Hi, I'm Rick Steves,
 back with more of the best of Europe.
The artichokes are in season and I'm working up an appetite
 in the north of Italy.
It's Verona, Padova, and Ravenna.
Thanks for joining us.
I'm not in Venice, but it feels like Venice,
 just without the canals.
In its heyday, the island of Venice
 ruled a huge empire, and that included
 a good part of the Italian mainland,
 a region called the Veneto.
With much of the charm and far fewer crowds,
 you could call this part of Italy  sotto estimato... underestimated.
We'll marvel at precious Giotto frescoes,
 join pilgrims at the tomb of Saint Anthony,
 and celebrate an irreverent university graduation.
We'll see an ancient Roman arena in a modern urban setting,
 admire exquisite Byzantine mosaics,
 and make friends over a little grappa.
[Singing]
 STEVES: Italy stretches like Europe's boot
 into the Mediterranean Sea.
Venice sits near the top of the Adriatic Sea.
Exploring a region called the Veneto,
 we'll visit Padova and Verona
 before finishing in Ravenna.
We're starting here in Padova.
Like the rest of the Veneto, Padova was ruled by Venice
 from the 15th century until Napoleon came,
 about 1800.
Chafing under Venetian rule for four centuries
 seemed only to sharpen Padova's independent spirit.
And that spirit survives at its prestigious university.
Nicknamed "The Brain of the Veneto,"
 it was founded in 1222, one of the first in Europe.
Renowned in its day, it was a haven for free thinking
 and attracted intellectuals from far and wide.
400 years ago, the great scientist Galileo,
 notorious for disagreeing with the Church's views on science,
 enjoyed that academic freedom.
He called the 18 years spent on the faculty here
 the best years of his life.
Everywhere you look, there are memories
 of illustrious alumni and professors,
 and within these historic lecture halls
 is Europe's oldest surviving anatomy theater,
 from the late 1500s.
Back then, medical students would pack these steep balconies
 to watch professors dissect human cadavers.
This was allowed by the government and the Church
 as long as the cadavers were convicted foreign criminals.
This remarkable theater is an example of the importance
 placed on science during the Renaissance.
With 60,000 students,
 Padova's university is always lively,
 and you're likely to stumble onto
 some kind of spirited school event.
A unique ritual is the post-graduation roast.
Friends gather around the new grad and the pranks begin.
The gang presents a giant poster with a generally crude
 caricature of the graduate and a list of
 embarrassing personal stories for all to see.
[Singing in Italian]
 Then friends sing the catchy but obscene
 local university anthem, reminding their
 newly esteemed friend not to get too stuffy.
Loosely translated, ♪ You may be a doctor ♪
 ♪ A doctor ♪
 ♪ But you're still just a... ♪
 ♪ Go... yourself, go... yourself ♪
 Finally, there's the playful send-off,
 like a rude birthing into the real world.
Padova's old town, even when crowded with
 today's students,
 has a colonnaded Old World elegance.
Its charming lanes are lined with
 17 miles of porticos,
 which come in a variety of styles.
The main drag leads to
 one of the most important pilgrimage churches
 in all of Europe... the Basilica of Saint Anthony.
For nearly 800 years, pilgrims have flocked here
 to venerate the tomb of Saint Anthony of Padova.
One of Christianity's most popular shrines
 to one of the most popular saints,
 the basilica was begun
 a year after Anthony died, in 1232,
 and is filled with magnificent art.
Gracing the high altar are a group of bronze statues
 by the Renaissance Master Donatello...
 the Crucifixion and Mary, with Padova's favorite saints.
The church feels alive with pilgrims from all corners.
The former Polish Chapel was recently renamed for
 Saint John Paul II,
 canonized in 2014,
 and the side chapel, containing Saint Anthony's tomb,
 is a Renaissance masterpiece from 1500.
The pilgrims believe Anthony is their protector,
 confidant, and intercessor.
Votives from the faithful ask for help
 or give thanks for miracles
 they believe he's performed.
By placing their hand on his tomb
 while saying a silent prayer,
 pilgrims show devotion to Anthony
 and feel the saint's presence.
Behind the high altar,
 pilgrims visit the relics of the saint.
Considered miraculously preserved...
 his vocal chords, tongue, and jawbone...
 these relics befit the saint
 who couldn't stop teaching, preaching, and praying.
Padova's vast 14th century Palazzo della Ragione,
 once the town's medieval law court,
 now hosts a sprawling market.
The scene has changed little over the centuries,
 as merchants artfully display their goods.
Since medieval times, shoppers have come here for
 the best Veneto produce.
It's known for having the freshest
 and greatest selection of herbs, fruits, and vegetables.
As you wander,
 appreciate the Italian passion for good food.
Merchants share recipe tips with shoppers.
Locals can tell the month by the seasonal selections.
Strawberries
 and white asparagus?
It's April.
And in springtime, there's lots of work
 for the man who preps the artichokes.
The indoor market, featuring various butchers
 and cheese shops,
 is a sensuous experience as well.
Stalls and shops are often family-run,
 and the lineage of some of these merchants
 stretches back centuries.
Town squares take on different personalities
 as the day goes on.
Early in the evening, the stalls are gone
 and the piazzas become community gathering places.
This is the time when traditionally,
 students gather to enjoy the ritual of the aperitivo,
 lubricated by a spritz or three.
This is the perfect opportunity for a traveler to grab a drink,
 strike up a conversation, and become part of the scene.
Aperitivo, you know?
It's just to relax after your long day at work
 or at university.
STEVES: You come to the piazza
 and you know you're going to find friends.
WOMAN: Yes, it's always like, you know,
 you're going back home and you come here and you look around
 and you always see your friends,
 and you stop and say, "Oh, let's have a drink together,"
 and that's just normal.
MAN: You always see somebody.
You don't say,
 "Oh, my god, we're going to go have an aperitivo,
 it's going to be a fun night," we're just like,
 "Hey, I'm in Piazza dei Signori.
Do you want to drop by before I go home and have a bite to eat?"
STEVES: So, now, spritz.
That's very trendy, I think.
WOMAN: Well, there's two different kinds of spritz.
You see the color is different, so it's basically...
 this is with Aperol, which is lighter.
And that one is with Campari,
 and then you put a slice of orange,
 usually ice and white wine or sparkling wine
 and a bit of water also.
STEVES: Whatever your favorite drink,
 everyone, including tourists,
 is welcome to enjoy this convivial Italian ritual.
Padova's Scrovegni Chapel,
 with its precious 14th century Giotto frescoes,
 is one of Italy's most beloved art treasures.
Considered too fragile to be seen by huge numbers of people,
 sites like this are open only to a limited number
 of visitors who make a reservation in advance.
Wallpapered with Giotto's beautifully preserved
 cycle of frescoes, the glorious chapel,
 painted in about the year 1300,
 depicts the lives of Jesus and Mary.
Giotto, considered the first modern painter,
 painted scenes that were more realistic and human
 than anything that had been done for a thousand years.
Moving beyond medieval 2D and gold leaf backgrounds,
 with these realistic, groundbreaking frescoes,
 Giotto introduces nature... rocks, trees, animals...
 as a backdrop for religious scenes.
His people, with their voluminous,
 deeply creased robes,
 are as sturdy and massive as Greek statues.
Their gestures are simple but expressive.
Arm raised shows anger.
Head titled down says dejection.
Arms flung out indicate anguish.
And a tender kiss, caring love.
Giotto's storytelling style is straightforward,
 and anyone with a knowledge of the Bible
 can read the chapel like a picture book.
In  The Betrayal of Christ,  amid the crowded chaos
 of Jesus' arrest, Giotto skillfully creates
 a focus upon the central action...
 Judas embraces Jesus, looks him straight in the eyes,
 and kisses him.
In  The Deposition, Jesus has been taken down off the cross
 and his followers weep and wail over his lifeless body.
John the Evangelist
 spreads his arms wide and shrieks,
 his cries echoed by anguished angels above.
Each face is a study in grief.
Giotto emphasizes the human vulnerability
 of these figures.
And, like a centerpiece on the far wall,
 is  The Last Judgment.
Christ oversees the action
 as the saved on his right emerge,
 grateful, from their graves,
 and the damned, on his left,
 are just kicking off a hellish eternity.
Satan is a grotesque ogre
 munching on sinners.
Around him, demons torture the damned
 in a scene right out of The Inferno  by Dante,
 who happened to be Giotto's friend.
Calmly isolated from the action is Enrico Scrovegni,
 who paid for all this art in an attempt to gain forgiveness
 for the sins of his wealthy and greedy father.
These frescoes are considered by many
 to be a precursor of the Renaissance to come.
With this masterpiece, created 200 years
 before Leonardo and Michelangelo,
 Giotto seems to be making it clear...
 Europe was breaking out of the Middle Ages.
Getting around this part of Italy is easy.
Padova and Verona are just minutes apart
 on the main Venice to Milan train line.
Next stop, Verona.
Verona, at the base of the Alps
 and nestled in a bend of the Adige River,
 is another leading city in the Veneto.
Its main attractions are its wealth of Roman ruins,
 like this bridge,
 dating from the first century BC,
 remnants of its 14th century boom time...
 And its 21st century quiet, pedestrian-only ambiance.
Ancient Romans considered Verona an ideal last stop
 before heading north over the Alps.
This well-preserved arena, the fourth-largest
 in the Roman world, is a popular venue for events
 even today.
Over the centuries, crowds of up to
 25,000 spectators have filled this place,
 cheering Roman gladiator battles,
 medieval executions, and modern plays,
 including Verona's popular summer opera festival.
Climb to the top and imagine the spectacles
 this arena has hosted for over 2,000 years.
Verona's market square is Piazza Erbe.
People have gathered here since Roman times,
 when this was a forum, or market,
 and it remains a market to this day.
The 16th century frescoes,
 characteristic of this region, earned Verona a nickname...
 "The Painted City."
The Venetian lion has hovered over this square since 1405,
 when it reminded locals that they were ruled by Venice.
During medieval times, this stone canopy
 held the scales used by merchants.
A fountain has bubbled here for 2,000 years.
This statue, originally Roman, lost its head and arms.
After a sculptor replaced them,
 locals dubbed her "Verona's Madonna."
And what's with this whale's rib?
It's been hanging here for four centuries,
 likely a souvenir brought home
 from the orient by spice traders.
I'm popping into a wine bar to learn about grappa.
North Italy is grappa country, and Oreste,
 who runs this bar, introduces
 the local firewater with a passion
 clearly shared by a couple of his regulars.
[Speaking Italian]
 [Singing]
 Once she can break free of Giancarlo's
 perhaps over-friendly embrace,
 my friend Valeria helps translate
 Oreste's grappa wisdom.
The more the aging, the smoother it gets.
STEVES: So wine is made out of grape juice.
What's grappa made out of?
Grappa's made out of seeds, skins, and stems of the vine.
So it's the leftover material after the wine process.
Exactly, exactly.
Extreme wine.
Yes, yes.
Do you like it?
A little bit.
- Not too much.
- Not too much.
- Yes.
- In Italian, how do you say,
 "Grappa helps you make friends?"
La grappa aiuta  faca de amici.
Exactly, of course, of course.
Oreste helps you make friends.
[Speaking Italian]
 Medieval Italian cities were often dominated
 by a single powerful family.
Just as the Medici family ruled Florence,
 this castle is a reminder that the Scaligeri family
 ran the city of Verona back in the 14th century.
The Scaligeri Castle evokes Verona's golden age,
 when the city was one of Europe's great economic powers.
If these ornate family tombs are any indication,
 the Scaligeri had no problem with self-esteem.
And, by building their tombs on pillars,
 they made sure they'd be looked up to
 even in death.
Sooner or later, those wandering Verona's streets
 will be flushed into a very crowded courtyard.
Shakespeare's  Romeo and  Juliet made Verona a household word,
 and this is supposedly Juliet's balcony,
 but, alas, a visit here has nothing to do
 with those two star-crossed lovers,
 and Juliet never lived in this house.
Still, busloads of tourists
 gaze at the almost-believable balcony,
 scribble a valentine on the walls,
 and take part in the tradition
 of rubbing the breast of Juliet's statue.
Why?
For a better love life.
It's fun to observe the scene knowing that all this commotion
 was started by a clever tour guide back in the '70s
 as a way to attract visitors to Verona.
The wall of padlocks is a popular fad,
 enabling lovers to prove that their hearts are
 eternally locked up.
Fans of  Romeo and Juliet will be happy to note
 that Shakespeare's inspiration for
 the Montagues and the Capulets was two real feuding families
 from here in Verona, the Montecchi and the Capellos,
 and if Romeo and Juliet had existed and were still alive,
 they'd recognize much of their hometown.
Right now, my love story is all about food,
 and I'm joining local friends for dinner
 at Enoteca Cangrande.
This is a classic little mom and pop restaurant,
 with Giuliano helping diners match fine Italian wines
 with just the right local dishes
 while stylish Corina's in the tiny kitchen,
 making sure every dish is just right.
My favorite way to eat in Italy is to trust the chef
 and just say, "Bring it on."
Giuliano is serving us an array of plates.
Each celebrates fine ingredients of this region,
 and Giuliano, along with Franklin and Marina,
 are helping us appreciate what we're eating and drinking.
This is such beautiful food and it's such beautiful wine.
Can you imagine having the beautiful food
 with no beautiful wine?
FRANKLIN: Not really.
It would be like being at La Fenice, the opera,
 first row, and being in bad company,
 someone who doesn't appreciate opera music
 and would prefer rock music, let's say.
It wouldn't be the right thing.
STEVES: Next up, eggplant parmigiana
 and burrata from Puglia.
Do you talk about the food as you eat it?
FRANKLIN: Yes, absolutely, constantly.
- [Laughter] - Any age
 without getting bored.
We might get drunk, but...
 [Laughter]
 Not bored.
Italians love to talk about food.
It's in their DNA.
STEVES: As the cannelloni with fontina and duck ravioli
 with Amarone arrive, we learn that
 even in a fine restaurant like this,
 diners have a higher standard than you'd expect...
 la mamma.
FRANKLIN: Italian men who adore cooking
 will always refer to "la mamma," their mother.
That's... that's the answer to everything.
So it goes back to your childhood.
Absolutely, yes, sure.
To go to a restaurant is wonderful,
 but how la mamma cooked,
 nobody can equal that.
STEVES: And finally, beef cheeks,
 stewed in Amarone with polenta,
 just as la mamma made it.
Rick, salute, cheers.
STEVES: To mamma.
La mamma, okay.
A two-hour train ride takes us through
 the lush Po River valley, just south of the Veneto,
 to Ravenna.
Ravenna is a charming if underwhelming town of 140,000,
 with a fascinating history and some of Italy's
 most amazing art treasures.
Ravenna is on the tourist map for one reason...
 its 1,500 year old churches decorated with
 best-in-the-West Byzantine mosaics.
Imagine it's the year 500 AD.
The Roman Empire has fallen in the west,
 barbarians have sacked the city of Rome,
 and Europe is falling into the Dark Ages,
 yet the eastern half of the empire,
 ruled from dazzling Constantinople,
 present-day Istanbul, has morphed into Byzantium
 and becomes the pinnacle of civilization.
The Byzantine emperor Justinian then brings order and stability
 to this part of Europe, making Ravenna
 the westernmost pillar of his realm.
His church of San Vitale stands as a sanctuary of order
 in the midst of all that chaos.
Its interior is decorated with lavish mosaics,
 countless vibrantly colored chips
 the size of your fingernail that served as propaganda
 for an alliance between the Church and the emperor.
High above the altar, Christ is in heaven,
 sitting on a celestial orb overseeing Creation,
 symbolized by the green earth below his feet.
And running things here on earth is Emperor Justinian,
 sporting both a halo and a crown to show he's leader
 of both the Church and the State.
Justinian brings together both military and church leaders,
 all united by the same vision.
Facing the emperor is his wife, Theodora, and her entourage.
The former dancer, who became his mistress,
 then empress, is decked out in jewels and pearls
 and carries a chalice to consecrate the new church.
As pilgrims have done for centuries,
 visitors marvel.
Appreciate the symmetry.
At the top of the arch,
 the circle with the monogram of Christ...
 "I" for Jesus and "X" for Christ...
 symbolizes perfection and eternity.
Floating above the arch, two angels hold rays of sun.
The ceiling above is a festive celebration of God's creation,
 with 80 different birds from the sixth century,
 most still flying around Ravenna today.
All creation swirls around Christ as this sacrificial lamb,
 supported by four angels.
Everything sparkles with colorful Bible scenes
 told with a sixth century exuberance.
This was a time of transition, and many considered
 these mosaics both the last Ancient Roman
 and the first Medieval European works of art.
For instance, this image of Christ
 is beardless, the style of the Ancient Romans,
 and nearby is the standard medieval portrayal
 of a bearded Jesus.
Yet each were created by artists of the same generation.
So much sightseeing greatness awaits discovery
 in Europe's second-tier cities.
While you'll probably see Venice first,
 don't overlook the gems of the mainland nearby...
 its distinctive cuisine,
 its history and sumptuous art,
 and its people,
 embracing today with classic Italian flair.
I hope you've enjoyed our look at three delightful cities
 in the north of Italy... Ravenna, Padova, and Verona.
I'm Rick Steves.
Until next time, keep on travelin'.
Ciao.
[Shouting in Italian]
 Ha ha!
[Singing in Italian]
 [Laughter]
 [Speaking Italian]
 What does Giancarlo say about grappa?
[Speaking Italian]
 [Shouting]