WEBVTT
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[guitar leads resonant melody]
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♪
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(narrator)
Some things never change
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on North Carolina's
Outer Banks.
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Day after day,
breakers kiss the shore.
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Ceaseless tides
irrigate the marshland
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and then creep back
out to sea.
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[surf noise]
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And here and there
along the 175 mile or so
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stretch of barrier islands
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from Ocracoke north
to the Virginia border,
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wild horses may be glimpsed
grazing contentedly
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among the dunes.
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They're not as widely
dispersed over the banks
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as they once were,
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descendents
of equine passengers
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on Spanish sailing ships
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that ran aground
in the 17th century.
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(woman)
There are 2,000 shipwrecks
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on the bottom
of the Atlantic Ocean
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up and down the Outer Banks,
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so, although there's no record,
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it stands to reason
that some horses
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were probably able
to survive shipwrecks
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and swim ashore.
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And some horses
were simply left behind
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when colonies failed.
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A nonprofit
has a mission,
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and it benefits the greater
good of the community.
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(narrator)
Karen McCalpin
is a colonist of sorts,
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a transplant to the Outer
Banks from Pennsylvania,
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lured here by the prospect
of her dream job,
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managing the northernmost
population of wild horses
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as director of the nonprofit
Corolla Wild Horse Fund.
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(McCalpin)
They've been here
almost five centuries,
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and the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service
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defines them as nonnative,
feral, invasive pest animals.
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I'm not native, but, uh,
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I don't know how long you
have to live here to be native.
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It seems like five centuries
oughta be plenty of time.
01:43.036 --> 01:45.105 align:left position:15%,start line:89% size:75%
They're just amazing horses.
01:45.205 --> 01:47.107 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
(narrator)
Amazing,also, is a good word
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to apply to early
preservation efforts.
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(McCalpin)
The organization
was actually formed in 1989
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as a completely all-volunteer,
grassroots organization
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by a group of residents
who hadbecomedconcerned
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as more and more horses
began to get hit on 12,
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as development, uh, increased
between Duck and Corolla,
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and in 1989, a stallion
by the name of Star,
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with whom everyone
was familiar, was killed,
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and that was the last straw,
so to speak.
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(narrator)
The herd count in the area
threatened by development,
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here counted by helicopter,
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had diminished to about 20
by the early '90s.
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By the time Karen arrived
on the scene in 2006,
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the horse population
was on the rise
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with 7,500-plus
protected acres to roam,
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including portions
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of the Currituck National
Wildlife Refuge
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and some low-impact
residential developments.
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(McCalpin)
The horses really have
five main habitat areas.
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They eat the coarse grasses
that grow on the dunes
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and the sea oats.
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Behind the dunes,
there's dry meadow,
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wet meadow,
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there's a maritime forest
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that runs up the middle
of the island.
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That's basically
its highest point.
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You'll find them there
in the winter eating acorns,
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like the deer.
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And then, of course, along
the sound there's the marshes.
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We have the area,
for our purposes,
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divided into four zones, and,
uh, we know whichharems,
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and a harem
is a dominant stallion
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and generally
one to four mares--
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some have more,
some have less.
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We know which harems we're
going to find in which zones,
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and so they move freely
within that zone.
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They rarely move out of that
area because if they do,
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they risk losing their mares
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to the dominant stallion
in the next zone.
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(narrator)
It may seem unusual
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to see wild horses
grazing around houses,
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but that's the nature
of things here,
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where civilization
and history meet
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in a uniquely
accommodating way.
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(McCalpin)
One of the things
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that we spend
a tremendous amount of time
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and effort doing is educating,
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both on the beach
and behind the dunes,
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because the wild horses here
are tolerant of humans.
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That's why you can drive by
one of them grazing
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and they probably
won't even look up at you.
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But they can be standing
along the shoreline
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and looking very peaceful,
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and people start to gather
around and take pictures,
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and suddenly a rival stallion
appears on the dune line
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and comes down--
thundering down the dune.
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Now you're in the middle of
a very brutal, vicious fight.
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They will not care whether
you're standing there or not--
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your vehicle's there,
your child's there,
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your chair's there.
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(narrator)
The most enduring threat
to the Corolla horses,
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however, is neither
commercial encroachment
04:30.303 --> 04:32.038 align:left position:17.5%,start line:89% size:72.5%
nor the wild horse tourism
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that has blossomed
in the area.
04:34.440 --> 04:36.175 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
It's genetic.
04:36.276 --> 04:39.412 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
The gene pool is collapsing
due to inbreeding.
04:39.512 --> 04:42.248 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
Dr. Gus Cothran
of Texas A&M University
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is the leading expert
on wild horse genetics.
04:46.853 --> 04:49.889 align:left position:20%,start line:77% size:70%
(McCalpin)
In 2007, we pulled, uh,
DNA samples
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with remotely delivered darts,
04:51.824 --> 04:54.160 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
and in 2008,
the results came back
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that we had one of the lowest
levels of genetic diversity
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of any wild herd anywhere.
04:59.799 --> 05:03.436 align:left position:15%,start line:5% size:75%
(Cothran)
So that means that they
have lost genetic diversity,
05:03.536 --> 05:06.172 align:left position:17.5%,start line:5% size:72.5%
relative to other
horse populations.
05:06.272 --> 05:09.542 align:left position:17.5%,start line:5% size:72.5%
And that's likely due,
or almost certainly due,
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to the very small
population size
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that existed at one time.
05:13.913 --> 05:18.184 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
Small population size
means inbreeding,
05:18.284 --> 05:22.689 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
and inbreeding means
loss of genetic variability.
05:22.789 --> 05:26.292 align:left position:17.5%,start line:77% size:72.5%
(narrator)
Mitochondrial DNA research
in Dr. Cothran's lab
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provided clues to the Corolla
horses' ancestry.
05:30.296 --> 05:34.233 align:left position:20%,start line:77% size:70%
(Cothran)
All of the barrier island
horse populations,
05:34.334 --> 05:37.403 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
which are now isolated
from each other,
05:37.503 --> 05:40.106 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
show closer relationship
to each other
05:40.206 --> 05:42.108 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
than they do to anything else,
05:42.208 --> 05:45.011 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
suggesting
some common ancestry.
05:45.678 --> 05:48.681 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
But by looking
at particular variants
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that we know
where they are most common
05:51.951 --> 05:54.420 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and where they
most likely come from,
05:54.520 --> 05:57.523 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
we have clear evidence
that the, uh, Banker horses
05:57.623 --> 06:01.828 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
have some old Spanish blood
in them.
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And that could only
have come from something
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probably three
to four hundred years ago.
06:07.166 --> 06:09.135 align:left position:25%,start line:77% size:65%
(narrator)
There are three zones
of wild horses
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along North Carolina's
Outer Banks:
06:11.738 --> 06:16.075 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5%
at Corolla, Shackleford Banks,
and Ocracoke.
06:16.175 --> 06:17.944 align:left position:27.5%,start line:5% size:62.5%
(Cothran)
They're all related
to each other,
06:18.044 --> 06:20.279 align:left position:20%,start line:5% size:70%
but they're all different
from each other as well.
06:20.380 --> 06:24.384 align:left position:25%,start line:5% size:65%
And so a small number
of exchanges
06:24.484 --> 06:26.719 align:left position:12.5%,start line:89% size:77.5%
from Shackleford, for example,
06:26.819 --> 06:29.722 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
will boost the Corolla
variability very quickly.
06:29.822 --> 06:33.159 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
The new genes will circulate
throughout the population
06:33.259 --> 06:35.328 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
over a few generations.
06:35.428 --> 06:37.797 align:left position:20%,start line:77% size:70%
(narrator)
The idea here
is to keep the population
06:37.897 --> 06:39.232 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65%
at an optimal level,
06:39.332 --> 06:40.900 align:left position:17.5%,start line:89% size:72.5%
both to maintain diversity
06:41.000 --> 06:43.403 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
and to develop
and manage a population
06:43.503 --> 06:45.738 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
similar to that
established in legislation
06:45.838 --> 06:48.141 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
that protects
the Shackleford ponies,
06:48.241 --> 06:52.011 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
but that proposal is mired
in congressional limbo.
06:52.111 --> 06:54.614 align:left position:17.5%,start line:77% size:72.5%
(McCalpin)
And that is why
we've been working so hard
06:54.714 --> 06:56.649 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
on the Corolla Wild Horses
Protection Act.
06:56.749 --> 06:59.919 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
That languages mirrors
the Shackleford Banks Act,
07:00.019 --> 07:03.423 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
asks for a minimum herd size
of 120 to 130,
07:03.523 --> 07:05.324 align:left position:20%,start line:89% size:70%
with never less than 110,
07:05.425 --> 07:08.761 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
with the added caveat
that we be able to bring, uh,
07:08.861 --> 07:11.030 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
a limited amount of mares
from Shackleford,
07:11.130 --> 07:16.736 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
and that is the critical step
that will add new genes
07:16.836 --> 07:19.906 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
to our dying gene pool,
and it is dying,
07:20.006 --> 07:22.241 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
and they will be gone
in a few generations
07:22.341 --> 07:24.944 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
if we don't act quickly.
07:25.044 --> 07:26.712 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
(narrator)
Meantime, the good work
07:26.813 --> 07:29.615 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
of Corolla Wild Horse Fund
continues.
07:29.715 --> 07:30.883 align:left position:35%,start line:89% size:55%
Meet Amadeo,
07:30.983 --> 07:34.220 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
a 16-year-old stallion
with an amazing story.
07:34.320 --> 07:36.055 align:left position:25%,start line:83% size:65%
(McCalpin)
Amadeo's name is, uh,
07:36.155 --> 07:39.058 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
the Spanish, uh, derivative
for "blessed by God."
07:39.158 --> 07:42.161 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
He was in a fight
with a much younger stallion.
07:42.261 --> 07:44.263 align:left position:22.5%,start line:83% size:67.5%
He was already
missing his right eye,
07:44.363 --> 07:46.432 align:left position:15%,start line:83% size:75%
and horses
are fight-or-flight animals,
07:46.532 --> 07:48.568 align:left position:20%,start line:83% size:70%
and because
he was losing the fight,
07:48.668 --> 07:50.369 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
his only choice was to flee.
07:50.470 --> 07:52.972 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
But his good eye had been
damaged in the fight,
07:53.072 --> 07:54.574 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
and so he was disoriented.
07:54.674 --> 07:56.175 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
He ran into the ocean.
07:56.275 --> 07:58.778 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80%
It was on a day
we had 10-foot waves
07:58.878 --> 08:00.513 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80%
and 30-mile-an-hour winds.
08:00.613 --> 08:03.182 align:left position:17.5%,start line:77% size:72.5%
(narrator)
Amadeo was pulled
over a mile by the riptide.
08:03.282 --> 08:04.617 align:left position:22.5%,start line:89% size:67.5%
He was finally rescued,
08:04.717 --> 08:07.753 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
but the trauma
left him completely blind.
08:07.854 --> 08:10.423 align:left position:17.5%,start line:83% size:72.5%
[horn accompanies
delicate piano composition]
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♪
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Volunteer Mike Gaulding
is a true horse whisperer.
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Amadeo needs to be moved
to a new facility,
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and Mike must earn his trust.
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♪
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It's fine;
you're OK.
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You're all right.
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♪
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Calm down.
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[whispering]
That's a good boy.
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Nobody's gonna
hurt you.
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♪
08:52.231 --> 08:54.133 align:left position:25%,start line:77% size:65%
(narrator)
All wild horses
destined for adoption
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must be trained
to adapt to humans
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and are,
thanks to an affiliation
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with the Equine
Technology program
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of Martin Community College.
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So the Corolla ponies
come to us
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when they've been
removed from the beach
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or off of the premises.
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We basically domesticate them.
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They've not been touched;
they've not been haltered.
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They've never been in a stall
before at that point.
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So they come to us, um,
basically with no education,
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and it's pretty appropriate
that they come to college
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because by the time
they leave here,
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they--they have, uh,
their associates degree.
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He's learned how to lunge.
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He's learned
how to line drive.
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He also has been ridden
for the first time,
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and he has, um,
he's done very, very well.
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He really likes
the domesticated life,
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and you can see he's--
he's quite chubby.
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[gentle guitar melody]
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(narrator)
For something like 400 years
of time and tide,
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these Banker horses--
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call 'em ponies if you want;
they don't care--
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they've been
nourishing themselves
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on sea oats and wild grasses
around the dunes,
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in the maritime forest,
and sound-side marshes.
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We put 'em there,
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and now it's our collective
responsibility
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to make sure their descendents
not only survive but thrive--
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a whole lot of wonder...
and a little bit of wild
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on the thin edge of our coast.
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♪