WEBVTT 00:00.400 --> 00:03.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Hi, I’m Rick Steves, here with  a fascinating chapter 00:03.300 --> 00:06.366 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% in the long and inspirational story of Europe's art. 00:06.433 --> 00:09.133 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% In this hour, we're venturing into the age of 00:09.200 --> 00:12.200 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% divine kings, fancy fountains, Revolution, 00:12.266 --> 00:14.033 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% and a splash of Napoleon. 00:14.100 --> 00:17.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% This is the Art of Baroque and Neoclassical Europe. 00:17.666 --> 00:19.600 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Thanks for joining us. 00:19.666 --> 00:29.033 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 00:29.100 --> 00:38.500 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 00:38.566 --> 00:48.033 align:start position:47.5% line:84.66% size:5% ♪♪ 00:51.666 --> 00:54.966 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% For two centuries -- roughly 1600 to 1800 -- 00:55.033 --> 00:57.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Europe's rulers held onto the old medieval order, 00:57.966 --> 01:00.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% while new ideas bubbled beneath the surface. 01:00.800 --> 01:03.900 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% These tensions -- conservative versus progressive -- 01:03.966 --> 01:06.133 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% would produce astonishing art -- 01:06.200 --> 01:09.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% from deeply religious to boldly secular... 01:09.333 --> 01:11.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% from patriotic to playful... 01:11.566 --> 01:15.066 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% from Baroque to Neoclassical. 01:15.133 --> 01:16.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% For some historic background, 01:16.533 --> 01:18.466 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% we'll start with the religious struggles 01:18.533 --> 01:21.400 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% that eventually split Europe into two camps, 01:21.466 --> 01:23.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% each with its own distinct culture -- 01:23.966 --> 01:26.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% the exuberant art of Catholic elites... 01:26.700 --> 01:30.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and the sober art of Protestant merchants. 01:30.266 --> 01:32.966 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% We'll see how France with its divine-right kings 01:33.033 --> 01:37.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and their art emerged as the center of European culture. 01:37.966 --> 01:40.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% And how excessive royal decadence 01:40.066 --> 01:42.500 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% led to violent Revolution. 01:42.566 --> 01:44.866 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 01:44.933 --> 01:47.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% And finally how a dashing general 01:47.500 --> 01:51.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% would set Europe on a bold course toward the future. 01:51.500 --> 01:54.166 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 01:54.233 --> 01:56.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% The roots of Baroque go back to the 1500s, 01:56.866 --> 01:59.733 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% to the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation. 01:59.800 --> 02:02.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% People were questioning Europe's most powerful institution -- 02:02.566 --> 02:04.300 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% the Roman Catholic Church. 02:04.366 --> 02:07.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% This was big news and art, the media of the day, 02:07.800 --> 02:09.566 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% told the story. 02:09.633 --> 02:11.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% When a German monk named Martin Luther 02:11.666 --> 02:14.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% hammered 95 points for debate on this door, 02:14.800 --> 02:18.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% he opened a Pandora's Box of issues -- 02:18.266 --> 02:20.533 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% from Church corruption 02:20.600 --> 02:24.000 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% to the role of art in religion 02:24.066 --> 02:26.300 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% to the legitimacy of the pope -- 02:26.366 --> 02:29.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% unleashing long-pent-up frustrations. 02:29.700 --> 02:34.400 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 02:34.466 --> 02:37.100 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Soon, the protesters -- called Protestants -- 02:37.166 --> 02:40.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% were breaking away from the traditional Catholic Church. 02:40.200 --> 02:43.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% This religious revolution, called the Reformation, 02:43.300 --> 02:46.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% plunged Europe into a century-long series of wars. 02:46.600 --> 02:50.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Each side expressed its intense passion through its art -- 02:50.933 --> 02:55.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Here, a Catholic nun wails on a bunch of sinful Protestants 02:55.133 --> 02:58.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% while a determined cherub rips pages from a Protestant book 02:58.933 --> 03:03.833 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and an angel wrestles with the "serpent of heresy." 03:03.900 --> 03:07.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% For their part, Protestants took over Catholic churches 03:07.300 --> 03:10.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% and purged them of Catholic iconography. 03:10.666 --> 03:14.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% These iconoclasts destroyed statues of saints 03:14.833 --> 03:17.766 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% and whitewashed all they disdained. 03:17.833 --> 03:21.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Churches were converted to fit Protestant values -- 03:21.233 --> 03:23.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% preaching -- from a prominent pulpit, 03:23.666 --> 03:27.466 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and music -- with thunderous pipe organs. 03:27.533 --> 03:29.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% [ Organ playing ] 03:29.900 --> 03:34.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% People had to choose -- am I Protestant or Catholic? 03:34.133 --> 03:35.533 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% These worried saints -- 03:35.600 --> 03:38.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% with a Bible in one hand and a sword in the other -- 03:38.433 --> 03:40.833 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% capture the tension of the times. 03:40.900 --> 03:43.300 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% Art was weaponized. 03:43.366 --> 03:45.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Here, St. Michael, on Team Rome, 03:45.966 --> 03:49.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% hurls Lucifer out of heaven sending a clear message -- 03:49.900 --> 03:54.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Protestants who rise up against the Church shall be crushed. 03:54.966 --> 03:57.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% This nondescript building hid a Catholic church. 03:57.966 --> 04:01.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% In Protestant lands, Catholic citizens were forced to worship 04:01.266 --> 04:04.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% at low-profile churches like this -- a plain exterior 04:05.033 --> 04:08.000 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% hiding a small yet beautiful church inside 04:08.066 --> 04:12.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% complete with the rudiments of Catholic worship in miniature. 04:12.633 --> 04:15.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% This religious divide turned political. 04:15.566 --> 04:18.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% In England, King Henry VIII broke with the pope, 04:18.700 --> 04:22.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% confiscated Catholic lands, and destroyed monasteries. 04:22.666 --> 04:25.433 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:40% Violence flared. 04:25.500 --> 04:29.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% In Catholic Spain, the Church Inquisition arrested, tortured, 04:29.633 --> 04:32.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and executed countless Protestants, Jews, 04:32.333 --> 04:34.800 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and anyone they considered heretics -- 04:34.866 --> 04:37.466 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% burning many at the stake. 04:37.533 --> 04:40.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% And in Germany, 6,000 peasants -- 04:40.200 --> 04:42.200 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% armed with little more than shovels -- 04:42.266 --> 04:45.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% were slaughtered in a single battle. 04:45.400 --> 04:49.200 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Artists captured the misery and the epic scale. 04:49.266 --> 04:51.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% As religious wars spread, 04:51.300 --> 04:54.200 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% nearly a third of all Germans died. 04:54.266 --> 04:56.533 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% War crimes became commonplace, 04:56.600 --> 05:00.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% with each side convinced that God was on their side 05:00.066 --> 05:03.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% and that they were fighting the devil himself. 05:03.400 --> 05:06.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Paintings show how most of Europe was at war... 05:06.766 --> 05:09.333 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% swept up by powerful forces... 05:09.400 --> 05:13.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% as if the fighting might go on forever. 05:13.366 --> 05:15.366 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 05:15.433 --> 05:18.166 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% After decades of war, in 1648, 05:18.233 --> 05:20.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% an exhausted Europe reached an uneasy peace 05:20.633 --> 05:23.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% that enabled Protestants and Catholics to co-exist. 05:24.033 --> 05:26.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% But it left Europe split into two camps -- 05:26.533 --> 05:28.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Protestants mainly in the northern countries, 05:28.733 --> 05:30.133 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% Catholics in the south -- 05:30.200 --> 05:32.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% each with its own culture and style of art. 05:32.966 --> 05:35.066 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% The art of the day was Baroque 05:35.133 --> 05:38.500 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% and it fit Catholic lands perfectly. 05:38.566 --> 05:43.033 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% The Baroque style -- with its bright colors... 05:43.100 --> 05:46.266 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% big canvases... 05:46.333 --> 05:49.233 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% dramatic statues... 05:49.300 --> 05:51.966 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% exuberant architecture... 05:52.033 --> 05:54.166 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and over-the-top ornamentation -- 05:54.233 --> 05:56.900 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% appealed to the emotions. 05:56.966 --> 06:00.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Put it all together -- as Baroque artists loved to do -- 06:00.466 --> 06:05.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and the ensemble packed a powerful message. 06:05.300 --> 06:07.033 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% After all this turmoil, 06:07.100 --> 06:09.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Catholic Europe craved stability, 06:09.766 --> 06:12.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and the Baroque message was pro status quo -- 06:12.766 --> 06:14.900 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% obey the pope and the established order... 06:14.966 --> 06:17.366 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% and things'll be okay. 06:17.433 --> 06:19.100 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% It's no wonder Baroque 06:19.166 --> 06:22.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% was the favored style of Catholic rulers. 06:22.566 --> 06:25.000 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 06:25.066 --> 06:27.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% The Baroque style flourished in Rome, 06:27.500 --> 06:29.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% especially at the Vatican, 06:29.300 --> 06:31.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% the headquarters of the Catholic faith. 06:31.400 --> 06:33.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Art became a tool of the Church. 06:33.733 --> 06:35.533 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% To help reinvigorate the faith 06:35.600 --> 06:37.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% and counter the Protestant Reformation, 06:37.966 --> 06:39.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% churches were made more welcoming -- 06:39.966 --> 06:43.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% with bright, spacious interiors and dazzling art. 06:43.766 --> 06:49.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Art that made complicated theology easier to understand. 06:49.533 --> 06:51.566 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The grand church of St. Peter's 06:51.633 --> 06:53.500 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:32.5% was decorated in the Baroque style 06:53.566 --> 06:55.133 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% to make a statement. 06:55.200 --> 06:57.666 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:35% The message -- to proclaim the legitimacy 06:57.733 --> 07:01.400 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% of the Roman Catholic faith as the one true faith 07:01.466 --> 07:04.466 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% and the pope as its leader. 07:04.533 --> 07:07.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The altar radiates these Catholic ideals, 07:07.733 --> 07:10.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% with sunlight pouring like the Holy Spirit 07:10.133 --> 07:11.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% through its alabaster window -- 07:12.033 --> 07:15.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% illuminating the symbolic throne of the first pope, 07:15.233 --> 07:18.866 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% St. Peter, and all the popes since. 07:18.933 --> 07:22.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% With its sheer size -- 600 feet long, 07:22.200 --> 07:25.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% big enough for thousands of worshippers... 07:25.133 --> 07:27.066 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% colossal cupids... 07:27.133 --> 07:29.766 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% and massive Baroque canopy, 07:29.833 --> 07:33.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% St. Peter's has given centuries of pilgrims and worshippers 07:33.833 --> 07:36.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% a glimpse of the heaven that awaited them... 07:36.633 --> 07:41.166 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% if they stayed true to the faith. 07:41.233 --> 07:43.166 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Catholic worshippers were comforted 07:43.233 --> 07:47.733 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% by endearing images of the Virgin Mary, or Madonna. 07:47.800 --> 07:52.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% This eternally-patient and loving figure took many forms -- 07:52.500 --> 07:57.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% from sweet and motherly to direct and accessible 07:57.733 --> 08:01.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% to the protector of the faithful. 08:01.566 --> 08:03.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Wrapped in warm colors and soft light, 08:04.000 --> 08:06.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% this Madonna embodies the Catholic belief 08:06.566 --> 08:09.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that Mary was born completely pure -- 08:09.266 --> 08:11.866 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% conceived "immaculately." 08:11.933 --> 08:14.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Art could convey that notion more powerfully 08:14.900 --> 08:19.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% than any highfalutin Church declaration. 08:19.066 --> 08:21.400 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Baroque artists even helped the faithful 08:21.466 --> 08:23.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% experience the miraculous, 08:23.600 --> 08:25.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% depicting otherworldly visions 08:25.533 --> 08:28.033 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% in a believable, down-to-earth way -- 08:28.100 --> 08:32.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% illustrating the intense religious devotion of the age. 08:34.900 --> 08:37.500 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% By the way, you'll notice that European art through the ages 08:37.566 --> 08:40.233 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% is clearly dominated by Christian themes. 08:40.300 --> 08:41.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% That's because, back then, 08:41.600 --> 08:44.800 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% life was permeated with religious concerns. 08:44.866 --> 08:47.166 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% But while the Bible stories stayed the same, 08:47.233 --> 08:51.533 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the art that told them changed through the centuries -- 08:51.600 --> 08:54.233 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Take for example the Annunciation -- 08:54.300 --> 08:56.533 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% This earlier Gothic style depiction 08:56.600 --> 08:58.766 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% communicates more with symbols 08:58.833 --> 09:03.166 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% while this later Renaissance version is more realistic. 09:03.233 --> 09:05.833 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% And Baroque artists, they'd make their points 09:05.900 --> 09:08.433 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% with more drama and emotion. 09:11.866 --> 09:13.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% The art and architecture of this age 09:13.433 --> 09:15.866 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% was also a powerful political tool. 09:15.933 --> 09:17.466 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% The kings and queens of the day 09:17.533 --> 09:21.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% claimed they were ordained by God to rule without question. 09:21.200 --> 09:23.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% These so called "divine monarchs" 09:23.500 --> 09:25.366 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% used art as propaganda -- 09:25.433 --> 09:29.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% to convince their subjects that their authority was legit. 09:29.266 --> 09:31.833 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% This magnificent German palace, in Wurzburg 09:31.900 --> 09:34.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% was home to the so-called "prince-bishop." 09:34.300 --> 09:37.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% He was a ruler with both secular and religious power. 09:37.366 --> 09:39.300 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% It was built in the Baroque style 09:39.366 --> 09:42.533 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and decorated in the even frillier Rococo style 09:42.600 --> 09:44.266 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% that followed. 09:44.333 --> 09:45.933 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% As VIP guests arrived, 09:46.000 --> 09:48.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% they'd glide gracefully up the stairway, 09:48.400 --> 09:53.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% inspired by a grand fresco as it opened up overhead. 09:53.133 --> 09:56.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The prince-bishop was the center of the cosmos, 09:56.233 --> 09:57.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% honored by the Greek gods, 09:57.900 --> 10:01.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and ruler of the four great continents... 10:01.200 --> 10:03.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% ...including a bare-chested figure of America... 10:03.666 --> 10:05.166 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% seated on an alligator... 10:05.233 --> 10:07.666 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% at a rowdy cannibal barbecue. 10:07.733 --> 10:11.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And lady Europe points her brush to the center of all culture... 10:11.833 --> 10:15.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% the capital of his realm... Wurzburg. 10:15.400 --> 10:18.433 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 10:18.500 --> 10:21.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Palaces of this age feature grandiose architecture 10:21.566 --> 10:23.833 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% with decoration that abhors a straight line 10:23.900 --> 10:26.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% and is full of motion. 10:26.633 --> 10:29.033 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Artists used mirrors and lavish gilding 10:29.100 --> 10:30.900 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% to enliven interiors. 10:30.966 --> 10:34.233 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% They were masters of three-dimensional illusion -- 10:34.300 --> 10:35.633 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% using all the tricks 10:35.700 --> 10:38.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% from painting mathematically correct architecture 10:38.366 --> 10:39.766 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% to fake shadows 10:39.833 --> 10:44.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% all to give a believable sense of 3-D reality. 10:44.133 --> 10:47.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Again, art of this period was pure marketing, 10:47.533 --> 10:50.766 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% paid for and serving either the Church or the State, 10:50.833 --> 10:54.033 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% or -- in the Prince-Bishop's case...both. 10:54.100 --> 10:55.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Here, the bishop is being empowered 10:55.966 --> 10:57.333 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% by the imperial scepter, 10:57.400 --> 10:59.233 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% reminding all that he was part 10:59.300 --> 11:03.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% of a divinely ordained and secular chain of command. 11:05.833 --> 11:08.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% In Vienna, the powerful Habsburg family -- 11:08.666 --> 11:10.466 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% rulers of a vast empire -- 11:10.533 --> 11:14.166 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% also impressed the masses with their imposing palaces 11:14.233 --> 11:16.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% while reinforcing their alliance with the Catholic faith 11:17.000 --> 11:19.500 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% with magnificent churches. 11:19.566 --> 11:22.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Saint Charles Church is classic Baroque -- 11:22.633 --> 11:27.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% grand columns, stately pediment, and an elliptical dome. 11:27.100 --> 11:28.933 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 11:29.000 --> 11:31.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Ascending into the clouds with cupids and angels, 11:31.966 --> 11:34.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% you notice a trick the artist employed -- 11:34.700 --> 11:36.800 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% he warped the perspective 11:36.866 --> 11:39.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% understanding that his images would be seen 11:39.466 --> 11:40.833 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% not from straight on 11:40.900 --> 11:45.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% but from far below and at an angle. 11:45.166 --> 11:47.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% As always, the art had a purpose -- 11:47.666 --> 11:52.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% teaching...or advertising -- depending on your perspective. 11:52.100 --> 11:54.000 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Here, Faith, Hope, Charity, 11:54.066 --> 11:57.333 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% and Catholic priests triumph and inspire -- 11:57.400 --> 11:59.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% while Protestants and their trouble-making books 11:59.933 --> 12:01.466 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% are trashed. 12:01.533 --> 12:05.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% At the very top is the dove of the Holy Spirit, 12:05.100 --> 12:09.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% surrounded by a cheering squad of sweet-lipped cupids... 12:09.100 --> 12:13.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% a grand Baroque vision of how all was right with the world 12:13.200 --> 12:19.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% thanks to their enthusiastically Catholic rulers. 12:19.100 --> 12:23.566 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Big, colorful, and melodramatic, Baroque art was also well suited 12:23.633 --> 12:26.933 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% to the luxury-loving tastes of aristocrats. 12:27.000 --> 12:28.466 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Though they were devoted Christians, 12:28.533 --> 12:30.766 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% they also considered themselves enlightened 12:30.833 --> 12:33.466 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% and celebrated the classical -- or pre-Christian -- 12:33.533 --> 12:35.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% world of ancient Greece and Rome. 12:35.966 --> 12:40.366 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% So, besides religious themes, they enjoyed secular scenes -- 12:40.433 --> 12:43.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% like epic tales of classical mythology. 12:43.366 --> 12:47.766 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Baroque art could be surprisingly risqué. 12:47.833 --> 12:50.233 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% There's lots of flesh, 12:50.300 --> 12:52.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% violence and rippling motion, 12:53.000 --> 12:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% intense passion, lots of trauma, 12:56.866 --> 13:01.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and -- a sure sign of Baroque -- pudgy winged babies. 13:01.366 --> 13:03.866 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 13:03.933 --> 13:07.166 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% A great pioneer of Baroque was the dynamic Italian 13:07.233 --> 13:10.000 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% named Gian Lorenzo Bernini. 13:10.066 --> 13:12.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Known as "The Michelangelo of Baroque," 13:12.566 --> 13:14.366 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% Bernini could do it all... 13:14.433 --> 13:16.633 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% he was a great sculptor... 13:16.700 --> 13:17.866 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% a painter... 13:17.933 --> 13:21.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and a ground-breaking architect -- 13:21.133 --> 13:23.733 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% he designed St. Peter's Square. 13:23.800 --> 13:25.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 13:25.833 --> 13:28.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Embracing the theatrical nature of Baroque art, 13:28.833 --> 13:32.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Bernini turned this chapel into a theater. 13:32.133 --> 13:34.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% In fact, the members of the family who paid for the art 13:34.933 --> 13:37.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% got to look on from the VIP box. 13:37.966 --> 13:41.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Using all his artistic tools and 3-D tricks -- 13:41.400 --> 13:46.800 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% Bernini invigorates reality with emotion. 13:46.866 --> 13:50.333 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:75% Center stage, an angel pierces St. Teresa's heart 13:50.400 --> 13:52.233 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% with a heavenly arrow. 13:52.300 --> 13:55.633 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% As the saint famously described her ecstasy -- 13:55.700 --> 13:59.000 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% "The pain was so sharp that I cried aloud. 13:59.066 --> 14:03.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% But so delightful that I wished it would last forever." 14:04.000 --> 14:06.100 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 14:08.666 --> 14:10.666 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% At this elegant Roman mansion, 14:10.733 --> 14:14.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Bernini sculpted several masterpieces for his patron, 14:14.133 --> 14:16.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% a wealthy cardinal who invested in great art 14:16.966 --> 14:20.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% meant to decorate these very rooms. 14:20.100 --> 14:23.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Bernini, employing both genius and chisel, 14:23.233 --> 14:27.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% masterfully brought marble to life. 14:27.066 --> 14:32.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% His Rape of Persephone  packs a dramatic punch. 14:32.566 --> 14:35.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Persephone's entire body seems to scream for help 14:35.966 --> 14:40.333 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% as evil Pluto drags his catch into the underworld. 14:40.400 --> 14:43.233 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 14:43.300 --> 14:47.333 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% His three-headed dog howls triumphantly. 14:47.400 --> 14:49.200 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 14:49.266 --> 14:53.300 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% Bernini's Apollo and Daphne  is quintessential Baroque 14:53.366 --> 14:56.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in how it captures a dramatic moment -- 14:56.466 --> 14:59.033 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Apollo -- happily wounded by Cupid's arrow -- 14:59.100 --> 15:03.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% chases Daphne, who's saved by turning into a tree. 15:03.733 --> 15:05.933 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Bernini captures the instant when, 15:06.000 --> 15:08.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% just as Apollo's about to catch Daphne, 15:08.666 --> 15:11.366 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% her fingers turn to leaves... 15:11.433 --> 15:13.633 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 15:13.700 --> 15:16.000 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% ...her toes sprout roots... 15:16.066 --> 15:20.266 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and Apollo is in for one rude surprise. 15:20.333 --> 15:23.066 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% The statue -- as much air as stone -- 15:23.133 --> 15:26.733 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% makes a supernatural event seem real. 15:26.800 --> 15:29.900 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% This pre-Christian scene -- while plenty fleshy -- 15:29.966 --> 15:32.733 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% comes with a church-pleasing moral -- 15:32.800 --> 15:38.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% chasing earthly pleasures leads only to pain and frustration. 15:38.233 --> 15:40.066 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 15:40.133 --> 15:42.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% By the way, to appreciate the boldness 15:42.433 --> 15:46.100 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% of Bernini's Baroque style, compare his version of David 15:46.166 --> 15:50.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% with Michelangelo's Renaissance David from a century earlier. 15:50.666 --> 15:54.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Michelangelo's is poised, balanced, and thoughtful -- 15:54.766 --> 15:58.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% perfect for the cerebral Renaissance era. 15:58.200 --> 16:01.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Bernini's, on the other hand, is a Baroque action figure -- 16:01.700 --> 16:03.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% his whole body wound like a spring 16:03.566 --> 16:05.566 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% as he prepares to slay the giant -- 16:05.633 --> 16:09.600 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% showing the energy of the age. 16:09.666 --> 16:12.166 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Bernini was a brash young man of 25 16:12.233 --> 16:13.933 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% when he sculpted this -- 16:14.000 --> 16:18.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and the determined face of David is his own. 16:19.000 --> 16:21.433 align:start position:30% line:10% size:40% Bernini inspired a generation of artists 16:21.500 --> 16:25.100 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% whose work is found throughout Rome. 16:25.166 --> 16:30.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In fact, the city of Rome itself is like a Baroque work of art. 16:30.700 --> 16:32.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Its great churches sport façades 16:32.666 --> 16:35.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% with trend-setting Baroque elements -- 16:35.166 --> 16:38.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% classical columns on a gargantuan scale, 16:38.233 --> 16:40.033 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% showy pediments and arches, 16:40.100 --> 16:43.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and straight lines broken by dips, curls, 16:43.066 --> 16:46.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% and decorative medallions. 16:46.300 --> 16:47.600 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% Interiors, of course, 16:47.666 --> 16:51.933 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% are also decorated to the hilt in the Baroque style. 16:52.000 --> 16:53.766 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% You hardly know where to look. 16:53.833 --> 16:57.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Every inch is slathered with ornamentation -- 16:57.833 --> 16:59.333 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% oh-wow spiral columns 16:59.400 --> 17:02.833 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% framing scenes that almost jump to life -- 17:02.900 --> 17:05.900 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% cupids doing flip flops, 17:05.966 --> 17:09.033 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% explosive gilded starbursts 17:09.100 --> 17:12.200 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and ceilings opening up into the heavens... 17:12.266 --> 17:15.333 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% it's all glorious Baroque. 17:15.400 --> 17:19.166 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 17:19.233 --> 17:21.233 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% By the way. Here's a tip -- 17:21.300 --> 17:24.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% For years, I saw these lavish Baroque churches 17:24.266 --> 17:26.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% through the eyes of an earnest Protestant. 17:26.766 --> 17:29.766 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% But then I learned to check my Lutheran bias at the door 17:29.833 --> 17:31.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and try to see it as a Catholic would... 17:31.766 --> 17:33.600 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% much more enjoyable. 17:33.666 --> 17:35.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Baroque is best appreciated 17:35.566 --> 17:38.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% when you put yourself in a 17th-century mind-set. 17:38.733 --> 17:42.533 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In fact, by experiencing the art of any period on its terms, 17:42.600 --> 17:47.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% in the context of its age, it becomes easier to appreciate. 17:47.833 --> 17:50.033 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% The exuberance of the Baroque age 17:50.100 --> 17:52.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% even spills out into the streets. 17:52.966 --> 17:55.800 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Piazza Navona, a festival of Roman life, 17:55.866 --> 17:59.800 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% is dominated by this curvaceous façade. 17:59.866 --> 18:03.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Its playful oval domes overlook a fountain by... 18:03.333 --> 18:05.733 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% you guessed it -- Bernini. 18:05.800 --> 18:07.766 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% Fountains -- so full of energy 18:07.833 --> 18:09.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% and effectively harnessing nature -- 18:09.933 --> 18:13.666 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% were a favorite with Baroque artists. 18:13.733 --> 18:15.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Nearby, the famed Trevi Fountain 18:15.866 --> 18:19.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% is a bubbly Baroque avalanche that seems purpose-built 18:19.133 --> 18:22.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% for today's Roman embrace of life. 18:22.800 --> 18:26.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Immersed in history, art, and partying under the stars, 18:26.566 --> 18:28.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% people toss a coin over their shoulder 18:28.700 --> 18:33.466 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% to assure their return to this eternal city. 18:33.533 --> 18:35.100 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% That may sound silly, 18:35.166 --> 18:37.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% but with every visit, I go through the ritual 18:37.866 --> 18:40.566 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% and it works! 18:40.633 --> 18:47.133 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 18:47.200 --> 18:49.433 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% Also in Rome around the year 1600, 18:49.500 --> 18:52.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% a rebellious young artist named Caravaggio 18:52.200 --> 18:54.500 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% was inspiring a new generation of artists 18:54.566 --> 18:56.633 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% with his stark realism. 18:56.700 --> 19:00.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% He lived hard and spent much of his life running from the law. 19:00.433 --> 19:04.800 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% While he died young, Caravaggio was hugely influential. 19:04.866 --> 19:08.366 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% With stark lighting, Caravaggio created a film-noir world 19:08.433 --> 19:10.766 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% of harsh glare and deep shadows, 19:10.833 --> 19:14.066 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% throwing an unflattering light on his subjects. 19:14.133 --> 19:16.433 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 19:16.500 --> 19:20.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Even his sacred scenes looked like rugged Roman street life, 19:20.600 --> 19:24.566 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% with a gritty realism -- 19:24.633 --> 19:28.833 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% saints with bald, wrinkled foreheads, 19:28.900 --> 19:31.700 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% tattered coats, 19:31.766 --> 19:34.500 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:27.5% dirty feet, 19:34.566 --> 19:37.433 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% ordinary, plain-Jane madonnas... 19:37.500 --> 19:40.866 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 19:40.933 --> 19:43.600 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% ...and a restless energy. 19:43.666 --> 19:53.266 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 19:53.333 --> 19:55.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Caravaggio's David slaying the giant 19:55.666 --> 20:00.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% is no noble Renaissance hero but a sassy teenager. 20:00.600 --> 20:03.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% The lighting is stark and dramatic... 20:03.200 --> 20:07.000 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% and the details are gruesome. 20:07.066 --> 20:10.866 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% David literally shoves the harsh reality in our face... 20:10.933 --> 20:12.266 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and Goliath's head? 20:12.333 --> 20:16.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% It's none other than Caravaggio himself. 20:16.266 --> 20:18.266 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 20:18.333 --> 20:21.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% In the same generation, farther north, here in Belgium, 20:21.300 --> 20:23.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% the most prolific and influential Baroque painter 20:23.700 --> 20:25.733 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% was Peter Paul Rubens. 20:25.800 --> 20:27.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% A favorite of Europe's wealthy, 20:27.400 --> 20:30.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Rubens painted extravagant scenes with a dynamism 20:30.666 --> 20:33.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:57.5% that has come to define the Baroque style -- 20:33.966 --> 20:36.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Well-traveled, cultured, and confident, 20:36.433 --> 20:40.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Rubens exemplified the exuberance of the age. 20:40.166 --> 20:41.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Running his studio like a factory, 20:42.000 --> 20:46.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% he cranked out a steady stream of high-energy canvases. 20:47.033 --> 20:48.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% He'd start with a rough sketch 20:49.000 --> 20:51.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and he'd give that to his assistants in his studio 20:51.400 --> 20:54.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% and they would paint the massive canvas. 20:54.133 --> 20:55.600 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% When it was just about done, 20:55.666 --> 20:58.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Rubens would come back in and give it what they called 20:58.333 --> 21:01.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% "the fury of the brush" -- a little twinkle in the eye... 21:01.266 --> 21:03.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% a little glimmer there... a little light there. 21:03.433 --> 21:06.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% When he was satisfied, another Rubens masterpiece 21:06.333 --> 21:09.233 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% was shipped off to his wealthy patrons. 21:09.300 --> 21:12.233 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 21:12.300 --> 21:16.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Rubens painted anything that would raise your pulse -- 21:16.766 --> 21:18.633 align:start position:40% line:84.66% size:20% battles, 21:18.700 --> 21:22.166 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:22.5% miracles, 21:22.233 --> 21:24.166 align:start position:42.5% line:84.66% size:12.5% hunts 21:24.233 --> 21:27.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% and especially, fleshy "Rubenesque" women 21:27.666 --> 21:30.566 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% with rosy cheeks and dimples. 21:30.633 --> 21:32.566 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 21:32.633 --> 21:34.366 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Expert at composition, 21:34.433 --> 21:37.633 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Rubens could arrange a teeming tangle of many figures 21:37.700 --> 21:41.400 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% into a harmonious ensemble. 21:41.466 --> 21:45.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% In this Greek myth, when lecherous half-human satyrs 21:45.066 --> 21:46.700 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% crash a party of nymphs, 21:46.766 --> 21:51.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% the action unfolds as satyrs chase and women flee... 21:51.366 --> 21:54.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% it's a horrible crescendo of violence... 21:54.200 --> 21:57.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% a cresting wave of flailing limbs and chaotic figures 21:57.500 --> 22:00.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that threatens to crash over the poor nymphs... 22:00.566 --> 22:04.700 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% until the fierce goddess Diana, the huntress, plants her feet 22:04.766 --> 22:08.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and makes a brave stand to save the day. 22:09.033 --> 22:11.700 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% In his Baroque take on this classical theme, 22:11.766 --> 22:14.566 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Rubens amps up the traditional Three Graces 22:14.633 --> 22:16.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% to plus-size splendor. 22:16.633 --> 22:18.266 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Amid a flowery garden, 22:18.333 --> 22:20.866 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% he skillfully captures their glowing skin 22:20.933 --> 22:23.266 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% and rippling curves. 22:23.333 --> 22:26.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% With graceful limbs, the women intertwine, 22:26.133 --> 22:27.600 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% creating a rhythmic line, 22:27.666 --> 22:32.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% echoed by the meaningful glances they exchange. 22:32.366 --> 22:35.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% One Grace is none other than Rubens' own wife, 22:35.666 --> 22:39.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% whose sweet face appears in many of his canvases. 22:39.600 --> 22:41.533 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 22:41.600 --> 22:45.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Rubens was equally adept at religious scenes. 22:45.700 --> 22:47.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% When the Magi visited the Christ child, 22:47.866 --> 22:51.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% all the adoring gazes -- the Wise Men up one way... 22:51.133 --> 22:52.700 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% the angels down the other... 22:52.766 --> 22:55.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% are directed to the focus of the scene -- 22:55.266 --> 22:58.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% a radiant baby Jesus. 22:58.633 --> 23:02.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Baroque artists certainly knew how to satisfy their patrons. 23:02.600 --> 23:05.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Whether powering the Church's message both in grand ways... 23:05.500 --> 23:07.266 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% or intimate ways... 23:07.333 --> 23:11.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% making ancient myths and legends come to life... 23:11.866 --> 23:14.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% inflating the egos of the powerful... 23:14.733 --> 23:17.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% or just capturing a wild and crazy party, 23:17.933 --> 23:23.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% for Baroque artists, life was always filled with drama. 23:23.700 --> 23:25.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% By the way, the music of this period -- 23:25.733 --> 23:28.566 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Bach, Handel, Scarlatti, they all lived at the same time -- 23:28.633 --> 23:30.600 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% is like Bernini for your ears. 23:30.666 --> 23:32.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% We've been talking about the visual arts. 23:32.933 --> 23:34.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% But I like to remember that all the arts -- 23:34.800 --> 23:37.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and that includes music -- are in sync. 23:37.366 --> 23:40.066 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% They hold hands as they walk through the ages. 23:40.133 --> 23:42.833 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% In terms of Baroque music, you're likely to hear 23:42.900 --> 23:45.800 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% two melodies dancing together like this Bach invention... 23:45.866 --> 23:54.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 23:54.833 --> 23:58.000 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% And another feature of Baroque is ornamentation. 23:58.066 --> 24:00.866 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% And in music that means trills. 24:00.933 --> 24:02.733 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Check out this Scarlatti... 24:02.800 --> 24:08.866 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:08.933 --> 24:14.966 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:15.033 --> 24:16.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Boy, if you're gonna play Baroque music... 24:16.666 --> 24:19.733 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% it's good to have ruffles on your sleeves. 24:19.800 --> 24:23.166 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:23.233 --> 24:27.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The Baroque style dominated much of Europe throughout this age. 24:27.266 --> 24:28.400 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% Whether it was found 24:28.466 --> 24:30.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% in the highly ornamented music of the day... 24:31.033 --> 24:37.133 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:37.200 --> 24:39.266 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% its grandiose churches... 24:39.333 --> 24:41.966 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 24:42.033 --> 24:45.666 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% over-the-top palaces... 24:45.733 --> 24:48.633 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% dramatic statues... 24:48.700 --> 24:51.400 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% or bubbling fountains... 24:51.466 --> 24:55.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Baroque art was designed to have an emotional impact... 24:55.633 --> 24:57.700 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% and it still does. 24:57.766 --> 25:05.233 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 25:07.000 --> 25:09.733 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% While southern Europe favored traditional Catholic rule 25:09.800 --> 25:11.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and the theatrical Baroque style, 25:11.833 --> 25:13.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% the Protestant countries of the North, 25:13.733 --> 25:15.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% while still part of the Baroque age, 25:15.400 --> 25:17.566 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% were forging a different path. 25:17.633 --> 25:20.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Without the lavish patronage of popes and nobles, 25:20.633 --> 25:22.600 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Protestant art was more secular... 25:22.666 --> 25:25.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% reflecting the values of a new market -- 25:25.166 --> 25:29.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% the no-nonsense merchants who paid for it. 25:29.433 --> 25:32.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Painters captured an industrious spirit. 25:32.833 --> 25:34.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% Northern cities were bustling 25:34.533 --> 25:37.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% with hard-working craftsmen and businessmen, 25:37.366 --> 25:41.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% while sea traders headed off to distant lands. 25:41.066 --> 25:42.666 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% And, along with seascapes, 25:42.733 --> 25:45.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% idyllic landscapes of fertile fields -- 25:45.666 --> 25:49.133 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% often land reclaimed from the sea using ingenious windmills -- 25:49.200 --> 25:51.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% celebrated Dutch industriousness. 25:51.966 --> 25:53.566 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% And in the flat Netherlands, 25:53.633 --> 25:58.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% a landscape was also a dramatic skyscape. 25:58.433 --> 26:01.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% The lively market town of Haarlem, near Amsterdam, 26:01.466 --> 26:03.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% looks much like it did when it was painted 26:03.533 --> 26:07.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% back in Holland's 17th century Golden Age... 26:07.500 --> 26:10.633 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% ...an age captured vividly on canvas. 26:10.700 --> 26:15.866 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 26:15.933 --> 26:18.366 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Its most famous son, Frans Hals, 26:18.433 --> 26:20.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% made a nice living painting portraits 26:20.200 --> 26:23.266 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% of a new kind of customer... merchants. 26:23.333 --> 26:26.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% He produced ego-boosting portraits of city big shots... 26:27.033 --> 26:29.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% the citizens who epitomized the independent 26:29.800 --> 26:33.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% and upwardly mobile Dutch of the time. 26:33.200 --> 26:35.566 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Like these businessmen -- closing a deal -- 26:35.633 --> 26:40.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% they worked hard and were proud of it. 26:40.200 --> 26:43.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% In this woman's portrait, her elegant dress and jewelry 26:43.400 --> 26:46.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% are painted with as much care as her face... 26:46.300 --> 26:49.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% confidently affirming the materialistic values 26:49.633 --> 26:54.733 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% of the people who made the Golden Age golden. 26:54.800 --> 26:57.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Amsterdam -- a city practically built on water -- 26:57.866 --> 27:01.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% was one of the busiest seaports in the world. 27:01.466 --> 27:05.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Wealth poured in from overseas fueling a booming society... 27:05.666 --> 27:08.533 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% and its art. 27:08.600 --> 27:11.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% The Dutch enjoyed showing off the fruits of their labor 27:11.300 --> 27:15.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% in exquisitely detailed still lifes of good food. 27:15.933 --> 27:18.633 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% No preachy church art or Greek myths here, 27:18.700 --> 27:23.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% but a canvas reminder that this household ate very well. 27:23.733 --> 27:27.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% And this family boasted some fine pewter ware. 27:27.133 --> 27:32.266 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Paintings were intimate, with muted colors and less drama. 27:32.333 --> 27:37.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Virgin Marys and Apollos were out -- cheese was in. 27:39.833 --> 27:42.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Perhaps for the first time, art catered to the tastes 27:42.533 --> 27:45.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% and budgets of middle-class people, too. 27:45.166 --> 27:47.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Smaller canvases by no-name artists 27:47.933 --> 27:49.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that a regular merchant could afford 27:49.633 --> 27:51.766 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% and hang in his living room. 27:51.833 --> 27:54.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% Jan Steen offered a delightful slice 27:54.233 --> 27:58.033 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% of 17th-century Dutch life. 27:58.100 --> 27:59.833 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Entertaining...sure... 27:59.900 --> 28:03.866 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% but Steen loved to slip in a dose of folk morality. 28:03.933 --> 28:06.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Here, children teach a cat to dance -- 28:06.533 --> 28:09.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% mischief on their delighted faces -- 28:09.600 --> 28:13.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% but their father's upset that they're wasting time. 28:13.733 --> 28:15.266 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% And these parents party 28:15.333 --> 28:19.166 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% while the kids copy their irresponsible behavior -- 28:19.233 --> 28:23.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% The girls learn to drink and the little boy picks up smoking. 28:23.700 --> 28:26.366 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% The note warns, "Parents beware -- 28:26.433 --> 28:31.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% your children are learning from your bad behavior." 28:31.733 --> 28:33.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:57.5% Here, Johannes Vermeer, 28:33.333 --> 28:36.133 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% the master of tranquility and stillness, 28:36.200 --> 28:41.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% shows an intimate street from his hometown of Delft. 28:41.500 --> 28:44.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% In his quiet painting of a humble milkmaid, 28:44.466 --> 28:47.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Vermeer creates a scene where we can almost hear 28:47.533 --> 28:49.566 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% the trickle of the pouring milk... 28:49.633 --> 28:53.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% capturing the beauty of everyday things. 28:53.966 --> 28:56.400 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 28:56.466 --> 28:58.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% And here, Vermeer draws the curtain 28:59.033 --> 29:01.533 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% to reveal the artist at work. 29:01.600 --> 29:03.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% The floor tiles lead the viewer in 29:03.500 --> 29:05.666 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to where he's painting a model. 29:05.733 --> 29:08.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The studio is a small world unto itself, 29:08.633 --> 29:11.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% filled with beautiful and symbolic details -- 29:11.833 --> 29:14.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% the map of Holland celebrating its trading power... 29:15.000 --> 29:18.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% the golden chandelier -- a mark of new wealth... 29:18.533 --> 29:20.233 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% his fine clothing... 29:20.300 --> 29:24.966 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Everything is crystal-clear, lit by a soft cool light. 29:25.033 --> 29:27.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The model's caught in a candid pose... 29:27.700 --> 29:30.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% while the artist -- his back to his audience -- 29:30.066 --> 29:34.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% is just another hardworking Dutchman plying his craft. 29:34.900 --> 29:41.766 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 29:41.833 --> 29:44.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% The great Dutch painter, Rembrandt -- 29:44.300 --> 29:46.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% this is him at age 22 -- 29:46.133 --> 29:49.966 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% started out earning a living by painting portraits. 29:50.033 --> 29:54.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% He brought a relaxed naturalism to the standard group portrait. 29:54.933 --> 29:57.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% These businessmen, wearing the power suit of the day, 29:57.833 --> 30:00.666 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% gather to look over the books. 30:00.733 --> 30:03.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Though every face is portrait-perfect, 30:03.133 --> 30:06.033 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% the scene doesn't look posed. 30:06.100 --> 30:08.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% It's as if someone just walked in 30:08.100 --> 30:09.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% and grabbed their attention -- 30:09.800 --> 30:14.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and Rembrandt captures them, candid as a snapshot. 30:14.733 --> 30:16.200 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% With the Night Watch, 30:16.266 --> 30:20.033 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Rembrandt took the group portrait to a whole new level. 30:20.100 --> 30:22.166 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% He portrayed the local bigwigs -- 30:22.233 --> 30:26.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% a kind of 17th-century National Guard/Rotary Club. 30:26.733 --> 30:29.633 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 30:29.700 --> 30:33.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% But rather than the standard stiff soccer team pose, 30:33.100 --> 30:36.400 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% this canvas bursts with energy. 30:36.466 --> 30:39.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The men tumble out of their hall, weapons drawn, 30:39.266 --> 30:41.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% ready to defend the city. 30:41.300 --> 30:43.166 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Rembrandt added theatrical drama 30:43.233 --> 30:47.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% with his distinctive use of light -- 30:47.200 --> 30:49.066 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% lots of dark moody shadows 30:49.133 --> 30:51.266 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% contrasted with the bright spotlight 30:51.333 --> 30:54.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% that directs your eye to the main characters. 30:54.566 --> 30:57.533 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 30:57.600 --> 31:00.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Rembrandt could tell the Old Testament story of Judith 31:00.433 --> 31:04.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% beheading an enemy general, not with the gory decapitation, 31:04.533 --> 31:08.466 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% but with a few psychologically suspenseful details -- 31:08.533 --> 31:10.700 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% the heroine's intelligent face -- 31:10.766 --> 31:12.700 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% as she plots her plan... 31:12.766 --> 31:16.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% her sumptuous clothes to seduce the villain... 31:17.000 --> 31:20.100 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% the wine, to get him drunk... 31:20.166 --> 31:23.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% her accomplice -- like a distant thought... 31:23.466 --> 31:26.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and her maid -- who holds the goblet with the bag 31:26.766 --> 31:28.833 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% that will carry the severed head. 31:28.900 --> 31:31.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% By letting the viewer connect the dots, 31:31.133 --> 31:35.300 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Rembrandt delivers a powerful psychological punch. 31:35.366 --> 31:39.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Here's another example of the master's subtle brilliance. 31:39.733 --> 31:42.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Only Rembrandt could show the burning of Jerusalem -- 31:42.833 --> 31:44.800 align:start position:40% line:79.33% size:20% not with the predictable flames -- 31:44.866 --> 31:46.966 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% but by throwing his light of truth 31:47.033 --> 31:52.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% on the worried brow of Jeremiah, the man who predicted it. 31:52.333 --> 31:54.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Rembrandt became rich and famous. 31:54.766 --> 31:57.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% But as the years passed, his beloved wife died, 31:57.500 --> 32:00.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% he went bankrupt, and his life darkened. 32:00.466 --> 32:05.400 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% But all that heartache only added deeper wisdom to his work. 32:05.466 --> 32:08.433 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Rembrandt drew from the well of his own life experience 32:08.500 --> 32:09.866 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% for his portraits. 32:09.933 --> 32:14.633 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% This couple is clearly in love -- a deep, quiet love. 32:14.700 --> 32:17.500 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% The man gently draws the woman close, 32:17.566 --> 32:20.766 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% while she reaches up to return his touch. 32:20.833 --> 32:25.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Using thick paint, Rembrandt adds character to their faces 32:25.300 --> 32:29.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and a rich texture to their elaborate clothing. 32:29.600 --> 32:32.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% The couple forms a powerful pyramid of love, 32:32.666 --> 32:37.266 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% with their touching hands at the center. 32:37.333 --> 32:40.566 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% Rembrandt's greatest subject was himself. 32:40.633 --> 32:42.266 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% His self-portraits are made 32:42.333 --> 32:44.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% with ever-thicker layers of paint, 32:44.500 --> 32:47.900 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:32.5% piled on like the hard experiences of life. 32:47.966 --> 32:52.400 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:75% They show the determination of a stubborn independent artist... 32:52.466 --> 32:56.333 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% a proud man surveying the wreckage of his life... 32:56.400 --> 33:00.200 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% a man who's lived through the ups and downs of the Golden Age 33:00.266 --> 33:05.066 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% and woven those experiences together to create great art. 33:05.133 --> 33:08.300 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 33:10.266 --> 33:12.933 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% As Europe's nations grew bigger, many centralized around 33:13.000 --> 33:15.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% an old reliable institution -- the monarchy. 33:15.933 --> 33:18.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% This was the era of Europe's great kings and queens. 33:18.933 --> 33:21.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% They claimed their authority came directly from God -- 33:21.733 --> 33:26.333 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% by "divine right" -- and that their power was "absolute." 33:26.400 --> 33:28.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Through the ages, portraits had been one of the ways 33:28.933 --> 33:33.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% royals showed off their power and their divine right to rule. 33:33.266 --> 33:37.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% They hired Europe's best artists to paint them in all their glory 33:37.333 --> 33:42.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% from the powerful renaissance royals and rulers of France... 33:42.100 --> 33:44.833 align:start position:40% line:84.66% size:20% Spain... 33:44.900 --> 33:46.500 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:22.5% Venice... 33:46.566 --> 33:49.700 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:27.5% to England. 33:49.766 --> 33:55.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Baroque artists captured the over-the-top style of the age. 33:55.100 --> 33:58.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% By then, Europe was ruled by a handful of powerful families 33:58.800 --> 34:01.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% who used such portraits to stay in touch 34:01.433 --> 34:05.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and, like Baroque dating apps, to arrange marriages. 34:05.500 --> 34:07.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% And court painters pulled out all the stops -- 34:08.033 --> 34:11.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% from making young princes look impossibly good on a horse 34:11.833 --> 34:16.200 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% to making a mere mortal look as divine as can be. 34:16.266 --> 34:19.633 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 34:19.700 --> 34:23.833 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% Diego Velázquez was one of the greatest portrait artists. 34:23.900 --> 34:25.800 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% A virtual court photographer, 34:25.866 --> 34:28.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% he was the Spanish master of realism. 34:29.033 --> 34:32.333 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% As well as standard portraits of the Spanish king and queen, 34:32.400 --> 34:36.100 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% Velázquez loved to keep it real with behind-the-scenes glimpses 34:36.166 --> 34:39.433 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% of the rest of the court -- their cute kids... 34:39.500 --> 34:41.666 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% even the court jester. 34:41.733 --> 34:45.566 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 34:45.633 --> 34:48.900 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% In this masterpiece, the artist paints himself at work 34:48.966 --> 34:53.600 align:start position:15% line:10% size:67.5% on a portrait as a princess and her servants look on. 34:53.666 --> 34:55.166 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% The unique perspective -- 34:55.233 --> 34:56.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% notice how they're all looking out -- 34:56.866 --> 34:58.466 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% is ambiguous. 34:58.533 --> 35:00.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Perhaps they're looking toward the king and queen 35:00.566 --> 35:01.666 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% as they pose -- 35:01.733 --> 35:04.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% who'd be standing right where we are as viewers. 35:04.766 --> 35:07.466 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% The royal couple can actually be seen reflected 35:07.533 --> 35:10.733 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% in the mirror at the back of the room. 35:10.800 --> 35:12.766 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% With his mastery of realism, 35:12.833 --> 35:16.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Velázquez created a wonderfully 3-D world 35:16.300 --> 35:18.833 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% where Spain's royal court comes to life -- 35:18.900 --> 35:21.666 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% as if you could step right through the canvas 35:21.733 --> 35:24.166 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% and into their lives. 35:24.233 --> 35:27.100 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 35:27.166 --> 35:28.400 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% Beyond royal portraits, 35:28.466 --> 35:31.366 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Velázquez gave life to everything he touched -- 35:31.433 --> 35:33.300 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% dramatic bible stories... 35:33.366 --> 35:36.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% astonishingly realistic classical scenes... 35:37.000 --> 35:39.200 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% graceful nudes... 35:39.266 --> 35:41.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% and great moments in history... 35:41.600 --> 35:46.266 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% all infused with his affinity for the common man. 35:46.333 --> 35:48.900 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% With his mastery of unvarnished realism, 35:48.966 --> 35:52.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% he could turn a Greek myth into a candid group-selfie 35:52.366 --> 35:54.300 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% in a blue-collar bar. 35:54.366 --> 35:56.066 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Bacchus, the god of wine 35:56.133 --> 35:59.200 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% joins a bunch of tipsy Spanish peasants. 35:59.266 --> 36:01.700 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 36:01.766 --> 36:03.800 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% The radiant god sits on the left, 36:03.866 --> 36:07.200 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% gritty peasants to the right, 36:07.266 --> 36:10.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and uniting the two halves is the kneeling man 36:10.200 --> 36:13.333 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% being crowned by the ultimate hedonist. 36:13.400 --> 36:14.900 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% The center of the composition? 36:14.966 --> 36:18.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% It's the cup of wine, of course. 36:18.066 --> 36:23.000 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 36:23.066 --> 36:27.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% In the Baroque era, Europe's royals ruled in splendor. 36:27.100 --> 36:30.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Across the continent they built sprawling palaces -- 36:30.400 --> 36:32.666 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% from Austria... 36:32.733 --> 36:35.000 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:30% and Spain... 36:35.066 --> 36:39.266 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% to Sweden and France. 36:39.333 --> 36:42.700 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 36:42.766 --> 36:44.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% France -- for centuries, the richest country in Europe -- 36:45.033 --> 36:48.666 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% is strewn with lavish palaces, châteaux, and mansions. 36:48.733 --> 36:50.633 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% After all, until its revolution, 36:50.700 --> 36:54.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% its society was the epitome of that Old Regime notion 36:54.100 --> 36:56.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% that some are born to rule and the rest of us... 36:57.000 --> 36:59.766 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% well, just deal with it. 36:59.833 --> 37:04.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% France's capital, Paris, glitters with royal parks... 37:04.133 --> 37:05.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% gilded bridges... 37:05.900 --> 37:11.600 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and, of course, once the biggest palace of all -- The Louvre. 37:11.666 --> 37:14.866 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% And, when those kings and nobles wanted to get out of Paris 37:14.933 --> 37:18.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% for some hunting or perhaps an intimate rendezvous, 37:18.066 --> 37:20.466 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% they escaped to their favored playground -- 37:20.533 --> 37:22.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% The Loire Valley. 37:22.466 --> 37:24.333 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Here, they built their get-aways 37:24.400 --> 37:26.633 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% with ever-greater opulence -- 37:26.700 --> 37:29.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% pleasure palaces like the grandiose Chambord -- 37:29.400 --> 37:33.966 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% with over 400 rooms and nearly as many chimneys... 37:34.033 --> 37:35.766 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% the dreamy Azay-le-Rideau 37:35.833 --> 37:38.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% which seems fit for a fairy tale... 37:38.566 --> 37:40.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% and the romantic Chenonceau -- 37:41.000 --> 37:44.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% loping gracefully over its river. 37:44.133 --> 37:45.700 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 37:47.300 --> 37:49.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Of all the divine-right kings, one was the greatest. 37:49.933 --> 37:52.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% And, of all the palaces, one was the grandest. 37:52.733 --> 37:54.133 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% By the 1700s, 37:54.200 --> 37:57.266 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% France was Europe's richest and most populous country... 37:57.333 --> 38:01.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% home to Europe's most spectacular palace. 38:01.133 --> 38:03.600 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% And that palace was Versailles, 38:03.666 --> 38:07.366 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% the palace other palaces were modeled after, 38:07.433 --> 38:11.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% the one many tried to outdo -- but none succeeded. 38:11.500 --> 38:14.700 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% And the palace -- a potent mix of art and architecture -- 38:14.766 --> 38:19.033 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% is all about this man -- the ultimate divine monarch, 38:19.100 --> 38:21.333 align:start position:37.5% line:84.66% size:25% Louis XIV. 38:21.400 --> 38:26.233 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% It's said that Louis spent half of France's entire annual GNP 38:26.300 --> 38:28.066 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% to turn his dad's hunting lodge 38:28.133 --> 38:31.433 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% into a palace suitable for Europe's king of kings. 38:31.500 --> 38:34.466 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% It's essentially a long series of lavish rooms, 38:34.533 --> 38:36.800 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% each with its own theme. 38:36.866 --> 38:38.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Louis -- portrayed with his capable hand 38:38.933 --> 38:40.333 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% on the rudder of state -- 38:40.400 --> 38:44.700 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% was creating Europe's first modern, centralized government. 38:44.766 --> 38:47.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Throughout Europe, when you said, "the king," 38:47.400 --> 38:51.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% you were referring to the French king -- Louis XIV. 38:51.666 --> 38:55.500 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% He was symbolized by Apollo, the Greek god of the sun. 38:55.566 --> 38:59.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Here the artist shows Louis with his entire family -- 38:59.100 --> 39:03.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% all depicted as gods on earth -- clearly divinely ordained 39:03.833 --> 39:06.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% to rule the masses without question. 39:08.800 --> 39:12.166 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Art celebrated how pleasure ruled at Versailles. 39:12.233 --> 39:14.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% The main suppers, balls, and receptions 39:14.466 --> 39:16.133 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% were held in this room. 39:16.200 --> 39:19.700 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% The ceiling is like a sunroof opening up to heaven, 39:19.766 --> 39:21.166 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% filled with action 39:21.233 --> 39:24.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% parallel to the action right here in Louis' court. 39:24.633 --> 39:27.800 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% The style is delightfully Baroque -- 39:27.866 --> 39:31.633 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% a riot of exuberant figures. 39:31.700 --> 39:36.033 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% The Venus Room reminded everyone that love ruled at Versailles. 39:36.100 --> 39:38.000 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% Here, couples would cavort, 39:38.066 --> 39:40.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% blessed from above by the goddess of love. 39:40.833 --> 39:43.000 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% And, as if to encourage the fun, 39:43.066 --> 39:45.700 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Venus sends down a flowery garland 39:45.766 --> 39:50.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% to ensnare others in delicious amour. 39:50.200 --> 39:55.266 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 39:55.333 --> 39:58.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The Hall of Mirrors was the highlight of the palace. 39:58.966 --> 40:02.233 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% No one had ever seen anything like it. 40:02.300 --> 40:04.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Mirrors were a great luxury at the time, 40:04.866 --> 40:09.133 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% and this exquisite ballroom was astounding. 40:09.200 --> 40:13.000 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Imagine the scene -- lit by countless candles, 40:13.066 --> 40:16.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% filled with elegant guests in fine silks 40:16.466 --> 40:19.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% dancing to the orchestra. 40:19.900 --> 40:21.633 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Under gilded candelabra, 40:21.700 --> 40:25.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% servants would glide by with lavish hors d'oeuvres. 40:25.333 --> 40:29.066 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% And whenever you'd look up, you'd see your king 40:29.133 --> 40:32.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% doing what he did best... triumphing. 40:32.400 --> 40:36.500 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 40:36.566 --> 40:40.266 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% One more way that Louis proved that he could rule like a god 40:40.333 --> 40:42.266 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% was by controlling nature. 40:42.333 --> 40:45.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% These lavish grounds -- elaborately planned, 40:45.300 --> 40:47.766 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:25% ornamented and Baroque as can be -- 40:47.833 --> 40:52.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% showed everyone that their king was in total command. 40:52.500 --> 40:55.966 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 40:58.466 --> 41:00.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Only the Sun King could grow orange trees 41:01.000 --> 41:02.900 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% here in chilly northern France. 41:02.966 --> 41:06.266 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% And Louis XIV, he had a thousand. 41:06.333 --> 41:11.800 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 41:11.866 --> 41:13.966 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Fountains were a huge attraction, 41:14.033 --> 41:17.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% a marvel of both art and engineering. 41:17.533 --> 41:20.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The Apollo Basin showed the sun god in his chariot 41:20.766 --> 41:22.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% rising from the mists of dawn 41:22.800 --> 41:26.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% as he starts his daily journey across the sky. 41:26.600 --> 41:28.866 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Again, it all reminded his subjects 41:28.933 --> 41:31.233 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% that Louis was in control, 41:31.300 --> 41:36.633 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and the kingdom of France was in capable hands. 41:36.700 --> 41:38.233 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% By the mid-1700s, 41:38.300 --> 41:41.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Baroque had morphed into a style called Rococo. 41:41.833 --> 41:44.633 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% If Baroque was controlled exuberance, 41:44.700 --> 41:47.833 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Rococo was uncontrolled exuberance. 41:47.900 --> 41:50.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% As if the divine monarchs and aristocrats 41:50.133 --> 41:52.100 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% needed ever-more over-the-top art 41:52.166 --> 41:54.266 align:start position:37.5% line:79.33% size:22.5% to flaunt their privileged status, 41:54.333 --> 41:56.800 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% their art became even fancier -- 41:56.866 --> 42:00.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% ultimately with the focus more on the decoration 42:00.266 --> 42:02.933 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% than on the subject itself. 42:03.000 --> 42:04.633 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% Baroque's curved lines 42:04.700 --> 42:09.400 align:start position:30% line:10% size:37.5% became Rococo's even curvier lines. 42:09.466 --> 42:13.300 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% Circles became ovals. 42:13.366 --> 42:17.833 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Everything glowed with gilding and plenty of mirrors. 42:17.900 --> 42:21.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Rococo was like Baroque that got shrunk in the wash -- 42:21.666 --> 42:24.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% lighter, frillier, and more delicate. 42:24.700 --> 42:26.900 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 42:26.966 --> 42:28.833 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% In the decor of this royal palace, 42:28.900 --> 42:33.666 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% you can see how Rococo is even fancier than fancy Baroque -- 42:33.733 --> 42:37.500 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% rooms slathered with enormous wealth, 42:37.566 --> 42:41.233 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% kilos of gold leaf, 42:41.300 --> 42:43.966 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:77.5% lots of exotic Asian influence, 42:44.033 --> 42:47.633 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% and eye-popping extravagance. 42:47.700 --> 42:49.500 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% The Rococo style was perfect 42:49.566 --> 42:52.533 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% for the new generation of rosy-cheeked aristocrats 42:52.600 --> 42:57.100 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% embracing their carefree lives of leisure as never before... 42:57.166 --> 42:58.733 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% frolicking amid nature... 42:58.800 --> 43:02.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and indulging in every sensual pleasure. 43:02.466 --> 43:05.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% The lives of these elites were much like their art -- 43:05.666 --> 43:07.933 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% decoration over substance. 43:08.000 --> 43:10.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Across Europe, aristocrats played in their palaces 43:10.966 --> 43:13.800 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% and picnicked in their bucolic backyards -- 43:13.866 --> 43:16.800 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% pleasure gardens that stretched to the horizon... 43:16.866 --> 43:21.400 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% as if their divine-right world would go on forever. 43:21.466 --> 43:24.800 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Rococo art was a symptom of an excessive decadence 43:24.866 --> 43:27.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% among Europe's increasingly out-of-touch elites. 43:27.733 --> 43:29.300 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% But the world was changing. 43:29.366 --> 43:30.566 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% There was a growing belief 43:30.633 --> 43:33.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that science and reason could lead to progress. 43:33.800 --> 43:36.966 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% This led to a new and ultimately revolutionary age, 43:37.033 --> 43:39.633 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% the Age of Enlightenment. 43:39.700 --> 43:42.266 align:start position:25% line:10% size:47.5% Science was booming as new frontiers -- 43:42.333 --> 43:44.733 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% from gravity and electricity to the solar system -- 43:44.800 --> 43:46.500 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:35% were explored. 43:46.566 --> 43:50.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% New technology was practically an art form in itself, 43:50.700 --> 43:52.833 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% with jeweled microscopes... 43:52.900 --> 43:55.066 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 43:55.133 --> 43:58.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% ...intricate time pieces, 43:58.900 --> 44:01.700 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% and finely crafted telescopes. 44:01.766 --> 44:02.900 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% People were fascinated 44:02.966 --> 44:06.200 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% by the wonders of the natural world. 44:06.266 --> 44:09.433 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% And philosophers even floated the radical idea 44:09.500 --> 44:12.600 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% that ordinary people could rule themselves -- 44:12.666 --> 44:16.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% planting the seeds of modern democracy. 44:16.100 --> 44:18.100 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% As the 1700s progressed, 44:18.166 --> 44:20.100 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% the aristocracy was going one way, 44:20.166 --> 44:23.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% but the rest of society was headed another. 44:25.633 --> 44:28.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% This reaction to the excess of the age 44:28.300 --> 44:30.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% led to an enlightened style of art 44:30.466 --> 44:34.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% which stripped out the Baroque drama and Rococo frills. 44:34.266 --> 44:35.566 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% As in the Renaissance, 44:35.633 --> 44:38.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% it looked back to classical times for inspiration -- 44:38.533 --> 44:40.166 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% to ancient Greece and Rome. 44:40.233 --> 44:42.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% And because it was a new version, 44:42.266 --> 44:44.866 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:72.5% it was called "Neoclassical." 44:44.933 --> 44:48.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Architects revived the style of classical temples. 44:48.366 --> 44:50.833 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Using columns, triangular pediments, 44:50.900 --> 44:53.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and soaring domes, these buildings -- 44:53.533 --> 44:55.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% with their clean, straight lines -- 44:55.733 --> 44:58.500 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% looked ancient but were actually modern, 44:58.566 --> 45:02.000 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% built in the 17- and 1800s. 45:02.066 --> 45:04.766 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% They were Neoclassical. 45:04.833 --> 45:06.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Painters celebrated ancient scenes 45:06.966 --> 45:11.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% with clear-eyed realism and sharply drawn lines. 45:11.800 --> 45:15.533 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% Greek, Roman, sober and intellectual themes -- 45:15.600 --> 45:18.600 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% it's pure Neoclassicism. 45:18.666 --> 45:21.500 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% They painted portraits of contemporary Europeans 45:21.566 --> 45:24.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% in classic colors and ancient garb. 45:24.666 --> 45:28.333 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% This young Parisian socialite -- reclining on a Roman couch, 45:28.400 --> 45:30.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% with a Greek tunic and a Pompeii hairdo -- 45:30.933 --> 45:33.100 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% perfectly in vogue. 45:33.166 --> 45:34.900 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% In sculpture, subjects -- 45:34.966 --> 45:37.200 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% like Napoleon's sister for example -- 45:37.266 --> 45:40.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% were featured pure and calm as Greek gods -- 45:40.400 --> 45:41.933 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% with smooth, clean lines 45:42.000 --> 45:46.133 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% carved from the same white marble as the ancients. 45:46.200 --> 45:49.866 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% Greek myths now came without all the Baroque drama. 45:49.933 --> 45:55.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% This Cupid flutters down to awaken his lover with a kiss. 45:55.933 --> 45:57.833 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% As their arms intertwine, 45:57.900 --> 46:01.766 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% they form a perfect circle -- a circle of love -- 46:01.833 --> 46:05.733 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% focusing all the attention on the center of the composition -- 46:05.800 --> 46:10.433 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the charged atmosphere between their anxious lips. 46:10.500 --> 46:13.566 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 46:15.533 --> 46:19.200 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Soon, this classical style could be found all over Europe -- 46:19.266 --> 46:21.466 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% with Greek and Roman inspired façades, 46:21.533 --> 46:26.600 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% stately columns, and logical, grid-planned streets. 46:26.666 --> 46:29.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Much of London was remade in this style -- 46:30.000 --> 46:32.366 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% from palaces... 46:32.433 --> 46:34.866 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:35% to churches... 46:34.933 --> 46:37.133 align:start position:35% line:84.66% size:27.5% to museums. 46:37.200 --> 46:38.666 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% While on the Continent, 46:38.733 --> 46:41.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the art of this period was called Neoclassical, 46:41.433 --> 46:46.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% England named the style after its king, "Georgian." 46:46.466 --> 46:48.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% St. Paul's church -- though begun earlier -- 46:48.866 --> 46:52.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% paved the way for the return of classical forms. 46:52.466 --> 46:55.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Its architect was a man of the Enlightenment, 46:55.300 --> 46:58.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% a mathematician named Christopher Wren. 46:58.633 --> 47:01.733 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Its entrance looked like a classical temple. 47:01.800 --> 47:05.500 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Inside, the décor is minimal -- unadorned ceiling... 47:05.566 --> 47:08.166 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and clear glass, lighting everything 47:08.233 --> 47:12.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% as if with the clear-eyed reason of the age. 47:12.466 --> 47:15.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% The church was capped with a soaring dome. 47:15.200 --> 47:16.700 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% A dome-within-a-dome, 47:16.766 --> 47:20.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% it was a masterpiece of Enlightenment-era engineering. 47:20.566 --> 47:24.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Christopher Wren spent half his life working on St. Paul's, 47:24.533 --> 47:29.066 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and at 75, he got to see his son crown his masterpiece 47:29.133 --> 47:33.000 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% with a golden cross. 47:33.066 --> 47:37.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% The Neoclassical or Georgian style spread across Britain. 47:37.733 --> 47:41.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Towns like Bath enjoyed a Neoclassical makeover. 47:41.700 --> 47:44.333 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 47:44.400 --> 47:48.333 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% This circular square feels like an ancient coliseum 47:48.400 --> 47:50.333 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:45% turned inside out, 47:50.400 --> 47:54.533 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% complete with classical columns -- 47:54.600 --> 47:58.033 align:start position:32.5% line:84.66% size:32.5% Doric, Ionic, 47:58.100 --> 48:01.666 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% and Corinthian. 48:01.733 --> 48:06.133 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Nearby, its Royal Crescent, the first Georgian "condos," 48:06.200 --> 48:08.266 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% came with a broad promenade 48:08.333 --> 48:11.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% perfect for strutting your high-society stuff. 48:11.800 --> 48:15.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% With its elegant symmetry and classical ornamentation, 48:15.533 --> 48:17.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% progressive residents of Georgian England 48:17.666 --> 48:23.266 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% got to stroll as if the vanguard of an enlightened new age. 48:23.333 --> 48:27.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% And the Neoclassical style spread to Europe's far north. 48:27.200 --> 48:29.900 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% In Helsinki -- in the early 1800s -- 48:29.966 --> 48:32.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% an entire ensemble of buildings -- 48:32.266 --> 48:34.233 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% political, religious, and commercial -- 48:34.300 --> 48:38.433 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% was designed in this new artistic style. 48:38.500 --> 48:40.566 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% The cathedral, with its stately dome 48:40.633 --> 48:44.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% and statues of 12 apostles, overlooks the city. 48:44.633 --> 48:47.900 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% With that striking centerpiece, this is perhaps the finest 48:47.966 --> 48:52.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and most cohesive Neoclassical square in Europe. 48:52.966 --> 48:57.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In Copenhagen, the façade of its cathedral mimics a Greek Temple. 48:57.433 --> 48:59.200 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% And John the Baptist stands 48:59.266 --> 49:02.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% where you'd expect to see some pagan god. 49:02.433 --> 49:06.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% He welcomes worshippers into a world of Neoclassical serenity. 49:06.933 --> 49:09.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% With statues of the apostles leading to the altar, 49:09.933 --> 49:12.833 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% the art complements the relative simplicity 49:12.900 --> 49:14.966 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% of Protestant worship. 49:15.033 --> 49:18.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% With its clean, cool lines and focus on reason, 49:18.533 --> 49:21.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Neoclassicism was more than a period of art -- 49:21.800 --> 49:24.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% it represented a whole new way of thinking. 49:25.000 --> 49:28.833 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% It stood for enlightenment, science, progress, 49:28.900 --> 49:31.033 align:start position:30% line:84.66% size:37.5% and the future. 49:31.100 --> 49:34.166 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 49:34.233 --> 49:37.366 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% While Enlightened thinkers and artists were forging the future, 49:37.433 --> 49:38.466 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% Europe's political order 49:38.533 --> 49:40.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% remained dangerously stuck in the past. 49:41.000 --> 49:44.000 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Kings and nobles clung stubbornly to their power. 49:44.066 --> 49:47.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% The world was changing, but the conservative elites were not. 49:47.333 --> 49:49.333 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% In fact, they were digging in. 49:49.400 --> 49:51.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Common people were demanding a voice, 49:51.600 --> 49:54.433 align:start position:12.5% line:84.66% size:75% and revolution was in the air. 49:54.500 --> 49:57.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Meanwhile, back at the heart of the Old Regime -- Versailles -- 49:57.866 --> 50:00.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% the royals ignored cries for change. 50:00.833 --> 50:02.266 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% The queen, Marie Antoinette, 50:02.333 --> 50:05.333 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% retreated ever deeper into her fanciful gardens... 50:05.400 --> 50:09.600 align:start position:10% line:10% size:80% to this petite peasant hamlet -- a charming farm with a dairy, 50:09.666 --> 50:12.433 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:32.5% a water mill, and domesticated animals... 50:12.500 --> 50:17.933 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% a fairytale escape of carefree country pleasures. 50:18.000 --> 50:19.833 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:70% In spite of rising tensions, 50:19.900 --> 50:22.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% artists still captured nobles at play. 50:22.833 --> 50:26.400 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% The queen lived in her wealthy bubble while, all around her, 50:26.466 --> 50:30.900 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% the long-suffering peasants struggled and starved. 50:30.966 --> 50:32.966 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 50:33.033 --> 50:35.533 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% Finally, in 1789, 50:35.600 --> 50:39.133 align:start position:12.5% line:10% size:72.5% the common citizens of France rose up and attacked. 50:39.200 --> 50:41.066 align:start position:32.5% line:10% size:35% They overthrew the king and queen 50:41.133 --> 50:43.466 align:start position:30% line:10% size:40% and marched them to the guillotine. 50:43.533 --> 50:46.233 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% As the crowd gathered, one managed the blade, 50:46.300 --> 50:47.433 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% one caught the blood, 50:47.500 --> 50:51.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and one raised the head of Marie Antoinette. 50:51.066 --> 50:53.300 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% Vive la revolution! 50:53.366 --> 50:55.200 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:60% As the Revolution raged, 50:55.266 --> 50:58.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the fast-moving events were chronicled by artists -- 50:58.466 --> 51:00.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% effectively the journalists of the day -- 51:00.800 --> 51:05.433 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% in the politically correct style for the age Neoclassical. 51:05.500 --> 51:08.166 align:start position:25% line:10% size:50% The leading painter, Jacques-Louis David, 51:08.233 --> 51:10.400 align:start position:15% line:10% size:70% was a Revolutionary himself. 51:10.466 --> 51:13.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Celebrating patriotism and self-sacrifice, 51:13.366 --> 51:17.766 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% he compared his fellow patriots to heroes of antiquity. 51:17.833 --> 51:22.500 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% He painted the Revolution's turning points. 51:22.566 --> 51:24.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% When his friend and Revolutionary leader 51:24.600 --> 51:27.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% was assassinated -- knifed while taking a bath -- 51:27.600 --> 51:31.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% David portrayed him as a tragic martyr to the cause. 51:31.966 --> 51:35.233 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 51:35.300 --> 51:37.633 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% Soon, the reins of the runaway Revolution 51:37.700 --> 51:41.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% were in the capable hands of a charismatic young soldier -- 51:41.100 --> 51:43.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% a leader who kept his eyes on the horizon 51:43.766 --> 51:47.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and a hand in his coat -- Napoleon Bonaparte. 51:47.833 --> 51:49.600 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% As Napoleon rose to power, 51:49.666 --> 51:53.033 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% artists idealized him like a Roman conqueror, 51:53.100 --> 51:56.366 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% as he led France's Revolutionary army across Europe, 51:56.433 --> 52:00.800 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% toppling royal families and instituting reforms. 52:00.866 --> 52:04.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% At the peak of his power, Napoleon staged a ceremony 52:04.333 --> 52:08.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% to be crowned not king but "Emperor" of a New Rome. 52:09.000 --> 52:11.900 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:52.5% This canvas by David, the biggest in the Louvre, 52:11.966 --> 52:13.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% is a fine example 52:13.466 --> 52:15.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:42.5% of how the victor gets to tell the story 52:15.700 --> 52:17.833 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:62.5% the way he wants it told. 52:17.900 --> 52:20.866 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% Napoleon's mother was painted in a prime spot -- 52:20.933 --> 52:23.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:27.5% even though she wasn't there at all. 52:23.200 --> 52:27.100 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% The pope himself traveled from Rome to Paris to crown Napoleon. 52:27.166 --> 52:28.933 align:start position:15% line:84.66% size:67.5% But Napoleon took charge -- 52:29.000 --> 52:32.466 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% crowning his wife Josephine and himself. 52:32.533 --> 52:36.033 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% The pope was painted looking a little neglected. 52:36.100 --> 52:42.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% And Napoleon was now the most powerful man in all of Europe. 52:42.300 --> 52:45.800 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Ironically, Napoleon -- the man who'd fought the Old Regime -- 52:45.866 --> 52:50.133 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% now moved into the same lavish mansion that housed its kings. 52:50.200 --> 52:53.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% He enjoyed the same sweeping staircases, 52:53.633 --> 52:57.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:62.5% opulent Baroque ballroom, 52:57.600 --> 53:00.900 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:52.5% and giddy apartments. 53:00.966 --> 53:05.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% The revolutionary hero that once battled pampered tyrants 53:05.066 --> 53:07.800 align:start position:20% line:84.66% size:57.5% had become one himself. 53:07.866 --> 53:10.100 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 53:10.166 --> 53:14.166 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Ultimately, Napoleon's megalomania got the best of him. 53:14.233 --> 53:19.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% All of Europe ganged up on France, defeated Napoleon, 53:19.733 --> 53:24.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% and, again, great art and architecture told the story. 53:24.766 --> 53:28.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Napoleon was later buried in a grand tomb 53:28.400 --> 53:31.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% surrounded by art that, to this day, 53:31.366 --> 53:33.700 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:50% glorifies his reign. 53:33.766 --> 53:35.800 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 53:35.866 --> 53:38.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Though the Revolution was eventually over, 53:38.433 --> 53:41.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% the revolutionary spirit lived on -- 53:41.400 --> 53:43.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% celebrated with triumphal arches, 53:43.933 --> 53:46.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.66% size:42.5% stirring reliefs, 53:46.900 --> 53:49.966 align:start position:25% line:84.66% size:47.5% and heroic statues. 53:50.033 --> 53:52.533 align:start position:10% line:84.66% size:80% Europe had been changed forever, 53:52.600 --> 53:57.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% pointing society toward an unknown but exciting future. 53:57.666 --> 54:06.133 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 54:06.200 --> 54:08.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% The art and architecture of this period 54:08.233 --> 54:11.333 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% represents Europe's joys, struggles, and growing pains 54:11.400 --> 54:13.333 align:start position:17.5% line:84.66% size:65% in its long march forward. 54:13.400 --> 54:15.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Europe was entering the Modern Age. 54:15.966 --> 54:19.033 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% And with that comes lots more exciting art. 54:19.100 --> 54:20.300 align:start position:22.5% line:84.66% size:55% Thanks for joining us. 54:20.366 --> 54:24.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% I'm Rick Steves, celebrating the Art of Europe. 54:32.266 --> 54:38.800 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 54:38.866 --> 54:45.433 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 54:45.500 --> 54:51.100 align:start position:47.5% line:84.66% size:5% ♪♪ 54:51.166 --> 54:56.766 align:start position:47.5% line:84.66% size:5% ♪♪ 54:56.833 --> 55:02.700 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪ 55:02.766 --> 55:08.033 align:start position:47.5% line:10% size:5% ♪♪