 
with steady gains.

86
00:04:30,066 --> 00:04:32,633
Ethiopia's capital, Addis Ababa,

87
00:04:32,633 --> 00:04:35,233
is a city of 
over 3 million people.

88
00:04:35,966 --> 00:04:39,066
It has a lot of energy -- 
high rises...

89
00:04:39,066 --> 00:04:41,133
[ Train whistle blows ]

90
00:04:41,133 --> 00:04:42,466
...efficient mass transit,

91
00:04:42,466 --> 00:04:45,466
and the headquarters 
of the African Union.

92
00:04:45,466 --> 00:04:49,466
And Addis Ababa also has 
its chaotic market scenes

93
00:04:49,466 --> 00:04:52,333
and teeming slums.

94
00:04:52,333 --> 00:04:55,000
Big cities like Addis 
are a seductive draw

95
00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:57,333
to young people 
from the countryside.

96
00:04:57,333 --> 00:05:01,333
For a poor rural person, 
such a high-energy city --

97
00:05:01,333 --> 00:05:04,833
with an enticing consumer 
society and office towers

98
00:05:04,833 --> 00:05:07,833
that seem to promise 
job opportunities --

99
00:05:07,833 --> 00:05:09,533
has a strong appeal.

100
00:05:09,533 --> 00:05:12,533
It's a global trend: 
The allure of the big city

101
00:05:12,533 --> 00:05:15,700
depopulates the countryside 
and fills the barrios.

102
00:05:17,133 --> 00:05:19,366
Neighborhoods like this 
are crowded with people

103
00:05:19,366 --> 00:05:22,366
who came to the big city 
dreaming of solid employment,

104
00:05:22,366 --> 00:05:26,366
only to find themselves 
mired in urban poverty.

105
00:05:28,033 --> 00:05:30,800
Ravines, 
considered uninhabitable

106
00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:31,800
by the local government,

107
00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:35,966
become shanty towns crowded 
with these new arrivals.

108
00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:43,166
Extreme poverty 
is difficult to witness.

109
00:05:43,166 --> 00:05:46,566
Living on less than $2 a day

110
00:05:46,566 --> 00:05:49,166
looks about the same 
around the world:

111
00:05:49,166 --> 00:05:52,800
People live on a dirt floor --

112
00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:54,166
no electricity,

113
00:05:54,166 --> 00:05:57,166
no running water.

114
00:05:58,166 --> 00:06:00,966
If they're fortunate enough 
to own animals,

115
00:06:00,966 --> 00:06:02,966
they live together.

116
00:06:02,966 --> 00:06:06,166
With an open fire on the floor 
and no chimney,

117
00:06:06,166 --> 00:06:09,500
their homes are dark 
and filled with smoke.

118
00:06:09,500 --> 00:06:12,533
♪♪

119
00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:17,866
Work is done by hand.

120
00:06:17,866 --> 00:06:19,966
[ Rooster crows ]

121
00:06:19,966 --> 00:06:23,700
They eat one or two plates 
of a starchy staple a day,

122
00:06:23,700 --> 00:06:27,066
not enough for their children 
to grow healthy.

123
00:06:28,966 --> 00:06:32,366
There's likely little education, 
job skills,

124
00:06:32,366 --> 00:06:35,066
or understanding 
of good hygiene.

125
00:06:35,966 --> 00:06:38,700
The people in this family 
will probably never

126
00:06:38,700 --> 00:06:40,800
be seen by a doctor.

127
00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:42,966
One unanticipated crisis --

128
00:06:42,966 --> 00:06:45,166
a storm, an accident, 
a sick parent --

129
00:06:45,166 --> 00:06:48,500
and these children go hungry.

130
00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:53,166
Hundreds of millions of people 
like these struggle daily,

131
00:06:53,166 --> 00:06:55,500
out of sight and out of mind

132
00:06:55,500 --> 00:06:58,166
of those of us 
who are more privileged.

133
00:07:01,966 --> 00:07:05,466
The gap between rich and poor 
in our world is huge.

134
00:07:05,466 --> 00:07:08,133
It's huge between rich countries 
and poor countries.

135
00:07:08,133 --> 00:07:11,466
It's huge within rich countries, 
including the United States,

136
00:07:11,466 --> 00:07:14,466
and it's huge 
within poor countries.

137
00:07:14,466 --> 00:07:18,733
Like any big city, Guatemala 
City has its poor districts

138
00:07:18,733 --> 00:07:20,466
and its wealthy districts,

139
00:07:20,466 --> 00:07:22,966
and the gap between 
rich and poor in Guatemala

140
00:07:22,966 --> 00:07:25,133
is particularly wide.

141
00:07:25,133 --> 00:07:28,466
The planned community 
of Ciudad Cayalá

142
00:07:28,466 --> 00:07:29,966
is a protective haven

143
00:07:29,966 --> 00:07:33,466
for people with wealth, 
with stylish boutiques,

144
00:07:33,466 --> 00:07:37,133
name brands, movie theaters,

145
00:07:37,133 --> 00:07:40,133
and the kind of relaxed ease 
that comes with a sense

146
00:07:40,133 --> 00:07:42,133
of physical and financial 
security.

147
00:07:44,466 --> 00:07:47,966
The Realtor here knows 
how to sell a condo.

148
00:07:47,966 --> 00:07:49,133
You have everything you need?

149
00:07:49,133 --> 00:07:50,966
Yeah, you have 
everything you need.

150
00:07:50,966 --> 00:07:53,366
You have the movie theater. 
You have the supermarket.

151
00:07:53,366 --> 00:07:55,966
You have a church. 
You have restaurants.

152
00:07:55,966 --> 00:07:57,966
You have cafés. 
You have academies.

153
00:07:57,966 --> 00:07:59,333
You have well, you name it.

154
00:07:59,333 --> 00:08:00,866
So you never need to leave this 
place if you don't want to.

155
00:08:00,866 --> 00:08:02,033
Actually, that's the concept.

156
00:08:02,033 --> 00:08:04,666
That you have everything 
in walking distance.

157
00:08:08,033 --> 00:08:09,866
While the wealthy 
in such a development

158
00:08:09,866 --> 00:08:12,533
have carefully scrubbed cans 
for garbage,

159
00:08:12,533 --> 00:08:14,233
at the other end of the economy,

160
00:08:14,233 --> 00:08:17,866
people earn their living 
digging through garbage.

161
00:08:17,866 --> 00:08:21,866
In the same city, 
thousands eke out an existence

162
00:08:21,866 --> 00:08:23,966
scavenging from the city dump.

163
00:08:23,966 --> 00:08:26,966
Like in many big cities 
in the developing world,

164
00:08:26,966 --> 00:08:30,866
an entire class of people 
are professional recyclers.

165
00:08:30,866 --> 00:08:34,700
Trucks, with scavengers 
hitching a ride,

166
00:08:34,700 --> 00:08:36,900
rumble in and out of the dump 
all day.

167
00:08:36,900 --> 00:08:40,966
Guatemalans actually compete for 
the opportunity to work here.

168
00:08:40,966 --> 00:08:43,900
Fito Sandoval, a former 
gang member in the city

169
00:08:43,900 --> 00:08:45,966
who spent many years 
scavenging in this dump,

170
00:08:45,966 --> 00:08:47,966
describes the experience.

171
00:08:47,966 --> 00:08:49,633
[ Speaking Spanish ]

172
00:08:49,633 --> 00:08:51,566
Everyone is working 
on recycling

173
00:08:51,566 --> 00:08:53,500
different kinds of materials.

174
00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:55,800
People who are stronger 
and faster

175
00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:58,200
get a little bit of everything.

176
00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:01,966
Some have to focus 
on just one thing.

177
00:09:01,966 --> 00:09:05,966
Maybe they are not 
strong enough,

178
00:09:05,966 --> 00:09:08,966
or they get there 
after the others,

179
00:09:08,966 --> 00:09:12,400
so they just get what is left.

180
00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,866
[ Man whooping ]

181
00:09:14,866 --> 00:09:16,966
Every day you're in a struggle,

182
00:09:16,966 --> 00:09:20,133
risking your life 
for basically nothing.

183
00:09:23,966 --> 00:09:27,300
It's difficult 
because you arrive with hope

184
00:09:27,300 --> 00:09:29,900
to be able to earn something.

185
00:09:32,900 --> 00:09:36,300
And you're in a constant 
struggle to survive.

186
00:09:37,633 --> 00:09:39,800
There is no security.

187
00:09:40,633 --> 00:09:42,900
You might earn $6 today,

188
00:09:42,900 --> 00:09:45,300
or you might cut your foot

189
00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:47,466
and you have to go 
to the hospital.

190
00:09:48,966 --> 00:09:52,033
What is the stigma of a person 
who works in the dump?

191
00:09:52,033 --> 00:09:56,133
Maybe it's a big stigma.

192
00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:00,300
But it's actually scary 
to learn a new job,

193
00:10:00,666 --> 00:10:02,966
to learn something else,

194
00:10:02,966 --> 00:10:06,333
because they aren't used to 
other jobs

195
00:10:06,333 --> 00:10:10,666
because you think 
you can't do it.

196
00:10:14,833 --> 00:10:17,366
The adjacent community, 
one of the poorest in the city,

197
00:10:17,366 --> 00:10:20,366
is built literally on the dump.

198
00:10:21,233 --> 00:10:24,466
Buildings are made 
of salvaged tin.

199
00:10:24,466 --> 00:10:28,966
Electricity is tapped 
illegally from passing wires.

200
00:10:30,133 --> 00:10:33,966
In this community, while there's 
a frail, informal economy,

201
00:10:33,966 --> 00:10:36,966
many family incomes are based 
on bags of trash

202
00:10:36,966 --> 00:10:39,966
scavenged to be recycled.

203
00:10:40,866 --> 00:10:43,966
Homes are built with 
a mish-mash of material

204
00:10:43,966 --> 00:10:47,966
as parents work hard to provide 
the most basic of necessities.

205
00:10:47,966 --> 00:10:53,233
Discouraging as this may look, 
there is reason for hope.

206
00:10:53,233 --> 00:10:54,966
[ Children crying ]

207
00:10:54,966 --> 00:10:58,866
This program is about how those 
in extreme poverty --

208
00:10:58,866 --> 00:11:00,233
the poorest of the poor --

209
00:11:00,233 --> 00:11:04,533
are improving their lives 
by addressing very basic needs.

210
00:11:04,533 --> 00:11:06,966
Progress is incremental,

211
00:11:06,966 --> 00:11:09,966
and it happens with a combined 
and coordinated effort --

212
00:11:09,966 --> 00:11:14,233
smart non-governmental 
organizations, or NGOs,

213
00:11:14,233 --> 00:11:16,866
the support 
of local governments,

214
00:11:16,866 --> 00:11:20,866
development aid and fair-trade 
policies from wealthy countries,

215
00:11:20,866 --> 00:11:25,366
and, most of all, 
hard-working local people.

216
00:11:25,366 --> 00:11:28,666
In Ethiopia, Abadi and 
his family are a good example.

217
00:11:28,666 --> 00:11:32,666
While still poor, 
they have a more modern home

218
00:11:32,666 --> 00:11:34,966
and are actually 
making progress.

219
00:11:34,966 --> 00:11:38,366
Abadi explained how he's running 
a productive small farm,

220
00:11:38,366 --> 00:11:40,666
growing enough 
for his family needs

221
00:11:40,666 --> 00:11:42,033
with a surplus to sell.

222
00:11:42,033 --> 00:11:46,366
He showed me how a tank he fills 
with manure produces fertilizer.

223
00:11:46,366 --> 00:11:50,666
At the same time, it generates 
methane (or "biogas").

224
00:11:50,666 --> 00:11:54,666
Abadi can now fire up his stove 
and boil water

225
00:11:54,666 --> 00:11:56,733
without using firewood.

226
00:11:56,733 --> 00:11:59,966
He has light even after 
the sun goes down.

227
00:11:59,966 --> 00:12:03,633
His home is spacious 
with windows for ventilation

228
00:12:03,633 --> 00:12:06,966
and a sturdy tin roof.

229
00:12:06,966 --> 00:12:09,666
The old kerosene lamp 
grows dusty,

230
00:12:09,666 --> 00:12:11,966
as this light is now powered 
by a solar panel.

231
00:12:11,966 --> 00:12:15,166
And the same panel 
provides enough juice

232
00:12:15,166 --> 00:12:17,233
to charge their cellphones.

233
00:12:17,233 --> 00:12:19,966
The family has worked hard 
and has enough food stored

234
00:12:19,966 --> 00:12:22,366
to get them, hopefully, 
through the hunger season.

235
00:12:22,366 --> 00:12:26,166
And a few sheep 
share the courtyard

236
00:12:26,166 --> 00:12:29,666
until they're sold at the market 
to boost the family income.

237
00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:35,666
Here in the highlands 
of Guatemala,

238
00:12:35,666 --> 00:12:38,966
an indigenous Mayan couple, 
Diego and Catarina,

239
00:12:38,966 --> 00:12:39,966
while still poor,

240
00:12:39,966 --> 00:12:43,033
are also gaining modest 
and dignified lives.

241
00:12:43,033 --> 00:12:46,033
They told me how, 
unlike their parents,

242
00:12:46,033 --> 00:12:48,033
they were able to buy their land

243
00:12:48,033 --> 00:12:50,666
and have diversified 
their sources of income,

244
00:12:50,666 --> 00:12:53,033
growing more crops 
than just corn

245
00:12:53,033 --> 00:12:54,966
and raising goats.

246
00:12:54,966 --> 00:12:59,333
An NGO from the United States 
helped them become landowners,

247
00:12:59,333 --> 00:13:02,666
providing a loan and a lawyer 
to get firm title.

248
00:13:02,666 --> 00:13:05,666
When asked how this house 
was better than their last,

249
00:13:05,666 --> 00:13:08,333
Diego showed us 
their concrete floor,

250
00:13:08,333 --> 00:13:09,833
electricity,

251
00:13:09,833 --> 00:13:12,500
a bedroom for the children,

252
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,833
and running water.

253
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,400
And their kitchen has 
an elevated stove

254
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:23,900
equipped with a chimney.

255
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:27,466
Around the world, great strides 
in fighting poverty

256
00:13:27,466 --> 00:13:30,466
are being made with simple 
technical upgrades,

257
00:13:30,466 --> 00:13:32,966
for example, smarter stoves.

258
00:13:33,966 --> 00:13:38,900
Less-fortunate neighbors still 
have an open fire on the floor,

259
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,333
wasting firewood and filling 
their family's lungs with smoke.

260
00:13:42,966 --> 00:13:45,966
Elevated stoves with chimneys

261
00:13:45,966 --> 00:13:48,900
allow women to stand 
rather than squat,

262
00:13:48,900 --> 00:13:51,966
are more fuel-efficient, 
saving lots of trees,

263
00:13:51,966 --> 00:13:54,633
and make living quarters 
less smoky,

264
00:13:54,633 --> 00:13:56,900
avoiding lots of 
respiratory disease.

265
00:14:00,966 --> 00:14:04,900
Families like those we visited 
have worked hard.

266
00:14:04,900 --> 00:14:07,300
They've been provided 
not with charity

267
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:09,300
but with a path to development,

268
00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:11,300
and they seem to be flourishing.

269
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:14,633
Charity is important 
for emergencies,

270
00:14:14,633 --> 00:14:16,966
but development aid 
is for the future.

271
00:14:16,966 --> 00:14:19,633
Today's development aid 
is smart.

272
00:14:19,633 --> 00:14:23,033
Rather than dependence, 
it creates independence.

273
00:14:23,033 --> 00:14:25,300
It breaks the cycle of poverty,

274
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:27,633
connects people to markets,

275
00:14:27,633 --> 00:14:32,300
and opens the door 
to the benefits of capitalism.

276
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:36,966
Rising out of extreme poverty 
through development

277
00:14:36,966 --> 00:14:38,633
requires certain basics.

278
00:14:38,633 --> 00:14:42,333
Water is fundamental to health, 
hygiene, and nutrition.

279
00:14:42,333 --> 00:14:44,000
But for much of the world,

280
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,000
access to water 
is a daily struggle.

281
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:50,200
Hundreds of millions of people 
live in villages

282
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,366
with no running water or well.

283
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:56,533
They have to walk 
for their water.

284
00:14:56,533 --> 00:14:59,866
It's typically a job 
for women and children.

285
00:14:59,866 --> 00:15:03,000
♪♪

286
00:15:05,533 --> 00:15:08,833
Here in Guatemala, laundry day 
without running water

287
00:15:08,833 --> 00:15:11,366
means these women have to 
leave their family,

288
00:15:11,366 --> 00:15:12,733
interrupt their farm work,

289
00:15:12,733 --> 00:15:15,966
and trek three hours 
to this dirty pond.

290
00:15:15,966 --> 00:15:19,300
Water is so heavy that the women 
wait for their clothes

291
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:22,966
to partially dry before 
making the long slog home.

292
00:15:22,966 --> 00:15:26,233
♪♪

293
00:15:29,666 --> 00:15:31,966
Development is incremental.

294
00:15:31,966 --> 00:15:34,666
These villagers have 
the relative convenience

295
00:15:34,666 --> 00:15:36,966
of public spigots 
in each neighborhood.

296
00:15:36,966 --> 00:15:39,966
They gather on certain days 
at certain times

297
00:15:39,966 --> 00:15:41,900
when water is released.

298
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:43,966
For many, having a tap 
down the street

299
00:15:43,966 --> 00:15:46,966
running just a few hours a week 
is a blessing.

300
00:15:46,966 --> 00:15:53,300
A vital step in development is 
building water infrastructure.

301
00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:55,966
This Ethiopian village got 
a well last year

302
00:15:55,966 --> 00:15:57,833
thanks to an American NGO

303
00:15:57,833 --> 00:15:59,833
whose mission is 
to do exactly that.

304
00:15:59,833 --> 00:16:03,533
Wells like these cost 
about $4,000.

305
00:16:03,533 --> 00:16:05,833
Today, with a neighborhood well,

306
00:16:05,833 --> 00:16:08,633
these people no longer need 
to walk hours a day

307
00:16:08,633 --> 00:16:09,966
to get their water.

308
00:16:09,966 --> 00:16:13,966
Modern aid projects are not 
simply given to a community.

309
00:16:13,966 --> 00:16:16,333
Experience has taught 
development workers

310
00:16:16,333 --> 00:16:18,333
that locals who own 
these projects

311
00:16:18,333 --> 00:16:19,966
take better care of them.

312
00:16:19,966 --> 00:16:22,966
They work with the NGOs 
to build the projects.

313
00:16:22,966 --> 00:16:25,333
This pump is community-owned.

314
00:16:25,333 --> 00:16:28,000
A locally elected committee 
manages it,

315
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,633
and each family pays about 
a dollar a month to maintain it.

316
00:16:31,633 --> 00:16:34,333
With ownership 
comes responsibility

317
00:16:34,333 --> 00:16:36,333
and good stewardship.

318
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:40,400
Water infrastructure 
divides the poor

319
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:42,966
from the extremely poor.

320
00:16:42,966 --> 00:16:44,966
Having to depend on river water

321
00:16:44,966 --> 00:16:48,166
means farmers and families 
are dependent on rain.

322
00:16:48,166 --> 00:16:51,733
River water may carry 
water-borne diseases.

323
00:16:51,733 --> 00:16:56,166
With safe water reliably 
available right in the village,

324
00:16:56,166 --> 00:16:57,966
there's better hygiene,

325
00:16:57,966 --> 00:17:00,466
families are sick less often,

326
00:17:00,466 --> 00:17:03,733
children have more time 
and energy for school and work,

327
00:17:03,733 --> 00:17:05,800
and moms have more time 
and energy

328
00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:07,800
to nurture their children.

329
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:09,400
♪♪

330
00:17:12,466 --> 00:17:16,066
Ironically, most of the hungry 
people in the world are farmers.

331
00:17:16,066 --> 00:17:19,066
Helping farmers grow more food 
more profitably

332
00:17:19,066 --> 00:17:22,366
is essential in overcoming 
extreme poverty.

333
00:17:22,366 --> 00:17:26,566
More food means more money, 
which fuels development.

334
00:17:26,566 --> 00:17:29,300
Exciting advances in agriculture 
have resulted

335
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:31,966
in a green revolution 
throughout the developing world.

336
00:17:31,966 --> 00:17:35,900
Ethiopia is becoming 
a model of development

337
00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:37,900
thanks to 
governmental leadership.

338
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,966
The country is divided 
into 18,000 districts,

339
00:17:41,966 --> 00:17:44,300
each with 
a farmers' training center.

340
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,966
The government employs 
60,000 teachers and coaches

341
00:17:47,966 --> 00:17:50,133
to make sure 
smart agricultural policies

342
00:17:50,133 --> 00:17:51,733
are implemented 
throughout the country.

343
00:17:51,733 --> 00:17:56,966
Here we train farmers 
on different disciplines --

344
00:17:56,966 --> 00:18:01,133
on livestock production, 
feed management,

345
00:18:01,133 --> 00:18:03,733
irrigation, 
and water management.

346
00:18:03,733 --> 00:18:07,400
Here at Abadi's 
training center,

347
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:10,133
local farmers learn why 
it's important to plant seeds

348
00:18:10,133 --> 00:18:12,133
in a line 
rather than scattering.

349
00:18:12,133 --> 00:18:16,133
They learn to rotate crops 
with plants like alfalfa,

350
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:18,733
which reinvigorates 
the depleted soil.

351
00:18:18,733 --> 00:18:22,400
And the government has studied 
the soil across Ethiopia

352
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,966
and recommends just the right 
mix of fertilizer

353
00:18:24,966 --> 00:18:26,400
for each district.

354
00:18:27,133 --> 00:18:29,733
Smart farming includes 
selective breeding

355
00:18:29,733 --> 00:18:32,133
so animals can survive 
local conditions

356
00:18:32,133 --> 00:18:33,966
as well as increase 
their production.

357
00:18:33,966 --> 00:18:37,966
This cow is a Holstein 
crossed with an African breed,

358
00:18:37,966 --> 00:18:41,400
hardy in the heat and giving 
more than double the milk.

359
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,733
These hybrid chickens 
lay triple the eggs

360
00:18:44,733 --> 00:18:45,966
compared to the local ones.

361
00:18:45,966 --> 00:18:48,200
The value of these new 
farming techniques

362
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:49,966
is evident back on Abadi's farm.

363
00:18:49,966 --> 00:18:53,133
While his parents subsisted 
on corn only,

364
00:18:53,133 --> 00:18:55,733
he's diversified his crops.

365
00:18:55,733 --> 00:18:58,733
Better seeds allow 
three harvests a year

366
00:18:58,733 --> 00:19:00,400
rather than two.

367
00:19:03,733 --> 00:19:05,966
In the far reaches of Guatemala,

368
00:19:05,966 --> 00:19:09,966
this family is also working hard 
with coaching from an NGO.

369
00:19:09,966 --> 00:19:12,966
And their yield is also 
better than ever.

370
00:19:12,966 --> 00:19:16,733
A simple change, like just 
the right spacing of seeds

371
00:19:16,733 --> 00:19:20,133
and smart use of fertilizer, 
can make a big difference.

372
00:19:22,833 --> 00:19:25,866
Nearby, another 
nongovernmental organization,

373
00:19:25,866 --> 00:19:28,833
mindful that dairy is 
a great source of protein

374
00:19:28,833 --> 00:19:31,300
and Mayan children 
are better able to digest

375
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:32,900
goat's milk than cow's milk,

376
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:35,900
has helped a community build 
a goat-breeding center.

377
00:19:36,966 --> 00:19:38,900
This gives local families 
a chance

378
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,300
to produce a carefully selected 
breed of goat

379
00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:44,900
and raise them at home 
to produce more milk.

380
00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:49,966
Villagers bring their 
female goat to the love shack.

381
00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:55,400
After a few minutes 
in the adjacent pen,

382
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:57,066
she goes home pregnant.

383
00:19:57,066 --> 00:19:59,966
Soon the family will have 
plenty of extra milk,

384
00:19:59,966 --> 00:20:01,700
better-nourished children,

385
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:05,400
and surplus dairy products 
to sell in the market.

386
00:20:06,966 --> 00:20:08,733
An effective way to fight hunger

387
00:20:08,733 --> 00:20:10,966
is to focus on 
health and nutrition.

388
00:20:10,966 --> 00:20:14,133
After all, if you're sick, 
you're more likely to be poor,

389
00:20:14,133 --> 00:20:16,133
and if you're healthy, 
you're better able

390
00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:17,966
to climb out of poverty.

391
00:20:17,966 --> 00:20:20,733
In many developing countries, 
the government

392
00:20:20,733 --> 00:20:22,733
(often with the help of 
the United Nations'

393
00:20:22,733 --> 00:20:23,966
World Food Programme)

394
00:20:23,966 --> 00:20:28,733
maintains health posts 
like this one in Ethiopia.

395
00:20:28,733 --> 00:20:32,133
Extremely poor people 
have no money for health care,

396
00:20:32,133 --> 00:20:34,133
but this health post 
provides the basics

397
00:20:34,133 --> 00:20:35,966
in the village for free.

398
00:20:35,966 --> 00:20:38,966
Pauline Akabwai, 
a local U.N. worker,

399
00:20:38,966 --> 00:20:41,133
explained how they educate 
young mothers

400
00:20:41,133 --> 00:20:42,733
who gather here twice a month

401
00:20:42,733 --> 00:20:44,733
to help them raise 
healthier babies.

402
00:20:44,733 --> 00:20:48,133
A health post is the smallest 
unit of health in Ethiopia,

403
00:20:48,133 --> 00:20:50,966
and this is 
one of the health posts.

404
00:20:50,966 --> 00:20:52,466
The reason why we have 
a health post

405
00:20:52,466 --> 00:20:55,733
is because of the close 
proximity to the community.

406
00:20:55,733 --> 00:20:58,966
And the mothers and 
the beneficiaries do not need

407
00:20:58,966 --> 00:21:00,966
to pay any money 
to receive services.

408
00:21:00,966 --> 00:21:03,466
The main objective is 
to prevent malnutrition.

409
00:21:03,466 --> 00:21:05,733
We have a program called

410
00:21:05,733 --> 00:21:07,466
targeted supplemental 
feeding programme,

411
00:21:07,466 --> 00:21:11,966
and the program targets children 
under five years

412
00:21:11,966 --> 00:21:13,466
with moderate acute malnutrition

413
00:21:13,466 --> 00:21:15,733
and also pregnant 
and lactating women

414
00:21:15,733 --> 00:21:17,133
with moderate 
acute malnutrition.

415
00:21:17,133 --> 00:21:21,133
One of the activities that we do 
is to screen for malnutrition,

416
00:21:21,133 --> 00:21:22,466
moderate acute malnutrition --

417
00:21:22,466 --> 00:21:24,466
they measure the arms 
of the children,

418
00:21:24,466 --> 00:21:27,966
and if the pointer shows yellow,

419
00:21:27,966 --> 00:21:31,133
it means the child is 
moderately acute malnourished.

420
00:21:31,133 --> 00:21:33,133
We also weigh children.

421
00:21:33,133 --> 00:21:35,133
When you're screening 
for malnutrition,

422
00:21:35,133 --> 00:21:35,966
you weigh children.

423
00:21:35,966 --> 00:21:39,466
Along with being malnourished, 
children in the developing world

424
00:21:39,466 --> 00:21:43,466
are more likely to contract 
a host of dangerous diseases.

425
00:21:43,466 --> 00:21:46,966
Inoculations are an example 
of a global success

426
00:21:46,966 --> 00:21:49,133
of a United Nations-led 
initiative.

427
00:21:49,133 --> 00:21:51,966
Measles, typhoid, 
and pneumonia --

428
00:21:51,966 --> 00:21:54,466
until recently commonplace 
in the poor world --

429
00:21:54,466 --> 00:21:57,466
are easily avoided with cheap 
and simple vaccinations.

430
00:21:57,466 --> 00:22:01,466
Thanks to a U.N. program, 
nearly all the world's children

431
00:22:01,466 --> 00:22:04,733
are now inoculated against 
these most deadly diseases,

432
00:22:04,733 --> 00:22:08,733
and child mortality 
has dropped dramatically.

433
00:22:08,733 --> 00:22:11,833
Laura Melo, who runs 
the U.N.'s World Food Programme

434
00:22:11,833 --> 00:22:13,833
in Guatemala, 
dedicates her work

435
00:22:13,833 --> 00:22:16,833
to nutrition education 
in vulnerable communities.

436
00:22:16,833 --> 00:22:19,833
Guatemala has 
a very serious problem

437
00:22:19,833 --> 00:22:23,966
when it comes to poverty 
and chronic malnutrition,

438
00:22:23,966 --> 00:22:25,833
what we normally 
call "stunting."

439
00:22:25,833 --> 00:22:27,533
Stunting is a global problem.

440
00:22:27,533 --> 00:22:30,966
It's a problem that affects 
many countries.

441
00:22:30,966 --> 00:22:35,166
Unfortunately, Guatemala is 
one of the top four countries

442
00:22:35,166 --> 00:22:37,500
in terms of prevalence 
of stunting.

443
00:22:37,500 --> 00:22:41,166
It's a very serious 
but invisible problem.

444
00:22:41,166 --> 00:22:44,500
It basically consists 
of children

445
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:48,800
who do not have the quality 
of food that they should

446
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:53,500
during the first thousand days 
of their existence.

447
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:56,500
And that compromises 
their development

448
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:58,800
throughout their entire life,

449
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:02,166
both physically 
as well as cognitively.

450
00:23:02,166 --> 00:23:06,166
So it's not as if children 
don't get enough to eat --

451
00:23:06,166 --> 00:23:10,166
they do, but that's not 
good enough food --

452
00:23:10,166 --> 00:23:11,800
it's not smart calories.

453
00:23:13,166 --> 00:23:17,800
A lot of people think that 
people in Guatemala are short

454
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:19,500
and that it's genetics.

455
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:20,966
That's not true.

456
00:23:20,966 --> 00:23:23,800
They are short 
because they are stunted.

457
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:27,166
They are short because 
they didn't have the quality,

458
00:23:27,166 --> 00:23:31,800
the smart nutrients, 
that allow them to develop.

459
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,166
If we have a country 
like Guatemala

460
00:23:34,166 --> 00:23:37,166
where almost half 
of the children are stunted,

461
00:23:37,166 --> 00:23:40,966
that means that about half of 
the children of this country

462
00:23:40,966 --> 00:23:42,466
cannot fulfill their potential.

463
00:23:42,466 --> 00:23:46,366
So I think it's a more than 
necessary investment

464
00:23:46,366 --> 00:23:49,133
to make sure that 
this problem disappears,

465
00:23:49,133 --> 00:23:52,200
that these children fulfill 
their potential.

466
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:56,500
In both countries, 
thanks in part to U.S. funding,

467
00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:58,966
I saw mothers learning 
important skills,

468
00:23:58,966 --> 00:24:02,833
such as to breast feed 
for at least six months,

469
00:24:02,833 --> 00:24:05,033
how to cook with 
nutritional supplements

470
00:24:05,033 --> 00:24:07,033
to be sure children receive 
not just calories

471
00:24:07,033 --> 00:24:08,966
but healthy calories,

472
00:24:08,966 --> 00:24:12,366
and to teach children 
to wash their hands with soap

473
00:24:12,366 --> 00:24:14,366
so they stay healthier.

474
00:24:14,366 --> 00:24:18,366
If we don't wash our hands, 
if we don't have basic hygiene,

475
00:24:18,366 --> 00:24:21,966
then even if a child 
is eating good food,

476
00:24:21,966 --> 00:24:23,366
then they get very easily sick.

477
00:24:23,366 --> 00:24:26,666
And by getting sick, 
then they have diarrhea,

478
00:24:26,666 --> 00:24:30,666
then they lose the good 
nutrients that they're getting.

479
00:24:31,966 --> 00:24:35,066
A healthy child is more likely 
to become a productive adult.

480
00:24:35,066 --> 00:24:37,700
Rather than a life 
sentence of poverty,

481
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:40,700
well-nourished young people 
will be capable of learning,

482
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:41,966
and therefore helping to lift

483
00:24:41,966 --> 00:24:45,233
their families and community 
out of poverty.

484
00:24:46,966 --> 00:24:50,366
Throughout the world, 
it's the women and girls

485
00:24:50,366 --> 00:24:54,033
who have fewer opportunities 
and endure the brunt of poverty.

486
00:24:54,033 --> 00:24:55,966
They eat last.

487
00:24:55,966 --> 00:24:58,366
They have babies early.

488
00:24:58,366 --> 00:25:01,366
And boys get priority 
for education.

489
00:25:01,366 --> 00:25:04,666
Ultimately, it's the women 
who take care of the children

490
00:25:04,666 --> 00:25:07,366
and are most responsible 
with the family income.

491
00:25:07,366 --> 00:25:09,966
When women have an education, 
legal rights,

492
00:25:09,966 --> 00:25:12,566
and employment, 
they are empowered.

493
00:25:12,566 --> 00:25:15,300
Experience has shown 
the importance

494
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:18,566
of relying on women to spearhead 
development projects.

495
00:25:18,566 --> 00:25:20,900
One of the reasons we know

496
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:22,900
that it's worth 
investing on women

497
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:25,300
is that women always put 
the care of their families

498
00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:27,900
and their children 
ahead of themselves.

499
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,633
So, for us, it's very important 
to ensure that we educate women,

500
00:25:31,633 --> 00:25:33,633
that we give women a voice,

501
00:25:33,633 --> 00:25:38,900
and that that translates in 
empowerment of women, money,

502
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:41,900
and therefore development of 
their family and their children.

503
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:46,900
If we want to be successful 
in terms of addressing poverty,

504
00:25:46,900 --> 00:25:51,300
hunger, malnutrition, we know 
we have to work with women

505
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:53,900
because that will translate 
in development

506
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:55,966
of the full community.

507
00:25:55,966 --> 00:26:01,633
In Addis Ababa, a local NGO 
called Women in Self-Employment

508
00:26:01,633 --> 00:26:04,633
is helping Ethiopian women 
develop small businesses.

509
00:26:04,633 --> 00:26:07,333
These women are taught 
basic work-force skills,

510
00:26:07,333 --> 00:26:09,966
and are given 
vocational training.

511
00:26:09,966 --> 00:26:13,333
In a place where any solid job 
is a good job,

512
00:26:13,333 --> 00:26:14,966
these women learn to sew,

513
00:26:14,966 --> 00:26:19,633
they gain skills to join 
the hospitality industry,

514
00:26:19,633 --> 00:26:22,966
and they learn to be 
computer literate.

515
00:26:22,966 --> 00:26:26,633
Organizations like this 
are in the business

516
00:26:26,633 --> 00:26:28,633
of producing success stories.

517
00:26:28,633 --> 00:26:30,300
And, judging by the smiles here

518
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:32,966
and the quickness with which 
these students embrace

519
00:26:32,966 --> 00:26:34,966
an impromptu opportunity 
to dance,

520
00:26:34,966 --> 00:26:37,300
this one's doing just that.

521
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:40,966
[ Singing in native language ]

522
00:26:40,966 --> 00:26:43,700
♪♪

523
00:26:46,133 --> 00:26:49,400
♪♪

524
00:26:52,633 --> 00:26:54,966
Education is critical.

525
00:26:54,966 --> 00:26:57,233
Governments, private enterprise, 
and parents

526
00:26:57,233 --> 00:27:00,000
are realizing that 
an educated workforce

527
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,000
is a prerequisite 
for development

528
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:03,966
in today's global economy.

529
00:27:03,966 --> 00:27:06,633
In terms of pure economy,

530
00:27:06,633 --> 00:27:08,966
workers are considered 
human capital,

531
00:27:08,966 --> 00:27:12,300
and they produce more 
when healthy and educated.

532
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,300
Like many developing nations,

533
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:16,966
Ethiopia aspires 
for all children

534
00:27:16,966 --> 00:27:19,300
to have about 
eight years of schooling.

535
00:27:19,300 --> 00:27:22,633
In both countries, 
we saw committed teachers

536
00:27:22,633 --> 00:27:24,300
and eager students.

537
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:26,133
Development workers have learned

538
00:27:26,133 --> 00:27:28,133
the value of education 
for girls.

539
00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:31,966
Girls with an education gain 
more control of their lives.

540
00:27:31,966 --> 00:27:34,133
Educated women 
have fewer children,

541
00:27:34,133 --> 00:27:36,133
and when they do start a family,

542
00:27:36,133 --> 00:27:38,466
their children are 
generally healthier.

543
00:27:39,733 --> 00:27:41,733
Even with meager resources,

544
00:27:41,733 --> 00:27:44,133
it seems that as long 
as students are healthy

545
00:27:44,133 --> 00:27:47,466
and adequately nourished, 
they're eager to learn.

546
00:27:47,466 --> 00:27:49,133
They know that a better future

547
00:27:49,133 --> 00:27:51,966
depends on being able 
to read and write.

548
00:27:53,133 --> 00:27:56,733
For these students, a few months 
of vocational training

549
00:27:56,733 --> 00:27:57,966
prepares them to get a job:

550
00:27:57,966 --> 00:28:00,366
Computer labs,

551
00:28:00,366 --> 00:28:02,466
welding skills,

552
00:28:02,466 --> 00:28:05,000
plumbing,

553
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,466
and a field with lots 
of future employment,

554
00:28:07,466 --> 00:28:11,066
being a solar panel technician.

555
00:28:14,966 --> 00:28:18,400
Technology has become a boon 
to developing countries,

556
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:20,700
bringing new approaches -- 
like solar panels --

557
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:22,400
to overcoming extreme poverty.

558
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:25,966
Low-cost, high-tech innovations 
are offering solutions

559
00:28:25,966 --> 00:28:27,700
to age-old challenges.

560
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:29,966
Remote, off-the-grid communities

561
00:28:29,966 --> 00:28:31,400
are employing 
wireless technology,

562
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:33,733
leapfrogging past older energy

563
00:28:33,733 --> 00:28:35,400
and communication 
infrastructure.

564
00:28:36,966 --> 00:28:40,066
For example, solar panels 
are powering villages

565
00:28:40,066 --> 00:28:42,733
that were literally in the dark 
without electricity.

566
00:28:42,733 --> 00:28:45,400
This solar panel powers 
a water pump

567
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:46,966
that fills this reservoir

568
00:28:46,966 --> 00:28:49,066
so the village can make it 
through dry periods.

569
00:28:49,066 --> 00:28:52,066
And cheap cellphones 
are revolutionizing

570
00:28:52,066 --> 00:28:54,133
the world 
of small-business people.

571
00:28:54,133 --> 00:28:58,700
Farmers can find the best price 
for their produce.

572
00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:03,400
Herders learn when and where 
to bring their stock to market.

573
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:05,733
This entrepreneur 
can make a direct sale

574
00:29:05,733 --> 00:29:07,400
and avoid a needless middleman.

575
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:10,966
And entrepreneurs can make 
and receive mobile payments

576
00:29:10,966 --> 00:29:13,966
and do their banking 
without making a trip into town.

577
00:29:13,966 --> 00:29:17,066
The very poor want 
the opportunity to work

578
00:29:17,066 --> 00:29:18,700
in order to 
break out of poverty.

579
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:20,133
But without access to banking,

580
00:29:20,133 --> 00:29:22,066
they're excluded 
from the economy.

581
00:29:22,066 --> 00:29:24,400
Capitalism requires capital.

582
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:26,700
And without capital, 
there's no development.

583
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:28,966
New opportunities in banking

584
00:29:28,966 --> 00:29:30,700
are bringing capital 
to people,

585
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:32,400
and it's making 
a difference.

586
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,400
Here in a crowded neighborhood 
of Addis Ababa,

587
00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:37,400
Lisa has organized her neighbors

588
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:39,133
to create their own 
community bank --

589
00:29:39,133 --> 00:29:41,966
a cash box with two keys.

590
00:29:43,966 --> 00:29:48,066
Each woman banks a deposit 
each week and earns interest.

591
00:29:48,066 --> 00:29:50,700
They take turns borrowing 
from their common fund

592
00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:52,066
for business purposes.

593
00:29:54,366 --> 00:29:56,700
Thanks to this rudimentary 
banking service,

594
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:59,700
this woman runs 
the neighborhood coffee shop.

595
00:30:01,966 --> 00:30:03,700
NGOs are employing 
a clever system

596
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:05,066
for microlending.

597
00:30:05,066 --> 00:30:08,733
This phenomenon 
of making tiny loans

598
00:30:08,733 --> 00:30:09,966
and then recycling the capital

599
00:30:09,966 --> 00:30:12,133
is kick-starting 
small businesses

600
00:30:12,133 --> 00:30:15,466
and speeding up development 
throughout the poor world.

601
00:30:16,966 --> 00:30:19,466
Back in Guatemala, 
I meet Señora Ana,

602
00:30:19,466 --> 00:30:21,733
who was able to start 
a beading business,

603
00:30:21,733 --> 00:30:23,966
and now employs 
dozens of workers.

604
00:30:25,466 --> 00:30:28,466
Marta, who works 
with an organization

605
00:30:28,466 --> 00:30:29,733
that makes microloans 
to women,

606
00:30:29,733 --> 00:30:31,966
explains how microfinance 
is working here.

607
00:30:33,133 --> 00:30:36,133
Microlending, it's a type 
of financing,

608
00:30:36,133 --> 00:30:38,466
but also with a social focus.

609
00:30:38,466 --> 00:30:39,733
That's what we do.

610
00:30:39,733 --> 00:30:43,133
We provide small loans 
to impoverished people

611
00:30:43,133 --> 00:30:45,733
'cause people have no access 
to normal banks,

612
00:30:45,733 --> 00:30:47,466
and they need some funds

613
00:30:47,466 --> 00:30:49,466
to sustain 
their small businesses --

614
00:30:49,466 --> 00:30:51,733
small like somebody 
who sells fruit in the street,

615
00:30:51,733 --> 00:30:53,133
or, say, shoes in the corner,

616
00:30:53,133 --> 00:30:55,733
so that's the financing 
we give them.

617
00:30:55,733 --> 00:30:59,733
For us, it's important to have 
not only financing part,

618
00:30:59,733 --> 00:31:01,466
but also the education part --

619
00:31:01,466 --> 00:31:03,466
so train them 
about business skills,

620
00:31:03,466 --> 00:31:05,733
budget, marketing, life skills.

621
00:31:05,733 --> 00:31:07,733
We grow with them.

622
00:31:07,733 --> 00:31:09,466
We start from 
the beginning point.

623
00:31:09,466 --> 00:31:11,133
We want them to be successful.

624
00:31:11,133 --> 00:31:15,466
We have 98 percent payback -- 
so it's working.

625
00:31:15,466 --> 00:31:17,466
People are very responsible --

626
00:31:17,466 --> 00:31:20,133
It's a hand up to these people,

627
00:31:20,133 --> 00:31:22,733
to make them empowered, 
and to be independent.

628
00:31:22,733 --> 00:31:23,733
First, we start with the women,

629
00:31:23,733 --> 00:31:25,966
provide the small seed 
to the women.

630
00:31:25,966 --> 00:31:28,133
This family work together.

631
00:31:28,133 --> 00:31:29,733
The mother started first.

632
00:31:29,733 --> 00:31:32,466
She learned 
this beaded technique,

633
00:31:32,466 --> 00:31:35,733
and she taught her girls 
to do the same,

634
00:31:35,733 --> 00:31:37,466
and they after hired 
other people,

635
00:31:37,466 --> 00:31:38,733
as you can see, around --

636
00:31:38,733 --> 00:31:39,966
they work together.

637
00:31:39,966 --> 00:31:41,133
And the kids are around;

638
00:31:41,133 --> 00:31:42,466
they can take care 
of the kids here,

639
00:31:42,466 --> 00:31:44,966
and, also, they employ 
several people --

640
00:31:44,966 --> 00:31:45,966
like this family --

641
00:31:45,966 --> 00:31:48,966
they employ 50 more people 
in the community,

642
00:31:48,966 --> 00:31:51,466
so they provide jobs 
and food on the table

643
00:31:51,466 --> 00:31:52,466
to other families here.

644
00:31:52,466 --> 00:31:54,800
So you're empowering one person,

645
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,966
but this person makes 
a huge impact in her community

646
00:31:58,966 --> 00:31:59,966
by providing jobs.

647
00:31:59,966 --> 00:32:00,966
They can stay here --

648
00:32:00,966 --> 00:32:02,133
they can have jobs here,

649
00:32:02,133 --> 00:32:04,966
have dignity, 
and raise a family.

650
00:32:04,966 --> 00:32:09,133
With microlending, the same 
capital is used again and again.

651
00:32:09,133 --> 00:32:12,466
This Ethiopian woman got a loan 
to start a little store.

652
00:32:12,466 --> 00:32:15,733
When that cash was paid back, 
it was loaned again

653
00:32:15,733 --> 00:32:17,966
to help this man start 
his metal-working shop.

654
00:32:17,966 --> 00:32:21,466
This Guatemalan family got 
a loan for cows,

655
00:32:21,466 --> 00:32:23,133
which, when paid back, 
was loaned again

656
00:32:23,133 --> 00:32:25,466
so this family could start 
their rabbit business.

657
00:32:25,466 --> 00:32:28,733
Experience has shown 
that these microloans

658
00:32:28,733 --> 00:32:30,966
are nearly always paid back,

659
00:32:30,966 --> 00:32:33,033
and they've helped millions 
of poor people

660
00:32:33,033 --> 00:32:34,966
work their way out of poverty.

661
00:32:34,966 --> 00:32:39,966
In case after case, I saw the 
potential of empowering people

662
00:32:39,966 --> 00:32:42,333
whose desire is to work 
and produce.

663
00:32:42,333 --> 00:32:44,366
These are the success stories

664
00:32:44,366 --> 00:32:47,033
of smart and modern 
development aid.

665
00:32:49,966 --> 00:32:52,133
While there's been 
tremendous progress globally

666
00:32:52,133 --> 00:32:53,166
in the fight against hunger,

667
00:32:53,166 --> 00:32:54,900
unfortunately, 
over the last few years,

668
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,466
hunger has ticked up 
rather than declined.

669
00:32:58,466 --> 00:33:01,733
To a great extent, 
it's because of a combination

670
00:33:01,733 --> 00:33:02,966
of three things --

671
00:33:02,966 --> 00:33:05,733
conflict, bad governance 
and corruption,

672
00:33:05,733 --> 00:33:07,733
and climate change.

673
00:33:07,733 --> 00:33:09,966
Conflict is a major hurdle.

674
00:33:09,966 --> 00:33:12,700
Wars, drug trade,

675
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,466
gangs, sectarian violence --

676
00:33:16,466 --> 00:33:19,133
with so much weaponry ending up 
in the poor world,

677
00:33:19,133 --> 00:33:22,133
it all pushes people 
deeper into poverty.

678
00:33:22,133 --> 00:33:25,333
Statistics show that 
when there's violent conflict,

679
00:33:25,333 --> 00:33:27,966
it's the poorest 
who suffer the most.

680
00:33:27,966 --> 00:33:29,966
More civilians 
than combatants die,

681
00:33:29,966 --> 00:33:33,966
institutions that hold societies 
together fall apart,

682
00:33:33,966 --> 00:33:36,966
and economies grind to a halt.

683
00:33:36,966 --> 00:33:39,500
A global surge 
in armed conflict,

684
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:40,966
especially in Africa,

685
00:33:40,966 --> 00:33:43,133
is a major reason 
for the recent setback

686
00:33:43,133 --> 00:33:45,133
in progress 
against world hunger.

687
00:33:45,133 --> 00:33:47,733
Experts believe that, 
in the future,

688
00:33:47,733 --> 00:33:51,533
most hunger will be in countries 
wracked by conflict.

689
00:33:51,533 --> 00:33:54,800
♪♪

690
00:33:57,566 --> 00:34:01,566
Conflict and exploitation 
have a long history.

691
00:34:01,566 --> 00:34:04,966
In Guatemala, the ruins 
of magnificent temples

692
00:34:04,966 --> 00:34:07,200
are reminders 
of a grand civilization

693
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:10,500
that thrived here 
centuries before Columbus.

694
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:13,866
But Spanish conquistadores 
subjugated

695
00:34:13,866 --> 00:34:15,233
Guatemala's indigenous people.

696
00:34:15,233 --> 00:34:19,533
Today, the descendants of the 
people who built those temples

697
00:34:19,533 --> 00:34:22,533
are the poorest people 
in the country.

698
00:34:23,866 --> 00:34:26,233
The city of Antigua was founded

699
00:34:26,233 --> 00:34:28,966
by those European conquerors 
in 1543

700
00:34:28,966 --> 00:34:32,866
as their capital 
of Central America.

701
00:34:32,866 --> 00:34:34,400
It was the hub of 
a colonial system

702
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:37,733
designed by Europeans 
for exploitation.

703
00:34:37,733 --> 00:34:41,966
The main square reflects the 
structure of that repression --

704
00:34:41,966 --> 00:34:45,566
the palace and military 
headquarters,

705
00:34:45,566 --> 00:34:47,566
Catholic church,

706
00:34:47,566 --> 00:34:49,866
local government,

707
00:34:49,866 --> 00:34:51,966
and the trade center.

708
00:34:51,966 --> 00:34:54,966
It was all designed to control 
the people who lived there

709
00:34:54,966 --> 00:34:58,233
and export 
their natural resources.

710
00:34:59,966 --> 00:35:02,966
And, while pleasant today, 
this square was notorious

711
00:35:02,966 --> 00:35:05,866
as a place 
where indigenous people

712
00:35:05,866 --> 00:35:08,733
who caused trouble 
were executed.

713
00:35:12,233 --> 00:35:15,233
Central America's eventual 
independence from Spain

714
00:35:15,233 --> 00:35:18,866
led to an unholy alliance 
of international corporations

715
00:35:18,866 --> 00:35:20,566
and corrupt local governments --

716
00:35:20,566 --> 00:35:24,233
the era of the so-called 
"banana republics."

717
00:35:24,233 --> 00:35:28,133
Entire nations became 
essentially company farms

718
00:35:28,133 --> 00:35:33,133
designed to export their basic 
crop, raw, to developed nations.

719
00:35:33,133 --> 00:35:36,400
When landless peasants 
organized for land rights,

720
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,400
there were inevitable 
civil wars.

721
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,400
The people buried in this 
remote Guatemalan cemetery

722
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,366
all died in one such war,

723
00:35:45,366 --> 00:35:48,966
which raged for 36 years 
until 1996.

724
00:35:48,966 --> 00:35:51,633
It was portrayed 
in the United States

725
00:35:51,633 --> 00:35:53,966
as a war against communism.

726
00:35:53,966 --> 00:35:57,333
But people here saw it as about 
economic justice

727
00:35:57,333 --> 00:35:59,633
and land rights 
for the country's poor.

728
00:36:00,633 --> 00:36:03,633
Though over-grown, 
the memories are still raw.

729
00:36:03,633 --> 00:36:06,333
This man, 
at the tomb of his father,

730
00:36:06,333 --> 00:36:09,000
described how he was 
one of 200,000

731
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,633
who died in a war 
about rights to own land.

732
00:36:16,633 --> 00:36:20,133
This economic dynamic 
played out in so many countries,

733
00:36:20,133 --> 00:36:21,966
and its legacy continues.

734
00:36:21,966 --> 00:36:24,800
Colonial systems evolved 
into systems

735
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,133
of economic dominance 
by local elites.

736
00:36:27,133 --> 00:36:30,733
To this day here in Guatemala, 
a handful of wealthy families

737
00:36:30,733 --> 00:36:33,733
own most of the good land 
and dominate the economy.

738
00:36:33,733 --> 00:36:37,133
Along with a heritage 
of economic injustice,

739
00:36:37,133 --> 00:36:38,966
Central America 
is now struggling

740
00:36:38,966 --> 00:36:41,400
with a huge problem 
of gang violence.

741
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:45,133
To learn more, we rejoin Fito.

742
00:36:45,133 --> 00:36:48,733
Drawing on his experience 
as a former gang member,

743
00:36:48,733 --> 00:36:51,533
he now counsels boys 
to give them better lives.

744
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,066
Fito's own experience 
illustrates

745
00:36:55,066 --> 00:36:57,400
why boys are attracted to gangs.

746
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,400
[ Speaking Spanish ]

747
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,466
Because I come from 
a broken family

748
00:37:02,466 --> 00:37:04,966
and my father was an alcoholic.

749
00:37:04,966 --> 00:37:08,166
My mother worked hard 
in the garbage dump.

750
00:37:10,166 --> 00:37:11,966
I could bring money home,

751
00:37:11,966 --> 00:37:15,966
even though it was 
a result of violence

752
00:37:15,966 --> 00:37:19,966
or the result of theft.

753
00:37:19,966 --> 00:37:22,900
So I could help my mom.

754
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:26,966
And apart from that, I had 
my friends -- good friends.

755
00:37:26,966 --> 00:37:30,900
That's probably 
the strongest motive

756
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:33,900
that drew me to the gang -- 
a deep friendship.

757
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:35,900
Another family! 
Yeah.

758
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:37,900
People looked at us 
with respect.

759
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:42,300
Sometimes with fear, 
but with respect.

760
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:49,300
I think that's really the only 
thing human beings have:

761
00:37:49,733 --> 00:37:51,366
Dignity.

762
00:37:51,366 --> 00:37:53,966
I work with young people, 
and it hurts to watch

763
00:37:53,966 --> 00:37:55,966
when they apply for jobs.

764
00:37:55,966 --> 00:37:57,633
[ Continues speaking Spanish ]

765
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:02,966
When they are in an interview,

766
00:38:02,966 --> 00:38:04,966
they don't even treat them 
with dignity.

767
00:38:09,733 --> 00:38:13,133
It's easier to obtain a weapon 
than a job.

768
00:38:13,133 --> 00:38:16,400
If you could these people 
three things to help them

769
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:18,966
not to be in a gang, 
what would you give them?

770
00:38:18,966 --> 00:38:22,400
One is to offer 
job opportunities.

771
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:26,733
[ Continues speaking Spanish ]

772
00:38:27,966 --> 00:38:32,833
Second, to see people 
with dignity.

773
00:38:32,833 --> 00:38:33,833
I am an example

774
00:38:33,833 --> 00:38:39,500
because I had opportunities...

775
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:43,500
...because someone walked 
together with me for years...

776
00:38:43,500 --> 00:38:47,500
...giving me dignity.

777
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:49,833
Number three? 
Amor.

778
00:38:49,833 --> 00:38:50,966
Love. 
Amor.

779
00:38:50,966 --> 00:38:55,833
Because love is the only thing

780
00:38:55,833 --> 00:38:59,666
that allows you 
to imagine a future.

781
00:39:00,966 --> 00:39:03,966
Africa has had its own 
difficult history,

782
00:39:03,966 --> 00:39:07,166
from slavery 
to brutal colonialism...

783
00:39:09,466 --> 00:39:13,800
...to rampant corruption 
under modern-day tyrants.

784
00:39:14,966 --> 00:39:18,166
Today Addis Ababa hosts 
the African Union,

785
00:39:18,166 --> 00:39:21,800
an organization 
of all 54 African nations.

786
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:25,966
It's dedicated to helping 
the continent heal and develop.

787
00:39:25,966 --> 00:39:29,166
The stated mission here is 
to overcome the conflict,

788
00:39:29,166 --> 00:39:31,800
bad governance, and corruption

789
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,466
that's long wracked 
this continent.

790
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:39,800
Another major hurdle to ending 
hunger is a changing climate.

791
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:42,200
In wealthy countries, 
we turn up the air-con --

792
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:43,800
generating more CO2 --

793
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:46,166
and debate the existence 
of climate change.

794
00:39:46,166 --> 00:39:48,800
But climate change is here,

795
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,166
and it's hitting 
the poorest people

796
00:39:50,166 --> 00:39:52,466
in the poorest countries 
hardest.

797
00:39:52,466 --> 00:39:56,166
In the last few years, 
the impact of climate change

798
00:39:56,166 --> 00:39:59,800
has dealt a major setback to the 
fight against extreme poverty.

799
00:40:02,466 --> 00:40:05,166
Weather is more severe 
and less predictable.

800
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,666
While arid regions may get 
the same amount of rain,

801
00:40:09,666 --> 00:40:14,033
it now comes in torrents, 
washing away the topsoil.

802
00:40:15,966 --> 00:40:19,366
And as struggling people 
cut down trees for fuel,

803
00:40:19,366 --> 00:40:23,966
land becomes even more 
vulnerable to erosion.

804
00:40:23,966 --> 00:40:26,033
In Africa, with each decade,

805
00:40:26,033 --> 00:40:28,033
more arable land becomes desert.

806
00:40:28,033 --> 00:40:34,666
The result: more hunger, 
more conflict, more refugees.

807
00:40:34,666 --> 00:40:37,466
When climate change destabilizes 
the poor world,

808
00:40:37,466 --> 00:40:39,033
it drives migration.

809
00:40:39,033 --> 00:40:41,966
That threatens the security 
of the wealthy countries.

810
00:40:41,966 --> 00:40:45,366
And what we're seeing today 
could be just the beginning.

811
00:40:45,366 --> 00:40:51,033
[ Indistinct shouting ]

812
00:40:51,033 --> 00:40:53,466
♪♪

813
00:40:53,466 --> 00:40:57,466
Poverty has long been widespread 
in the highlands of Guatemala.

814
00:40:57,466 --> 00:40:58,966
And when listening to a farmer

815
00:40:58,966 --> 00:41:02,133
whose family has worked the land 
here for generations,

816
00:41:02,133 --> 00:41:04,133
it's clear that climate change

817
00:41:04,133 --> 00:41:07,133
is making the fight 
against poverty even harder.

818
00:41:07,133 --> 00:41:09,200
Is there any question 
that climate change

819
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:10,966
is real for the farmer?

820
00:41:10,966 --> 00:41:16,466
[ Speaking Spanish ]

821
00:41:16,466 --> 00:41:22,733
[ Speaking Spanish ]

822
00:41:22,733 --> 00:41:23,966
Don Simeón was telling us

823
00:41:23,966 --> 00:41:26,300
that there's always been 
a hunger season.

824
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:27,966
What is happening now, 
with climate change,

825
00:41:27,966 --> 00:41:31,466
is that it's longer, and 
the harvest starts later,

826
00:41:31,466 --> 00:41:34,733
so, meaning that they have 
a longer season during the year

827
00:41:34,733 --> 00:41:37,733
when they don't have enough food 
to feed their family.

828
00:41:37,733 --> 00:41:39,733
For example, before, 
the hunger season

829
00:41:39,733 --> 00:41:41,133
could start in April.

830
00:41:41,133 --> 00:41:42,966
Now it's in February.

831
00:41:44,733 --> 00:41:48,733
In Ethiopia, 
so notorious for droughts,

832
00:41:48,733 --> 00:41:51,133
the government has organized 
local communities

833
00:41:51,133 --> 00:41:54,733
to reforest and terrace 
eroded hillsides.

834
00:41:54,733 --> 00:41:57,733
People here understand 
that planting trees

835
00:41:57,733 --> 00:41:59,133
increases rainfall.

836
00:41:59,133 --> 00:42:02,966
And terracing allows rainwater 
to soak into the earth.

837
00:42:04,966 --> 00:42:07,500
Abadi is able to irrigate 
his crops

838
00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:09,500
thanks to a replenished 
water table.

839
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:16,800
And water-management 
infrastructure is also critical

840
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,166
in dealing with 
the impact of climate change.

841
00:42:19,166 --> 00:42:21,966
Reservoirs enable farmers to 
dole out their precious water

842
00:42:21,966 --> 00:42:24,500
as needed and more efficiently.

843
00:42:25,500 --> 00:42:28,800
Thanks to this, 
reforestation projects

844
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,166
and improvements 
in agriculture --

845
00:42:31,166 --> 00:42:33,966
a new approach called 
climate-smart agriculture --

846
00:42:33,966 --> 00:42:36,966
Ethiopian farmers 
are becoming more resilient.

847
00:42:36,966 --> 00:42:38,966
For instance, they believe that

848
00:42:38,966 --> 00:42:40,966
while there will always 
be droughts,

849
00:42:40,966 --> 00:42:42,966
famines are now preventable.

850
00:42:42,966 --> 00:42:45,133
In fact, in recent years,

851
00:42:45,133 --> 00:42:47,966
Ethiopia has had 
several serious droughts

852
00:42:47,966 --> 00:42:49,966
but no famines.

853
00:42:51,966 --> 00:42:53,966
When it comes to ending 
extreme poverty,

854
00:42:53,966 --> 00:42:57,866
globalization is both 
an opportunity and a challenge.

855
00:42:57,866 --> 00:43:00,533
Globalization 
is a powerful force,

856
00:43:00,533 --> 00:43:01,533
and it's here to stay.

857
00:43:01,533 --> 00:43:03,233
Locals say 
it's like a big train --

858
00:43:03,233 --> 00:43:05,233
get on it or get run over.

859
00:43:05,233 --> 00:43:06,966
Everything I'm wearing 
right now --

860
00:43:06,966 --> 00:43:09,233
and probably everything 
you're wearing as well --

861
00:43:09,233 --> 00:43:11,966
is the result 
of a globalized economy.

862
00:43:11,966 --> 00:43:15,533
Globalization 
is all about the free market,

863
00:43:15,533 --> 00:43:18,233
and the free market is about 
buying and selling.

864
00:43:18,233 --> 00:43:21,533
For countries 
like Guatemala and Ethiopia

865
00:43:21,533 --> 00:43:22,966
to benefit 
from the global economy,

866
00:43:22,966 --> 00:43:24,866
they need to sell things.

867
00:43:24,866 --> 00:43:26,966
And for less-developed 
countries,

868
00:43:26,966 --> 00:43:29,233
because of rich 
world-trade policies,

869
00:43:29,233 --> 00:43:31,966
that's usually 
their natural resources,

870
00:43:31,966 --> 00:43:33,966
raw and unprocessed.

871
00:43:33,966 --> 00:43:37,866
Back home, I love 
my morning cup of coffee.

872
00:43:37,866 --> 00:43:40,800
And I enjoy it thanks 
to an efficient chain of links

873
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,333
that connects me with the farmer 
who grew the beans.

874
00:43:43,333 --> 00:43:46,533
For economic development, each 
of these links is important --

875
00:43:46,533 --> 00:43:51,666
good soil, educated workforce, 
firm title to the land,

876
00:43:51,666 --> 00:43:55,233
fair trade policies, 
roads, ports, container ships.

877
00:43:55,233 --> 00:43:57,533
This is called the 
"value chain."

878
00:43:57,533 --> 00:44:00,233
Guatemala's huge sugar industry

879
00:44:00,233 --> 00:44:03,533
is a good example of being 
connected to the global economy

880
00:44:03,533 --> 00:44:04,866
through this value chain.

881
00:44:04,866 --> 00:44:07,966
Sugar is its leading 
export product,

882
00:44:07,966 --> 00:44:11,233
and the top producers 
have created an association

883
00:44:11,233 --> 00:44:13,866
for a stronger voice 
in the global market.

884
00:44:13,866 --> 00:44:17,566
While cutting cane is low-paid 
and grueling,

885
00:44:17,566 --> 00:44:19,533
workers from across Guatemala

886
00:44:19,533 --> 00:44:21,233
still migrate 
to the sugar plantations

887
00:44:21,233 --> 00:44:22,966
to find jobs at harvest time.

888
00:44:24,866 --> 00:44:28,966
The raw cane is trucked in, 
ground up,

889
00:44:28,966 --> 00:44:33,866
and then moves through 
a complicated process.

890
00:44:35,866 --> 00:44:37,966
Along with 
its high-tech efficiencies,

891
00:44:37,966 --> 00:44:39,966
this plant is embracing 
the worker

892
00:44:39,966 --> 00:44:41,866
and environmental standards

893
00:44:41,866 --> 00:44:45,866
now expected to successfully 
compete in a global market.

894
00:44:45,866 --> 00:44:49,233
Huge truckloads 
of unprocessed brown sugar

895
00:44:49,233 --> 00:44:51,233
are unloaded three at time.

896
00:44:51,233 --> 00:44:53,533
Then, with a steady cascade,

897
00:44:53,533 --> 00:44:56,533
mountains of sugar 
fill vast warehouses.

898
00:44:56,533 --> 00:44:59,966
To add value to 
their raw product,

899
00:44:59,966 --> 00:45:02,533
as much sugar as possible 
is refined.

900
00:45:02,533 --> 00:45:07,866
Quality control is strict as 
the processed sugar is bagged.

901
00:45:09,966 --> 00:45:12,866
Much care is put into building 
the brand of Guatemalan sugar.

902
00:45:15,233 --> 00:45:17,233
Here in this warehouse,

903
00:45:17,233 --> 00:45:19,866
with a mix of mechanization 
and hard labor,

904
00:45:19,866 --> 00:45:22,966
sweet sacks 
are stacked like mountains,

905
00:45:22,966 --> 00:45:25,866
awaiting shipment 
to other countries.

906
00:45:27,233 --> 00:45:30,466
The best road in Guatemala 
connects the cane plantations

907
00:45:30,466 --> 00:45:32,733
with the country's one big port.

908
00:45:32,733 --> 00:45:36,733
And thanks to this complete 
and efficient value chain,

909
00:45:36,733 --> 00:45:40,733
Guatemala exports its sugar 
profitably all over the world.

910
00:45:40,733 --> 00:45:43,966
♪♪

911
00:45:47,133 --> 00:45:50,466
The coffee industry is another 
example of the value chain

912
00:45:50,466 --> 00:45:52,833
at work in Guatemala 
to stoke development.

913
00:45:52,833 --> 00:45:55,533
Melanie Herrera 
of Bella Vista Coffee

914
00:45:55,533 --> 00:45:58,533
explains how the value chain 
works for coffee.

915
00:45:58,533 --> 00:45:59,966
So let's picture this.

916
00:45:59,966 --> 00:46:01,966
We have this consumer 
in the States

917
00:46:01,966 --> 00:46:03,833
that wants to drink coffee,

918
00:46:03,833 --> 00:46:06,800
but wants to know 
who the producer is.

919
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,166
And let's say we have this 
producer here on this volcano,

920
00:46:10,166 --> 00:46:12,800
up in the slopes 
in the middle of nowhere.

921
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:14,866
How do you connect these two?

922
00:46:14,866 --> 00:46:16,966
So you need the producer,

923
00:46:16,966 --> 00:46:19,466
you need the facility 
to process the product,

924
00:46:19,466 --> 00:46:21,966
you need the knowledge 
and all the technical skills,

925
00:46:21,966 --> 00:46:24,833
you need to have an exporter,

926
00:46:24,833 --> 00:46:25,966
you need to have an importer,

927
00:46:25,966 --> 00:46:29,066
and all of this we know 
as "value chain,"

928
00:46:29,066 --> 00:46:30,966
which is "cadena de valor" 
en español.

929
00:46:30,966 --> 00:46:34,200
What we do is, we add value 
in every step.

930
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:38,200
The value chain for coffee 
is maybe best exemplified

931
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:41,500
by the coffee tastings 
Bella Vista has on site.

932
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:44,500
Representatives from around 
the developed world come here

933
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,966
to taste the beans from not only 
the company's own plantation

934
00:46:47,966 --> 00:46:50,833
but from dozens of small farmers 
who work with them.

935
00:46:50,833 --> 00:46:53,200
And it's because of 
this value chain

936
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:55,500
linking producers to consumers

937
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:59,200
that globalization works for 
the Guatemalan coffee industry.

938
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:00,966
Globalization is here.

939
00:47:00,966 --> 00:47:02,966
In reality, these are 
good opportunities

940
00:47:02,966 --> 00:47:04,200
for countries like ours.

941
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:09,200
It opens markets, and we're able 
to produce many tropical things

942
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:10,700
that you guys can't there,

943
00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:12,700
like sugar, coffee, 
ornamental plants.

944
00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:14,366
And we can be competitive 
in that.

945
00:47:14,366 --> 00:47:16,066
This is a family business.

946
00:47:16,066 --> 00:47:18,400
They have grown coffee 
for over a hundred years.

947
00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:22,066
They offer jobs and farms 
for over a hundred people;

948
00:47:22,066 --> 00:47:24,966
At the mill, 
we have another 30 people.

949
00:47:24,966 --> 00:47:27,066
They have a job here. 
They have their things here.

950
00:47:27,066 --> 00:47:30,066
They have a history, a family, 
everything they need here.

951
00:47:30,066 --> 00:47:30,966
They stay here.

952
00:47:30,966 --> 00:47:32,966
So if we can create 
opportunities here,

953
00:47:32,966 --> 00:47:35,400
if we can make people 
have jobs here,

954
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:37,066
they will want to stay here.

955
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:43,066
While big agriculture, 
like sugar and coffee,

956
00:47:43,066 --> 00:47:45,366
is well connected 
with the global economy,

957
00:47:45,366 --> 00:47:47,966
a formidable challenge 
in the fight against poverty

958
00:47:47,966 --> 00:47:51,366
is for landless family farmers 
to also get into the game.

959
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:57,066
High in the hills of Guatemala,

960
00:47:57,066 --> 00:47:59,966
an NGO has helped 
Pedro and Ana buy land

961
00:47:59,966 --> 00:48:03,966
and councils them to maximize 
their yield and profit.

962
00:48:03,966 --> 00:48:06,200
Pedro used to leave his family

963
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:08,200
for work 
in the coffee plantations.

964
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,966
He still works hard, 
but now he's independent.

965
00:48:11,966 --> 00:48:16,200
The loan's paid off, 
and he owns the land.

966
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:20,966
Through the NGO worker, 
Pedro shares his story.

967
00:48:36,366 --> 00:48:39,966
The NGO helps them 
to find the land

968
00:48:39,966 --> 00:48:44,566
and to have the lawyers 
for all the local papers

969
00:48:44,566 --> 00:48:46,566
so they own the piece of land.

970
00:48:46,566 --> 00:48:49,233
So no sugar plantation 
can come here --

971
00:48:49,233 --> 00:48:51,233
he's got this land 
for his family?

972
00:48:51,233 --> 00:48:53,966
He's...he has his land 
for his family, yes.

973
00:48:53,966 --> 00:48:57,233
And his son will have the land 
when he is finished.

974
00:48:57,233 --> 00:49:01,233
They will stay here instead 
of going to other places,

975
00:49:01,233 --> 00:49:05,333
so they will be with the family 
all year-round.

976
00:49:05,333 --> 00:49:08,966
So the landless farmer 
is a migrant farmer.

977
00:49:08,966 --> 00:49:11,500
He leaves his family 
to cut sugar cane,

978
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:13,200
or work in 
the coffee plantations.

979
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:15,500
Yeah. 
Ana and Pedro's main crop?

980
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,966
At least right now, 
it's not corn or beans

981
00:49:17,966 --> 00:49:20,666
like you might guess, 
but snow peas.

982
00:49:20,666 --> 00:49:24,366
[ Speaking Spanish ] Pedro, 
¿ustedes comen este, estás arvejas aquí,

983
00:49:24,366 --> 00:49:28,533
en el área? ¿En la 
casa?; ¿No? Entonces, ¿por qué la siembra?

984
00:49:28,533 --> 00:49:29,833
Solo para venderlo.

985
00:49:29,833 --> 00:49:31,966
Okay. 
No, they don't eat it here,

986
00:49:31,966 --> 00:49:34,533
but they grow it for selling.

987
00:49:34,533 --> 00:49:36,533
That's the main business.

988
00:49:36,533 --> 00:49:37,966
It's not what the locals eat,

989
00:49:37,966 --> 00:49:41,533
but what international demand 
and prices make most profitable.

990
00:49:41,533 --> 00:49:45,000
And right now, that's peas.

991
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:49,966
Throughout the valley, 
farmers like Pedro

992
00:49:49,966 --> 00:49:51,533
are bringing their bags of peas

993
00:49:51,533 --> 00:49:54,533
to the weigh station to sell 
to a middleman or exporter.

994
00:49:54,533 --> 00:49:57,800
♪♪

995
00:49:58,666 --> 00:50:01,666
These peas are export-quality, 
carefully picked,

996
00:50:01,666 --> 00:50:04,333
and put into crates 
with all the children helping.

997
00:50:05,666 --> 00:50:08,966
And within a short time, 
they're off to the market.

998
00:50:08,966 --> 00:50:12,333
Much of this shipment 
will end up sold in England.

999
00:50:12,333 --> 00:50:15,466
It's a long way 
from Pedro's pea patch

1000
00:50:15,466 --> 00:50:17,800
to the supermarket in London.

1001
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:23,966
While Ethiopia may not export 
a lot of natural resources,

1002
00:50:23,966 --> 00:50:27,800
with a 100 million people, 
it has lots of potential labor,

1003
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:29,966
and that in itself 
can be a valuable resource.

1004
00:50:29,966 --> 00:50:33,466
With lots of young people 
looking for jobs,

1005
00:50:33,466 --> 00:50:37,166
Ethiopia has made training 
a skilled workforce a priority.

1006
00:50:37,166 --> 00:50:41,233
Learning industrial sewing 
is good prep for a solid job.

1007
00:50:41,966 --> 00:50:45,333
And these grads got that job 
just down the street

1008
00:50:45,333 --> 00:50:48,333
at the Hawassa Industrial Park.

1009
00:50:48,333 --> 00:50:51,700
This is one of many sprawling 
complexes of industrial sheds

1010
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:55,000
designed to generate 
export income for Ethiopia.

1011
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:58,300
Each shed is run

1012
00:50:58,300 --> 00:50:59,966
by an international 
manufacturing company.

1013
00:51:01,566 --> 00:51:02,900
This is made possible, in part,

1014
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:05,300
because of supportive 
U.S. trade policy,

1015
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:07,900
the low cost of Ethiopian labor,

1016
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,300
and the government's aggressive 
initiative to attract business.

1017
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:13,900
Thank you for having us here. 
What is this park?

1018
00:51:57,400 --> 00:52:00,400
Ethiopian workers are about 
where China's workers were

1019
00:52:00,400 --> 00:52:01,733
a generation ago.

1020
00:52:01,733 --> 00:52:02,966
As China has developed,

1021
00:52:02,966 --> 00:52:06,133
it's no longer the world's 
primary source of cheap labor.

1022
00:52:06,133 --> 00:52:08,966
Ethiopia aspires to spur 
its development

1023
00:52:08,966 --> 00:52:12,133
by helping to fill that role 
in the global economy.

1024
00:52:13,733 --> 00:52:16,400
The impact of big issues 
like these --

1025
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:20,966
globalization, conflict, 
climate change --

1026
00:52:20,966 --> 00:52:24,733
it seems beyond 
any one individual's control.

1027
00:52:24,733 --> 00:52:28,133
But when we act collectively, 
we do make a difference.

1028
00:52:28,133 --> 00:52:30,966
Walking with people like Ana,

1029
00:52:30,966 --> 00:52:33,400
Abadi, Lisa,

1030
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:35,966
Diego, Marta --

1031
00:52:35,966 --> 00:52:37,733
the hard-working people

1032
00:52:37,733 --> 00:52:39,733
who make the developing world 
develop --

1033
00:52:39,733 --> 00:52:42,966
shows the human value 
of tackling hunger.

1034
00:52:44,133 --> 00:52:47,133
And the uptick in 
extreme poverty in recent years

1035
00:52:47,133 --> 00:52:49,966
has made fighting it 
more urgent than ever.

1036
00:52:50,966 --> 00:52:53,400
Traveling through Ethiopia 
and Guatemala,

1037
00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,400
witnessing both the lives 
of people in extreme poverty

1038
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,400
and the economic realities 
of our world,

1039
00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:01,133
makes me consider 
my relationship to it all.

1040
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:03,733
Why should I care?

1041
00:53:03,733 --> 00:53:05,033
What should I do?

1042
00:53:05,033 --> 00:53:09,133
How can I, as an individual, 
make a difference?

1043
00:53:09,133 --> 00:53:11,966
Like many people, 
I want to do something

1044
00:53:11,966 --> 00:53:14,733
to reduce the obscene gap 
between rich and poor.

1045
00:53:15,966 --> 00:53:19,633
But we can also go beyond our 
own modest individual efforts

1046
00:53:19,633 --> 00:53:22,633
and support 
a much broader solution.

1047
00:53:22,966 --> 00:53:26,300
That's exciting -- 
and it's an opportunity.

1048
00:53:27,966 --> 00:53:31,000
American spends 
$700 billion a year

1049
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:32,633
on our military 
to make us safer.

1050
00:53:32,633 --> 00:53:35,966
That's hard power, 
and hard power is necessary.

1051
00:53:35,966 --> 00:53:38,633
But it needs to be complemented 
by soft power.

1052
00:53:38,633 --> 00:53:41,966
Soft power is 
investing in development,

1053
00:53:41,966 --> 00:53:43,333
diplomacy, stability.

1054
00:53:43,333 --> 00:53:45,333
And that also makes us safer.

1055
00:53:45,333 --> 00:53:48,333
Soft power is real power.

1056
00:53:48,333 --> 00:53:50,633
It's good for 
our national security.

1057
00:53:50,633 --> 00:53:52,966
For example, for the annual cost

1058
00:53:52,966 --> 00:53:54,966
of one extra soldier 
deployed overseas,

1059
00:53:54,966 --> 00:53:59,000
we could dig a hundred wells 
in thirsty villages.

1060
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:01,033
It's a societal choice we make.

1061
00:54:02,966 --> 00:54:05,333
The accepted goal 
among wealthy nations

1062
00:54:05,333 --> 00:54:07,633
is to invest around 
1% of their GDP

1063
00:54:07,633 --> 00:54:09,633
for development aid, 
and lots do.

1064
00:54:09,633 --> 00:54:12,633
While many Americans think 
we're giving far more than that,

1065
00:54:12,633 --> 00:54:14,000
in reality, the United States

1066
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:16,000
gives less than a quarter 
that amount.

1067
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:18,333
For every $100 of our GDP,

1068
00:54:18,333 --> 00:54:21,966
we give less than 25 cents 
in development aid.

1069
00:54:21,966 --> 00:54:24,000
So what are the options?

1070
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:27,633
As we've seen, generous giving 
to hard-working NGOs

1071
00:54:27,633 --> 00:54:28,966
is important.

1072
00:54:28,966 --> 00:54:31,033
But when it comes to 
fighting poverty

1073
00:54:31,033 --> 00:54:32,633
and fostering development,

1074
00:54:32,633 --> 00:54:34,633
smart U.S. government 
aid programs

1075
00:54:34,633 --> 00:54:37,633
and fair-trade policies 
have a far greater impact

1076
00:54:37,633 --> 00:54:40,666
than all philanthropic efforts 
combined.

1077
00:54:40,666 --> 00:54:43,333
How our government responds 
to these challenges

1078
00:54:43,333 --> 00:54:44,966
does make a difference.

1079
00:54:44,966 --> 00:54:48,033
And when we act together 
as a nation,

1080
00:54:48,033 --> 00:54:51,333
there's certainly 
reason to hope.

1081
00:54:54,033 --> 00:54:56,700
Considering all the wealth 
in our world,

1082
00:54:56,700 --> 00:54:59,066
700 million people living 
in extreme poverty

1083
00:54:59,066 --> 00:55:00,366
is just not right.

1084
00:55:00,366 --> 00:55:02,166
We can end hunger 
in our lifetime.

1085
00:55:02,166 --> 00:55:04,233
We can do it because we care,

1086
00:55:04,233 --> 00:55:07,700
or we can do it because 
it'll make our world more stable

1087
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:08,966
and our country safer.

1088
00:55:08,966 --> 00:55:11,366
Or we can do it 
for both reasons.

1089
00:55:11,366 --> 00:55:13,066
Thanks for joining us.

1090
00:55:13,066 --> 00:55:16,366
I'm Rick Steves 
wishing you thoughtful travels.

1091
00:55:17,966 --> 00:55:19,333
♪♪

1092
00:55:26,866 --> 00:55:29,866
♪♪

1093
00:55:35,333 --> 00:55:38,566
♪♪

1094
00:55:43,966 --> 00:55:47,133
♪♪

1095
00:55:52,866 --> 00:55:55,866
♪♪

1096
00:56:01,466 --> 00:56:04,800
♪♪